In this episode we discuss how ideas about human differences evolved in Europe during the 1600s. From Noah's Curse to the Lost Tribes of Israel, to pre-Adamism, to race--this was a dynamic time in the history of race. Resources: Popkin, Richard H. "Pre-adamism in 19th century American thought: “Speculative biology” and racism." Philosophia 8, no. 2-3 (1978): 205-239. Grotius, Hugo. On the Origin of the Native Races of America: A Dissertation. Edinburgh:[sn], 1884 ([London: Unwin Bros.]), 1884. de La Peyrere, I. Praedamitae sive Exercitatio... quibus inducuntur primi homines ante Adamum conditi [-Systema theologicum ex prae-adamitarum hypothesi]. Louis et Daniel Elsevier, 1655. Anonymous [François Bernier]. “Nouvelle Division de la Terre, par les différentes Espèces ou Races d’hommes qui l’habitent, envoy par un fameux Voyageur à M. l’Abbé de la *, à peu prés en ces termes.” Journal des Sçavans, (April 24, 1684): 133-140.