Tramadol and its active metabolite (O-desmethyltramadol) binds to μ-opioid receptors in the CNS causing inhibition of ascending pain pathways and altering the perception of and response to pain. Tramadol also inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, which are neurotransmitters involved in the descending inhibitory pain pathway responsible for pain relief. Tramadol is indicated for […]