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“ From childhood’s hour I have not been As others were

—I have not seen As others saw— ................................ I could not bring My passions from a common spring— ...................................... From the same source I have not taken

My sorrow— .................................. I could not joy at the same tone— And all I lov’d—I lov’d alone—

Then—in my childhood—in the dawn Of a most stormy life—was drawn

From ev’ry depth of good and ill The mystery which binds me still—

From the torrent OF the fountain— From the red cliff of the mountain—

From the sun that ’round me roll’d In its autumn tint of gold—

From the lightning in the sky As it pass’d me flying by—

From the thunder n the storm— And the cloud that took the form

(AND THE Heaven was SO blue) AS a demon in my view—

Alone” BY EDGAR ALLAN POE

VERY DEEP SONG, HELLO TO A NONDISTANT PEACEFULWORLD FUTURE WHERE I CAN DO MY DREAM!

WOW, BEAUTIFUL VIDEO , U FILMED IT OR IS IT FROM A MOVIE ? ITS SHOT IN FRANCE AND UK ?LOVE AND MISS THOSE PLACES AND OLD TIMES, SO SAD NOW KARAOKE KITY CASHJON JETROTULL DREAMS Imtheone6778! Imtheone78!ue una planificada guerra no te haga olvidar lo importante:

Nos encerraron 3 meses de forma anticonstitucional.
Prohibieron las autopsias y los tratamientos que hoy sabemos que combaten la enfermedad.
Todo fue un montaje para coaccionar y que desearas ponerte el veneno.
Te dijeron que con el veneno acabaría todo. Luego que eran más dosis, luego que necesitaban pinchar al 70% y luego, tras llegar al 90% te dijeron que nada funcionaba por culpa de un 10%…
Asesinaron a tus mayores y te privaron de respirar aire a ti y a tus hijos.
Han envenenado a tus hijos y seguís con un bozal.
Hoy te dicen que el COVID desapareció, ya no hacen pruebas que nunca fueron válidas. Hoy lo llaman gripe y te conformas…
Pero los recortes de derechos continúan, la mayoría ha caído en la ruina económica y ellos se siguen riendo en nuestra cara. QUE ASCO DE APOCALIPSIS PERO PREVALECERA LA JUSTICIADIVINA Ing Gerardo, [18/04/2022 12:38] [In reply to PLANDEMIA MUNDIAL COVID 2021 🧡] va a seguir hasta qué digamos BASTA! Las revoluciones empiezan cuando la gente ya no tiene nada que perder. La clase media no se atreve ya que piensa que perdería los privilegios ya ganados. Sin embargo ya hay gente que prefiere suicidarse para no seguir encerrado lo que quiere decir que poco a poco la gente va a pensar que ya no tiene nada que perder y se va levantar para enfrentar sus peores miedos. TAYLOR HAWKINS, MARK LANEGAN Y MEATLOAF, Y ADEMAS INCLUIR A LOS SUICIDAS POR DEPRESION DE ESTA SATANICA PLANDEMIA, COMO LA ESPANOLA ESA DE ALMODOBAR, Y ESO , POR HABLAR SOLO DE CELEBRIDADESPERO LA JUSTICIADIVINA PREVALECERA!

Y eso, Que todavía FALTARON Nombres de otros Personas Conocidas o " Famosas ", Aunque Vacunadas, que por tal motivo, Cancelaron sus compromisos, pero el video sería mas Largo . Por ejemplo : Faltó destacar el Problema Cardíaco que tuvo el Guitarrista Santana, El Tenista Nadal, La muerte de Carlos Marin de IL Divo, El Problema de Salud de Celine Dion, Periodistas televisivos que se han Caído en vivo Desmayados como La Comediante Heather Mcdonald, que se cayó en Pleno Escenario Burlándose de lo que ADVERTIMOS, sobre los Efectos Secundarios, de la supuesta "Vacuna " o mejor dicho " Arma Biológica ".

PLANDEMIA MUNDIAL COVID 2021 🧡, [18/04/2022 13:35] ¡¡Todos aquellos que fueron censurados tenían razón!!

Queda demostrado que el COVID-19 NO ES UN VIRUS, sino el ENVENENAMIENTO MASIVO más grave de la historia de la humanidad, perpetrado por los "mismos" que dicen que velan por nuestra salud.

Por eso los "fact checkers" y los medios (empresas al servicio de fondos de inversión como Blackrock y Vanguard) te dirán que el Dr. Ardis y el entrevistador son desinformadores...

Juzga tú mismo

No tienes más que comprobar los datos aportados. Lee, lee... 👀👀 Escucha, escucha 👂👂

Steve Kirsch https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/10/05/1036408/silicon-valley-millionaire-steve-kirsch-covid-vaccine-misinformation/

BMJ Two Crisis Snakebites and Covid-19 https://gh.bmj.com/content/6/10/e006913

Bats, Snakes & Pangolins: The COVID-19 Suspects https://verafiles.org/articles/bats-snakes-and-pangolins-covid-19-suspects

Cytotoxicity of snake venom enzymatic toxins: phospholipase A2 and l-amino acid oxidase https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32267491

Cannabinoids Block Cellular Entry of SARS-CoV-2 and the Emerging Variants - PubMed https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35007072/

Remdesivir https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapies/antiviral-therapy/remdesivir/

In-Brain - Company uses Graphene in the brain https://www.inbrain-neuroelectronics.com/

University of Arizona Venom & Covid-19 https://news.arizona.edu/story/venom-coursing-through-body-researchers-identify-mechanism-driving-covid-19-mortality

CDC and our water supply https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/index.html

Moderna CoFounder using mRNA tech to treat venomous snakebites https://globalnews.ca/news/8005422/moderna-cofounder-mrna-snakebotes/

Ophirex funded by US DOD, WELLCOME and WHO - sPLA2 https://www.ophirex.com/varespladib

...Y sigue adelante con tu propia investigación.

Unite a Plandemia: https://t.me/PLANDEMIA_MUNDIAL_COVID

Miles de muertes instantáneas sin motivo. Gente sana y deportista cayendo fulminada, incontables ictus y problemas cardiacos y lo que está por venir…
Y el hecho de que la mayoría no quiera verlo no significa que no esté pasando y el hecho de negarlo no evita las consecuencias, porque como decía un tal Mark Twain, quien no lee no tiene ninguna ventaja sobre quien no sabe leer…

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fjabba pyntaman@hotmail.com https://youtu.be/7mCgdiH8jPw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s14T17qgHtw&ab_ https://youtu.be/XP3fN0Da_iQ THANKS BLUE AND RESTOFU lol ni uuVelvet Underground' hjk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LJ8qY-JTzw u Beyond the physical is the realm of the possible :- Age in profile. This room shows respect. Any attacks on individual life choices or beliefs will be deemed an attack on freedom of choice. The welcome door swings both ways. Keep that in mind... lasJJjjfast car HEllo????????10:55 23/01/202210:55 23/01/2022 Vman43btaV dale And another mother sings her son to sleep...forever chuopa man43bta rTHANKS BLUE AND RESTOFU ??JJJCHUPA MAMITA ?????? icaa t gusta -´--_-_--__------{´´´´´-´-- ..ññññ´´´++---..ñ´+-:Ñ¨¨^^*____.Ñ´+-- .Ñ´+- ,@#|##|ºº\34~~~~€¬890{´´´{[]-_____-'¡ Anionyoutube fabio (online-audio-converter.com).mp3 subido correctamente

2$__´´´--__¨¨¨¨**ÑÑÑñññt https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZhXTCDnPja8 pasarmiedo

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pyntaman@hotmail.com https://youtu.be/7mCgdiH8jPw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s14T17qgHtw&ab_ https://youtu.be/XP3fN0Da_iQ THANKS BLUE AND RESTOFU lol ni uuVelvet Underground' hjk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LJ8qY-JTzw u Beyond the physical is the realm of the possible :- Age in profile. This room shows respect. Any attacks on individual life choices or beliefs will be deemed an attack on freedom of choice. The welcome door swings both ways. Keep that in mind... lasJJjjfast car HEllo????????10:55 23/01/202210:55 23/01/2022 Vman43btaV dale And another mother sings her son to sleep...forever chuopa man43bta rTHANKS BLUE AND RESTOFU ??JJJCHUPA MAMITA ?????? icaa t gusta -´--_-_--__------{´´´´´-´-- ..ññññ´´´++---..ñ´+-:Ñ¨¨^^*____.Ñ´+-- .Ñ´+- ,@#|##|ºº\34~~~~€¬890{´´´{[]-_____-'¡ Anionyoutube fabio (online-audio-converter.com).mp3 subido correctamente

2$__´´´--__¨¨¨¨**ÑÑÑñññt https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZhXTCDnPja8

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CUERPOS SIN ALMA. MAESTRO KUTHUMI. ENVASES VACÍOS... (11/01/2.020). 382 views15 Jan 2020

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Ghost (1990 film) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Ghost Ghost (1990 movie poster).jpg Theatrical release poster Directed by Jerry Zucker Written by Bruce Joel Rubin Produced by Lisa Weinstein Starring Patrick Swayze Demi Moore Whoopi Goldberg Tony Goldwyn Cinematography Adam Greenberg Edited by Walter Murch Music by Maurice Jarre Production companies Paramount Pictures Howard W. Koch Productions[1] Distributed by Paramount Pictures[2] Release date July 13, 1990 Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $22 million Box office $505.7 million Ghost is a 1990 American romantic fantasy thriller film directed by Jerry Zucker, written by Bruce Joel Rubin, and starring Patrick Swayze, Demi Moore, Whoopi Goldberg, Tony Goldwyn, Vincent Schiavelli and Rick Aviles.[3] The plot centers on Sam Wheat (Swayze), a murdered banker whose ghost sets out to save his girlfriend, Molly Jensen (Moore) from the person who killed him through the help of a psychic Oda Mae Brown (Goldberg).

Ghost was theatrically released on July 13, 1990 to commercial success, grossing $505 million against a budget of $22 million[4] and emerging as the highest-grossing film of 1990 and at the time of its release, was the third-highest-grossing film of all time.[5] Adjusted for inflation, as of 2015 Ghost is the 93rd-highest-grossing film of all time.[6] The film received positive reviews from critics, with particular praise going towards the score and performances of Swayze, Moore and Goldberg. Ghost earned five nominations at the 63rd Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Original Score, Best Film Editing, and winning Best Supporting Actress (for Goldberg) and Best Original Screenplay.

Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Background and filming 3.2 Music 4 Release 4.1 Releases and sales 4.2 Critical response 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot Sam Wheat, a banker, and his girlfriend Molly Jensen, a potter, renovate and move into an apartment in Manhattan with the help of Sam's friend and co-worker Carl Bruner. One afternoon, Sam confides in Carl his discovery of unusually high balances in obscure bank accounts. He decides to investigate the matter himself, declining Carl's offer of assistance. That night, Sam and Molly are attacked by a mugger who shoots and kills Sam in a scuffle before stealing his wallet. Sam sees Molly crying over his body and discovers he is now a ghost, invisible and unable to interact with the mortal world.

Molly is distraught in the days after Sam's death, as Sam remains close to her. Carl comes over and suggests Molly take a walk with him; Sam, unable to follow, stays behind. Moments later, the mugger enters the apartment in search of something. When Molly returns, Sam scares their cat into attacking the thug, who flees. Sam follows the mugger to his Brooklyn apartment and learns that the man, Willie Lopez, was sent by an unknown party.

After leaving Willie's residence, Sam happens upon the parlor of psychic Oda Mae Brown, a charlatan pretending to commune with spirits of the dead who is shocked to discover her true psychic gift when she can hear Sam speaking. Sam persuades her to warn Molly that she is in danger. To allay Molly's skepticism, Oda Mae relays information that only Sam could know. Molly later gives Willie's address to Carl, who volunteers to investigate. She then goes to the police, who have no file for Willie but they show her Oda Mae's lengthy one as a forger and con artist.

Meanwhile, Sam follows Carl and is devastated to learn he and Willie are working together. Carl is laundering money for drug dealers and had Willie rob Sam to obtain his book of passwords. After getting the book himself from the apartment, Carl transferred the money into a single account under the fictitious name "Rita Miller".

Determined to protect Molly, Sam learns from a violent poltergeist haunting the subway system how to channel emotion in order to move solid objects. He then enlists Oda Mae to help him thwart Carl by impersonating Rita Miller and withdrawing the laundered money, which she later donates to charity. As Carl desperately searches for the money, Sam reveals his presence by typing his name on the computer keyboard. Carl goes to Molly, who reveals she spotted Oda Mae closing an account at the bank. Carl and Willie go to Oda Mae's place but Sam warns her and her sisters to take shelter. When Willie arrives, Sam spooks him, causing him to flee into the street in a fit of panic before being struck and killed by an oncoming car. Shadowy demons emerge from the darkness to drag Willie's ghost down to Hell.

Sam and Oda Mae return to the apartment, where—by levitating a penny into Molly's hand—he convinces Molly that Oda Mae is telling the truth about him. Oda Mae allows Sam to possess her body so he and Molly can share a slow dance. Carl breaks into the apartment but Sam is too exhausted from the possession to fight Carl. The women escape onto the fire escape, to a loft under construction, but Carl catches Oda Mae and holds her at gunpoint, demanding the check. Sam recovers and pushes Carl off her, prompting Carl to take Molly hostage and plead with Sam for the check. Sam disarms Carl and attacks him again. Carl tries to escape through a window and tosses a suspended hook at Sam, but the hook swings back, shattering the window and causing it to slide down, fatally impaling Carl with a glass shard. The shadowy demons who came for Willie return to claim Carl's ghost for Hell.

Sam asks if the women are all right. Molly is now able to hear him and a heavenly light shines in the room, illuminating Sam's presence. Realizing that it is time for him to go with his task now completed, he and Molly share a tearful goodbye and one final kiss, finally having a proper closure between them. Sam thanks Oda Mae for her help and then walks into the light and onward to Heaven.

