Shepherd's Cross Bible Garden Podcast: Recent Episodes
Diane
Shepherd's Cross Bible Garden features over 100 plants with Biblical references. The Bible Garden is a self guided tour, featuring plants on placard or on audio podcasts. The Garden is reminiscent of an Old English Country Garden.
Wheat
Triticum spp.
Appearance: Wheat is a cereal grain with long thin leaves. Its flowers and seeds are borne on a spike on top of a long stem.
Wheat was one of the main sources of food for people in the Bible, where it is often referred to as grain. In the book of Genesis, Pharaoh had a dream of years of wealth followed by famine, represented by healthy and thin heads of grain.
He fell asleep again and had a second dream: seven heads of grain, healthy and good, were growing on a single stalk. After them, seven other heads of grain sprouted - thin and scorched by the east wind.
Genesis 41:5-6 NIV
Mums
Chrysanthemum sppAppearance: Mums are perennial plants that grow up to 4’ tall. Their leaves have deep lobes. Mums have many petals and look similar to a daisy. These flowers can be white, yellow, pink, orange, red, or purple.
A German legend says a peasant family heard a beggar wailing outside on Christmas Eve. When they welcomed the freezing beggar in, he revealed himself as the shining Christ and disappeared. The next morning, two chrysanthemums grew near the door.
Behold, I stand at the door and knock: if any man hear my voice, and open the door, I will come into him, and will sup with him, and he with me.
Revelation 3:20 KJV
Cedar
Appearance: There are several types of evergreen trees that bear cones or berries known as cedars. The cedars that commonly grow in North America are in the same order as the Biblical cedars, but not the same family or genus. They are not the same plant, but they do have similar habits.
The temple and palace that Solomon built were made of cedar. When a person in the Bible pronounced a blessing, they often compared the blessed individual to a cedar. Cedars are also a symbol of power and strength throughout the Bible.
In the mountain of the height of Israel will I plant it: and it shall bring forth boughs, and bear fruit, and be a goodly cedar: and under it shall dwell all fowl of every wing; in the shadow of the branches thereof shall they dwell.
Ezekiel 17:23 KJV
Periwinkle
Vinca major
Common Name: Ever Faithful
Appearance: The periwinkle is a low-lying plant that is often used for a groundcover. It has dark green, oval leaves. Its flowers are purple and have five petals.
The periwinkle is a hardy perennial. Throughout the book of Psalms, the writer describes God’s faithfulness and love to his people.
For the LORD is good; his mercy is everlasting; and his truth endureth to all generations.
Psalm 100:5 KJV
Hosta
Hosta spp.
Appearance: Hostas are plants with broad oval leaves that like the shade. Their leaves can be entirely green or they may be variegated. They grow trumpet-shaped purple or white flowers on a stalk.
The hosta is native to Asia and is grown in Japanese gardens because of its understated habit. The writer of Proverbs compared the righteous person to a green leaf that flourishes.
He who leans on and trusts in and is confident in his riches will fall, But the righteous [who trust in God’s provision] will flourish like a green leaf.
Proverbs 11:18 AMP
Lily
Lilium candidum
Appearance: Lilies are flowering plants that grow dense stands of narrow leaves. Their showy flowers grow on long stems and have petals in multiples of three.
The writer of Matthew reminds us that we shouldn’t worry. Jesus says that just as God provided the lily’s finery, He will also take care of us.
And why take ye thought for raiment? Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin: and yet I say unto you, that even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.
Matthew 6:28-29 KJV
Tulip
Tulipa spp.
Appearance: Tulips are spring flowers that grow from a bulb. They have long, narrow leaves. Their flowers grow on a long stem and have showy petals that can be white, yellow, pink, red, or purple.
There are tulip varieties native to the Holy Land which would have been included in the “lilies” mentioned in the Bible. The tulip bloomed when the rains came in the spring.
For lo, the winter is past, the rain is over and gone; the flowers appear on the earth, the time of the singing of birds is come, and the voice of the turtle is heard in our land.
Song of Solomon 2:11-12 KJV
Holly
Ilex spp.
Appearance: Holly is a bush with hard, light wood. It has dark green leaves with spines around their edges. It has white flowers and red or white berries.
Holly is one of the plants given religious significance by Europeans as the Gospel entered their culture. Holly’s white flowers are said to represent Christ’s purity, while its spiny leaves and red berries represent the crown of thorns.
And they clothed him with purple, and platted a crown of thorns, and put it about his head,
Mark 15:17 KJV
Tarragon
Artemisia dracunculus
Appearance: Tarragon is a perennial herb with slender branched stems and long, narrow leaves. Its flowers are small, grow in clusters, and are usually greenish-yellow.
Tarragon is a relative of wormwood. It has savory, bitter leaves. It may have been one of the “bitter herbs” eaten by the Israelites during the Passover celebration. The writer of Lamentations mentions bitter herbs as one of the afflictions he has suffered.
He has filled me with bitter herbs and sated me with gall.
Lamentations 3:15 KJV
Coriander
Coriandrum sativum
Appearance: Coriander is a cousin to the carrot. It has a slender stalk with broadly lobed or feathered leaves. Its flowers are small and grow in an umbrella-like cluster. Cilantro, a green, and the spice coriander come from this plant.
Coriander was very familiar to people living in Bible times; the plant grows throughout the Holy Land. When God fed the Israelites with manna, they compared it to coriander.
And the house of Israel called the name thereof Manna: and it was like coriander seed, white; and the taste of it was like wafers made with honey.
Exodus 16:31 KJV
Elm
Pistacia palestina
Appearance: The elm is a tall, deciduous tree. It has oval, pointed leaves with serrated edges. Its wood does not easily split and can be made into furniture.
