Bella Smith's Podcast: Recent Episodes
Bella Smith
Ebola virus (EBOV) is a kind of enveloped negative-stranded RNA virus. This virus belongs to family Filoviridae, which has a unique morphology similar to Marburg virus, but obviously has no antigen characteristics of Marburg virus.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus (CCHFV; genus Nairovirus, family Bunyaviridae) causes severe diseases in humans and circulates in many areas of Africa, Asia, and Europe.
The BK virus, also known as BK polyomavirus or Human polyomavirus 1, is an etiologic agent belonging to the genus of Betapolyomavirus and the family of Polyomaviridae. BK virus was first described in 1971 for isolation from the urine of renal transplant recipients with ureteric stenosis, and later was identified as one cause of nephropathy and renal transplantation failure.
AdV is a non-enveloped 70-100 nm icosahedral virus with a 26-45 Kb size double-stranded DNA genome inside. The genome of AdV is a non-segmented DNA containing 23-46 protein-coding genes organized in several transcription regions. Generally, the early (E) transcription regions, such as E1A, E1B, E2A, E2B, E3, and E4, are mainly responsible for the regulation of viral transcription, replication, and infectivity, whereas, the late (L) transcription regions (L1-L5) are involved in the viral capsid coding and assembly.
The adenovirus (AdV) usually refers to a class of DNA virus belonging to the genus of Human Mastadenovirus and the family of the Adenoviridae. AdV has a broad range of hosts causing a wide range of infections in humans, such as mild respiratory infections, pneumonia, follicular conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis. Discovered in 1953, AdV was named after the first isolation from human adenoid tissues. Up to now, more than 100 distinct adenoviral serotypes have been identified, among which about 51 types are common pathogens of humans and animals. Currently, AdV is more often used as a tool in molecular biological research and a viral vector for gene therapy due to its stable infectivity of human and other mammalian cells.
Dengue virus (DENV, shown in Fig.1) can cause dengue fever. It is a mosquito-borne, single positive-stranded RNA virus of Flaviviridae.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a popular viral pathogen found throughout the world, and humans and monkeys are its natural hosts. It is associated with viruses that cause chickenpox and infectious mononucleosis (mononuclear). CMV is spread mainly through close contact with someone who already has CMV. It can be spread through body fluids including saliva, blood and urine.
IVT mRNA can be created by incorporating naturally occurring modified nucleosides such as 2-thiouridine, pseudouridine, 5-methylcytidine, 5-methyluridine, or N6-methyladenosine into the IVT mRNA. This has been shown to suppress both the intrinsic adjuvant activity of IVT mRNA as well as its inhibitory effects on translation.
https://mrna.creative-biolabs.com/mrna-pharmacology-optimization.htm
Use of modified nucleosides for modulating innate immune activation
Engineering favorable secondary structures by sequence optimization
https://mrna.creative-biolabs.com/mrna-pharmacology-optimization.htm
Sequence elements mediating binding to proteins involved in mRNA trafficking and translation
Sequences repressing deadenylation of mRNA
https://mrna.creative-biolabs.com/mrna-pharmacology-optimization.htm
mRNA is potentially beneficial for vaccination because it can provide adjuvant activity to drive dendritic cell (DC) maturation and thus elicits a strong sputum and B cell immune response. Our optimization services include the following aspects:
Nucleosides-modified mRNA
Sequence-optimized mRNA
Self-amplifying mRNA
HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography)-purified
FPLC (fast protein liquid chromatography)-purified
Addition of adjuvant
https://mrna.creative-biolabs.com/mrna-pharmacology-optimization.htm
Regulatory sequence elements binding to molecules involved in mRNA trafficking and translation
Sequences inhibiting-exonucleolytic degradation
https://mrna.creative-biolabs.com/mrna-pharmacology-optimization.htm
Masked/unmasked poly(A) tail affecting translation
Length of poly(A) tail affecting stability
Modified nucleotides inhibiting deadenylation
https://mrna.creative-biolabs.com/mrna-pharmacology-optimization.htm
Optimized codon usage to improve the translation
Optimized base usage to reduce the endonucleolytic attack
https://mrna.creative-biolabs.com/mrna-pharmacology-optimization.htm
The concept behind using IVT mRNA as a drug is the transfer of a defined genetic message into the cells for the ultimate purpose of preventing or altering a particular disease state. One method is to transfer mRNA into the patient's cells ex vivo. These transfected cells are then adoptively administered back to the patient. The other is the direct delivery of IVT mRNA using various routes.
https://mrna.creative-biolabs.com/mrna-pharmacology-optimization.htm
In vitro transcribed (IVT) messenger RNA (mRNA) has recently come into focus as a potential new drug class to deliver genetic information. https://mrna.creative-biolabs.com/mrna-pharmacology-optimization.htm
Optimization Service to Improve mRNA Translation and Stability
5'-cap modifications:
Uncapped, functional when combined with IRES (internal ribosome entry site)
Cap analogues mediating binding to eIF4E (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E)
Cap analogues conferring resistance to decapping
A sarcoma is a cancer arising from transformed cells of mesenchymal origin. Sarcomas are a family of rare cancers, encompassing a huge variety of histological subgroups, and their immunogenicity varies substantially across histologies, with discrepant mutational loads, specific antigenic expressions, and immune contextures. Malignant tumors made of cartilage, cancellous bone, muscle, fat, vascular, or hematopoietic tissues are considered sarcomas. Surgery is important in the treatment of most sarcomas. Additional treatments may include chemotherapy and radiation therapy, which can be administered before and/or after surgery. Chemotherapy significantly improves the prognosis of many patients with sarcomas, especially those with bone sarcomas.
