In order to obtain a fetal EKG, a presenting fetal part must be available for lead placement. Normal HR is 120-160 with 5-25 beats/min of beat-to-beat variability. Note that maternal opiates, atropine, or anesthetic agents can reduce beat-to-beat variability. Two types of decelerations are problematic – late (starting 10-30 seconds after contraction onset), which represent […]