In the Bible, the terebinth tree (Pistacia terebinthus)is sometimes translated to elm. The terebinth is a large and long-lived tree that contains a fragrant resin. The writer of Isaiah reminds us that even when a situation looks as desolate as a forest that has been chopped down, God is still at work there.
But as the terebinth and oak leave stumps when they are cut down, so the holy seed will be the stump in the land.
Isaiah 6:13 NIV
Box
Buxus spp.
Common names: Boxwood, Box tree, Box
Appearance: Box plants are slow-growing evergreens with thin to rounded leaves. They have small yellow-green flowers and bear seed-pods containing several seeds.
Box tree branches are often used in European Easter celebrations, replacing palm branches. In Bible times, the box grew on the mountains of Lebanon and became a symbol of the beauty and greatness of God’s creation.
The glory of Lebanon shall come unto thee, the fir tree, the pine tree, and the box together, to beautify the place of my sanctuary; and I will make the place of my feet glorious.
Isaiah 60:13 KJV
Echinacea
Echinacea spp.
Appearance: Echinacea plants have long stems and long hairy leaves. Their flowers are large and showy with long white, yellow, pink, or purple petals and an orange or brown center.
Echinacea can be used as a natural antibiotic, as it boosts the immune system to fend off colds and the flu. The writer of Proverbs reminds us that true health comes from the fear of the Lord.
Do not be wise in your own eyes; fear the LORD and shun evil. This will bring health to your body and nourishment to your bones.
Proverbs 3:7- 8 NIV
Angel Wing Begonia
Begonia aconitifolia x coccinea
Appearance: The angel wing begonia’s leaves are dark green with silver spots on top and deep red on the bottom. Their blooms are usually white or red.
Angel wing begonias get their name from their leaf shape, which is thought to look like an angel’s wing.
Do not forget to entertain strangers, for by so doing some people have entertained angels without knowing it.
Hebrews 13:2 NIV
Clematis
Clematis spp.
Common Names: Virgin's Bower.
Appearance: Clematis has a woody vine with leaves split into many leaflets. Clematis flowers are large and showy with many petals and come in several colors.
A German legend says that the clematis protected Joseph and Mary in their flight to Egypt. The vine grows thickly over walls and trees providing cover and hiding places.
An angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream. "Get up," he said, "take the child and his mother and escape to Egypt. Stay there until I tell you, for Herod is going to search for the child to kill him."
Matthew 2:13 NIV
Pine
Pinus spp.
Appearance: The pine is a cone-bearing evergreen tree that grows up to 160’ tall. Their needles serve the same purpose as leaves.
Conifer trees were abundant in the Holy Land and were often mentioned in the Bible to illustrate the abundance of God’s blessings.
For ye shall go out with joy, and be led forth with peace: the mountains and the hills shall break forth before you into singing, and all the trees of the field shall clap their hands. Instead of the thorn shall come up the fir tree, and instead of the brier shall come up the myrtle tree: and it shall be to the LORD for a name, for an everlasting sign that shall not be cut off.
Isaiah 55:12-13a KJV
Blueberry
Vaccinium angustifolium
Appearance: Blueberries grow in a dense shrub with thin, pointed leaves. They have bell-shaped white or pink flowers and produce an edible and nutritious berry.
Blueberries are native to North America. Other species within this genus grow in Asia and Europe, and were likely available in Bible times. God reminds His people that if they are obedient, he will bless their harvest of fruit.
If ye walk in my statutes, and keep my commandments, and do them; Then I will give you rain in due season, and the land shall yield her increase, and the trees of the field shall yield their fruit.
Leviticus 26:3-4 KJV
Flax
Linum usitatissimum
Appearance: Flax plants are tall and have slender stems. Their leaves are narrow and their flowers are pale blue with five petals. Flax seeds grow inside a dry, round capsule.
Flax plants grow a type of fiber in their stems. This fiber can be removed from the stem, combed, and spun into thread. This thread can then be woven into a type of fabric called linen. The wife of good character, described in Proverbs 31, uses flax to make linen garments for her family.
She seeketh wool, and flax and worketh willingly with her hands. She maketh linen and selleth it; and delivereth girdles unto the merchant.
Proverbs 31:13, 24 KJV
Apple
Malus domestica
Appearance: Apple trees grow to 40’ and have a twiggy growth habit. Apple trees have pointed oval leaves and flowers with five petals that start light pink and fade to white. Apple fruits average 2 - 4” in diameter and may be green, red, or yellow.
When people in the Bible wrote about apples, they may have been writing about apricots, quinces, or oranges, as apples may not have existed in the Holy Land in Bible times. In any case, the fruit of these trees inspired many of the biblical writers.
A word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in pictures of silver.
Proverbs 25:11 KJV
Rose of Sharon
Hibiscus syriacus
Appearance: The rose of Sharon is related to the hibiscus plant. It has lobed leaves and beautiful, large hibiscus-like blossoms.
The rose of Sharon was named after the Biblical reference, instead of vice versa. It is beautiful and recalls Christ’s purity and the beauty we are supposed to have as his beloved church.
I am the rose of Sharon, and the lily of the valley.
Song of Solomon 2:1 KJV
Daffodil
Narcissus spp.
Appearance: Daffodils have long, narrow leaves and grow from a bulb. Their unique flowers have a trumpet-shaped center surrounded by petals.
There are varieties of daffodils, also called jonquils or narcissus, native to the Holy Land. Some scholars believe that they were included in the “lilies” spoken of in Scripture. The writer of Song of Solomon says that his beloved is as beautiful as one of the lilies.
As a lily among thorns, so is my love among the daughters.
Song of Solomon 2:2 KJV
Maple
Acer spp.