Cast Patrick Swayze as Sam Wheat Demi Moore as Molly Jensen Whoopi Goldberg as Oda Mae Brown Tony Goldwyn as Carl Bruner Rick Aviles as Willie Lopez Vincent Schiavelli as Subway Ghost Gail Boggs as Oda Mae's Sister, Louise Armelia McQueen as Oda Mae's Sister, Clara Phil Leeds as Emergency Room Ghost Augie Blunt as Orlando Stephen Root as Police Sgt Bruce Jarchow as Lyle Ferguson Production Background and filming Ghost was the first film Jerry Zucker directed on his own. He had previously been part of the Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker directing team, known for their screwball comedies. Zucker stated that his decision to direct Ghost was not made to distance himself from comedies or to mark a new chapter in his career, but was merely “just looking for a good film to direct."[7]

Harrison Ford, Michael J. Fox, Paul Hogan, Tom Hanks, Kevin Bacon, Alec Baldwin and Tom Cruise were considered for the role of Sam Wheat.[8][9] Bruce Willis turned down the role of Sam Wheat as he did not understand the script and later called himself a "knucklehead" for turning it down.[10] Michelle Pfeiffer, Molly Ringwald,[11] Meg Ryan,[12] Julia Roberts and Nicole Kidman were considered for the role of Molly Jensen. Tina Turner and Oprah Winfrey auditioned for the role of Oda Mae Brown.[13][14][15]

Zucker credited arguments from radio host Dennis Prager with deciding to "lighten" Rubin's original script with a moral message.[16]

Rubin noted that he "wanted to tell a ghost story from the ghost’s perspective": “One day, I was watching a production of Hamlet, which begins with the ghost of Hamlet's father saying, ‘Revenge my death,’” he recalled. “I thought, ‘Wow, let’s transpose that into the 20th century; it’d be an interesting story.’ And the idea hit me.”[17]

Filming for Ghost began shooting in July 1989. Most of the interior scenes were shot at Paramount in Los Angeles while the exterior scenes were shot in New York City, particularly in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Soho, and Wall Street, for about five weeks. The film features about 100 special effects shots.[18] Demi Moore's famous 'boy cut' in the movie was designed by Manhattan hair stylist John Sahag.[19]

Music See also: Ghost (soundtrack) The music for Ghost was written by veteran French composer Maurice Jarre, whose work was nominated for the 1990 Academy Award for Best Original Score (won by John Barry for Dances with Wolves).[20] The soundtrack also featured the 1955 song "Unchained Melody", composed by Alex North with lyrics by Hy Zaret. This was originally written for the film Unchained – a very different, low-budget movie about prison life. In Ghost, the song appears both in instrumental and vocal form, the latter being the version recorded by Bobby Hatfield of The Righteous Brothers in 1965.[21]

The soundtrack album was issued worldwide on Milan Records, but licensed to Varèse Sarabande in North America. It was reissued with two extra tracks in 1995, and later as part of Milan's Silver Screen Edition series with the extra tracks and an interview with Maurice Jarre.[22]

Release Releases and sales The film became an unexpected box-office success, grossing $505,702,588 on a budget of $22,000,000.[23][24][25][26] It was the highest-grossing film of 1990.[5] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 51.46 million tickets in the US.[27] It was the highest-grossing film of all-time in the UK surpassing E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial with a gross of £23.3 million.[28][29] It was also the highest-grossing film in Indonesia at the time with a gross of $3.6 million.[30]

The film was released on video and LaserDisc in the United States on March 21, 1991 and sold a record 646,000 videos for rental, breaking the record set by Die Hard 2,[31] and a record 66,040 LaserDiscs.[32] The rentals generated a gross of $40 million for Paramount. The video went on sale in the fall and generated sales of $25 million.[31]

Critical response Ghost has a rating of 74% on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews from 74 critics, with an average rating of 6.90/10. The consensus states that the film "offers viewers a poignant romance while blending elements of comedy, horror, and mystery, all adding up to one of the more enduringly watchable hits of its era."[33] It has a score of 52 on the review site Metacritic based on 17 reviews, indicating mixed or average reviews.[34] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[35]

Roger Ebert gave Ghost two-and-a-half out of four stars in his review for the Chicago Sun-Times, regarding the film as "no worse an offender than most ghost movies, I suppose. It assumes that even after death we devote most of our attention to unfinished business here on Earth, and that danger to a loved one is more important to a ghost than the infinity it now inhabits." He was also critical of the film's "obligatory action climax", the "ridiculous visitation from the demons of hell", the "slow study" of the Molly character, and the "single best scene" in which Sam overtakes Oda Mae's body to caress Molly: "In strict logic, this should involve us seeing Goldberg kissing Moore, but of course the movie compromises and shows us Swayze holding her - too bad, because the logical version would actually have been more spiritual and moving."[36]

David Ansen of Newsweek, despite finding the ending too sentimental, praised the film as "a zippy pastiche that somehow manages to seem fresh even though it's built entirely out of borrowed parts."[37] Variety magazine called the film "an odd creation – at times nearly smothering in arty somberness, at others veering into good, wacky fun."[38] Goldberg received considerable praise for her performance. In a review for The New York Times, Janet Maslin comments "Ms. Goldberg plays the character's amazement, irritation and great gift for back talk to the hilt. This is one of those rare occasions on which the uncategorizable Ms. Goldberg has found a film role that really suits her, and she makes the most of it."[39] Even some writers who gave negative reviews of Ghost extended praise to Goldberg's work in the film.[40]

Legacy

Demi Moore and Patrick Swayze, in one of the most famous scenes from the movie[41] The pottery wheel scene became widely known,[41][42] and has been cited as "one of the most iconic moments of '90s cinema."[43] It has also frequently been parodied,[42] such as in The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear (of which Jerry Zucker served as an executive producer; it was directed by his brother David Zucker), the short British animated film Wallace and Gromit: A Matter of Loaf and Death[44] and US TV series Two and a Half Men.[43]

The film inspired a musical stage version, Ghost: The Musical. The show had its world premiere in Manchester, UK, in March 2011[45] before transferring to London from June 2011 and having its premiere on July 19, 2011.[46] On November 13, 2010, Paramount and Shochiku released a Japanese remake of Ghost, titled Ghost: In Your Arms Again (ゴーストもういちど抱きしめたい, Gōsuto Mouichido Dakishimetai).[47] The remake stars Nanako Matsushima, South Korean actor Song Seung-heon, and veteran actress Kirin Kiki.[48] In this film, the ghost is a woman, played by Matsushima.

An unofficial remake of the film was made in Telugu language by name Aatma Bandham.[citation needed] A Bollywood Hindi remake of the film was also made in the year 1991 just after the original film released in 1990, the remake was titled Pyaar Ka Saaya starring Rahul Roy as the protagonist.[citation needed]

See also List of ghost films References Kinn, Gail; Piazza, Jim (2014-12-16). Academy Awards®: The Complete Unofficial History -- Revised and Up-To-Date. Black Dog & Leventhal. ISBN 9781579129866. Cieply, Michael; Easton, Nina J. (1990-09-11). "Paramount Reels in Power Struggle After Hits, Misses". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-08. Honeycutt, Kirk (1990-07-13). "Director Leaves Laughs Behind to Capture Spirit of 'Ghost' : Movies: A suspense drama about the afterlife is the last film you'd expect from Jerry Zucker, one of the crazy guys who dreamed up 'Airplane!'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 8, 2010. "Ghost (1990)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 15, 2013. "1990 Worldwide Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 15, 2013. "All Time Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 25, 2015. Honeycutt, Kirk (1990-07-13). "Director Leaves Laughs Behind to Capture Spirit of 'Ghost' : Movies: A suspense drama about the afterlife is the last film you'd expect from Jerry Zucker, one of the crazy guys who dreamed up 'Airplane!'". Los Angeles Times. "25 Years of Ghost: Oscar-Winning Screenwriter Bruce Joel Rubin Talks Patrick Swayze, Demi Moore, and Pottery-Wheel Sex". 13 July 2015. Swayze, Patrick; Niemi, Lisa (29 September 2009). The Time of My Life. ISBN 9781439158586. "Ghost 25th Anniversary: 20 Things You Didn't Know". Swayze, Patrick; Niemi, Lisa (29 September 2009). The Time of My Life. ISBN 9781439158586. Swayze, Patrick; Niemi, Lisa (29 September 2009). The Time of My Life. ISBN 9781439158586. "Writer Bruce Joel Rubin says Ghost could easily have starred Nicole Kidman and Paul Hogan". "Swayze Tells "Ghost" Stories". "'Ghost' at 30: How Tina Turner nearly played Whoopi Goldberg's part in the 1990 classic". Engel, Joel (1991-11-17). "Radio: The Prager Prism: Dennis Prager has eight hours a week to talk on the radio about 'the great issues of life'; so, what makes him so important?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2020-01-29. Krug, Kurt Anthony (2020-07-10). "Native Detroiter who wrote 'Ghost' reminisces about film as it turns 30". The Detroit News. Scapperotti, Dan (July 1990). "Ghost - Airplane's Jerry Zucker directs Patrick Swayze in a metaphysical comedy / drama". Cinefantastique. 21 (1): 12. Retrieved September 1, 2017. Dougherty, Marianne (May 26, 2015). "Feature: Remembering John Sahag, The Mad Professor of Hair". American Salon. Clemmensen, Christian. "'Ghost' soundtrack review". Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 24 August 2011. Garber, Megan (July 13, 2015). "How 'Unchained Melody' Broke Free". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2020. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Ghost [Silver Screen Edition] - Review". All Music. Retrieved February 20, 2016. Broeske, Pat H. (1990-07-17). "'Ghost' Performing Solidly at the Box Office". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-08. Broeske, Pat H. (1990-07-25). "'Ghost': Sentimental Choice as Summer Hit". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-08. Broeske, Pat H. (1990-08-07). "'Ghost' Tops Box Office Again". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-08. Easton, Nina J. (1990-09-05). "Hollywood's Summer of Love : Romantic 'Ghost' Outguns Macho Movies to Become Season's Biggest Hit". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-08. "Ghost (1990)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 31, 2016. Groves, Don (August 16, 1993). "'Park' leader of summer B.O. pack". Variety. p. 11. BFI Statistical Yearbook (PDF) (2012 ed.). London: British Film Institute. 2013. pp. 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2021. "Erratum". Variety. November 7, 1994. p. 16. Berman, Marc (January 6, 1992). "Rentals Reap Bulk of 1991 Vid Harvest". Variety. p. 22. "Ghost Conjures LaserDisk Record". Daily Variety. April 5, 1991. p. 2. "Ghost (1990)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved June 5, 2021. "Ghost Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2014-08-17. "Movie Title Search". Cinemascore. 2018-12-20. Archived from the original on 2018-12-20. Retrieved 2020-07-28. Ebert, Roger (July 13, 1990). "Ghost". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved March 2, 2018. "Immaterial Affections". Newsweek. Retrieved 2010-10-04. "Ghost". Variety. 1989-12-31. Retrieved 2010-10-04. "Ghost (1990)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-03-19. Podgorski, Daniel (October 15, 2015). "A Ghastly Script: The Mediocrity of Jerry Zucker's Romantic Classic, Ghost". The Gemsbok. Your Thursday Theater. Retrieved February 20, 2016. Cox, Gordon (March 6, 2009). "'Ghost' getting musical treatment". Variety. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2020. "Ghost: 7 parodies de la scène légendaire de la poterie" [Ghost: 7 parodies of the famous pottery scene]. Première (in French). December 12, 2015. Archived from the original on October 7, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2020. Hood, Bryan (February 28, 2014). "Kutcher parodies Demi's iconic 'Ghost' pottery scene". New York Post. Archived from the original on October 10, 2015. Retrieved March 30, 2020. Simon, Ben (December 18, 2008). "Wallace & Gromit: A Matter Of Loaf And Death". Animated Views. Archived from the original on November 4, 2010. Retrieved March 30, 2020. "GHOST The Musical – About - Opening in Manchester 28 March 2011". GHOST The Musical.com. Retrieved 2011-01-09. "Ghost The Musical announces Manchester dates pre-West End". The Stage. Retrieved 2010-11-08. Shiso (2010-11-14). "Japanese Remake of Ghost to Be Released in 5 Different Countries". Tokyohive. Retrieved 2011-03-19. Fischer, Russ (2010-06-09). "Paramount to Remake Ghost in Japan". /Film. Retrieved 2011-03-19. External links Ghost at IMDb Ghost at the TCM Movie Database Ghost at AllMovie Ghost at Rotten Tomatoes Ghost at Box Office Mojo Awards for Ghost vte Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker Film portalUnited States portal1990s portal Authority control Edit this at Wikidata Categories: 1990 filmsEnglish-language films1990s fantasy drama films1990s ghost films1990 romantic drama films1990s romantic fantasy filmsAmerican films about revengeAmerican filmsAmerican ghost filmsAmerican romantic drama filmsAmerican romantic fantasy filmsAmerican supernatural thriller filmsDemons in filmAmerican fantasy drama filmsFilms about invisibilityFilms about bankingFilms about couplesFilms about grievingFilms about murderFilms about psychic powersFilms about spirit possessionFilms about the afterlifeFilms adapted into playsFilms directed by Jerry ZuckerFilms scored by Maurice JarreFilms featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award-winning performanceFilms featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe-winning performanceFilms set in New York CityFilms shot in New York CityFilms whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay Academy AwardFilms with screenplays by Bruce Joel RubinParamount Pictures filmsAmerican supernatural drama filmsAmerican supernatural romance films Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView history Search Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikiquote

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TEmas generales basicos PArapsicologia Tipos de traducción Traducción de texto

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Хорошо я попробую даётся узнала ещё раз бью на очень трудно ситуациям Когда время Перестройка гаснут население Россия трудно история как когда Романов и Бойко Сталин кетер и и я знаю возможно трудно на например Сима это

площа 9 империя яйца я тебя это Апокалипсис я понимаю это но это только надо с другой стороны это хорошо я так но сейчас as-p меняет Апокалипсиса потому что это наш мир и это страшно Для меня смазка или не люби никто улица город без любви без Барби Бесы

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I will try to send you a audio from yesterday Khorosho ya poprobuyu dayotsya uznala yeshcho raz b'yu na ochen' trudno situatsiyam Kogda vremya Perestroyka gasnut naseleniye Rossiya trudno istoriya kak kogda Romanov i Boyko Stalin keter i i ya znayu vozmozhno trudno na naprimer Sima eto ploshcha 9 imperiya yaytsa ya tebya eto Apokalipsis ya ponimayu eto no eto tol'ko nado s drugoy storony eto khorosho ya tak no seychas as-p menyayet Apokalipsisa potomu chto eto nash mir i eto strashno Dlya menya smazka ili ne lyubi nikto ulitsa gorod bez lyubvi bez Barbi Besy ispugalsya Mostrar más 542 / 5000 Resultados de traducción I will try to send you a audio from yesterday

Well, I'll try it, I found out again, I hit on very difficult situations.

ploshcha 9 empire eggs i you it Apocalypse I understand it but it only on the other hand this ok i am so but now as-p is changing Apocalypse because it is our world and it's scary for me grease or love nobody street a city without love without barbie demons people aint wearing masks? thats great! i just doubt if the vaccines are a zombiemaking chip anyway, this 2 years and this one hasbeen very sad for me, no clue rock gigs were happening again

faridjabba@gmail.com

: hola, el tema es la Depresion ? lAzer, soy el de "enigmas y misterios", no venia hace un año, te preguntaba algo sobre el Apocalipsis y la Plandemia Lazher_3: BRAVOOOOOO GALAHAD Lazher_3: SI PYNTAMAN EL TEMA ES LA DEPRESION RELAMPAGO AZUL: PARA DORMIR ESTA BUENA LA MUSICA RELAMPAGO AZUL: AHORA TODOS DUERMAN pyntaman: pues esta Plandemia y otros sucesos me han causado la peor de esta mi vida DAtura, que opinas o sabes sobre si se puede transmitir el CHip ZOmbie de GAtes de un "vacunado" a un no-vacunado por compartir una botella de cerveza Tseyor pyntaman: do u believe this is the Apocalypse? s permitted, however nudity is not. Alert: Hello and Welcome!! Nice :) ! A room for those waking up and developing a higher consciousness to the world around us. A Reality created to obfuscate and blind us from the Truth. A prison for your mind! Please keep it respectful, no attacks pyntaman: hiTHE EARTH IS FLAT AND MOTIONLESS.......GET OVER IT!..........NASA LIES...…THE GOVERNMENT LIES.....THE ELITISTS LIE......COVID19 IS A HOAX.....OIL IS ABIOTIC......DINOSAURS NEVER EXISTED......THE MOON LANDINGS ARE A HOAX AND SPACE ALIENS DO NOT EXIST Alert: This room is an outreach for the Mission Of Maitreya. Maitreya has opened the Seven Seals (Revelation in the Bible), has unified all religions on earth and is the Lion of the tribe of Judah. For more info: www.maitreya.org also see banner above. To lend courage to virtue and ardor to truth.. Endless is the search for Truth! Wake the Fake up

DAtura, que opinas o sabes sobre si se puede transmitir el CHip ZOmbie de GAtes de un "vacunado" a un no-vacunado por compartir una botella de cerveza scared noches de ortega paranormal

hello

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in the hell do journalists insist on coming up with a second-rate Freudian evaluation of my lyrics, when 90 percent of the time they've transcribed them incorrectly?"[7]:182 While Cobain insisted on the subjectivity and unimportance of his lyrics, he labored and procrastinated in writing them, often changing the content and order of lyrics during performances.[7]:177 Cobain would describe his own lyrics as "a big pile of contradictions. They're split down the middle between very sincere opinions that I have and sarcastic opinions and feelings that I have and sarcastic and hopeful, humorous rebuttals toward cliché bohemian ideals that have been exhausted for years."[48]

Cobain originally wanted Nevermind to be divided into two sides: a "Boy" side, for the songs written about the experiences of his early life and childhood, and a "Girl" side, for the songs written about his dysfunctional relationship with Vail.[7]:177 Charles R. Cross wrote: "In the four months following their break-up, Kurt would write a half dozen of his most memorable songs, all of them about Tobi Vail." Though Cobain wrote "Lithium" before meeting Vail, he wrote the lyrics to reference her.[7]:168–169 Cobain said in an interview with Musician that "some of my very personal experiences, like breaking up with girlfriends and having bad relationships, feeling that death void that the person in the song is feeling. Very lonely, sick."[49] While Cobain regarded In Utero as "for the most part very impersonal",[50] its lyrics deal with his parents' divorce, his newfound fame and the public image and perception of himself and Courtney Love on "Serve the Servants", with his enamored relationship with Love conveyed through lyrical themes of pregnancy and the female anatomy on "Heart-Shaped Box". Cobain wrote "Rape Me" as an objective discussion of rape. He wrote about fame, drug addiction and abortion on "Pennyroyal Tea", as well as women's rights and the life of Seattle-born Farmer on "Frances Farmer Will Have Her Revenge on Seattle".[citation needed]

