The Dinosource: Recent Episodes

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Featured Creatures - Quick Links* Dreadnoughtus on Wikipedia * Scipionyx on Wikipedia

References* Riley Black on dinosaur lungs * Much of the research for this episode came from The Sauropod Dinosaurs by Hallett and Wedel * Some additional research came from The Dinosauria, 2nd edition * Brocklehurst’s most recent paper on dinosaur breathing from 2020

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Featured Creatures - Quick Links* Lufengosaurus on Wikipedia * Elasmotherium of Wikipedia

References* Tyler Green on the “Four Dinosaurs of the Apocalypse” * Fluffy T. rex meme * The penguin/sauropod meme * Starkey Comics on the stealing of his Lufengosaurus meme

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Thanks to June "McGreatness" Paik for our lovely podcast artwork.

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Featured Creatures - Quick Links* Kentrosaurus on Wikipedia * Acrocanthosaurus on Wikipedia

References* Kurzgesagt’s video on exploding mice * About 50 people per year in the US are killed by farm animals * Pachycephalosaurus packed a punch * Riley Black’s explanation of the Acrocanthosaurus trackway

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Thanks to June "McGreatness" Paik for our lovely podcast artwork.

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Featured Creatures - Quick Links* Ornithomimus on Wikipedia * Lambeosaurus on Wikipedia

References* The Tumblr post that has been screen-shotted and shared around. If you know of an earlier source than this post please get in touch! * Slate on what dinosaurs tasted like * What dinosaur would be tastiest? Yeah, it’s a surprisingly common news article. * One of the only sources I could find mentioning both Cadmium and the Late Cretaceous. * A source I found after recording indicates that there may be some truth to the idea that cadmium was more present in the soil for some time in the Cretaceous.

Get In TouchEmail: dinosourcepodcast@gmail.com

Twitter: @TheDinosource

Thanks to June "McGreatness" Paik for our lovely podcast artwork.

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Featured Creatures - Quick Links* Tarbosaurus on Wikipedia * Ubirajara on Wikipedia

References* Nicolas Cage Returns Stolen Mongolian Dinosaur Skull * Martill is quoted on the ethics of fossil poaching * Ubirajara’s press coverage from before the paper was “temporarily removed”

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Thanks to June "McGreatness" Paik for our lovely podcast artwork.

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Featured Creatures - Quick Links* Diabloceratops on Wikipedia * Euoplocephalus on Wikipedia

References* Don Henderson’s first paper on modeling dinos * Henderson’s “Tipsy Punters” paper * Hone and Holtz’s Spinosaurus paper * Animal Planet’s video about hippos swimming * Lythronax was the dinosaur Michaela was trying to mention * Bloat and Float examined

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Thanks to June "McGreatness" Paik for our lovely podcast artwork.

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Featured Creatures - Quick Links* Patagotitan on Wikipedia * Giganotosaurus on Wikipedia

References* Yes, dinosaurs were big (shocker) * A fun paper on how sauropods got as big as they did

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Thanks to June "McGreatness" Paik for our lovely podcast artwork.

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Featured Creatures - Quick Links* Anchiornis on Wikipedia * Kulindadromeus on Wikipedia

References* Let’s Make a Music’s album including “Utah: Industry” * Mark Witton on the phenomenon of “feather resistance” * Mark Witton (again) on whether or not T. rex had feathers; also included is some good examples of paleoart featuring feathered rexes * Your Dinosaurs Are Wrong did a whole episode on feathers which is quite informative! * Fable the raven (who can talk!) * Kiwi and Pixel’s channel featuring birdphone

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Thanks to June "McGreatness" Paik for our lovely podcast artwork.