Appearance: Maple trees can grow up to 145’ tall. They have desirable wood that is used in the making of instruments and sporting equipment. Maple trees are known for their brightly colored foliage in the fall. In the spring, maples have small flowers that develop winged seeds. Maple leaves have several points.
The sap of sugar maples can be made into maple syrup, or maple sugar. The writer of Psalms reminds us that the words of God are sweeter than anything else.
How sweet are thy words unto my taste! Yea, sweeter than honey to my mouth!
Psalm 119:103 KJV
Oak
Quercus sppAppearance: The oak is a large tree with spreading branches. Oak wood is very strong and durable. Its leaves have round or pointed lobes. Oaks grow acorns which contain their seeds.
Oak trees were present in the Holy Land. In fact, the word for oak in Hebrew is “strong-tree.” Oaks made an ideal place to sit in the shade; many covenants were made under oak trees.
And Joshua wrote these words in the Book of the Law of God, and took a great stone, and set it up there under an oak, that was by the sanctuary of the Lord.
Joshua 24:26 KJV
Cattails
Typha spp.
Appearance: Cattails have long, thin leaves and tiny flowers on a sausage-shaped spike. The seeds are very small and attached to cottony hairs, which allow the wind to blow the seeds away. Cattails grow at the edges of rivers, ponds, and in other marshy areas.
In Isaiah, the author describes a drought, and the subsequent drying of the wetlands, rivers, brooks and death of the reeds.
And they shall turn the rivers far away; and the brooks of defence shall be emptied and dried up: the reeds and flags shall wither. The paper reeds by the brooks, by the mouth of the brooks, and every thing sown by the brooks, shall wither, be driven away, and be no more.
Isaiah 19:6 - 7 KJV
Chestnut
Castanea spp.
Appearance: The American chestnut is a tall tree with a broad, dense crown. It has furrowed bark and thin leaves with a serrated edge. Its nuts are surrounded by a prickly burr.
The Biblical variety of this tree is called the plane tree (Platanus spp.). The prophet Ezekiel compares the nation of Assyria to a tall tree, better than all the others in the forest.
The cedars in the garden of God could not hide him: the fir trees were not like his boughs, and the chestnut trees were not like his branches; nor any tree in the garden of God was like unto him in his beauty.
Ezekiel 31:8 KJV
Olive
Olea europea
Appearance: The olive is a short and stout tree that grows up to 50’. It is an evergreen with long, thin leaves. Its flowers have four petals and its fruit has flesh surrounding a central pit.
Olive trees are a symbol of peace throughout the Bible. The first reference to the olive is in Genesis when the dove returned an olive leaf to Noah to show there was dry ground.
And the dove came in to him in the evening; and lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf plucked off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth.
Genesis 8:11 KJV
Pecan
Carya illinoinensis
Appearance: The pecan is a deciduous tree that grows up to 130.’ The leaves of the pecan have many leaflets that grow opposite each other on the stem. Pecan nuts grow inside a thick husk.
When Jacob’s sons returned to Egypt to talk to Joseph, they brought him a gift of nuts.
And their father Israel said unto them, If it must be so now, do this: take of the best fruits in the land in your vessels, and carry down the man a present, a little balm, and a little honey, spices, and myrrh, nuts, and almonds.
Genesis 43:11 KJV
Walnut
Juglans regia
Appearance: Walnut trees grow up to 130’ tall. Their leaves are divided into leaflets. Walnuts grow inside a thick husk.
Walnuts were an important tree in Israel. They were grown for their nuts, wood, and for oil made from the nuts. The only reference to walnuts in the Bible is in Song of Solomon, where the writer visits his bride’s nut grove.
I went down to the garden of nuts to see the fruits of the valley.
Song of Solomon 6:11a KJV
Roots
Appearance: All plants have roots. Roots anchor the plant to the soil and help the plant absorb water and nutrients. In some cases, roots store nutrients, or can start new plants. Some roots grow very deep into the soil and some form large underground webs.
The book of Isaiah describes Jesus as a root from the tribe of Jesse. This passage describes him as being just and righteous and bringing peace and prosperity.
And in that day there shall be a root of Jesse, which shall stand for an ensign of the people; to it shall the Gentiles seek: and his rest shall be glorious.
Isaiah 11:10 KJV
Crape Myrtle
Lagerstroemia spp.
Appearance: The myrtle tree has supple branches and oval leaves. The flowers grow in bunches and are deep purple to pink or white and have a crinkled appearance from which the tree gets its name.
In the Old Testament, myrtle trees were a symbol of divine generosity. The myrtle was one of the trees used in the Feast of Tabernacles, which commemorated God’s provision while they wandered in the desert.
And that they should publish and proclaim in all their cities, and in Jerusalem, saying, Go forth unto the mount, and fetch olive branches, and pine branches, and myrtle branches, and palm branches, and branches of thick trees, to make booths, as it is written.
Nehemiah 8:15 KJV
Redbud
Cercis reniformis
Common name: Judas Tree
Appearance: The redbud tree is a small tree or large shrub. It has round or heart-shaped leaves and delicate pink flowers. Its seeds grow in pods. The redbud is also called the Judas tree. Legend says this was the tree that the disciple Judas hanged himself on after betraying Jesus. The tree’s flowers blushed bright pink in shame and its wood grew too soft and crooked to be used for lumber after being used for such a purpose.
Then Judas, which had betrayed him, when he saw that he was condemned, repented himself, and brought again the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders… And he cast down the pieces of silver in the temple, and departed, and went and hanged himself.
Matthew 27:3, 5 KJV
Cedar
Appearance: There are several types of evergreen trees that bear cones or berries known as cedars. The cedars that commonly grow in North America are in the same order as the Biblical cedars, but not the same family or genus. They are not the same plant, but they do have similar habits.