Malignant brain tumors are classified into primary and secondary (metastatic) brain tumors. Despite recent advancements in conventional therapies, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, the prognoses for these tumors remain dismal. A variety of immunotherapy clinical trials are being conducted for both primary and secondary malignant brain tumors, including vaccine, checkpoint blockade, adoptive cell transfer, and oncolytic virus approaches.
Hematologic cancers, including lymphomas (Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin), leukemias (acute lymphoid, acute myeloid, and chronic lymphocytic), and plasma cell cancers (multiple myeloma and WaldEnstrom’s macroglobulinemia) hold a special place in the history of cancer immunotherapy development. Hematologic malignancies, as cancers of immune cells themselves, represent a unique setting and challenge to immunotherapy: we must turn the immune system “on itself” to fight malignant forms of leukocytes. In this lies the challenge to exploit antigenic, genetic, and phenotypic differences between normal and transformed cells, most often pitting effector and target cells of the same lymphoid lineage against each other.
Over the last decade, it has become clear that human papillomavirus (HPV) not only causes genital and anal cancers but also causes a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In addition to the estimated ~492,800 cervical cancers caused worldwide by HPV each year, HPV also causes an estimated ~30,000 oropharyngeal cancers, HPV is detected in ~25% of all HNSCC, and the majority of these HPV-associated HNSCC are oropharyngeal (tonsillar and base of tongue) squamous cell cancers. As more and more information about the role of infection in non-cervical diseases is amassed, additional questions about whether prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines will effectively prevent these conditions are raised. In fact, HPV is now the major cause of oropharyngeal cancer in developed countries, detected in 45–90% of cases. HPV has also been detected in a smaller subset of laryngeal and oral cavity cancers.
Lung cancer is by far the deadliest type of cancer in the United States and worldwide. The two major forms of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy diagnosed in women worldwide, with an estimated 1.7 million new cases in 2012. It remains a major public health problem even in developed countries, with more than 40,000 deaths in the United States annually. Optimization of standard therapies for breast cancer, including surgery, radiation therapy, endocrine therapy, and chemotherapy, has generated small but steady improvements in overall survival (OS) in the last 40 years. In the last 15 years, targeted therapies that inhibit critical pathways driving breast tumor growth and progression (such as the human epidermal growth factor receptor [HER-2], mammalian target of rapamycin [mTOR], and the cyclin-dependent kinases [CDKs]) have led to further improvements in clinical outcomes. Most recently, activating the immune system to reject breast cancers has emerged as a promising strategy for breast cancer therapy. Monoclonal antibodies that target the programmed death l (PD-1) pathway have demonstrated objective clinical responses in a subset of patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and luminal (estrogen receptor positive [ER+]) disease. This, together with the durable responses obtained with blockade of the PD-1 pathway across multiple solid tumor types, has sparked intense interest in developing effective immunotherapies for all breast cancer patients.
Personalized design and development strategies for carbohydrate conjugate vaccine.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/carbohydrate-conjugate-vaccine.htm
Assist with the GMP manufacturing of a variety of vaccines.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/gmp-vaccine-production.htm
Small-model generation to predict performance at scale and small-scale process development with scalability and repeatability.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/small-scale-process-development.htm
Comprehensive information about protein expression for vaccine development and will help you choose the right expression system for your specific applications.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/evaluation-of-expression-system.htm
High-quality and cost-effective service with a focus on the development of controlled release technology of vaccines.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/controlled-release-vaccines-development.htm
A series of nanoparticle development for vaccine delivery with the best quality and most competitive price.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/nanoparticles.htm
A series of liposome development for vaccine delivery with the best quality and most competitive price. https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/liposomes.htm
Scale-up development to ensure a long-term supply of high-quality vaccines and mass production of the vaccine for worldwide use.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/scale-up-development.htm
A full range of Custom Adjuvant Synthesis services to meet different customer's demand.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/custom-adjuvant-synthesis.htm
A well-equipped manufacturer of vaccines with a broad range of vaccine development services including Autoimmune Disease Vaccines.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/autoimmune-disease-vaccines.htm
Development and manufacturing services for Virus-Like Particles (VLP) based vaccines.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/virus-like-particles-based-vaccines.htm
Seek opportunities for new partnerships to achieve a win-win relationship.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/licensing-and-collaboration.htm
PRR Ligands Scanning service for vaccine adjuvantation to meet different customer's demand.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/prr-ligands-scanning.htm
Vaccine development against neurodegenerative diseases for clients with individual requirements.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/neurodegenerative-disease-vaccines.htm