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Featured Creatures - Quick Links* Cedarosaurus on Wikipedia * Bonitasaura on Wikipedia

References* A pop-sci article about the Malone 2021 paper * Malone et al’s paper hypothesizing sauropod gastroliths and long-distance migration * The first Wings paper quoted by Malone which argues strongly that most supposed gastroliths are just weird rocks * The second Wings paper that argues that most sauropod gastroliths were also just weird rocks * Fricke et al with evidence of sauropod migration over ~300km

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Featured Creatures - Quick Links* Wikipedia article on Magyarosaurus * Wikipedia article on Struthiosaurus

References* Twitter account of Riley Black; consider following her tweets instead of reading too much more about Nopcsa! She’s written a ton of paleontology news articles for the wider public as well as a couple books! * Twitter account of Natalia Jagielska, a paleontologist studying pterosaurs (lots of great art in the account) * A documentary about Nopcsa and his boyfriend/secretary Doda * The Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences’ video about Nopcsa

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Thanks to June "McGreatness" Paik for our lovely podcast artwork.

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Featured Creatures - Quick Links* Wikipedia article on Maiasaura * Wikipedia article on Citipati

References* Dinosaurs laid soft-shelled eggs for the most part * Riley Black says “no, dinosaurs didn’t die out because they were all boys” * The “Mafia hypothesis” on Wikipedia

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Thanks to June "McGreatness" Paik for our lovely podcast artwork.

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Featured Creatures - Quick Links* Brontomerus on Wikipedia * Staurikosaurus on Wikipedia

References Description of Psittacosaurus’ butt by Bell et al, 2020 * Femoral retraction in dinosaurs and the importance of the caudofemoralis longus* by Gatesy, 1990 * Description of Staurikosaurus by Colbert, 1970

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Featured Creatures - Quick Links* Thecodontosaurus on Wikipedia * Anhanguera on Wikipedia

References* Sakagami, 2020; a typical paper about dinosaur neurobiology. Figure 5 is the picture of Triceratops’ skull with its brain superimposed. The brain is very small. * No, Stegosaurus didn’t have a second brain in its butt. * Walsh et al, 2009; predicting hearing ranges based on dinosaur skull proportions. * Ballell, 2020; Thecodontosaurus paleoneurology description. * Witmer et al, 2003; both a good primer on determining head posture from labyrinth and a description of Anhanguera’s skull.

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Thanks to June "McGreatness" Paik for our lovely podcast artwork.

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Featured Creatures - Quick Links Sharovipteryx on Wikipedia * Dryptosaurus on Wikipedia (with Leaping Laelaps* shown at the bottom of the page)

References* Pyrite disease, further explained

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Featured Creatures - Quick Links* Heterodontosaurus on Wikipedia * Ichthyornis on Wikipedia

References Dollo’s Law of Irreversability * Mergansers (which are* ducks) * Brocklehurst and Field, 2021; a very good summary of the most up-to-date theories behind dinosaur tooth loss * Field et al, 2018; more of Field’s work on avian edentulousness and what made it throug the K-Pg extinction event

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Featured Creatures - Quick Links* Sinosauropteryx’s Wikipedia page * Tupandactylus’ Wikipedia page * Tupandactylus looking very polite, at least in David’s opinion * The extremely cursed T. rex skull from Stevens, 2006

References* Stevens, 2006; the paper with the cursed T. rex, and also some thoughts on bird head-bobbing * Koschowitz et al, 2014; discusses the idea that dinosaur vision was a contributing factor to feather evolution * Hall, 2008; sclerotic ring size alone doesn’t predict nocturnality, you also need orbit depth * Schmitz and Motani, 2011; hey guys look we predict nocturnality based on sclerotic ring size alone * Hall et al, 2011; you absolute numpties

Other Links* Apologies, but it seems like Adam Savage’s “raptor” build has been removed from YouTube

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Thanks to June "McGreatness" Paik for our lovely podcast artwork.

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Featured Creatures - Quick Links* Cryolophosaurus Wikipedia page * Appalachiosaurus Wikipedia page

References* Comet shard, not asteroid, caused the dino extinction * A good primer on taphonomic bias * David Hone discussing North Korean fossils and other sources of bias * What we know about Ceratopsians in Appalachia (not much) * Yes, shrimp existed in the Mesozoic (and at least as far back as the Carboniferous)

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Thanks to June "McGreatness" Paik for our lovely podcast artwork.