The temple and palace that Solomon built were made of cedar. When a person in the Bible pronounced a blessing, they often compared the blessed individual to a cedar. Cedars are also a symbol of power and strength throughout the Bible.
In the mountain of the height of Israel will I plant it: and it shall bring forth boughs, and bear fruit, and be a goodly cedar: and under it shall dwell all fowl of every wing; in the shadow of the branches thereof shall they dwell.
Ezekiel 17:23 KJV
Butterfly Bush
Buddleja spp.
Appearance: The butterfly bush is a shrub with thin leaves that grow opposite each other on the stem. The flowers may be white, pink, red, purple, orange, or yellow. They grow in a dense cone at the top of the stem and are very attractive to butterflies.
The beauty of this bush in our garden reminds us that God’s loving care in our lives can be compared to a beautiful, well-tended garden.
And the Lord shall guide thee continually, and satisfy thy soul in drought, and make fat thy bones: and thou shalt be like a watered garden, and like a spring of water, whose waters fail not.
Isaiah 58:11 KJV
Wisteria
Wisteria frutescens
Appearance: The wisteria is a woody flowering vine in the bean family. Its leaves are made up of many leaflets. It has flowers that grow in a drooping cluster that are white, pink, purple or blue. The flowers have a lovely scent.
Flowering vines like wisteria are present in the Bible. The writer of Psalms compares Israel to a vine and asks God to protect and care for it.
Return, we beseech thee, O God of hosts: look down from heaven, and behold, and visit this vine; and the vineyard which thy right hand hath planted, and the branch that thou madest strong for thyself.
Psalm 80:14-15 KJV
Cherry
Prunus spp.
Appearance: Not all species of the genus Prunus are cherries. Species within this genus that are known as cherries may grow as trees or shrubs, having oval leaves. Their blossoms have five petals and are white with yellow centers. Cherry fruits are deep red and have a single center pit, and may be sweet or sour.
The writer of Psalms compares a righteous man to a flourishing and fruitful tree.
And he shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of water, that bringeth forth his fruit in his season; his leaf also shall not wither; and whatsoever he doeth shall prosper.
Psalm 1:3 KJV
Gooseberry
Castanea spp.
Appearance: Gooseberry bushes grow to 10 feet tall. Their branches have sharp spines and their leaves have three or five lobes. Gooseberry flowers are bell-shaped and produce round fruit that is green, red or deep purple.
Plants related to gooseberries are found in the Holy Land and are used in desserts and jams. The writer of Leviticus uses the image of fruit to remind us to obey God so that we may prosper.
Wherefore ye shall do my statutes, and keep my judgments, and do them; and ye shall dwell in the land in safety. And the land shall yield her fruit, and ye shall eat your fill, and dwell therein in safety.
Leviticus 25:18-19 KJV
Elderberry
Sambacus spp.
Appearance: The elderberry shrub or small tree has leaves divided into leaflets. Its flowers are white and grow in a large cluster, followed by blue, red, or black berries.
Juice from elderberries has been known to relieve the flu and flu-like symptoms. The writer of the Psalms reminds us that true healing comes from God.
Praise the LORD, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits: who forgiveth all your iniquities; who healeth all thy diseases;.
Psalm 103:2-3 KJV
Rose
Rosa spp.
Appearance: Roses are perennial shrubs. They have woody stems with thorns and shiny oval leaves. Rose flowers have five or more petals and a wonderful scent.
Several types of roses grow in the Holy Land; they were grown for their fragrance. People in Bible Times did not bathe often and used rosewater perfume to feel fresh and clean.
Ointment and perfume rejoice the heart: so doth the sweetness of a man’s friend by hearty counsel.
Proverbs 27:9 KJV
The Mint Family
Mentha spp.
Appearance: Mint is an herb with a square stem. Its leaves grow in pairs on the stem and are narrow ovals. Mint flowers grow in clusters on a spike at the end of the stem and are white, pink, or purple.
Mint is one of a few herbs mentioned in the book of Luke in which Jesus denounces the Pharisaical practice of tithing to the greatest degree, while neglecting the heart of scripture: justice and love.
But woe unto you, Pharisees! For ye tithe mint and rue and all manner of herbs, and pass over judgment and the love of God: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone.
Luke 11:42 KJV
Rue
Ruta graveolens
Appearance: Rue is an herb with leaves that have small, feathery leaflets. Its flowers are yellow and have four petals.
Rue has a very bitter taste when eaten; perhaps it was included in the “bitter herbs” of the Bible. When the people were disobedient, God punished them by sending them bitter food to eat.
Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will feed them, even this people, with wormwood, and give them water of gall to drink.
Jeremiah 9:15 KJV
Magnolia
Magnolia spp.
Appearance: Magnolias are trees with large leathery leaves. Magnolia flowers are large and striking and can be pink or white.
The magnolia tree’s large flowers are a favorite of bees. Its bark is also a natural remedy for allergies and asthma. The walls of the Temple were carved with beautiful flowers referred to as open flowers, which we know today are magnolias.
And he carved all the walls of the house round about with carved figures of cherubims and palm trees and open flowers, within and without.
1 Kings 6:29 KJV
Purple Basil
Ocimum basilicum
Appearance: Purple basil has egg-shaped leaves that grow in pairs along its stem. It is differentiated from regular basil by the color of its leaves, which are dark purple. Its flowers are white or purple and grow on a spike.
A legend says that when St. Constantine and Helen discovered the Holy Cross, the basil plant grew near it. Basil gets its name from the Latin for “king.” The writer of the Psalms reminds us that God is the great king of the earth.
For the LORD Most High is awesome, the great King over all the earth.
Psalm 47:2 NIV
Basil
Ocimum basilicum
Appearance: Basil has bright green egg-shaped leaves that grow in pairs along its stem. Its flowers are white or purple and grow on a spike.