Cobain's model of Fender Jaguar Cobain was affected enough to write "Polly" from Nevermind after reading a newspaper story of an incident in 1987, when a 14-year-old girl was kidnapped after attending a punk rock show then raped and tortured with a blowtorch. She escaped after gaining the trust of her captor Gerald Friend through flirting with him.[7]:136 After seeing Nirvana perform, Bob Dylan cited "Polly" as the best of Nirvana's songs, and said of Cobain, "the kid has heart".[7]:137 Patrick Süskind's novel Perfume: The Story of a Murderer inspired Cobain to write the song "Scentless Apprentice" from In Utero. The book is a historical horror novel about a perfumer's apprentice born with no body odor of his own but with a highly developed sense of smell, and who attempts to create the "ultimate perfume" by killing virginal women and taking their scent.[51]

Cobain immersed himself in artistic projects throughout his life, as much so as he did in songwriting. The sentiments of his art work followed the same subjects of his lyrics, often expressed through a dark and macabre sense of humor. Noted were his fascination with physiology, his own rare medical conditions, and the human anatomy. According to Novoselic, "Kurt said that he never liked literal things. He liked cryptic things. He would cut out pictures of meat from grocery-store fliers, then paste these orchids on them ... And all this stuff on [In Utero] about the body – there was something about anatomy. He really liked that. You look at his art – there are these people, and they're all weird, like mutants. And dolls – creepy dolls."[52] Often unable to afford artistic resources, Cobain improvised with materials, painting on board games and album sleeves, and painting with an array of substances, including his own bodily fluids. The artwork seen in his Journals later drew acclaim. Many of Cobain's paintings, collages, and sculptures appeared in the artwork of Nirvana's albums, such as the covers of Incesticide and In Utero. His concepts featured in Nirvana's music videos, sometimes leading to arguments with the video producers.[citation needed]

Cobain contributed backing guitar for a spoken word recording of beat poet William S. Burroughs' entitled The "Priest" They Called Him.[7]:301 Cobain regarded Burroughs as a hero. During Nirvana's European tour Cobain kept a copy of Burroughs' Naked Lunch, purchased from a London bookstall.[7]:189–190 Cobain met with Burroughs at his home in Lawrence, Kansas in October 1993. Burroughs expressed no surprise at Cobain's death: "It wasn't an act of will for Kurt to kill himself. As far as I was concerned, he was dead already."[53]

Personal life Relationships and family There are differing accounts of the date that Kurt first met Courtney Love although the actual events remain similar. In his 1993 authorised biography of Nirvana Michael Azerrad cites a January 21, 1989 Dharma Bums gig in Portland where Nirvana played as support,[54] while the Charles R. Cross 2001 Cobain biography has Love and Cobain meeting at the same Satyricon nightclub venue in Portland but a different Nirvana show, January 12, 1990,[55][7]:201 when both still led ardent underground rock bands.[56] Love made advances, but Cobain was evasive. Early in their interactions, Cobain broke off dates and ignored Love's advances because he was unsure if he wanted a relationship. Cobain noted, "I was determined to be a bachelor for a few months [...] But I knew that I liked Courtney so much right away that it was a really hard struggle to stay away from her for so many months."[5]:172–173 Love first saw Cobain perform in 1989 at a show in Portland, Oregon. They talked briefly after the show and Love developed a crush on him.[5]:169 Everett True, who was an associate of both Cobain and Love, disputes the earlier versions in his 2006 book, claiming that he himself introduced the couple on May 17, 1

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Gustaf Schälin hgjkhgkhjg jh nmnnnnjnunca una puta y un cigarro o un " groouou grooyu sin parar ! " nos habian enseñado tanto de lo poco que no hay que saber

hola man,asumo me recuerdas, ojala estes muy bien, te deseo lo mejor , recuerdo mucho a Magarbette, quisiera saber si tienes material de audio o video de ustedes de aquella epoca tan buena Luis Rodriguez 1t0S Angprpgocil nsornhelnca2lh02mdc0 · Ayer 9 de abril de 1948 y q a todos nos lleve el patas No va pasar nada Todo lo archivan La culpa es de la vaca Platanal Justificar el comer mierda para ser coproducción tranquilo Ya desapareció el billete de mil Todos seremos olvido alix Riveros Toledosaliendo de una caja 📦 de frases de paulo para este apocalipshit : “a vecés en la vida ... debemos pasar por pruebas difíciles y es cuándo más fuertes debemos ser ... es el momento debes vencer o morir para fraseando a Elkin Ramírez, No es un capricho ... es la realidad, Si algo quieres tendrás que luchar Si algo eres podrás demostrar, es el momento ...

También para algunos de pelar el cobre en la necesidad, les deseo lo mejor, seguros de que de esta saldremos juntos a triunfar See less holab

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(.mp3)Kyllikki Saari From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search

Kyllikki Saari (back right) with sisters Auli Kyllikki Saari (December 6, 1935 – May 17, 1953)[1] was a 17-year-old Finnish girl whose murder in 1953[2] is one of the most infamous cases of homicide ever in Finland. Her murder in Isojoki remains unsolved.[3]

Contents 1 Background information 2 Suspects 2.1 Kauko Kanervo 2.2 Hans Assmann 2.3 Vihtori Lehmusviita 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Background information Saari was last seen alive on May 17, 1953.[4] She was cycling home from a prayer meeting when, it is believed, she was attacked by an unidentified person.[5] The authorities speculated that the murderer may have had a sexual motive, but no evidence has been produced to support this theory. Although the crime received notable media attention, the murderer has never been identified. Saari's remains were found on October 11, 1953 in a bog. Her bicycle was discovered in a marshy area later that year.[6] Funeral services were held at Isojoki Church on October 25, 1953; an estimated 25,000 people attended.

Suspects Kauko Kanervo Initially, the prime suspect in the case was Kauko Kanervo, a parish priest who remained under investigation for several years. Kanervo had moved to Merikarvia three weeks before the murder, and had been reported as having been in the area on the evening of Saari's disappearance. An investigation determined Kanervo had been dean of the party and spent the late night hours in the parsonage. With all but 20 minutes of his time accounted for, the authorities deduced the priest could not have had enough time to go to Isojoki (60 kilometres away from Merikarvia), as he did not have a drivers license or a car.

Hans Assmann Main article: Hans Assmann Assmann's wife reported that her husband and his driver were near Isojoki at the time of the murder. Assmann also owned a light-brown Opel, the same type of car several witnesses had seen near the murder scene. In 1997, Assmann reportedly confessed his involvement in the crime to a former police officer, Matti Paloaro, and claimed responsibility for the death of Kyllikki Saari. Assmann's story to the officer claimed the death was caused by an automobile accident when his car, driven by his chauffeur, collided with Saari; to conceal the evidence of the driver's involvement, the two men staged the case as a murder. According to Paloaro, Assmann said on his deathbed, "One thing however, I can tell you right away ... because it is the oldest one, and in a way it was an accident, that had to be covered up. Otherwise, our trip would have been revealed. Even though my friend was a good driver, the accident was unavoidable. I assume you know what I mean."

Assmann's wife also reported that one of her husband's socks was missing and his shoes were wet when he returned home the evening of the murder. There were also dents in the car. According to Mrs. Assmann, a few days later, Assmann and his driver left again, but this time they had a shovel with them. Later investigators determined that Kyllikki's murderer must have been left-handed, which Assmann was.

Assmann is also alleged to have been the perpetrator of the Lake Bodom murders, which occurred in 1960.[7]

Vihtori Lehmusviita Vihtori Lehmusviita was in a mental hospital for long periods, and died in 1967, following which his case was set aside. The man police generally held as a murderer was, at the time, a 38-year-old local inhabitant. He was living within a 1–2 km radius of the site. In the 1940s, Lehmusviita was found guilty of a sexual offense, and had a mental illness. The police suspected that the murderer got help and cover-up from the 37-year-old brother-in-law of Lehmusviita, who had a criminal background. The suspect's mother and sister gave him an alibi for the evening of the murder, saying that he was in bed by 19:00 after drinking heavily.

When Lehmusviita was interrogated, he said that Kyllikki was no longer alive, and her body would never be found. Subsequently, he withdrew his statement, claiming that he had been misunderstood. The suspect and his brother-in-law alleged accomplice were questioned in the autumn of 1953. Shortly after this incident, the brother-in-law moved to Central Ostrobothnia, and then to Sweden. Lehmusviita was questioned twice. He was in a mental hospital for treatment, and when the provincial criminal police came there to question him, the interrogation was made to stop because Lehmusviita's behavior became so strange and confused that his doctor ordered that he could not be questioned in his state.

Both Lehmusviita and his alleged accomplice knew the terrain very well, as they had a common working field located 50 meters from where Kyllikki was found. There was a shovel in the field that was used to dig the grave.

See also List of solved missing persons cases List of unsolved murders References "Murder of Kyllikki Saari - 294 from The Generation Why Podcast". www.stitcher.com. Retrieved 2019-10-21. "Oh, How Peculiar!". Oh, How Peculiar!. Retrieved 2019-10-21. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-03-21. "Unsolved murders: The Bog Grave". Imgur. Retrieved 2017-09-16. "Google Translate". translate.google.com. Retrieved 2019-10-21. "Helsingin Sanomat". .hs.fi. Archived from the original on 2016-06-06. Retrieved 2016-09-21. Kyllikki Saari - Viimeinen kotimatka, retrieved 2019-10-21 External links Kyllikki Saari at Find a Grave Categories: 1935 births1950s missing person cases1953 deathsFemale murder victimsFinnish murder victimsFormerly missing people found deadMurdered Finnish childrenUnsolved murders in Finland Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page In other projects Wikimedia Commons Print/export Download as PDF Printable version

Languages ??????? ??? Italiano Polski ??????? Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2019, at 19:17 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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Murder of Suzanne Bombardier From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Murder of Suzanne Bombardier Suzanne Bombardier.png Suzanne Bombardier Location Antioch, California US Coordinates 38.000079°N 121.848873°WCoordinates: 38.000079°N 121.848873°W Date June 22, 1980 (Pacific Time Zone) Weapons Knife Deaths 1 Victims Suzanne Bombardier Accused Mitchell Lynn Bacom Charges Kidnapping, sodomy, oral copulation, rape, murder, murder with use of a deadly weapon Suzanne A. "Suzie" Bombardier, (March 14, 1966 – June 22, 1980) [1]was kidnapped, raped, and stabbed to death on June 22, 1980. On June 27, her body was found by a fisherman, floating in the San Joaquin River east of Antioch, California near its bridge, 60 miles (97 kilometres) east of San Francisco. On December 11, 2017, after extensive DNA analysis, 63-year-old Mitchell Lynn Bacom, a convicted sex offender, was arrested as the prime suspect. He has been charged with kidnapping, rape, oral copulation, murder, and murder with use of a deadly weapon.[2] This was Antioch's oldest cold case murder. At the time of Bombardier's homicide, Bacom was known to her family.

Bombardier was raped, stabbed in the chest, and her heart was punctured. She was kidnapped from her sister's townhome in Antioch while she was babysitting her nieces. Her sister, Stephanie Mullen, arrived home at 4:00 a.m. to find Bombardier missing.[3] Bombardier's father, Ted, said that she knew her killer, as there was no forced entry.

Contents 1 Background 2 Suspect 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Background Fourteen-year-old Bombardier was an honor roll student at Antioch Junior High at the time of her homicide. She also belonged to the California Junior Scholastic Federation.[2] She was buried at Queen of Heaven Cemetery in Lafayette. Jennifer Kathleen Gibbons came across her grave in 2014 and started blogging about the unsolved case.[4] This kept it top of mind for the public and later for investigators.[5][6]

Bacom's mug shot, 1974

Bacom's California driver's license photo In 2015, DNA samples from Bombardier's case were sent to the San Mateo County Sheriff's Office Forensic Laboratory for them to create a DNA profile. In early 2017, after advancements in DNA analysis technology, Antioch police were notified that a CODIS hit was made that tentatively identified Bacom as the perpetrator. After additional testing, when the samples were conclusively linked to Bacom through a federal DNA database, he was taken into custody without incident at his home.[2][7]

In 1973 Bacom was tried for several crimes, convicted, and sentenced to five years to life imprisonment. In 1981 he was convicted for several more crimes and sentenced to 24 years in prison. In 2002 he failed to register as a sex offender and was sentenced to four years in prison.[2][3][8]

Suspect Mitchell Lynn Bacom (born March 21, 1954) is a native of Knightsen, California. He has brown eyes, and brown hair. He is 5'7", and weighs 185 pounds.[9] He was a suspect in the case for a long time.[3] Authorities will attempt to match Bacom's DNA to other cold cases.[10]

See also Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg Law portal List of kidnappings List of solved missing persons cases List of unsolved murders SF From Marin Highlands3.jpg San Francisco Bay Area portal References "Antioch man charged with Suzanne Bombardier's 1980 rape, murder to be tried". The Mercury News. September 11, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019. Swan, Rachel; Ma, Annie (December 11, 2017). "Arrest in notorious 1980 slaying of Antioch teen Suzanne Bombardier". SFGate. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017. Gartrell, Nate; Davis, Aaron; Coetsee, Rowena (December 12, 2017). "Antioch police make arrest in 37-year-old kidnapping, homicide case". East Bay Times. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017. Gibbons, Jennifer Kathleen (January 3, 2015). "My obsession with a cold case". Salon. Archived from the original on December 10, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017. Coetsee, Rowena (July 1, 2015). "Former Antioch cops spotlight 35-year-old cold case". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017. Lieu, Amy (December 12, 2017). "Arrest in decades-old murder of 14-year-old California girl". Fox News. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017. Clifford, Charles; Cestone, Vince (December 12, 2017). "Arrest made in 1980 cold-case murder of Antioch girl". KRON4.com. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017. Payton, Allen (June 8, 2015). "Former officers offer assistance to solve cold case of Suzanne Bombardier, murdered in Antioch 35 years ago | Antioch Herald". antiochherald.com (8). Archived from the original on September 14, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2017. "Offender Profile: Bacom, Mitchell Lynn". California Megan's Law Website: State of California Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General. Retrieved December 14, 2017. Kim, Lilian (December 12, 2017). "Antioch police say DNA tech helped solve city's oldest open cold case". ABC7 San Francisco. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017. External links Defrosting Cold Cases KTVU News video report for low-vision readers NBC News video report for low-vision readers Categories: 1980s missing person cases1980 murders in the United StatesAntioch, CaliforniaFemale murder victimsFormerly missing people found deadJune 1980 events in the United StatesKidnapped American childrenKidnappings in the United StatesMissing person cases in CaliforniaMurder in the San Francisco Bay AreaRape in the United StatesStabbing attacks in 1980Stabbing attacks in the United StatesUnsolved murders in the United StatesViolence against children Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Download as PDF Printable version

Languages Az?rbaycanca Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2020, at 09:13 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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This is a featured article. Click here for more information. Page semi-protected Listen to this article Jack the Ripper From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This article is about the serial killer. For other uses, see Jack the Ripper (disambiguation). Jack the Ripper Drawing of a man with a pulled-up collar and pulled-down hat walking alone on a street watched by a group of well-dressed men behind him "With the Vigilance Committee in the East End: A Suspicious Character" from The Illustrated London News, 13 October 1888 Born Unknown Other names "The Whitechapel Murderer" "Leather Apron" Details Victims Unknown (5 canonical) Date 1888–1891(?) (1888: 5 canonical) Location(s) Whitechapel and Spitalfields, London, England (5 canonical) Jack the Ripper was an unidentified serial killer active in the largely impoverished areas in and around the Whitechapel district of London in 1888. In both the criminal case files and contemporary journalistic accounts, the killer was called the Whitechapel Murderer and Leather Apron.