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Featured Creatures - Quick Links* Spinosaurus Wikipedia page * Baryonyx Wikipedia page

Glossary Spinosaurus aegyptiacus: One of the largest theropod chompy-bois to have ever lived, measuring between 12 and 18m when fully grown and weighing in at 21 tons by some (incredibly unreasonable) estimates. A minimum weight estimate of 7 tons means that this is still no joke of a dino. Although Spinosaurus lived during the late Cretaceous, it was still on the scene about 10-20 million years before T. rex showed up. The first remains were found in North Africa by Richard Markgraf in 1912 and were described by Ernst Stromer. “Spino-” comes from “spine”, referring to the tall neural spines on the creature’s vertebrae, and “aegyptiacus” refers to Egypt, where the first fossils were found, giving “spined lizard from Egypt”. * Baryonyx walkeri:* A spooky chompy-boi theropod from the Early Cretaceous of England. William Walker is noted as a “plumber and amateur fossil collector” in England; he found the first fossils of Baryonyx in 1983. Alan Charig and Angela Milner described the near-complete fossil which would have measured between 7 and 10m in life and weighed up to 2 tons. “Bary-” comes from the Greek “barus” meaning “heavy”, and “onyx” means “claw”, as in Acinonyx (a.k.a. the cheetah), giving “heavy claw”, so named because the first specimen collected was one of the creature’s claws. The specific name honors Walker, who found the first fossils in a clay pit.

References* Hone and Holtz, 2021; the most recent paper to cause Spino controversy * Ibrahim et al, 2020; in which the new tail is revealed * Ibrahim et al, 2020 (but slightly earlier); a general review of the Kem Kem Beds where Spino fossils have been discovered * Ibrahim et al, 2014; Spino had lil bitty legs * Scott Hartman on Spino’s sail shape

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References Dr Dave Hone discussing fossil examination under UV * Hone and Tischingler on Microraptor* under UV * Interview with Hone about the paper * Scientists have used UV light to reconstruct pigmentation on fossil snail shells * Turns out birds have more going on in the UV spectrum than we can see with our dumb human eyes * No, that viral video wasn’t showing pigeons’ natural UV fluorescence * A re-examination of Juravenator with pictures under UV courtesy of Helmut Tischlinger

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Thanks to June "McGreatness" Paik for our lovely podcast artwork.

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References* The Pokemon phylogeny paper mentioned in the episode

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References* Quick primer on why illegally smuggling fossils is bad * Thesaurus tea company, for those who are interested * Concavenator’s introductory paper * Icthyovenator is the anti-Concavenator * Ceratosaurus’ forelimb research

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References* Dinosaurs were not on the way out when the asteroid hit, new research finds * Protoceratops nest with 15 juveniles preserved * Protoceratops preserved with its footprint * YDAW on Styracosaurus * Cotylorhynchus, the anti-ceratopsid * Darren Naish discussing the possibility that ceratopsid frills were attached to the rest of their body all the way up (it’s not likely) * Protoceratops fossil with multiple standing on top of each other

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References* LIFE magazine from the 1950’s treats “racial senescence” like it’s a real thing that makes any sense * There’s a paper which tries to estimate which dinosaurs were alive at the time of the K-Pg extinction event. I don’t think it’s very good. * Of course, David is immediately shown to be wrong about dinosaurs possibly being on the way out when the space-rock hit.

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References* Dino butt! * Tetrapod Zoology discussing a few things, including discussing Dr Unwin’s controversial pterosaur paper/press release * Unwin and Martill on pterosaur fibres (or lack thereof) * Dr Tsai’s paper on saurischian hip adaptations * Sailbacks vs buffalo-backs in dinosaurs * Bertozzo et al on Ouranosaurus

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References* Therizinosaurs in pictures, although Mark Witton has since indicated that this is probably not an accurate look, even if it did have feathers * Your Dinosaurs Are Wrong once again bringing the cold, hard facts about Therizinosaurus * Psittacosaurus looked funny and also may have been spelled very different from how you imagined * Osborn’s paper describing Psittacosaurus * 2016 paper by Vinther et al showing off Psittacosaurus’ colouration * We’ve touched on it before, but feathers on a large animal like Therizinosaurus might have hindered more than they helped

