In the late 1970s, oil and natural gas fields across the U.S. were drying up, making the country increasingly dependent on foreign oil.. Then, a Texas energy magnate named George Mitchell decided to try extracting natural gas from shale, a layer of rock almost two miles beneath the surface, using a technique called hydraulic fracturing, or fracking. His innovation would kick off an energy revolution, and spur a massive environmental backlash.

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