Analgesia in patients with renal disease and who require opioids has obvious risks and prescribing their use in this population should be performed with caution. The list below show the common opioids used. Typically Avoided: Codeine: Metabolized by the liver to codeine-6-glucuronide (81%), norcodeine (2%), morphine (0.6%), M3G (2%), M6G (0.8%) and morphine (2.4%). Morphine […]