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References* I decided to look up what dolphin skeletons looked like. I regret that decision. * The big book of paleoart that is mentioned in the episode. * A discussion of that book, in progress, with a copy of Riou’s famous (and much copied) illustration * PBS Eons’ episode on Dimetrodon * PBS Eons with more info on synapsids * Why not more Eons? Here’s their episode on ichthyosaurs

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References* The Long Boyes subreddit * Mark Witton on the likely life-behaviour of Tanystropheus from 2015 * Recent paper on Tanystropheus, detailing the two species and its aquatic lifestyle * Why giraffes have long necks, courtesy of the BBC * Why do animals have long necks? My new favourite paper

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References* Thomas Huxley’s paper where he puts Compsognathus as a sister taxon to Dinosauria (a bold move, to be sure) and makes fun of the name “Dinosauria” (possibly a bolder move)

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A bit of a break from normal this week, as our hosts have watched the famously bad, low-budget comedy horror movie "Velocipastor".

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References* Comparison of ornithiscian dinosaurs with modern reptiles, looking at who may have been “warm blooded” * Discussion of whether dinosaurs were warm blooded from 1990 * Sharks keep their eyes warm * Did you know that sloths don’t have a steady body temperature? Weird but true. * Mark Witton has written an excellent blog post on the operating temperatures of animals, and talks about how large animals are more concerned with shedding heat than generating it * Looking for our series on the Bone Wars? Look no further! * Big dinos had difficulty shedding heat, not keeping it * Eagle et al’s paper looking at fossilized teeth to determine the temperature at which they were formed * A follow-up paper by Eagle doing more of the same, but for different fossils * And further replication of these results

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References* YDAW episode on Velociraptor, covering just about everything you could want to know about this beast * Velociraptor definitely had feathers * The “fighting dinosaurs” fossil is remarkably poorly-described online * A discussion of the multiple origins of theropod flight, including velociraptor and other dromaeosaurids * Velociraptors were likely nocturnal * The incredible 1969 Ostrom monograph on Deinonychus, including Bakker’s famous illustration * Evidence of Velociraptor scavenging an azhdarchid * Prairie dogs do indeed have a surprising vocabulary

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References* Discussion of evidence of late sauropods (titanosaurs) eating grasses in India, as seen in their poop * Rhamphorynchus with a big ol’ fish in its stomach * Turns out herbivorous dinosaurs ate plants. This paper is far less about what they ate and far more about how we know we’ve found stomach or gut contents (enterolites or cololites). * Evidence of dung beetles in dino poop! * Carnivorous poop fossilizes better than herbivorous poop * T. rex poop! But in fancy science words. * Maiasaura ate wood * Incredible preservation of muscle in a dino-poop * “Herbivore” doesn’t necessarily mean what you think it does: it seems some plant-muncher was also chomping on crustaceans. * Telling fossilized poop from fossilized vomit: harder than it sounds. * Want more info on how coprolites and similar terms were named? Well have I got a highly amusing paper for you. * Original description of Gryposaurus in the Ottawa Naturalist * Borealopelta was a fussy eater * The open access paper describing Borealopelta

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References* Sauropod egg size * Sauropod parenting * This is the best source I have on baby sauropods running. All the sources I can find are press releases from late 2010, and I haven’t been able to find any papers which may have come out of this. * Paul Sereno on a dig, doing his best Indiana Jones impression * Bajadasaurus, the wackiest sauropod of them all? * Source on Bajadasaurus size and weight, assuming it is similarly sized to Amargasaurus and Dicraeosaurus * Okay my reference on the goat eyes thing isn’t the best * Pneumaticity of neck vertebrae in dicraeosaurid sauropods

