Exotic animals can pose significant challenges to native ungulates, impacting their populations and ecological dynamics. The introduction of non-native species can disrupt established ecological relationships, leading to competition for resources such as food, water, and habitat. Exotic animals may outcompete native ungulates for these resources, potentially causing declines in native species' populations. Additionally, exotic species can introduce new diseases or parasites to native populations, further compromising their health and survival. Understanding and managing these challenges is crucial for the conservation and preservation of native ungulate species and their ecosystems.

Heffelfinger, J. and Krausman, P.R. (2023a) Ecology and management of black-tailed and mule deer of North America. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

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