Justin Hibbard continues our series on the 21 Ecumenical Councils by exploring the uprising against the Catholic Church in Europe known as the Protestant Reformation. But was it really a reformation, or was it a revolution? Who were the key players in this movement, and did the movement ultimately succeed in its goals?

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SOURCES:

• The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly

• Video: General Councils 13: Lateran V and Trent - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas

• 95 Theses - Martin Luther

• Papal Encyclicals Online: Exsurge Domine - Condemning the Errors of Martin Luther - Pope Leo X - 1520

• Papal Encyclicals Online: Decet Romanum Pontificem - Papal Bull of Excommunication of Martin Luther and his followers - Pope Leo X - 1521

• Episode 56: Indulgences - The Most Misunderstood Catholic Doctrine

• Episode 120: The Deuterocanonicals and Protestant Budget Bibles

PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES

• Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils

• Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea

• Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325)

• Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople

• Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381)

• Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431)

• Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451)

• Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553)

• Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists

• Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681)

• Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787)

• Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils

• Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870)

• Episode 159: The Great Schism

• Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123)

• Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139)

• Episode 162: The Third Lateran Council (1179)

• Episode 163: The Fourth Lateran Council (1215)

• Episode 164: The First Council of Lyon (1245)

• Episode 165: The Second Council of Lyon (1274)

• Episode 166: The Council of Vienne (1311-1312)

• Episode 167: The Avignon Papacy & The Great Western Schism

• Episode 168: The Council of Constance (1414-1418)

• Episode 169: The Council of Florence (1431-1445)

• Episode 170: The Fifth Lateran Council (1512-1517)

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