Neurologic Complications Pain Control Pain control is an essential component of post-operative recovery [Kavanagh BP et al. Anesthesiology 81: 737, 1994]. The most difficult to treat may be shoulder pain, which affects 80% of patients and may be due to diaphragmatic irritation (transmitted via the phrenic nerve). Preemptive Analgesia There is some evidence that preemptive […]