Attacks ascribed to Jack the Ripper typically involved female prostitutes who lived and worked in the slums of the East End of London whose throats were cut prior to abdominal mutilations. The removal of internal organs from at least three of the victims led to proposals that their killer had some anatomical or surgical knowledge. Rumours that the murders were connected intensified in September and October 1888, and letters were received by media outlets and Scotland Yard from a writer or writers purporting to be the murderer. The name "Jack the Ripper" originated in a letter written by someone claiming to be the murderer that was disseminated in the media. The letter is widely believed to have been a hoax and may have been written by journalists in an attempt to heighten interest in the story and increase their newspapers' circulation. The "From Hell" letter received by George Lusk of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee came with half of a preserved human kidney, purportedly taken from one of the victims. The public came increasingly to believe in a single serial killer known as "Jack the Ripper", mainly because of the extraordinarily brutal nature of the murders, and because of media treatment of the events.

Extensive newspaper coverage bestowed widespread and enduring international notoriety on the Ripper, and the legend solidified. A police investigation into a series of eleven brutal killings in Whitechapel up to 1891 was unable to connect all the killings conclusively to the murders of 1888. Five victims—Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes, and Mary Jane Kelly—are known as the "canonical five" and their murders between 31 August and 9 November 1888 are often considered the most likely to be linked. The murders were never solved, and the legends surrounding them became a combination of genuine historical research, folklore, and pseudohistory. The term "ripperology" was coined to describe the study and analysis of the Ripper cases. There are now over one hundred hypotheses about the Ripper's identity, and the murders have inspired many works of fiction.

Contents 1 Background 2 Murders 2.1 Canonical five 2.2 Later Whitechapel murders 2.3 Other alleged victims 3 Investigation 3.1 Criminal profiling 4 Suspects 5 Letters 6 Media 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Background In the mid-19th century, Britain experienced an influx of Irish immigrants who swelled the populations of the major cities, including the East End of London. From 1882, Jewish refugees from pogroms in Tsarist Russia and other areas of Eastern Europe emigrated into the same area.[1] The parish of Whitechapel in London's East End became increasingly overcrowded. Work and housing conditions worsened, and a significant economic underclass developed.[2] Robbery, violence, and alcohol dependency were commonplace, and the endemic poverty drove many women to prostitution. In October 1888, London's Metropolitan Police Service estimated that there were 62 brothels and 1,200 women working as prostitutes in Whitechapel.[3] The economic problems were accompanied by a steady rise in social tensions. Between 1886 and 1889, frequent demonstrations led to police intervention and public unrest, such as that of 13 November 1887.[4] Anti-semitism, crime, nativism, racism, social disturbance, and severe deprivation influenced public perceptions that Whitechapel was a notorious den of immorality.[5] In 1888, such perceptions were strengthened when the series of vicious and grotesque murders attributed to "Jack the Ripper" received unprecedented coverage in the media.[6]

Murders Main article: Whitechapel murders Victorian map of London marked with seven dots within a few streets of each other The sites of the first seven Whitechapel murders – Osborn Street (centre right), George Yard (centre left), Hanbury Street (top), Buck's Row (far right), Berner Street (bottom right), Mitre Square (bottom left), and Dorset Street (middle left) The large number of attacks against women in the East End during this time adds uncertainty to how many victims were killed by the same person.[7] Eleven separate murders, stretching from 3 April 1888 to 13 February 1891, were included in a London Metropolitan Police Service investigation and were known collectively in the police docket as the "Whitechapel murders".[8][9] Opinions vary as to whether these murders should be linked to the same culprit, but five of the eleven Whitechapel murders, known as the "canonical five", are widely believed to be the work of Jack the Ripper.[10] Most experts point to deep throat slashes, abdominal and genital-area mutilation, removal of internal organs, and progressive facial mutilations as the distinctive features of the Ripper's modus operandi.[11] The first two cases in the Whitechapel murders file, those of Emma Elizabeth Smith and Martha Tabram, are not included in the canonical five.[12]

Smith was robbed and sexually assaulted in Osborn Street, Whitechapel, on 3 April 1888. A blunt object was inserted into her vagina, rupturing her peritoneum. She developed peritonitis and died the following day at London Hospital.[13] Smith stated that she had been attacked by two or three men, one of whom was a teenager.[14] The attack was linked to the later murders by the press,[15] but most authors attribute it to gang violence unrelated to the Ripper case.[8][16][17]

Tabram was killed on 7 August 1888; she had suffered 39 stab wounds. The savagery of the murder, the lack of obvious motive, and the closeness of the location (George Yard, Whitechapel) and date to those of the later Ripper murders led police to link them.[18] The attack differs from the canonical murders in that Tabram was stabbed rather than slashed at the throat and abdomen, and many experts do not connect it with the later murders because of the difference in the wound pattern.[19]

Canonical five The canonical five Ripper victims are Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes, and Mary Jane Kelly.

The body of Mary Ann Nichols was discovered at about 3:40 a.m. on Friday 31 August 1888 in Buck's Row (now Durward Street), Whitechapel. The throat was severed by two cuts, and the lower part of the abdomen was partly ripped open by a deep, jagged wound. Several other incisions on the abdomen were caused by the same knife.[20]

29 Hanbury Street, seen in 1888. The door through which Annie Chapman and her murderer walked to the yard where her body was discovered is beneath the numerals of the property sign Annie Chapman's body was discovered at approximately 6 a.m. on Saturday 8 September 1888 near a doorway in the back yard of 29 Hanbury Street, Spitalfields. As in the case of Mary Ann Nichols, the throat was severed by two cuts.[21] The abdomen was slashed entirely open, and it was later discovered that the uterus had been removed.[22] At the inquest, one witness described seeing Chapman at about 5:30 a.m. with a dark-haired man of "shabby-genteel" appearance.[23]

Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes were both killed in the early morning hours of Sunday 30 September 1888. Stride's body was discovered at about 1 a.m. in Dutfield's Yard, off Berner Street (now Henriques Street) in Whitechapel. The cause of death was one clear-cut incision which severed the main artery on the left side of the neck. The absence of mutilations to the abdomen has led to uncertainty about whether Stride's murder should be attributed to the Ripper or whether he was interrupted during the attack.[24] Witnesses thought that they saw Stride with a man earlier that night but gave differing descriptions: some said that her companion was fair, others dark; some said that he was shabbily dressed, others well-dressed.[25]

Eddowes's body was found in Mitre Square in the City of London, three-quarters of an hour after Stride's. The throat was severed and the abdomen was ripped open by a long, deep, jagged wound. The left kidney and the major part of the uterus had been removed. A local man named Joseph Lawende had passed through the square with two friends shortly before the murder, and he described seeing a fair-haired man of shabby appearance with a woman who may have been Eddowes.[26] His companions were unable to confirm his description.[26] Eddowes's and Stride's murders were later called the "double event".[27]

Transcription (with original grammatical errors) of the graffito discovered upon the stairwell of the tenement building in Goulston Street following the murder of Catherine Eddowes[28] A section of Eddowes's bloodied apron was found at the entrance to a tenement in Goulston Street, Whitechapel. A chalk inscription upon the wall directly above this piece of apron became known as the Goulston Street graffito and seemed to implicate a Jew or Jews, but it was unclear whether the graffito was written by the murderer as he dropped the apron piece, or was merely incidental.[29] Such graffiti were commonplace in Whitechapel. Police Commissioner Charles Warren feared that the graffito might spark anti-semitic riots and ordered the writing washed away before dawn.[30]

The extensively mutilated and disembowelled body of Mary Jane Kelly was discovered lying on the bed in the single room where she lived at 13 Miller's Court, off Dorset Street, Spitalfields, at 10:45 a.m. on Friday 9 November 1888. The throat had been severed down to the spine, and the abdomen almost emptied of its organs. The heart was missing.[31]

Black and white photograph of an eviscerated human body lying on a bed. The face is mutilated. Official police photograph of Mary Kelly's murder scene in 13 Miller's Court The canonical five murders were perpetrated at night, on or close to a weekend, either at the end of a month or a week (or so) after.[32] The mutilations became increasingly severe as the series of murders proceeded, except for that of Stride, whose attacker may have been interrupted.[33] Nichols was not missing any organs; Chapman's uterus was taken; Eddowes had her uterus and a kidney removed and her face mutilated; and Kelly's body was extensively eviscerated, with her face hacked beyond recognition and the tissue of her neck being severed to the bone, although the heart was the sole body organ missing from this crime scene.

Historically, the belief that these five crimes were committed by the same man is derived from contemporary documents that link them together to the exclusion of others.[34] In 1894, Sir Melville Macnaghten, Assistant Chief Constable of the Metropolitan Police Service and Head of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID), wrote a report that stated: "the Whitechapel murderer had 5 victims—& 5 victims only".[35] Similarly, the canonical five victims were linked together in a letter written by police surgeon Thomas Bond to Robert Anderson, head of the London CID, on 10 November 1888.[36]

Some researchers have posited that some of the murders were undoubtedly the work of a single killer but an unknown larger number of killers acting independently were responsible for the other crimes.[37] Authors Stewart P. Evans and Donald Rumbelow argue that the canonical five is a "Ripper myth" and that three cases (Nichols, Chapman, and Eddowes) can be definitely linked to the same perpetrator, but there is less certainty over Stride and Kelly.[38] Conversely, others suppose that the six murders between Tabram and Kelly were the work of a single killer.[11] Dr Percy Clark, assistant to the examining pathologist George Bagster Phillips, linked only three of the murders and thought that the others were perpetrated by "weak-minded individual[s] ... induced to emulate the crime".[39] Macnaghten did not join the police force until the year after the murders, and his memorandum contains serious factual errors about possible suspects.[40]

Later Whitechapel murders Mary Jane Kelly is generally considered to be the Ripper's final victim, and it is assumed that the crimes ended because of the culprit's death, imprisonment, institutionalisation, or emigration.[16] The Whitechapel murders file details another four murders that happened after the canonical five: those of Rose Mylett, Alice McKenzie, the Pinchin Street torso, and Frances Coles.

Mylett was found strangled in Clarke's Yard, High Street, Poplar on 20 December 1888. There was no sign of a struggle, and the police believed that she had accidentally hanged herself on her collar while in a drunken stupor or committed suicide.[41] Nevertheless, the inquest jury returned a verdict of murder.[41]

McKenzie was killed on 17 July 1889 by severance of the left carotid artery. Several minor bruises and cuts were found on the body, discovered in Castle Alley, Whitechapel. One of the examining pathologists, Thomas Bond, believed this to be a Ripper murder, though his colleague George Bagster Phillips, who had examined the bodies of three previous victims, disagreed.[42] Later writers are also divided between those who think that her murderer copied the Ripper's modus operandi to deflect suspicion from himself,[43] and those who ascribe it to the Ripper.[44]

"The Pinchin Street torso" was a headless and legless torso of an unidentified woman found under a railway arch in Pinchin Street, Whitechapel, on 10 September 1889. It seems probable that the murder was committed elsewhere and that parts of the dismembered body were dispersed for disposal.[45]

The body of Frances Coles was discovered at Swallow Gardens, Whitechapel on 13 February 1891[46] The body of 25-year-old Frances Coles was discovered on 13 February 1891 beneath a railway arch at Swallow Gardens, Whitechapel. Her throat had been cut but her body was not mutilated. James Thomas Sadler was seen earlier with her and was arrested by the police and charged with her murder. Sadler was briefly thought to be the Ripper,[47] but was later discharged from court for lack of evidence on 3 March 1891.[47]

Other alleged victims In addition to the eleven Whitechapel murders, commentators have linked other attacks to the Ripper. In the case of "Fairy Fay", it is unclear whether the attack was real or fabricated as a part of Ripper lore.[48] "Fairy Fay" was a nickname given to a victim allegedly found on 26 December 1887 "after a stake had been thrust through her abdomen",[49][50] but there were no recorded murders in Whitechapel at or around Christmas 1887.[51] "Fairy Fay" seems to have been created through a confused press report of the murder of Emma Elizabeth Smith, who had a stick or other blunt object shoved into her vagina.[52] Most authors agree that the victim "Fairy Fay" never existed.[48][53]

Annie Millwood was admitted to Whitechapel workhouse infirmary with stab wounds in the legs and lower torso on 25 February 1888.[54] She was discharged, but died from apparently natural causes on 31 March 1888, aged 38.[53] She was later postulated to be the Ripper's first victim, but the attack cannot be linked definitely.[55] Another supposed early victim was Ada Wilson,[56] who reportedly survived being stabbed twice in the neck on 28 March 1888.[57] Annie Farmer resided at the same lodging house as Martha Tabram[58] and reported an attack on 21 November 1888. She had a superficial cut on her throat, but it was possibly self-inflicted.[59]

Drawing of three men discovering the torso of a woman "The Whitehall Mystery" of October 1888 "The Whitehall Mystery" was a term coined for the discovery of a headless torso of a woman on 2 October 1888 in the basement of the new Metropolitan Police headquarters being built in Whitehall. An arm belonging to the body was previously discovered floating in the River Thames near Pimlico, and one of the legs was subsequently discovered buried near where the torso was found.[60] The other limbs and head were never recovered and the body was never identified. The mutilations were similar to those in the Pinchin Street case, where the legs and head were severed but not the arms.

Both the Whitehall Mystery and the Pinchin Street case may have been part of a series of murders called the "Thames Mysteries", committed by a single serial killer dubbed the "Torso killer".[61] It is debatable whether Jack the Ripper and the "Torso killer" were the same person or separate serial killers active in the same area.[61] The modus operandi of the Torso killer differed from that of the Ripper, and police at the time discounted any connection between the two.[62] Elizabeth Jackson was a prostitute whose various body parts were collected from the river Thames over a three-week period in June 1889. She may have been another victim of the "Torso killer".[63]

John Gill, a seven-year-old boy, was found murdered in Manningham, Bradford, on 29 December 1888. His legs had been severed, his abdomen opened, his intestines drawn out, and his heart and one ear removed. The similarities with the murder of Mary Kelly led to press speculation that the Ripper had killed him.[64] The boy's employer, milkman William Barrett, was twice arrested for the murder but was released due to insufficient evidence.[64] No-one was ever prosecuted.[64]

Carrie Brown (nicknamed "Shakespeare", reportedly for quoting Shakespeare's sonnets) was strangled with clothing and then mutilated with a knife on 24 April 1891 in New York City.[65] Her body was found with a large tear through her groin area and superficial cuts on her legs and back. No organs were removed from the scene, though an ovary was found upon the bed, either purposely removed or unintentionally dislodged.[65] At the time, the murder was compared to those in Whitechapel, though the Metropolitan Police eventually ruled out any connection.[65]

Investigation Sketch of a whiskered man Inspector Frederick Abberline, 1888 The surviving police files on the Whitechapel murders allow a detailed view of investigative procedure in the Victorian era.[66] A large team of policemen conducted house-to-house inquiries throughout Whitechapel. Forensic material was collected and examined. Suspects were identified, traced, and either examined more closely or eliminated from the inquiry. Modern police work follows the same pattern.[66] More than 2,000 people were interviewed, "upwards of 300" people were investigated, and 80 people were detained.[67]

The investigation was initially conducted by the Metropolitan Police Whitechapel (H) Division Criminal Investigation Department (CID) headed by Detective Inspector Edmund Reid. After the murder of Nichols, Detective Inspectors Frederick Abberline, Henry Moore, and Walter Andrews were sent from Central Office at Scotland Yard to assist. The City of London Police were involved under Detective Inspector James McWilliam after the Eddowes murder, which occurred within the City of London.[68] The overall direction of the murder enquiries was hampered by the fact that the newly appointed head of the CID Robert Anderson was on leave in Switzerland between 7 September and 6 October, during the time when Chapman, Stride, and Eddowes were killed.[69] This prompted Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Charles Warren to appoint Chief Inspector Donald Swanson to coordinate the enquiry from Scotland Yard.[70]

Drawing of a blind-folded policeman with arms outstretched in the midst of a bunch of ragamuffin ruffians "Blind man's buff": Punch cartoon by John Tenniel (22 September 1888) criticising the police's alleged incompetence. The failure of the police to capture the killer reinforced the attitude held by radicals that the police were inept and mismanaged.[71] A group of volunteer citizens in London's East End called the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee patrolled the streets looking for suspicious characters, partly because of dissatisfaction with the police effort. They petitioned the government to raise a reward for information about the killer, and hired private detectives to question witnesses independently.[72]

Butchers, slaughterers, surgeons, and physicians were suspected because of the manner of the mutilations. A surviving note from Major Henry Smith, Acting Commissioner of the City Police, indicates that the alibis of local butchers and slaughterers were investigated, with the result that they were eliminated from the inquiry.[73] A report from Inspector Swanson to the Home Office confirms that 76 butchers and slaughterers were visited, and that the inquiry encompassed all their employees for the previous six months.[74] Some contemporary figures, including Queen Victoria, thought the pattern of the murders indicated that the culprit was a butcher or cattle drover on one of the cattle boats that plied between London and mainland Europe. Whitechapel was close to the London Docks,[75] and usually such boats docked on Thursday or Friday and departed on Saturday or Sunday.[76] The cattle boats were examined but the dates of the murders did not coincide with a single boat's movements and the transfer of a crewman between boats was also ruled out.[77]

Criminal profiling At the end of October, Robert Anderson asked police surgeon Thomas Bond to give his opinion on the extent of the murderer's surgical skill and knowledge.[78] The opinion offered by Bond on the character of the "Whitechapel murderer" is the earliest surviving offender profile.[79] Bond's assessment was based on his own examination of the most extensively mutilated victim and the post mortem notes from the four previous canonical murders.[36] He wrote:

All five murders no doubt were committed by the same hand. In the first four the throats appear to have been cut from left to right, in the last case owing to the extensive mutilation it is impossible to say in what direction the fatal cut was made, but arterial blood was found on the wall in splashes close to where the woman's head must have been lying.

All the circumstances surrounding the murders lead me to form the opinion that the women must have been lying down when murdered and in every case the throat was first cut.[36]

Bond was strongly opposed to the idea that the murderer possessed any kind of scientific or anatomical knowledge, or even "the technical knowledge of a butcher or horse slaughterer".[36] In his opinion, the killer must have been a man of solitary habits, subject to "periodical attacks of homicidal and erotic mania", with the character of the mutilations possibly indicating "satyriasis".[36] Bond also stated that "the homicidal impulse may have developed from a revengeful or brooding condition of the mind, or that religious mania may have been the original disease but I do not think either hypothesis is likely".[36]

There is no evidence of any sexual activity with any of the victims,[11][80] yet psychologists suppose that the penetration of the victims with a knife and "leaving them on display in sexually degrading positions with the wounds exposed" indicates that the perpetrator derived sexual pleasure from the attacks.[11][81] This view is challenged by others who dismiss such hypotheses as insupportable supposition.[82]

Suspects Main article: Jack the Ripper suspects Cartoon of a man holding a bloody knife looking contemptuously at a display of half-a-dozen supposed and dissimilar likenesses Speculation as to the identity of Jack the Ripper: cover of the 21 September 1889, issue of Puck magazine, by cartoonist Tom Merry The concentration of the killings around weekends and public holidays and within a few streets of each other has indicated to many that the Ripper was in regular employment and lived locally.[83] Others have thought that the killer was an educated upper-class man, possibly a doctor or an aristocrat who ventured into Whitechapel from a more well-to-do area.[84] Such theories draw on cultural perceptions such as fear of the medical profession, mistrust of modern science, or the exploitation of the poor by the rich.[85] Suspects proposed years after the murders include virtually anyone remotely connected to the case by contemporary documents, as well as many famous names who were never considered in the police investigation. Everyone alive at the time is now dead, and modern authors are free to accuse anyone "without any need for any supporting historical evidence".[86] Suspects named in contemporary police documents include three in Sir Melville Macnaghten's 1894 memorandum, but the evidence against them is circumstantial at best.[87]

There are many and varied theories about the identity and profession of Jack the Ripper, but authorities are not agreed upon any of them, and the number of named suspects reaches over one hundred.[88][89] Despite continued interest in the case, the Ripper's identity remains unknown.[90]

Letters Jack the Ripper letters "Dear Boss" letter "Saucy Jacky" postcard "From Hell" letter Openshaw letter vte Over the course of the Ripper murders, the police, newspapers, and others received hundreds of letters regarding the case.[91] Some were well-intentioned offers of advice for catching the killer, but the vast majority were useless.[92]

Hundreds of letters claimed to have been written by the killer himself,[93] and three of these in particular are prominent: the "Dear Boss" letter, the "Saucy Jacky" postcard and the "From Hell" letter.[94]

The "Dear Boss" letter, dated 25 September, was postmarked 27 September 1888. It was received that day by the Central News Agency, and was forwarded to Scotland Yard on 29 September.[95] Initially it was considered a hoax, but when Eddowes was found three days after the letter's postmark with one ear partially cut off, the letter's promise to "clip the ladys (sic) ears off" gained attention.[96] Eddowes's ear appears to have been nicked by the killer incidentally during his attack, and the letter writer's threat to send the ears to the police was never carried out.[97] The name "Jack the Ripper" was first used in this letter by the signatory and gained worldwide notoriety after its publication.[98] Most of the letters that followed copied this letter's tone.[99] Some sources claim that another letter dated 17 September 1888 was the first to use the name "Jack the Ripper",[100] but most experts believe that this was a fake inserted into police records in the 20th century.[101]

Scrawled and misspelled note reading: From hell—Mr Lusk—Sir I send you half the kidne I took from one woman prasarved it for you tother piece I fried and ate it was very nise I may send you the bloody knif that took it out if you only wate a whil longer—Signed Catch me when you can Mishter Lusk The "From Hell" letter The "Saucy Jacky" postcard was postmarked 1 October 1888 and was received the same day by the Central News Agency. The handwriting was similar to the "Dear Boss" letter.[102] It mentions that two victims were killed very close to one another: "double event this time", which was thought to refer to the murders of Stride and Eddowes.[103] It has been argued that the letter was posted before the murders were publicised, making it unlikely that a crank would have such knowledge of the crime,[104] but it was postmarked more than 24 hours after the killings took place, long after details were known and being published by journalists and talked about by residents of the area.[103][105]

The "From Hell" letter was received by George Lusk, leader of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee, on 16 October 1888. The handwriting and style is unlike that of the "Dear Boss" letter and "Saucy Jacky" postcard.[106] The letter came with a small box in which Lusk discovered half of a kidney, preserved in "spirits of wine" (ethanol).[106] Eddowes's left kidney had been removed by the killer. The writer claimed that he "fried and ate" the missing kidney half. There is disagreement over the kidney; some contend that it belonged to Eddowes, while others argue that it was a macabre practical joke.[107][108] The kidney was examined by Dr Thomas Openshaw of the London Hospital, who determined that it was human and from the left side, but (contrary to false newspaper reports) he could not determine any other biological characteristics.[109] Openshaw subsequently also received a letter signed "Jack the Ripper".[110]

Scotland Yard published facsimiles of the "Dear Boss" letter and the postcard on 3 October, in the ultimately vain hope that someone would recognise the handwriting.[111] Charles Warren explained in a letter to Godfrey Lushington, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department: "I think the whole thing a hoax but of course we are bound to try & ascertain the writer in any case."[112] On 7 October 1888, George R. Sims in the Sunday newspaper Referee implied scathingly that the letter was written by a journalist "to hurl the circulation of a newspaper sky high".[113] Police officials later claimed to have identified a specific journalist as the author of both the "Dear Boss" letter and the postcard.[114] The journalist was identified as Tom Bullen in a letter from Chief Inspector John Littlechild to George R. Sims dated 23 September 1913.[115] A journalist named Fred Best reportedly confessed in 1931 that he and a colleague at The Star had written the letters signed "Jack the Ripper" to heighten interest in the murders and "keep the business alive".[116]

Media Ghastly murder in the East End. Dreadful mutilation of a woman. Capture: Leather Apron Newspaper broadsheet referring to the killer as "Leather Apron", September 1888 The Ripper murders mark an important watershed in the treatment of crime by journalists.[16][117] Jack the Ripper was not the first serial killer, but his case was the first to create a worldwide media frenzy.[16][117] Tax reforms in the 1850s had enabled the publication of inexpensive newspapers with wider circulation.[118] These mushroomed in the later Victorian era to include mass-circulation newspapers as cheap as a halfpenny, along with popular magazines such as The Illustrated Police News which made the Ripper the beneficiary of previously unparalleled publicity.[119] Consequently, at the height of the investigation, over one million copies[120] of newspapers with extensive coverage devoted to the Whitechapel murders were sold each day.[121]

In early September, six days after the murder of Mary Ann Nichols, the Manchester Guardian reported: "Whatever information may be in the possession of the police they deem it necessary to keep secret ... It is believed their attention is particularly directed to ... a notorious character known as 'Leather Apron'."[122] Journalists were frustrated by the unwillingness of the CID to reveal details of their investigation to the public, and so resorted to writing reports of questionable veracity.[16][123] Imaginative descriptions of "Leather Apron" appeared in the press,[124] but rival journalists dismissed these as "a mythical outgrowth of the reporter's fancy".[125] John Pizer, a local Jew who made footwear from leather, was known by the name "Leather Apron"[126] and was arrested, even though the investigating inspector reported that "at present there is no evidence whatsoever against him".[127] He was soon released after the confirmation of his alibis.[126]

After the publication of the "Dear Boss" letter, "Jack the Ripper" supplanted "Leather Apron" as the name adopted by the press and public to describe the killer.[128] The name "Jack" was already used to describe another fabled London attacker: "Spring-heeled Jack", who supposedly leapt over walls to strike at his victims and escape as quickly as he came.[129] The invention and adoption of a nickname for a particular killer became standard media practice with examples such as the Axeman of New Orleans, the Boston Strangler, and the Beltway Sniper. Examples derived from Jack the Ripper include the French Ripper, the Düsseldorf Ripper, the Camden Ripper, the Blackout Ripper, Jack the Stripper, the Yorkshire Ripper, and the Rostov Ripper. Sensational press reports combined with the fact that no one was ever convicted of the murders have confused scholarly analysis and created a legend that casts a shadow over later serial killers.[130]

Legacy A phantom brandishing a knife floats through a slum street The 'Nemesis of Neglect': Jack the Ripper depicted as a phantom stalking Whitechapel, and as an embodiment of social neglect, in a Punch cartoon of 1888 The nature of the murders and of the victims drew attention to the poor living conditions in the East End[131] and galvanised public opinion against the overcrowded, insanitary slums.[132] In the two decades after the murders, the worst of the slums were cleared and demolished,[133] but the streets and some buildings survive and the legend of the Ripper is still promoted by guided tours of the murder sites.[134] The Ten Bells public house in Commercial Street was frequented by at least one of the victims and was the focus of such tours for many years.[135] In 2015, the Jack the Ripper Museum opened in east London.[136]

In the immediate aftermath of the murders and later, "Jack the Ripper became the children's bogey man."[137] Depictions were often phantasmic or monstrous. In the 1920s and 1930s, he was depicted in film dressed in everyday clothes as a man with a hidden secret, preying on his unsuspecting victims; atmosphere and evil were suggested through lighting effects and shadowplay.[138] By the 1960s, the Ripper had become "the symbol of a predatory aristocracy",[138] and was more often portrayed in a top hat dressed as a gentleman. The Establishment as a whole became the villain, with the Ripper acting as a manifestation of upper-class exploitation.[139] The image of the Ripper merged with or borrowed symbols from horror stories, such as Dracula's cloak or Victor Frankenstein's organ harvest.[140] The fictional world of the Ripper can fuse with multiple genres, ranging from Sherlock Holmes to Japanese erotic horror.[141]

In addition to the contradictions and unreliability of contemporary accounts, attempts to identify the real killer are hampered by the lack of surviving forensic evidence.[142] DNA analysis on extant letters is inconclusive;[143] the available material has been handled many times and is too contaminated to provide meaningful results.[144] There have been mutually incompatible claims that DNA evidence points conclusively to two different suspects, and the methodology of both has also been criticised.[145]

Jack the Ripper features in hundreds of works of fiction and works which straddle the boundaries between fact and fiction, including the Ripper letters and a hoax Diary of Jack the Ripper.[146] The Ripper appears in novels, short stories, poems, comic books, games, songs, plays, operas, television programmes, and films. More than 100 non-fiction works deal exclusively with the Jack the Ripper murders, making it one of the most written-about true-crime subjects.[88] The term "ripperology" was coined by Colin Wilson in the 1970s to describe the study of the case by professionals and amateurs.[147][148] The periodicals Ripperana, Ripperologist, and Ripper Notes publish their research.[149]

There is no waxwork figure of Jack the Ripper at Madame Tussauds' Chamber of Horrors, unlike murderers of lesser fame, in accordance with their policy of not modelling persons whose likeness is unknown.[150] He is instead depicted as a shadow.[151] In 2006, BBC History magazine and its readers selected Jack the Ripper as the worst Briton in history.[152][153]

