Definition Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is the most common form of renal failure following surgery and is generally classified as either hypotensive (low cardiac output, low map, cross-clamp, cpb) OR nephrotoxic (inflammation [CPB], infection, atheroembolism, rhabdomyolysis, drugs [NSAIDs, aminoglycosides, cyclosporine, tacrolimus], toxins, or contrast-dye). Note that, according to Miller, “Mechanical ventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure […]