Outline:Assessing nanomedical system (NMS) targeting at the single cell levelFluorescent labeling of NMSsFirst estimates of NMS binding by fluorescence microscopyInternal of external binding by confocal microscopySingle-cell image/confocal analysisFlow cytometric quantitation of NMS binding to specific cell typesImage confocal analysis of NMS binding to single cellsAbility to scan/locate cells of interestPhotobleaching challengesOptical sectioning for 3D location of NMSs on/within cellsA quick overview of flow cytometryBasic principlesCapabilities and limitationsUse for assessing specificity and sensitivityRare-event analysis of NMS targeting to desired cellsBasic concepts of rare-event analysisStrategies for rare cell detectionMore advanced flow cytometry for ultra-rare cell detectionExamples of rare cell detectionRare cell sampling statistics