See also List of fugitives from justice who disappeared List of murderers by number of victims List of serial killers before 1900 Notes Kershen, Anne J., "The Immigrant Community of Whitechapel at the Time of the Jack the Ripper Murders", in Werner, pp. 65–97; Vaughan, Laura, "Mapping the East End Labyrinth", in Werner, p. 225 Life and Labour of the People in London (London: Macmillan, 1902–1903) (The Charles Booth on-line archive) retrieved 5 August 2008 Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 1; Police report dated 25 October 1888, MEPO 3/141 ff. 158–163, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 283; Fido, p. 82; Rumbelow, p. 12 Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 131–149; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 38–42; Rumbelow, pp. 21–22 Marriott, John, "The Imaginative Geography of the Whitechapel murders", in Werner, pp. 31–63 Haggard, Robert F. (1993), "Jack the Ripper As the Threat of Outcast London", Essays in History, vol. 35, Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia Woods and Baddeley, p. 20 The Crimes, London Metropolitan Police, retrieved 1 October 2014 Cook, pp. 33–34; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 3 Cook, p. 151 Keppel, Robert D.; Weis, Joseph G.; Brown, Katherine M.; Welch, Kristen (2005), "The Jack the Ripper murders: a modus operandi and signature analysis of the 1888–1891 Whitechapel murders", Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2 (1): 1–21, doi:10.1002/jip.22 Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 47–55 Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 27–28; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 47–50; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 4–7 Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 28; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 4–7 e.g. The Star, 8 September 1888, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 155–156 and Cook, p. 62 Davenport-Hines, Richard (2004). "Jack the Ripper (fl. 1888)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Subscription required for online version. Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 29–31; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 47–50; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 5–7 Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 51–55 Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 51–55; Marriott, Trevor, p. 13 Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 60–61; Rumbelow, pp. 24–27 Rumbelow, p. 42 Marriott, Trevor, pp. 26–29; Rumbelow, p. 42 Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 153; Cook, p. 163; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 98; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 59–75 Cook, p. 157; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 81–125 Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 176–184 Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 193–194; Chief Inspector Swanson's report, 6 November 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Evans and Skinner, pp. 185–188 e.g. Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 30; Rumbelow, p. 118 Jack the Ripper: An Encyclopedia ISBN 978-1-844-54982-5 p. 171 Cook, p. 143; Fido, pp. 47–52; Sugden, p. 254 Letter from Charles Warren to Godfrey Lushington, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, 6 November 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 183–184 Dr. Thomas Bond "notes of examination of body of woman found murdered & mutilated in Dorset Street" MEPO 3/3153 ff. 12–14, quoted in Sugden, pp. 315, 319 e.g. Daily Telegraph, 10 November 1888, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 339–340 Macnaghten's notes quoted by Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 584–587; Fido, p. 98 Cook, p. 151; Woods and Baddeley, p. 85 Macnaghten's notes quoted by Cook, p. 151; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 584–587 and Rumbelow, p. 140 Letter from Thomas Bond to Robert Anderson, 10 November 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 360–362 and Rumbelow, pp. 145–147 e.g. Cook, pp. 156–159, 199 Evans and Rumbelow, p. 260 Interview in the East London Observer, 14 May 1910, quoted in Cook, pp. 179–180 and Evans and Rumbelow, p. 239 Marriott, Trevor, pp. 231–234; Rumbelow, p. 157 Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 245–246; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 422–439 Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 208–209; Rumbelow, p. 131 Evans and Rumbelow, p. 209 Marriott, Trevor, p. 195 Evans and Rumbelow, p. 210; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 480–515 Fido, p. 113; Evans and Skinner (2000), pp. 551–557 Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 218–222; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 551–568 Evans, Stewart P.; Connell, Nicholas (2000). The Man Who Hunted Jack the Ripper. ISBN 1-902791-05-3 Fido, p. 15 The name "Fairy Fay" was first used by Terrence Robinson in Reynold's News, 29 October 1950, "for want of a better name". Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 3 Sugden pp. 5–6 Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, pp. 21–25 The Eastern Post and City Chronicle, 7 April 1888 Beadle, William (2009), Jack the Ripper: Unmasked, London: John Blake, ISBN 978-1-84454-688-6, p. 75 Beadle, p. 77; Fido, p. 16 e.g. East London Advertiser, 31 March 1888 Beadle, p. 207 Beadle, p. 207; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 202; Fido, p. 100 Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 142–144 Gordon, R. Michael (2002), The Thames Torso Murders of Victorian London, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, ISBN 978-0-7864-1348-5 Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 210–213 Gordon, R. Michael (2003), The American Murders of Jack the Ripper, Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing, ISBN 978-0-275-98155-6, pp. xxii, 190 Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 136 Vanderlinden, Wolf (2003–04). "The New York Affair", in Ripper Notes part one No. 16 (July 2003); part two No. 17 (January 2004), part three No. 19 (July 2004 ISBN 0-9759129-0-9) Canter, David (1994), Criminal Shadows: Inside the Mind of the Serial Killer, London: HarperCollins, pp. 12–13, ISBN 0-00-255215-9 Inspector Donald Swanson's report to the Home Office, 19 October 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 205; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 113; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 125 The Enduring Mystery of Jack the Ripper, London Metropolitan Police, archived from the original on 4 February 2010, retrieved 31 January 2010 Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 675 Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 205; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 84–85 Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 57 e.g. Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 245–252 Rumbelow, p. 274 Inspector Donald Swanson's report to the Home Office, 19 October 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 206 and Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 125 Marriott, John, "The Imaginative Geography of the Whitechapel murders", in Werner, p. 48 Rumbelow, p. 93; Daily Telegraph, 10 November 1888, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 341 Robert Anderson to Home Office, 10 January 1889, 144/221/A49301C ff. 235–6, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 399 Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 186–187; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 359–360 Canter, pp. 5–6 Woods and Baddeley, p. 38 See also later contemporary editions of Richard von Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis, quoted in Woods and Baddeley, p. 111 Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 187–188, 261; Woods and Baddeley, pp. 121–122 Marriott, Trevor, p. 205; Rumbelow, p. 263; Sugden, p. 266 Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 43 Woods and Baddeley, pp. 111–114 Evans and Rumbelow, p. 261 e.g. Frederick Abberline in the Pall Mall Gazette, 31 March 1903, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 264 Whiteway, Ken (2004). "A Guide to the Literature of Jack the Ripper", Canadian Law Library Review, vol. 29 pp. 219–229 Eddleston, pp. 195–244 Whittington-Egan, pp. 91–92 Donald McCormick estimated "probably at least 2000" (quoted in Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 180). The Illustrated Police News of 20 October 1888 said that around 700 letters had been investigated by police (quoted in Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 199). Over 300 are preserved at the Corporation of London Records Office (Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 149). Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 165; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 105; Rumbelow, pp. 105–116 Over 200 are preserved at the Public Record Office (Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 8, 180). Fido, pp. 6–10; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 219 ff. Cook, pp. 76–77; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 137; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 16–18; Woods and Baddeley, pp. 48–49 Cook, pp. 78–79; Marriott, Trevor, p. 221 Cook, p. 79; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 179; Marriott, Trevor, p. 221 Cook, pp. 77–78; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 140; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 193; Fido, p. 7 Cook, p. 87; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 652 Eddleston, p. 155; Marriott, Trevor, p. 223 Marriott, Trevor, p. 223 Marriott, Trevor, pp. 219–222 Cook, pp. 79–80; Fido, pp. 8–9; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 219–222; Rumbelow, p. 123 e.g. Cullen, Tom (1965), Autumn of Terror, London: The Bodley Head, p. 103 Sugden p.269 Evans and Rumbelow, p. 170; Fido, pp. 78–80 The Hype and the Press Speculation, London Metropolitan Police, retrieved 1 October 2014 Wolf, Gunter (2008), "A kidney from hell? A nephrological view of the Whitechapel murders in 1888", Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 23 (10): 3343–3349, doi:10.1093/ndt/gfn198, PMID 18408073 Cook, p. 146; Fido, p. 78 Jack the Ripper 'letter' made public, BBC, 19 April 2001, retrieved 2 January 2010 Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 32–33 Letter from Charles Warren to Godfrey Lushington, 10 October 1888, Metropolitan Police Archive MEPO 1/48, quoted in Cook, p. 78; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 140 and Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 43 Quoted in Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 41, 52 and Woods and Baddeley, p. 54 Cook, pp. 94–95; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters From Hell, pp. 45–48; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 624–633; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 219–222; Rumbelow, pp. 121–122 Quoted in Cook, pp. 96–97; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 49; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 193; and Marriott, Trevor, p. 254 Professor Francis E. Camps, August 1966, "More on Jack the Ripper", Crime and Detection, quoted in Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 51–52 Woods and Baddeley, pp. 20, 52 Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 208 Curtis, L. Perry, Jr. (2001). Jack the Ripper and the London Press. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08872-8 "Jack the Ripper". psychologytoday.com. 27 January 2004. Retrieved 23 January 2020. "Murderers Who Haunt the Screen". Borehamwood & Elstree Times. 30 November 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2020. Manchester Guardian, 6 September 1888, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 98 Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 214 e.g. Manchester Guardian, 10 September 1888, and Austin Statesman, 5 September 1888, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 98–99; The Star, 5 September 1888, quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 80 Leytonstone Express and Independent, 8 September 1888, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 99 e.g. Marriott, Trevor, p. 251; Rumbelow, p. 49 Report by Inspector Joseph Helson, CID 'J' Division, in the Metropolitan Police archive, MEPO 3/140 ff. 235–8, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 99 and Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 24 Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 13, 86; Fido, p. 7 Ackroyd, Peter, "Introduction", in Werner, p. 10; Rivett and Whitehead, p. 11 Marriott, John, "The Imaginative Geography of the Whitechapel murders", in Werner, p. 54 Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 1–2; Rivett and Whitehead, p. 15 Cook, pp. 139–141; Vaughan, Laura, "Mapping the East End Labyrinth", in Werner, pp. 236–237 Dennis, Richard, "Common Lodgings and 'Furnished Rooms': Housing in 1880s Whitechapel", in Werner, pp. 177–179 Rumbelow, p. xv; Woods and Baddeley, p. 136 Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 19 Khomami, Nadia (5 August 2015), "Jack the Ripper museum architect says he was 'duped' over change of plans", The Guardian, retrieved 12 August 2015 Dew, Walter (1938). I Caught Crippen. London: Blackie and Son. p. 126, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 198 Bloom, Clive, "Jack the Ripper – A Legacy in Pictures", in Werner, p. 251 Woods and Baddeley, p. 150 Bloom, Clive, "Jack the Ripper – A Legacy in Pictures", in Werner, pp. 252–253 Bloom, Clive, "Jack the Ripper – A Legacy in Pictures", in Werner, pp. 255–260 Cook, p. 31 Marks, Kathy (18 May 2006). "Was Jack the Ripper a Woman?" The Independent, retrieved 5 May 2009 Meikle, p. 197; Rumbelow, p. 246 Connor, Steve (7 September 2014), "Jack the Ripper: Has notorious serial killer's identity been revealed by new DNA evidence?", The Independent Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 299; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 272–277; Rumbelow, pp. 251–253 Woods and Baddeley, pp. 70, 124 Evans, Stewart P. (April 2003). "Ripperology, A Term Coined By ...", Ripper Notes, copies at Wayback and Casebook Creaton, Heather (April 2003), "Recent Scholarship on Jack the Ripper and the Victorian Media", Reviews in History (333), archived from the original on 28 September 2006, retrieved 20 June 2018 Chapman, Pauline (1984). Madame Tussaud's Chamber of Horrors. London: Constable. p. 96 Warwick, Alexandra (2016), "The Scene of the Crime: Inventing the Serial Killer", Social & Legal Studies, 15 (4): 552–569, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.610.8479, doi:10.1177/0964663906069547 "Jack the Ripper is 'worst Briton'", 31 January 2006, BBC, retrieved 4 December 2009 Woods and Baddeley, p. 176 References Begg, Paul (2003). Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History. London: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-582-50631-X Begg, Paul (2006). Jack the Ripper: The Facts. Anova Books. ISBN 1-86105-687-7 Cook, Andrew (2009). Jack the Ripper. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84868-327-3 Curtis, Lewis Perry (2001). Jack The Ripper & The London Press. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08872-8 Eddleston, John J. (2002). Jack the Ripper: An Encyclopedia. London: Metro Books. ISBN 1-84358-046-2 Evans, Stewart P.; Rumbelow, Donald (2006). Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-4228-2 Evans, Stewart P.; Skinner, Keith (2000). The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. London: Constable and Robinson. ISBN 1-84119-225-2 Evans, Stewart P.; Skinner, Keith (2001). Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2549-3 Fido, Martin (1987), The Crimes, Detection and Death of Jack the Ripper, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 0-297-79136-2 Marriott, Trevor (2005). Jack the Ripper: The 21st Century Investigation. London: John Blake. ISBN 1-84454-103-7

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The Original Audio Of Emily Rose Exorcism (the real one) and Time dilation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search

Time dilation explains why two working clocks will report different times after different accelerations. For example, at the ISS time goes slower, lagging 0.007 seconds behind for every six months. For GPS satellites to work, they must adjust for similar bending of spacetime to coordinate with systems on Earth.[1] Time dilation is a difference in the elapsed time measured by two clocks, either due to them having a velocity relative to each other, or by there being a gravitational potential difference between their locations. After compensating for varying signal delays due to the changing distance between an observer and a moving clock (i.e. Doppler effect), the observer will measure the moving clock as ticking slower than a clock that is at rest in the observer's own reference frame. A clock that is close to a massive body (and which therefore is at lower gravitational potential) will record less elapsed time than a clock situated further from the said massive body (and which is at a higher gravitational potential).

These predictions of the theory of relativity have been repeatedly confirmed by experiment, and they are of practical concern, for instance in the operation of satellite navigation systems such as GPS and Galileo.[1][2] Time dilation has also been the subject of science fiction works, as it technically provides the means for forward time travel.[3]

Contents 1 History 2 Velocity time dilation 2.1 Simple inference of velocity time dilation 2.2 Reciprocity 2.3 Experimental testing 2.3.1 Doppler effect 2.3.2 Moving particles 2.4 Proper time and Minkowski diagram 2.5 Derivation and formulation 2.6 Hyperbolic motion 2.7 Clock hypothesis 3 Gravitational time dilation 3.1 Experimental testing 4 Combined effect of velocity and gravitational time dilation 4.1 Experimental testing 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History Main article: History of special relativity Time dilation by the Lorentz factor was predicted by several authors at the turn of the 20th century.[4][5] Joseph Larmor (1897), at least for electrons orbiting a nucleus, wrote "... individual electrons describe corresponding parts of their orbits in times shorter for the [rest] system in the ratio :{displaystyle scriptstyle {sqrt {1-{frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}scriptstyle {sqrt {1-{frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}".[6] Emil Cohn (1904) specifically related this formula to the rate of clocks.[7] In the context of special relativity it was shown by Albert Einstein (1905) that this effect concerns the nature of time itself, and he was also the first to point out its reciprocity or symmetry.[8] Subsequently, Hermann Minkowski (1907) introduced the concept of proper time which further clarified the meaning of time dilation.[9]

Velocity time dilation

From the local frame of reference of the blue clock, the red clock, being in motion, is perceived as ticking slower[10] (Exaggerated) Special relativity indicates that, for an observer in an inertial frame of reference, a clock that is moving relative to him will be measured to tick slower than a clock that is at rest in his frame of reference. This case is sometimes called special relativistic time dilation. The faster the relative velocity, the greater the time dilation between one another, with the rate of time reaching zero as one approaches the speed of light (299,792,458 m/s). This causes massless particles that travel at the speed of light to be unaffected by the passage of time.

Theoretically, time dilation would make it possible for passengers in a fast-moving vehicle to advance further into the future in a short period of their own time. For sufficiently high speeds, the effect is dramatic. For example, one year of travel might correspond to ten years on Earth. Indeed, a constant 1 g acceleration would permit humans to travel through the entire known Universe in one human lifetime.[11]

With current technology severely limiting the velocity of space travel, however, the differences experienced in practice are minuscule: after 6 months on the International Space Station (ISS) (which orbits Earth at a speed of about 7,700 m/s[2]) an astronaut would have aged about 0.007 seconds less than those on Earth. The cosmonauts Sergei Krikalev and Sergei Avdeyev both experienced time dilation of about 20 milliseconds compared to time that passed on Earth.[12][13]

Simple inference of velocity time dilation

Left: Observer at rest measures time 2L/c between co-local events of light signal generation at A and arrival at A. Right: Events according to an observer moving to the left of the setup: bottom mirror A when signal is generated at time t'=0, top mirror B when signal gets reflected at time t'=D/c, bottom mirror A when signal returns at time t'=2D/c Time dilation can be inferred from the observed constancy of the speed of light in all reference frames dictated by the second postulate of special relativity.[14][15][16][17]

This constancy of the speed of light means that, counter to intuition, speeds of material objects and light are not additive. It is not possible to make the speed of light appear greater by moving towards or away from the light source.

Consider then, a simple clock consisting of two mirrors A and B, between which a light pulse is bouncing. The separation of the mirrors is L and the clock ticks once each time the light pulse hits either of the mirrors.

In the frame in which the clock is at rest (diagram on the left), the light pulse traces out a path of length 2L and the period of the clock is 2L divided by the speed of light:

{displaystyle Delta t={frac {2L}{c}}.}Delta t={frac {2L}{c}}. From the frame of reference of a moving observer traveling at the speed v relative to the resting frame of the clock (diagram at right), the light pulse is seen as tracing out a longer, angled path. Keeping the speed of light constant for all inertial observers, requires a lengthening of the period of this clock from the moving observer's perspective. That is to say, in a frame moving relative to the local clock, this clock will appear to be running more slowly. Straightforward application of the Pythagorean theorem leads to the well-known prediction of special relativity:

The total time for the light pulse to trace its path is given by

{displaystyle Delta t'={frac {2D}{c}}.}Delta t'={frac {2D}{c}}. The length of the half path can be calculated as a function of known quantities as

{displaystyle D={sqrt {left({frac {1}{2}}vDelta t'right)^{2}+L^{2}}}.}{displaystyle D={sqrt {left({frac {1}{2}}vDelta t'right)^{2}+L^{2}}}.} Elimination of the variables D and L from these three equations results in

{displaystyle Delta t'={frac {Delta t}{sqrt {1-{frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}},}{displaystyle Delta t'={frac {Delta t}{sqrt {1-{frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}},} which expresses the fact that the moving observer's period of the clock {displaystyle Delta t'}Delta t' is longer than the period {displaystyle Delta t}Delta t in the frame of the clock itself.

Reciprocity

Time UV of a clock in S is shorter compared to Ux? in S?, and time UW of a clock in S? is shorter compared to Ux in S

Transversal time dilation. The blue dots represent a pulse of light. Each pair of dots with light "bouncing" between them is a clock. For each group of clocks, the other group appears to be ticking more slowly, because the moving clock's light pulse has to travel a larger distance than the stationary clock's light pulse. That is so, even though the clocks are identical and their relative motion is perfectly reciprocal. Given a certain frame of reference, and the "stationary" observer described earlier, if a second observer accompanied the "moving" clock, each of the observers would perceive the other's clock as ticking at a slower rate than their own local clock, due to them both perceiving the other to be the one that's in motion relative to their own stationary frame of reference.

