Paul's response to the question of God's word apparently failing due to Israel's rejection of Christ is covered in Romans 9–11. God's plan has not failed because His purpose was the inclusion of Gentiles into the "olive tree," His true people. These people of God are not defined by physical descent but by faith in the promise, as exemplified by Abraham. Within Israel, there was a chosen remnant that formed the true spiritual people of God. Chapter 11 uses the metaphor of the olive tree to illustrate how Gentiles are grafted into that covenant people through faith, while warning against spiritual pride. The ultimate fulfillment of 'all Israel' is not a future mass conversion of ethnic Jews, but the complete union of believing Jews and Gentiles in Christ, forming the fullness of God's elect, who are predestined, called, justified, and glorified through faith in Christ.