Basil is an herb native to Israel; it may have been found in gardens in Biblical times. Its leaves are used to flavor many types of food. There are many varieties of basil. Perhaps basil is the herb referred to as the tender herb that is being blessed with tender rain and dew.
[The Lord’s] My doctrine shall drop as the rain, my speech shall distil as the dew, as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as the showers upon the grass.
Deuteronomy 32:2 KJV
Oregano
Origanum vulgare
Appearance: Oregano is an herb related to mint. It has oval pointed leaves that grow opposite each other on the stalk. Its flowers are white or purple and grow on a spike at the tip of the stalk.
Wild oregano is a major part of the cuisine in Israel. Flavoring herbs were important when meat could not be refrigerated and therefore was not fresh.
And they sat down to eat bread: and they lifted up their eyes and looked, and behold, a company of Ishmeelites came from Gilead with their camels bearing spicery and balm and myrrh, going to carry it down to Egypt.
Genesis 37:25 KJV
Sage
Salvia officinalis
Appearance: Sage is a plant in the mint family. It is a woody perennial shrub. Sage has thin oval leaves and purple blue flowers.
Sage grows wild throughout the Holy Land and people in the Bible may have used it to flavor their food. Sage’s Latin name, Salvia, comes from the Latin word salveo, which means ‘to heal.’ An ancient proverb stated “Why should a man die who has sage in his garden?”
And the LORD shall guide thee continually, and satisfy thy soul in drought, and make fat thy bones: and thou shalt be like a watered garden, and like a spring of water, whose waters fail not.
Isaiah 58:11 KJV
Dill
Anethum graveolens
Appearance: Dill is an annual plant that has a slender stem with fine feathery leaves. Its flowers are white or yellow and grow in an umbrella shape.
Dill was prized by the people in Bible times for the strong flavor of both its seed and its leaves. People were required to tithe from their gardens but Jesus rebuked the Pharisees for forgetting why they tithed.
Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For ye pay tithe of mint and anise and cumin, and have omitted the weightier matters of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone.
Matthew 23:23 KJV
Chamomile
Matricaria recutita
Appearance: Chamomile has a branched stem and leaves with many leaflets. Its flowers are white with a yellow center and look like small daisies.
Chamomile originates in the Mediterranean area. It is known to have grown wild among the “flowers of the field” in some parts of Israel. Its fragile leaves and flowers remind us that life is temporary while God is eternal.
The voice said, Cry. And he said, What shall I cry? All flesh is grass, and all the goodliness thereof is as the flower of the field.
Isaiah 40:6 KJV
Hyssop
Hyssopus officinalis
Appearance: Hyssop is an upright branching plant in the mint family. It has narrow oblong leaves. The hyssop grows small blue flowers near the tips of its branches.
The hyssop is native to the Holy Land, where it was used in the Passover. It was also a plant used in the purifying rites associated with Jewish life. The writer of Psalms asks God to purify them with hyssop.
Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean: wash me, and I will be whiter than snow.
Psalm 51:7 KJV
Honeysuckle
Lonicera sempervirens
Appearance: Honeysuckle is a trailing vine that grows well on arbors. It has oval leaves that grow in pairs along the stem and bright pink or red trumpet-shaped blossoms. This variety is a favorite of hummingbirds.
Although this type of honeysuckle is native to America, people in the Bible were familiar with flowering vines. The writer of Psalm 104 paints a beautiful picture of how God created and sustains the entire world and how He cares for everything, including the birds that live in viny branches like honeysuckle.
By them shall the fowls of the heaven have their habitation, which sing among the branches.
Psalm 104:12 KJV
Japanese Maple
Acer japonicum
Appearance: The Japanese maple is a type of maple that grows up to 30’. Its leaves have many points and turn a brilliant red in fall.
The red leaves of this maple remind us of the blood of the cross, covering us in mercy.
When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing, but rather a tumult was made, he took water, and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just person: see ye to it. Then answered all the people, and said, “His blood be on us, and on our children.”
Matthew 27:24-25 KJV
Star of Bethlehem
Ornithogalum umbellatum
Appearance: Star of Bethlehem grows from a bulb. It has many long, thin leaves. Its flowers have six petals and are bright white with a green stripe down the back of each petal.
The blossoms of the Star of Bethlehem only appear for a short amount of time. Likewise, the star that led the three wise men to Jesus’ birth only appeared in the sky for a brief period of time.
When they had heard the king, they departed; and lo, the star which they saw in the east went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was.
Matthew 2:9 KJV
Bramble
Rubus fruticosus
Common names: Blackberry
Appearance: Blackberries have thick, thorny stems with serrated leaves having 3 to 5 leaflets. Blackberry flowers have five petals and are white or light pink. Their berries are dark red to deep purple. Various types of thorny shrubs or vines may be called brambles. In North America blackberries are an especially common bramble. In the Bible, brambles are a symbol of complete destruction and judgment. The following scripture reminds us of the dangers that can overcome a habitation when brambles are pervasive.
And thorns shall come up in her palaces, nettles and brambles in the fortresses thereof: and it shall be an habitation of dragons, and a court for owls.
Isaiah 34:13 KJV
Forsythia
Forsythia x intermedia
Appearance: Forsythia is an upright shrub that has long branches and grows up to 12 feet tall. It has oval leaves. Forsythia grows an abundance of yellow flowers with four petals.
Forsythia is one of the first bushes to grow flowers in the springtime. Just as the forsythia bursts into bloom in the springtime, the Israelites were familiar with flowers that burst into bloom after God sent the spring rains.
Let us acknowledge the LORD; let us press on to acknowledge him. As surely as the sun rises, he will appear; he will come to us like the winter rains, like the spring rains that water the earth.