Common sense would dictate that, if the passage of time has slowed for a moving object, said object would observe the external world's time to be correspondingly sped up. Counterintuitively, special relativity predicts the opposite. When two observers are in motion relative to each other, each will measure the other's clock slowing down, in concordance with them being moving relative to the observer's frame of reference.

While this seems self-contradictory, a similar oddity occurs in everyday life. If two persons A and B observe each other from a distance, B will appear small to A, but at the same time A will appear small to B. Being familiar with the effects of perspective, there is no contradiction or paradox in this situation.[18]

The reciprocity of the phenomenon also leads to the so-called twin paradox where the aging of twins, one staying on Earth and the other embarking on a space travel, is compared, and where the reciprocity suggests that both persons should have the same age when they reunite. On the contrary, at the end of the round-trip, the traveling twin will be younger than his brother on Earth. The dilemma posed by the paradox, however, can be explained by the fact that the traveling twin must markedly accelerate in at least three phases of the trip (beginning, direction change, and end), while the other will only experience negligible acceleration, due to rotation and revolution of Earth. During the acceleration phases of the space travel, time dilation is not symmetric.

Experimental testing See also: Tests of special relativity Doppler effect Main article: Ives–Stilwell experiment The stated purpose by Ives and Stilwell (1938, 1941) of these experiments was to verify the time dilation effect, predicted by Larmor–Lorentz ether theory, due to motion through the ether using Einstein's suggestion that Doppler effect in canal rays would provide a suitable experiment. These experiments measured the Doppler shift of the radiation emitted from cathode rays, when viewed from directly in front and from directly behind. The high and low frequencies detected were not the classically predicted values {displaystyle {frac {f_{0}}{1-v/c}}qquad {text{and}}qquad {frac {f_{0}}{1+v/c}}.,}{frac {f_{0}}{1-v/c}}qquad {text{and}}qquad {frac {f_{0}}{1+v/c}}., The high and low frequencies of the radiation from the moving sources were measured as[19] {displaystyle {sqrt {frac {1+v/c}{1-v/c}}}f_{0}=gamma left(1+v/cright)f_{0}qquad {text{and}}qquad {sqrt {frac {1-v/c}{1+v/c}}}f_{0}=gamma left(1-v/cright)f_{0},,}{sqrt {frac {1+v/c}{1-v/c}}}f_{0}=gamma left(1+v/cright)f_{0}qquad {text{and}}qquad {sqrt {frac {1-v/c}{1+v/c}}}f_{0}=gamma left(1-v/cright)f_{0},, as deduced by Einstein (1905) from the Lorentz transformation, when the source is running slow by the Lorentz factor. Hasselkamp, Mondry, and Scharmann[20] (1979) measured the Doppler shift from a source moving at right angles to the line of sight. The most general relationship between frequencies of the radiation from the moving sources is given by: {displaystyle f_{mathrm {detected} }=f_{mathrm {rest} }{left(1-{frac {v}{c}}cos phi right)/{sqrt {1-{v^{2}}/{c^{2}}}}}}f_{mathrm {detected} }=f_{mathrm {rest} }{left(1-{frac {v}{c}}cos phi right)/{sqrt {1-{v^{2}}/{c^{2}}}}} as deduced by Einstein (1905).[21] For ? = 90° (cos ? = 0) this reduces to fdetected = frest?. This lower frequency from the moving source can be attributed to the time dilation effect and is often called the transverse Doppler effect and was predicted by relativity. In 2010 time dilation was observed at speeds of less than 10 meters per second using optical atomic clocks connected by 75 meters of optical fiber.[22] Moving particles Main article: Experimental testing of time dilation A comparison of muon lifetimes at different speeds is possible. In the laboratory, slow muons are produced; and in the atmosphere, very fast moving muons are introduced by cosmic rays. Taking the muon lifetime at rest as the laboratory value of 2.197 ?s, the lifetime of a cosmic ray produced muon traveling at 98% of the speed of light is about five times longer, in agreement with observations. An example is Rossi and Hall (1941), who compared the population of cosmic-ray-produced muons at the top of a mountain to that observed at sea level.[23] The lifetime of particles produced in particle accelerators appears longer due to time dilation. In such experiments the "clock" is the time taken by processes leading to muon decay, and these processes take place in the moving muon at its own "clock rate", which is much slower than the laboratory clock. This is routinely taken into account in particle physics, and many dedicated measurements have been performed. For instance, in the muon storage ring at CERN the lifetime of muons circulating with ? = 29.327 was found to be dilated to 64.378 ?s, confirming time dilation to an accuracy of 0.9 ± 0.4 parts per thousand.[24] Proper time and Minkowski diagram Minkowski diagram and twin paradox

Clock C in relative motion between two synchronized clocks A and B. C meets A at d, and B at f.

Twin paradox. One twin has to change frames, leading to different proper times in the twin's world lines. In the Minkowski diagram from the first image on the right, clock C resting in inertial frame S? meets clock A at d and clock B at f (both resting in S). All three clocks simultaneously start to tick in S. The worldline of A is the ct-axis, the worldline of B intersecting f is parallel to the ct-axis, and the worldline of C is the ct?-axis. All events simultaneous with d in S are on the x-axis, in S? on the x?-axis.

The proper time between two events is indicated by a clock present at both events.[25] It is invariant, i.e., in all inertial frames it is agreed that this time is indicated by that clock. Interval df is therefore the proper time of clock C, and is shorter with respect to the coordinate times ef=dg of clocks B and A in S. Conversely, also proper time ef of B is shorter with respect to time if in S?, because event e was measured in S? already at time i due to relativity of simultaneity, long before C started to tick.

From that it can be seen, that the proper time between two events indicated by an unaccelerated clock present at both events, compared with the synchronized coordinate time measured in all other inertial frames, is always the minimal time interval between those events. However, the interval between two events can also correspond to the proper time of accelerated clocks present at both events. Under all possible proper times between two events, the proper time of the unaccelerated clock is maximal, which is the solution to the twin paradox.[25]

Derivation and formulation

Lorentz factor as a function of speed (in natural units where c = 1). Notice that for small speeds (less than 0.1), ? is approximately 1. In addition to the light clock used above, the formula for time dilation can be more generally derived from the temporal part of the Lorentz transformation.[26] Let there be two events at which the moving clock indicates {displaystyle t_{a}}{displaystyle t_{a}} and {displaystyle t_{b}}{displaystyle t_{b}}, thus

{displaystyle t_{a}^{prime }={frac {t_{a}-{frac {vx_{a}}{c^{2}}}}{sqrt {1-{frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}, t_{b}^{prime }={frac {t_{b}-{frac {vx_{b}}{c^{2}}}}{sqrt {1-{frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}}{displaystyle t_{a}^{prime }={frac {t_{a}-{frac {vx_{a}}{c^{2}}}}{sqrt {1-{frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}, t_{b}^{prime }={frac {t_{b}-{frac {vx_{b}}{c^{2}}}}{sqrt {1-{frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}}. Since the clock remains at rest in its inertial frame, it follows {displaystyle x_{a}=x_{b}}{displaystyle x_{a}=x_{b}}, thus the interval {displaystyle Delta t^{prime }=t_{b}^{prime }-t_{a}^{prime }}{displaystyle Delta t^{prime }=t_{b}^{prime }-t_{a}^{prime }} is given by

{displaystyle Delta t'=gamma ,Delta t={frac {Delta t}{sqrt {1-{frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}},}Delta t'=gamma ,Delta t={frac {Delta t}{sqrt {1-{frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}, where ?t is the time interval between two co-local events (i.e. happening at the same place) for an observer in some inertial frame (e.g. ticks on his clock), known as the proper time, ?t? is the time interval between those same events, as measured by another observer, inertially moving with velocity v with respect to the former observer, v is the relative velocity between the observer and the moving clock, c is the speed of light, and the Lorentz factor (conventionally denoted by the Greek letter gamma or ?) is

{displaystyle gamma ={frac {1}{sqrt {1-{frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}},.}gamma ={frac {1}{sqrt {1-{frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}},. Thus the duration of the clock cycle of a moving clock is found to be increased: it is measured to be "running slow". The range of such variances in ordinary life, where v ? c, even considering space travel, are not great enough to produce easily detectable time dilation effects and such vanishingly small effects can be safely ignored for most purposes. It is only when an object approaches speeds on the order of 30,000 km/s (1/10 the speed of light) that time dilation becomes important.[27]

Hyperbolic motion Main article: Hyperbolic motion (relativity) In special relativity, time dilation is most simply described in circumstances where relative velocity is unchanging. Nevertheless, the Lorentz equations allow one to calculate proper time and movement in space for the simple case of a spaceship which is applied with a force per unit mass, relative to some reference object in uniform (i.e. constant velocity) motion, equal to g throughout the period of measurement.

Let t be the time in an inertial frame subsequently called the rest frame. Let x be a spatial coordinate, and let the direction of the constant acceleration as well as the spaceship's velocity (relative to the rest frame) be parallel to the x-axis. Assuming the spaceship's position at time t = 0 being x = 0 and the velocity being v0 and defining the following abbreviation

{displaystyle gamma _{0}={frac {1}{sqrt {1-v_{0}^{2}/c^{2}}}},}gamma _{0}={frac {1}{sqrt {1-v_{0}^{2}/c^{2}}}}, the following formulas hold:[28]

Position:

{displaystyle x(t)={frac {c^{2}}{g}}left({sqrt {1+{frac {left(gt+v_{0}gamma _{0}right)^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}-gamma _{0}right).}x(t)={frac {c^{2}}{g}}left({sqrt {1+{frac {left(gt+v_{0}gamma _{0}right)^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}-gamma _{0}right). Velocity:

{displaystyle v(t)={frac {gt+v_{0}gamma _{0}}{sqrt {1+{frac {left(gt+v_{0}gamma _{0}right)^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}.}v(t)={frac {gt+v_{0}gamma _{0}}{sqrt {1+{frac {left(gt+v_{0}gamma _{0}right)^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}. Proper time as function of coordinate time:

{displaystyle tau (t)=tau _{0}+int _{0}^{t}{sqrt {1-left({frac {v(t')}{c}}right)^{2}}}dt'.}tau (t)=tau _{0}+int _{0}^{t}{sqrt {1-left({frac {v(t')}{c}}right)^{2}}}dt'. In the case where v(0) = v0 = 0 and ?(0) = ?0 = 0 the integral can be expressed as a logarithmic function or, equivalently, as an inverse hyperbolic function:

{displaystyle tau (t)={frac {c}{g}}ln left({frac {gt}{c}}+{sqrt {1+left({frac {gt}{c}}right)^{2}}}right)={frac {c}{g}}operatorname {arsinh} left({frac {gt}{c}}right).}tau (t)={frac {c}{g}}ln left({frac {gt}{c}}+{sqrt {1+left({frac {gt}{c}}right)^{2}}}right)={frac {c}{g}}operatorname {arsinh} left({frac {gt}{c}}right). As functions of the proper time {displaystyle tau }tau of the ship, the following formulae hold:[29]

Position:

{displaystyle x(tau )={frac {c^{2}}{g}}left(cosh {frac {gtau }{c}}-1right).}{displaystyle x(tau )={frac {c^{2}}{g}}left(cosh {frac {gtau }{c}}-1right).} Velocity:

{displaystyle v(tau )=ctanh {frac {gtau }{c}}.}{displaystyle v(tau )=ctanh {frac {gtau }{c}}.} Coordinate time as function of proper time:

{displaystyle t(tau )={frac {c}{g}}sinh {frac {gtau }{c}}.}{displaystyle t(tau )={frac {c}{g}}sinh {frac {gtau }{c}}.} Clock hypothesis The clock hypothesis is the assumption that the rate at which a clock is affected by time dilation does not depend on its acceleration but only on its instantaneous velocity. This is equivalent to stating that a clock moving along a path {displaystyle P}P measures the proper time, defined by:

{displaystyle dtau =int _{P}{sqrt {dt^{2}-dx^{2}/c^{2}-dy^{2}/c^{2}-dz^{2}/c^{2}}}}dtau =int _{P}{sqrt {dt^{2}-dx^{2}/c^{2}-dy^{2}/c^{2}-dz^{2}/c^{2}}}. The clock hypothesis was implicitly (but not explicitly) included in Einstein's original 1905 formulation of special relativity. Since then, it has become a standard assumption and is usually included in the axioms of special relativity, especially in the light of experimental verification up to very high accelerations in particle accelerators.[30][31]

Gravitational time dilation Main article: Gravitational time dilation

Time passes more quickly further from a center of gravity, as is witnessed with massive objects (like the Earth) Gravitational time dilation is experienced by an observer that, at a certain altitude within a gravitational potential well, finds that his local clocks measure less elapsed time than identical clocks situated at higher altitude (and which are therefore at higher gravitational potential).

Gravitational time dilation is at play e.g. for ISS astronauts. While the astronauts' relative velocity slows down their time, the reduced gravitational influence at their location speeds it up, although at a lesser degree. Also, a climber's time is theoretically passing slightly faster at the top of a mountain compared to people at sea level. It has also been calculated that due to time dilation, the core of the Earth is 2.5 years younger than the crust.[32] "A clock used to time a full rotation of the earth will measure the day to be approximately an extra 10 ns/day longer for every km of altitude above the reference geoid."[33] Travel to regions of space where extreme gravitational time dilation is taking place, such as near a black hole, could yield time-shifting results analogous to those of near-lightspeed space travel.

Contrarily to velocity time dilation, in which both observers measure the other as aging slower (a reciprocal effect), gravitational time dilation is not reciprocal. This means that with gravitational time dilation both observers agree that the clock nearer the center of the gravitational field is slower in rate, and they agree on the ratio of the difference.

Experimental testing Main article: Experimental testing of time dilation In 1959 Robert Pound and Glen A. Rebka measured the very slight gravitational redshift in the frequency of light emitted at a lower height, where Earth's gravitational field is relatively more intense. The results were within 10% of the predictions of general relativity. In 1964, Pound and J. L. Snider measured a result within 1% of the value predicted by gravitational time dilation.[34] (See Pound–Rebka experiment) In 2010 gravitational time dilation was measured at the earth's surface with a height difference of only one meter, using optical atomic clocks.[22] Combined effect of velocity and gravitational time dilation

Daily time dilation (gain or loss if negative) in microseconds as a function of (circular) orbit radius r = rs/re, where rs is satellite orbit radius and re is the equatorial Earth radius, calculated using the Schwarzschild metric. At r ? 1.497[Note 1] there is no time dilation. Here the effects of motion and reduced gravity cancel. ISS astronauts fly below, whereas GPS and geostationary satellites fly above.[1]

Daily time dilation over circular orbit height split into its components High-accuracy timekeeping, low-Earth-orbit satellite tracking, and pulsar timing are applications that require the consideration of the combined effects of mass and motion in producing time dilation. Practical examples include the International Atomic Time standard and its relationship with the Barycentric Coordinate Time standard used for interplanetary objects.