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References* An excellent summary of the Hell Creek Formation and the dinosaurs found there by Russel et al * Horner et al’s discussion of the prevalence of Tyrannosaurus fossils compared to Edmontosaurus * Remember Kosmoceratops? The paper describing that genus also gives evidence of the “dinosaur provincialism” theory postulating separation of dinosaurs in Laramidia into northern and southern “provinces” * Something a lot like a Tyrannosaurus was chomping on Edmontosaurus * I don’t have a great source on the “T. rex olfactory bulb was smaller than some papers indicate”, but in my defence Dr David Hone (a real paleontologist) said it on a podcast so it has to be right * Farlow’s paper on how T. rex would have died if it ran as fast as depicted in the movie * Tyrannosaurus was likely too big for feathers * If T. rex did have feathers, it probably didn’t look like this, which makes us sad * The paper introducing Dakotaraptor to the world * The closely-related-maybe-the-same-dinosaur Acheroraptor * Was Dakotaraptor actually just a big Acheroraptor? Andrea Cau has some thoughts! * Whoops that bone was actually from a turtle, not a Dakotaraptor * Roach et al. take on the “hunting in packs” hypothesis

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References Mark Witton’s excellent book, Pterosaurs* * Anurognathids may have had feathers! Don’t quote me on that. * Nyctosaurus, one of the fanciest flappy bois * The paper which named "pycnofibres" * Pterodactylus kochi with preservation of neck tissue. Source indicates that it is P. scolopaciceps rather than P. kochi. Both of these species have since been moved out of the Pterodactylus genus, and it’s unclear to me to which species and genus this should now be attributed. Comments and clarifications welcome. * Pterosaur posture in water, with bonus information on how they would have taken off! * Pterodaustra, a much cooler pterosaur than Pterodactylus * The confusing history of study of pterosaur locomotion * How Dimorphodon helped us understand how pterosaurs walked * De La Beche was indeed a slave owner! We don't like him.

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References* https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/11/191106112109.htm * News article summarizing “flash fossilization” (bacteria replacing organic matter, then fossilizing) * Microbes can play a large role in fossilization! We weren’t able to get to it in this episode, but further reading if you’re interested * A good overview of the diagenesis process * Geology lab notes from a first-year university course which are more about marine life, but give a good overview of fossils caused by alteration. * Just another nice overview of fossilization * Scholarly article on Eric, the opalized pliosaur * An Iguanodon specimen where the entire holotype is opalized * Cast fossils * Formal description of Kosmoceratops * Information on Umoonasaurus

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References* Facial integument in centrosaurines which doubles in a very good primer on close-to-the-bone integument * Thoughts on the trend of “shrink-wrapping” dinosaur reconstructions (by Mark Witton) * Discussion of the evolution of frilled lizards and other display structures in lizards * Seriously, Dilophosaurus didn’t have a frill and saying there wouldn’t be fossil evidence if it did is wrong * Pachyrhinosaurus restored with a comically large nose horn * Much of this episode’s material either came from or was informed by Mark Witton’s “Palaeoartist’s Handbook” * Conway and Naish’s excellent book “All Yesterdays”

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References* A wonderful biography of Joseph Leidy * Troodontids had neat pants * Troodontids did not necessarily use their pants to fly * Troodon formosus is no longer valid * List of dinosaur species described in the Bone Wars with notes on which ones are still valid * More troodontid research! This one describes Albertavenator * Troodontids slept like birds! * The introduction of the troodontid Talos as well as a good summary of troodontid research circa 2011 * We know what hadrosaur feet look like because we’ve got a near-mummified one!