Hosea 6:3 NIV
Crape Myrtle
Lagerstroemia spp.
Appearance: The myrtle tree has supple branches and oval leaves. The flowers grow in bunches and are deep purple to pink or white and have a crinkled appearance from which the tree gets its name.
In the Old Testament, myrtle trees were a symbol of divine generosity. The myrtle was one of the trees used in the Feast of Tabernacles, which commemorated God’s provision while they wandered in the desert.
And that they should publish and proclaim in all their cities, and in Jerusalem, saying, Go forth unto the mount, and fetch olive branches, and pine branches, and myrtle branches, and palm branches, and branches of thick trees, to make booths, as it is written.
Nehemiah 8:15 KJV
Lilac
Syringa vulgaris
Appearance: Lilacs are a dense, woody shrub with heart-shaped leaves and their sweet-smelling flowers. The density of lilac wood has made it the choice for carved items such as knife handles and musical instruments. The writer of Exodus tells us how God appointed people to be the master crafters of His Tabernacle.
And Moses said unto the children of Israel, See, the Lord hath called by name Bezaleel the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah; and he hath filled him with the spirit of God, in wisdom, in understanding, and in knowledge, and in all manner of workmanship; and to devise curious works, to work in gold, and in silver, and in brass, And in cutting of stones, to set them, and in carving of wood, to make any manner of cunning work
Exodus 35:30-32 KJV
Poppy
Papaver rhoeas
Appearance: The poppy is a flowering plant with lobed leaves. Their flowers have showy petals and dark centers that develop into a seed-pod.
Poppies are native to the Mediterranean area. They bloom in the springtime and the people in the Bible would have been familiar with their brightly-colored flowers dotting the hillsides. They were included in the list of “flowers of the field” as mentioned in various places in the Bible.
The grass withereth, the flower fadeth: because the spirit of the LORD bloweth upon it: surely the people is grass.
Isaiah 40:7 KJV
Tovara
Perisicaria microcephala
Appearance: Tovara has a long, jointed stem. It has green and red patterned leaves that clasp the stem and have a wavy edge. Its flowers grow in clusters and are white or light pink.
A legend states that tovara grew under the cross when Jesus was crucified. Jesus’ blood dripped on it and stained its leaves, causing them to have red spots.
But one of the soldiers with a spear pierced his side, and forthwith came there out blood and water.
John 19:34 KJV
Lily of the Valley
Convallaria majalis
Appearance: The lily of the valley blooms early in the spring. It has broad oval leaves and white bell-shaped flowers that grow on a stalk. The flowers have a sweet scent and develop into red berries.
There is a legend that says the lily of the valley grew from the tears that Mary shed when Jesus was crucified. The lily of the valley is also named after a verse in Song of Solomon, which reminds us that Jesus loves us as if we were his beautiful flower.
I am the rose of Sharon, and the lily of the valleys.
Song of Solomon 2:1 KJV
Peony
Paeonia officinalis
Appearance: The peony is a flowering bush with deeply lobed leathery leaves. Its flowers are very fragrant, have many petals, and range in color from white to yellow, pink, or red.
Wild peonies are native to the Holy Land and bloom in the spring. The writer of Isaiah uses flowering plants like peonies bursting into bloom as a hopeful image of new life.
The wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them; and the desert shall rejoice, and blossom as the rose. Isaiah 35:1 KJV
Wormwood
Artemisia spp.
Appearance: Wormwood is a woody herb with small, feathery leaves. It has small yellow flowers that grow in a cluster.
Wormwood leaves, when crushed are very bitter. The people in the Bible were familiar with their harsh flavor. Every time the plant is mentioned in the Bible it represents bitterness and misery.
And the third angel sounded, and there fell a great star from heaven, burning as a lamp, and it fell upon the third part of the rivers, and upon the fountains of waters; and the name of the star is called Wormwood: and the third part of the waters became wormwood; and many men died of the waters, because they were made bitter.
Revelation 8: 10 - 11 KJV
Rosemary
Rosmarinus officinalis
Appearance: Rosemary is an evergreen herb that can grow up to 5’ in height. It has thin leaves that have a spicy scent when crushed. Rosemary has white, pink, purple, or blue flowers.
Rosemary grows well in the dry conditions of the Holy Land and could well have been a plant in the herb gardens mentioned in the Bible. Its savory leaves are used to flavor many foods.
He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and herb for the service of man: that he may bring forth food out of the earth.
Psalm 104:14 KJV
Salvia
Salvia spp.
Appearance: Salvia is a plant in the mint family. It has a square stem and thin oval leaves. Its flowers grow in clusters and can be white, yellow, blue, or red.
Salvia grows wild throughout the Holy Land. Its branches and flowers were the basis of the shape of the “menorah” style candlestick in the Temple.
And he made the candlestick of pure gold: of beaten work made he the candlestick; his shaft, and his branch, his bowls, his knops, and his flowers, were of the same: and six branches going out of the sides thereof; and three branches of the candlestick out of the other side thereof.
Exodus 37:17-18 KJV
Marjoram
Origanum syriacum
Appearance: Marjoram is a low-lying herb that is related to oregano. It has oval pointed leaves and grows clusters of flowers at the end of its branches.
White marjoram, or Syrian hyssop, is probably the plant used in Passover rites. The Hebrews sacrificed a lamb and painted its blood on their doorframe with hyssop as a sign that they were the Lord’s people to be passed over.
And ye shall take a bunch of hyssop, and dip it into the blood that is in the basin, and strike the lintel and the two side posts with the blood that is in the basin; and none of you shall go out at the door of his house until the morning.