Relativistic time dilation effects for the solar system and the earth can be modeled very precisely by the Schwarzschild solution to the Einstein field equations. In the Schwarzschild metric, the interval {displaystyle dt_{text{E}}}{displaystyle dt_{text{E}}} is given by[36][37]

{displaystyle dt_{text{E}}^{2}=left(1-{frac {2GM_{text{i}}}{r_{text{i}}c^{2}}}right)dt_{text{c}}^{2}-left(1-{frac {2GM_{text{i}}}{r_{text{i}}c^{2}}}right)^{-1}{frac {dx^{2}+dy^{2}+dz^{2}}{c^{2}}},}dt_{text{E}}^{2}=left(1-{frac {2GM_{text{i}}}{r_{text{i}}c^{2}}}right)dt_{text{c}}^{2}-left(1-{frac {2GM_{text{i}}}{r_{text{i}}c^{2}}}right)^{-1}{frac {dx^{2}+dy^{2}+dz^{2}}{c^{2}}}, where

{displaystyle dt_{text{E}}}{displaystyle dt_{text{E}}} is a small increment of proper time {displaystyle t_{text{E}}}{displaystyle t_{text{E}}} (an interval that could be recorded on an atomic clock), {displaystyle dt_{text{c}}}{displaystyle dt_{text{c}}} is a small increment in the coordinate {displaystyle t_{text{c}}}{displaystyle t_{text{c}}} (coordinate time), {displaystyle dx,dy,dz}{displaystyle dx,dy,dz} are small increments in the three coordinates {displaystyle x,y,z}x, y, z of the clock's position, {displaystyle {frac {GM_{i}}{r_{i}}}}{displaystyle {frac {GM_{i}}{r_{i}}}} represents the sum of the Newtonian gravitational potentials due to the masses in the neighborhood, based on their distances {displaystyle r_{i}}r_{i} from the clock. This sum includes any tidal potentials. The coordinate velocity of the clock is given by

{displaystyle v^{2}={frac {dx^{2}+dy^{2}+dz^{2}}{dt_{text{c}}^{2}}}.,}v^{2}={frac {dx^{2}+dy^{2}+dz^{2}}{dt_{text{c}}^{2}}}., The coordinate time {displaystyle t_{c}}t_c is the time that would be read on a hypothetical "coordinate clock" situated infinitely far from all gravitational masses ({displaystyle U=0}U=0), and stationary in the system of coordinates ({displaystyle v=0}v=0). The exact relation between the rate of proper time and the rate of coordinate time for a clock with a radial component of velocity is

{displaystyle {frac {dt_{text{E}}}{dt_{text{c}}}}={sqrt {1-{frac {2U}{c^{2}}}-{frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}-left({frac {c^{2}}{2U}}-1right)^{-1}{frac {{v_{shortparallel }}^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}={sqrt {1-left(beta ^{2}+beta _{e}^{2}+{frac {beta _{shortparallel }^{2}beta _{e}^{2}}{1-beta _{e}^{2}}}right)}},}{displaystyle {frac {dt_{text{E}}}{dt_{text{c}}}}={sqrt {1-{frac {2U}{c^{2}}}-{frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}-left({frac {c^{2}}{2U}}-1right)^{-1}{frac {{v_{shortparallel }}^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}={sqrt {1-left(beta ^{2}+beta _{e}^{2}+{frac {beta _{shortparallel }^{2}beta _{e}^{2}}{1-beta _{e}^{2}}}right)}},} where

{displaystyle v_{shortparallel }}{displaystyle v_{shortparallel }} is the radial velocity, {displaystyle v_{e}={sqrt {frac {2GM_{i}}{r_{i}}}}}{displaystyle v_{e}={sqrt {frac {2GM_{i}}{r_{i}}}}} is the escape velocity, {displaystyle beta =v/c}beta = v/c, {displaystyle beta _{e}=v_{e}/c}{displaystyle beta _{e}=v_{e}/c} and {displaystyle beta _{shortparallel }=v_{shortparallel }/c}{displaystyle beta _{shortparallel }=v_{shortparallel }/c} are velocities as a percentage of speed of light c, {displaystyle U={frac {GM_{i}}{r_{i}}}}{displaystyle U={frac {GM_{i}}{r_{i}}}} is the Newtonian potential, equivalent to half of the escape velocity squared. The above equation is exact under the assumptions of the Schwarzschild solution. It reduces to velocity time dilation equation in the presence of motion and absence of gravity, i.e. {displaystyle beta _{e}=0}{displaystyle beta _{e}=0}. It reduces to gravitational time dilation equation in the absence of motion and presence of gravity, i.e. {displaystyle beta =0=beta _{shortparallel }}{displaystyle beta =0=beta _{shortparallel }}.

Experimental testing Hafele and Keating, in 1971, flew caesium atomic clocks east and west around the Earth in commercial airliners, to compare the elapsed time against that of a clock that remained at the U.S. Naval Observatory. Two opposite effects came into play. The clocks were expected to age more quickly (show a larger elapsed time) than the reference clock, since they were in a higher (weaker) gravitational potential for most of the trip (c.f. Pound–Rebka experiment). But also, contrastingly, the moving clocks were expected to age more slowly because of the speed of their travel. From the actual flight paths of each trip, the theory predicted that the flying clocks, compared with reference clocks at the U.S. Naval Observatory, should have lost 40±23 nanoseconds during the eastward trip and should have gained 275±21 nanoseconds during the westward trip. Relative to the atomic time scale of the U.S. Naval Observatory, the flying clocks lost 59±10 nanoseconds during the eastward trip and gained 273±7 nanoseconds during the westward trip (where the error bars represent standard deviation).[38] In 2005, the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom reported their limited replication of this experiment.[39] The NPL experiment differed from the original in that the caesium clocks were sent on a shorter trip (London–Washington, D.C. return), but the clocks were more accurate. The reported results are within 4% of the predictions of relativity, within the uncertainty of the measurements. The Global Positioning System can be considered a continuously operating experiment in both special and general relativity. The in-orbit clocks are corrected for both special and general relativistic time dilation effects as described above, so that (as observed from the earth's surface) they run at the same rate as clocks on the surface of the Earth.[40] icon Physics portal See also Length contraction Mass in special relativity Footnotes Average time dilation has a weak dependence on the orbital inclination angle (Ashby 2003, p.32). The r ? 1.497 result corresponds to[35] the orbital inclination of modern GPS satellites, which is 55 degrees. References Ashby, Neil (2003). "Relativity in the Global Positioning System" (PDF). Living Reviews in Relativity. 6 (1): 16. Bibcode:2003LRR.....6....1A. doi:10.12942/lrr-2003-1. PMC 5253894. PMID 28163638. Lu, Ed. "Expedition 7: Relativity". Ed's Musing from Space. NASA. Retrieved 2018-04-08. "Is time travel possible?". NASA Space Place. Retrieved 2018-08-03. Miller, Arthur I. (1981). Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity: Emergence (1905) and Early Interpretation (1905–1911). Reading, Massachusetts: Addison–Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-04679-3.. Darrigol, Olivier (2005). The Genesis of the Theory of Relativity (PDF). Séminaire Poincaré. 1. pp. 1–22. doi:10.1007/3-7643-7436-5_1. ISBN 978-3-7643-7435-8. Larmor, Joseph (1897). "On a Dynamical Theory of the Electric and Luminiferous Medium, Part 3, Relations with Material Media" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 190: 205–300. Bibcode:1897RSPTA.190..205L. doi:10.1098/rsta.1897.0020. Cohn, Emil (1904), "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Systeme II" [On the Electrodynamics of Moving Systems II], Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1904/2 (43): 1404–1416 Einstein, Albert (1905). "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper". Annalen der Physik. 322 (10): 891–921. Bibcode:1905AnP...322..891E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053221004.. See also: English translation. Minkowski, Hermann (1908) [1907], "Die Grundgleichungen für die elektromagnetischen Vorgänge in bewegten Körpern" [The Fundamental Equations for Electromagnetic Processes in Moving Bodies], Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse: 53–111 Hraskó, Péter (2011). Basic Relativity: An Introductory Essay (illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 60. ISBN 978-3-642-17810-8. Extract of page 60 Calder, Nigel (2006). Magic Universe: A grand tour of modern science. Oxford University Press. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-19-280669-7. Overbye, Dennis (2005-06-28). "A Trip Forward in Time. Your Travel Agent: Einstein". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-12-08. Gott, J., Richard (2002). Time Travel in Einstein's Universe. p. 75. Cassidy, David C.; Holton, Gerald James; Rutherford, Floyd James (2002). Understanding Physics. Springer-Verlag. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-387-98756-9. Cutner, Mark Leslie (2003). Astronomy, A Physical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-521-82196-4. Lerner, Lawrence S. (1996). Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Volume 2. Jones and Bartlett. pp. 1051–1052. ISBN 978-0-7637-0460-5. Ellis, George F. R.; Williams, Ruth M. (2000). Flat and Curved Space-times (2n ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-19-850657-7. Adams, Steve (1997). Relativity: An introduction to space-time physics. CRC Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-7484-0621-0. Blaszczak, Z. (2007). Laser 2006. Springer. p. 59. ISBN 978-3540711131. Hasselkamp, D.; Mondry, E.; Scharmann, A. (1979). "Direct observation of the transversal Doppler-shift". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 289 (2): 151–155. Bibcode:1979ZPhyA.289..151H. doi:10.1007/BF01435932. Einstein, A. (1905). "On the electrodynamics of moving bodies". Fourmilab. Chou, C. W.; Hume, D. B.; Rosenband, T.; Wineland, D. J. (2010). "Optical Clocks and Relativity". Science. 329 (5999): 1630–1633. Bibcode:2010Sci...329.1630C. doi:10.1126/science.1192720. PMID 20929843. Stewart, J. V. (2001). Intermediate electromagnetic theory. World Scientific. p. 705. ISBN 978-981-02-4470-5. Bailey, J. et al. Nature 268, 301 (1977) Edwin F. Taylor, John Archibald Wheeler (1992). Spacetime Physics: Introduction to Special Relativity. New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-2327-1. Born, Max (1964), Einstein's Theory of Relativity, Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0-486-60769-6 Petkov, Vesselin (2009). Relativity and the Nature of Spacetime (2nd, illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 87. ISBN 978-3-642-01962-3. Extract of page 87 See equations 3, 4, 6 and 9 of Iorio, Lorenzo (2005). "An analytical treatment of the Clock Paradox in the framework of the Special and General Theories of Relativity". Foundations of Physics Letters. 18 (1): 1–19. arXiv:physics/0405038. Bibcode:2005FoPhL..18....1I. doi:10.1007/s10702-005-2466-8. Rindler, W. (1977). Essential Relativity. Springer. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-3540079705. Bailey, H.; Borer, K.; Combley F.; Drumm H.; Krienen F.; Lange F.; Picasso E.; Ruden W. von; Farley F. J. M.; Field J. H.; Flegel W. & Hattersley P. M. (1977). "Measurements of relativistic time dilatation for positive and negative muons in a circular orbit". Nature. 268 (5618): 301–305. Bibcode:1977Natur.268..301B. doi:10.1038/268301a0. Roos, C. E.; Marraffino, J.; Reucroft, S.; Waters, J.; Webster, M. S.; Williams, E. G. H. (1980). "?+/- lifetimes and longitudinal acceleration". Nature. 286 (5770): 244–245. Bibcode:1980Natur.286..244R. doi:10.1038/286244a0. "New calculations show Earth's core is much younger than thought". Phys.org. 26 May 2016. Burns, M. Shane; Leveille, Michael D.; Dominguez, Armand R.; Gebhard, Brian B.; Huestis, Samuel E.; Steele, Jeffrey; Patterson, Brian; Sell, Jerry F.; Serna, Mario; Gearba, M. Alina; Olesen, Robert; O'Shea, Patrick; Schiller, Jonathan (18 September 2017). "Measurement of gravitational time dilation: An undergraduate research project". American Journal of Physics. 85 (10): 757–762. arXiv:1707.00171. doi:10.1119/1.5000802. Pound, R. V.; Snider J. L. (November 2, 1964). "Effect of Gravity on Nuclear Resonance". Physical Review Letters. 13 (18): 539–540. Bibcode:1964PhRvL..13..539P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.539. Ashby, Neil (2002). "Relativity in the Global Positioning System". Physics Today. 55 (5): 45. Bibcode:2002PhT....55e..41A. doi:10.1063/1.1485583. See equations 2 & 3 (combined here and divided throughout by c2) at pp. 35–36 in Moyer, T. D. (1981). "Transformation from proper time on Earth to coordinate time in solar system barycentric space-time frame of reference". Celestial Mechanics. 23 (1): 33–56. Bibcode:1981CeMec..23...33M. doi:10.1007/BF01228543. hdl:2060/19770007221. A version of the same relationship can also be seen at equation 2 in Ashbey, Neil (2002). "Relativity and the Global Positioning System" (PDF). Physics Today. 55 (5): 45. Bibcode:2002PhT....55e..41A. doi:10.1063/1.1485583. Nave, C. R. (22 August 2005). "Hafele and Keating Experiment". HyperPhysics. Retrieved 2013-08-05. "Einstein" (PDF). Metromnia. National Physical Laboratory. 2005. pp. 1–4. Kaplan, Elliott; Hegarty, Christopher (2005). Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications. Artech House. p. 306. ISBN 978-1-58053-895-4. Extract of page 306 Further reading Callender, C.; Edney, R. (2001). Introducing Time. Icon Books. ISBN 978-1-84046-592-1. Einstein, A. (1905). "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper". Annalen der Physik. 322 (10): 891. Bibcode:1905AnP...322..891E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053221004. Einstein, A. (1907). "Über die Möglichkeit einer neuen Prüfung des Relativitätsprinzips". Annalen der Physik. 328 (6): 197–198. Bibcode:1907AnP...328..197E. doi:10.1002/andp.19073280613. Hasselkamp, D.; Mondry, E.; Scharmann, A. (1979). "Direct Observation of the Transversal Doppler-Shift". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 289 (2): 151–155. Bibcode:1979ZPhyA.289..151H. doi:10.1007/BF01435932. Ives, H. E.; Stilwell, G. R. (1938). "An experimental study of the rate of a moving clock". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 28 (7): 215–226. doi:10.1364/JOSA.28.000215. Ives, H. E.; Stilwell, G. R. (1941). "An experimental study of the rate of a moving clock. II". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 31 (5): 369–374. doi:10.1364/JOSA.31.000369. Joos, G. (1959). "Bewegte Bezugssysteme in der Akustik. Der Doppler-Effekt". Lehrbuch der Theoretischen Physik, Zweites Buch (11th ed.). Larmor, J. (1897). "On a dynamical theory of the electric and luminiferous medium". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 190: 205–300. Bibcode:1897RSPTA.190..205L. doi:10.1098/rsta.1897.0020. (third and last in a series of papers with the same name). Poincaré, H. (1900). "La théorie de Lorentz et le principe de Réaction". Archives Néerlandaises. 5: 253–78. Puri, A. (2015). "Einstein versus the simple pendulum formula: does gravity slow all clocks?". Physics Education. 50 (4): 431. Bibcode:2015PhyEd..50..431P. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/50/4/431. Reinhardt, S.; et al. (2007). "Test of relativistic time dilation with fast optical atomic clocks at different velocities" (PDF). Nature Physics. 3 (12): 861–864. Bibcode:2007NatPh...3..861R. doi:10.1038/nphys778. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-07-12. Rossi, B.; Hall, D. B. (1941). "Variation of the Rate of Decay of Mesotrons with Momentum". Physical Review. 59 (3): 223. Bibcode:1941PhRv...59..223R. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.59.223. Weiss, M. "Two way time transfer for satellites". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from the original on 2017-05-29. Voigt, W. (1887). "Über das Doppler'sche princip". Nachrichten von der Königlicher Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. 2: 41–51. External links Merrifield, Michael. "Lorentz Factor (and time dilation)". Sixty Symbols. 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Osho o Bhagwan Shri Rashnísh (Bhopal, 11 de diciembre de 1931-Pune, 19 de enero de 1990) fue un místico, orador, líder espiritual indio y fundador del Movimiento Osho.

Ahora desencarnado, nos cuenta mas sobre él como espíritu, detalles de otras encarnaciones y preguntas particulares que se le hicieron.

Si deseas saber mas consulta la web: http:www.centrofuturel.com

Este es un canal de difusión sin fines de lucro, solo para compartir. Category People & Blogs Music in this video Learn more Listen ad-free with YouTube Premium Song Cosmic Pulse-10038-DNC Artist Vivenda Album Reiki Classics Licensed to YouTube by AdRev for Rights Holder (on behalf of Vivenda Records), and 2 music rights societies Song Harmonic Soul-10038-DNC Artist Vivenda Album Reiki Classics Licensed to YouTube by AdRev for Rights Holder (on behalf of Vivenda Records), and 2 music rights societies Song ICon (Original Version)-10038 Artist EFFE Production Album ICon Licensed to YouTube by AdRev for Rights Holder (on behalf of EFFE Production Music), and 2 music rights societies 2 Comments faridjabba Add a public comment... faridjabba faridjabba 7 months ago wow, se supone q estas canalizando a OSho ?

espiritualidadmoderna

espiritualidadmoderna espiritualidadmoderna 1 month ago admin: en esa ocasion misael canalizo a osho y en vez de profundizar, desidimos hacer como una entrevista para conocerlos mas como espiritu y no tanto como lo que ya se sabe como "osho" que fue una de sus encarnaciones, sino para conocerlo mas a fondo

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