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References* Cope responds to Marsh’s gloating over the Elasmosaurus incident * The Saga of Coelophysis, detailing the names given to this genus * How many specimens of sauropod do we have with complete necks? * Cope describes Camarasaurus based on a few vertebra * No evidence of cannibalism, but here’s the paper Dave was thinking of about Alloosaurs being drawn together by drought

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References* Allosaurus feeding behaviour * Allosaurus’ initial description by Marsh * Marsh’s additional notes on Diplodocus (likely featuring a diplodocid skull from a genus which is not Diplodocus) * An account of Marsh’s life and fossil-hunting expeditions by the Yale Peabody Museum * We don’t have a complete Diplodocus neck * Diplodocids could whip their tails fast enough to create sonic booms * Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks * Your Dinosaurs are Wrong on Allosaurus

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References* Stegosaur skin impressions! * Description of Sophie the Stegosaurus * Your Dinosaurs are Wrong discuss new Stegosaurus findings * An illustration of Stegosaurus posture * Ankylosaurus is a weird ankylosaurid * The Bakker idea of Stegosaurus flipping its plates to one side or another is from The Dinosaur Heresies, p 229-234 * Okay, the word “steglings” isn’t super well supported * The “thagomizer” comic that started it all

Other Links* Patrick Murphy’s savage tweet about O.C. Marsh

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References* Megalosaurus as a valid species * List of previously-held Megalosaurus species * Richard Owen describes Dinosauria (starting on page 102)

Other Links The illustration of “Scrotum humanum*”

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References

• Hone and Naish on the idea that dinosaurs evolved complicated frills or display structures to aid in species recognition
• Peterson et al. on evidence for pachycephalosaurid head-butting behaviour
• Sternberg gives the group name Pachycephalosauridae over Stegoceridae
• Galton and Sues renaming Stegoceras validus to Stegoceras validum, apparently because they’re better at Latin
• Journal article by Peczkis categorizing the weight of dinosaurs
• Anderson et al on how to estimate the weight of dinosaurs
• Xing et al describing Yi Qi

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References

• John Ostrom on the origin of flight
• John Ostrom on Deinonychus, a very bird-like theropod
• Dinosaur supertree
• Robert Bakker et al on dinosaur monophyly (i.e. all dinosaurs share a common ancestor)
• Evidence of dinosaur nesting behaviour
• A lot of research in this episode comes from the second edition of The Dinosauria
• A good primer on iguanodon
• Andrea Cau on the evolution of birds, with notes on Archaeopteryx
• Thomas Henry Huxley on the relationship of birds and dinosaurs
• John Horner's 1979 paper documenting a dinosaur nest

Other Links

• The "Reaper of Death", a new tyrannosaur description from Canada's midwest

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Thanks to June "McGreatness" Paik for our lovely podcast artwork.

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References

• Paul Sereno's landmark 1999 paper on the evolution of dinosaurs
• The new paper by Baron et al that's changing things up
• Xu Xing et al describing Yutyrannus
• How did sauropods get so big?
• Sauropod tooth replacement rates
• Original paper describing brachiosaurus
• A more recent paper on brachiosaurus which separates out Giaraffititan

Other Notes

• [Content warning: NSFW subject matter] ZeFrank's bird mating dance video (puffins and blue-footed boobies)

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References

• Post-cranial pneumaticity in dinosaurs
• Feathers in basal archosaurs (or avemetarsalis at least)
• Feathers in early dinosaurs at least
• A rebuttal, implying that feathers evolved in one branch of dinosaurs but not as the common ancestor
• Mark Witton's Pterosaurs (an excellent primer on all things pterosaur)
• Original description of Deinosuchus hatcheri
• Mark Witton on deinosuchus, including an excellent painting
• Mark Witton on azhdarchid terrestrial stalking
• Mark Witton's feathered ceratopsians
• Want to see some wacky bird mating dances? Why don't you watch the Birds of Paradise
• Quetzalcoatulus as a demonic, toothy monster
• Mark Witton is exasperated about the concept of pterosaurs skim feeding

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References

• Discussion on moving the formal definition of the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary
• Evolution of dinosaurs as filling niches left by pseudosuchians
• Marsh's description of triceratops
• Sereno's updated description of Eoraptor
• Manicouagan crater
• How did triceratops walk with its front legs?
• Ceratopsian tracks
• T. horridus as ancestor of T. prorsus

Get In TouchEmail: dinosourcepodcast@gmail.com
Twitter: @TheDinosource

Thanks to June "McGreatness" Paik for our lovely podcast artwork.