Exodus 12:22 KJV
Lemon Balm
Melissa officinalis
Appearance: Lemon balm is related to mint and has oval pointed leaves that grow in pairs up its stem. Lemon balm leaves have a lemony scent when they are crushed. Its flowers are small and white.
People in the Bible were familiar with balm, which was an aromatic resin from which medicines were made. Although lemon balm is not related to this plant, it also has medicinal properties. When Jeremiah asked if there was balm in Gilead, he was asking why his people had not been healed.
Is there no balm in Gilead; is there no physician there? Why then is not the health of the daughter of my people recovered.
Jeremiah 8:22 KJV
Cotton
Gossypium spp.
Appearance: Cotton grows on a sturdy bush with leaves that are deeply lobed. Cotton flowers are large and pink and mature into capsules which contain the cotton fiber used for making fabric.
People in Bible times made clothing and other beautiful fabric from cotton as well as other plant and animal fibers such as linen or wool. One common blessing in the Bible is the idea of being clothed with righteousness.
Let thy priests be clothed with righteousness; and let thy saints shout for joy. I will also clothe her priests with salvation: and her saints shall shout aloud for joy.
Psalm 132:9, 16 KJV
Chicory
Cichorium intybus
Appearance: Chicory is a bushy wildflower that is common in North America. It has long, thin leaves and blue flowers with many petals.
During the Passover meal, God instructed His people to eat bitter herbs to commemorate the bitterness of slavery. Chicory was a common plant at this time and may have been one of these bitter herbs.
And they shall eat the flesh in that night, roast with fire, and unleavened bread; and with bitter herbs they shall eat it.
Exodus 12:8 KJV
The Onion Family
Allium spp.
Appearance: All of these plants have long, thin leaves and white, pink, or purple blossoms on a stalk. Chives, garlic, and onions all grow from a bulb whereas leeks do not have a bulb.
These plants were available to the Israelites and prized for their ability to make foods tasty. They were missed while the Israelites were wandering in the desert.
We remember the fish, which we did eat in Egypt freely; the cucumbers, and the leeks, and the onions, and the garlic.
Numbers 11:5 KJV
Potato
Solanum tuberosum
Appearance: The potato plant is a relative of tomatoes and eggplants. It has egg-shaped leaves and purple or white flowers with yellow centers. Potatoes are the part of the potato plant’s roots that store starch.
Potatoes stay in the ground for a long while before they are harvested. Although potatoes are native to the Americas, farmers in Bible times would have been familiar with having to wait through the growing season for their harvest.
Be patient therefore, brethren, unto the coming of the Lord. Behold, the husbandman waiteth for the precious fruit of the earth, and hath long patience for it, until he receive the early and latter rain.
James 5:7 KJV
Tares
Tares is another name for weeds. Some kinds look very much like developing wheat but produce no good fruit. Jesus uses this parable to describe the people who follow Him and those who do not.
Another parable he put forth unto them, saying, The kingdom of heaven is likened unto a man which sowed good seed in his field: but while men slept, his enemy came and sowed tares among the wheat, and went his way. But when the blade was sprung up, and brought forth fruit, then appeared the tares also. But he said, Nay; lest while ye gather up the tares, ye root up also the wheat with them. Let both grow together until the harvest: and in the time of harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather ye together first the tares, and bind them in bundles to burn them: but gather the wheat into my barn.
Matthew 13:24-26, 29-30 KJV
Pea
Pisum sativum
Appearance: Peas are in the bean family. They have vines with curling tendrils. Their leaves have many leaflets that grow opposite one another on the vine. Peas grow in pods.
Beans, including peas and lentils, were one of the staple foods for people in the Bible. In the story of Jacob and Esau, Esau sold his birthright for lentil stew.
And Jacob said, Swear to me this day; and he sware unto him: and he sold his birthright unto Jacob. Then Jacob gave Esau bread and pottage of lentils; and he did eat and drink, and rose up, and went his way: thus Esau despised his birthright.
Genesis 25:33-34 KJV
Bean
Fabaceae (family)
Common names: green bean, pea, clover, alfalfa, soy
Appearance: Beans are a diverse plant family, often used for human food and fodder for animals. Beans tend to be tall (or long vined) plants with sturdy stems. The plants produce white, pink, purple, or blue flowers and may bear pods containing what is seeds which are called beans.
Beans and other food were brought to King David’s army when they had been traveling for a long time.
When David came to Mahanaim, . . . [some men] Brought beds, and basons, and earthen vessels, and wheat, and barley, and flour, and parched corn, and beans, and lentils, and parched pulse.
2 Samuel 17:27-28 KJV
Corn
Zea mays
Appearance: Corn has a thick stalk and long, broad leaves. Corn cobs are surrounded by these broad leaves and end with a tuft of pale yellow silk.
Corn is one of the staple grains of many cultures. Sweet corn is ready to eat when the kernels are sweet and juicy. If corn is left to ripen on the stalk, it becomes a grain. People in Bible Times depended on various grains for food. Having an abundant harvest was one symbol of God’s blessing.
There shall be a handful of corn in the earth upon the top of the mountains; the fruit thereof shall shake like Lebanon: and they of the city shall flourish like grass of the earth.
Psalm 72:16 KJV
Cucumber
Cucumus sativus
Appearance: The cucumber plant is a thick vine with large leaves. Their flowers are yellow and trumpet-shaped with five petals. Cucumbers are green cylind-rical vegetables that are 90% water.
Cucumbers and melons were valuable in desert countries because they could be taken on a journey to provide water. While the Israelites were wandering in the desert, they complained about missing the good food of Egypt.
We remember the fish, which we did eat in Egypt freely; the cucumbers, and the melons, and the leeks, and the onions, and the garlic.
Numbers 11:5 KJV
Watermelon
Citrullus lanatus
Appearance: Watermelons have a thick vine and thick, lobed, leathery leaves. The watermelon fruit has a thick green rind with a juicy red center.
Melons were prized and cultivated in Egypt, where the Israelites might have encountered them first. To guard against theft of the valuable fruit, look-out lodges and scarecrows were often built in the patches. Jeremiah likens idols to inert scarecrows, and reminds us not to trust in idols but to put our trust in God.
Like a scarecrow in a melon patch, their idols cannot speak; they must be carried because they cannot walk. Do not fear them; they can do no harm nor can they do any good.
Jeremiah 10:5 NCV
Melon
Cucumis melo
Appearance: Melon plants have thick vines and large lobed leaves. Melon flowers are yellow, trumpet-shaped, and have five petals. Melon fruit has a thick rind and juicy flesh which can be orange or green in color.
The melon is one of the oldest cultivated fruits; the people in the Bible were familiar with them. There is an analogy of a scarecrow in a melon field that reminds us that idols are useless and we should put our trust in God.
Like a scarecrow in a melon patch, their idols cannot speak; they must be carried because they cannot walk. Do not fear them; they can do no harm nor can they do any good.
Jeremiah 10:5 NCV
Gourd
Cucurbito pepo
Appearance: Gourd plants have thick vines and large leathery leaves. They have large flowers that open for only a short time. Gourds have a thick skin and can be dried and used as a bowl or bottle.
The writer of 1 Kings describes how Solomon built the Temple, a space to glorify God. The walls of the temple were carved with images of flowers and gourds.
The inside of the temple was cedar, carved with gourds and open flowers. Everything was cedar; no stone was to be seen.
1 Kings 6:18 NIV
Jasmine
Jasminum officinale
Appearance: Jasmine grows either as a shrub or as a trailing vine. Its leaves grow opposite each other on its stem. Jasmine flowers are usually white or pale yellow and have a strong fragrance.
Jasmine is used for teas, oils, and perfumes throughout Asia. It is known for its delightful fragrance. The writer of Song of Solomon uses the image of the beautiful smell of flowering vines as an analogy for the love Christ has for the Church.
The fig tree putteth forth her green figs, and the vines with the tender grapes give a good smell. Arise, my love, my fair one, and come away.
Song of Solomon 2:13 KJV
Lamb’s Ear
Stachys byzantina
Appearance: The Lamb’s Ear is a low-lying plant with thick light green leaves covered in soft hairs. Their flowers bloom in spikes and are white, light pink, or light purple.
The origin of this plant’s name is obvious: the pale furry leaves are very similar to the ear of a lamb. Jesus is called the Lamb of God.
The next day John seeth Jesus coming unto him, and saith, Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world.
John 1:29 KJV
Almond
Prunus spp.
Appearance: Almond trees can grow to be 25’. They have pointed oval leaves, and bear white or pink flowers with five petals. The almond nut that we eat is the seed.
When the Israelites complained about the tribe of Levi being made priests, God told Moses to borrow staffs from all twelve tribes. God chose the priestly tribe by making that staff bud. Aaron the Levite had a staff made from a shaft of dried almond wood, which grew leaves, flowers and almonds by God’s power!
And it came to pass, that on the morrow Moses went into the tabernacle of witness; and, behold, the rod of Aaron for the house of Levi was budded, and brought forth buds, and bloomed blossoms, and yielded almonds.
Numbers 17:8 KJV
Yew
Taxus cuspidata
Appearance: The yew is an evergreen bush or shrub. It has flat needles for leaves. Instead of a cone, the yew grows red berries that surround their seeds.
Yew wood was a favorite for bows, especially longbows. It is springy, an important quality for making a weapon that had to have been bent repetitively. Bows and arrows were used by warriors in the Bible but the writer of 1 Samuel reminds us that God should be our source of strength.
The bows of the mighty men are broken, and they that stumbled are girded with strength.
1 Samuel 2:4 KJV
Hay and Straw
Straw is a byproduct of grain production and has little nutritional value. It is used for bedding for animals in barns and sheds, is a cheap material for stuffing mattresses, and can be used as a building material. Hay includes a variety of grasses of good nutritional value, and is used for animal feed.
In the Bible, the Egyptians forced the Israelites to make bricks without straw. In another passage, Rebecca provided straw and hay for Isaac’s servant’s camels.
She said moreover unto him, We have both straw and provender enough, and room to lodge in. And the man bowed down his head, and worshipped the LORD.
Genesis 24:25-26 KJV
Purple Heart
Tradescantia pallida
Appearance: The purple heart plant has long pointed leaves that are dark green, red, or purple. Its flowers have three petals and yellow centers.
Varieties of this plant are called “Moses in the Basket.” Its leaves curl in such a way that it looks like a basket with a babe inside.
And when she could no longer hide him, she took for him an ark of bulrushes, and daubed it with slime and with pitch, and put the child therein; and she laid it in the flags by the river’s brink.
Exodus 2:3 KJV
Ivy
Hedera helix
Appearance: Ivy is a low-lying woody evergreen vine. It is long-lived and can grow across gardens or up the sides of buildings or even rocks. It has leaves with three points.
Just as the ivy stays green throughout the year, people who draw close to God are promised that He will sustain them throughout their life.
Those that be planted in the house of the Lord shall flourish in the courts of God. They shall still bring forth fruit in old age; they shall be fat and flourishing; to shew that the Lord is upright: he is my rock, and there is no unrighteousness in him.
Psalm 92:13-15 KJV
Red Twig Dogwood
Comus sericea
Appearance: The redtwig dogwood is a small tree or shrub with dark red bark, pointed oval leaves and flowers with four petals.
A legend says that the redtwig dogwood first grew red bark after it was used to crucify Jesus and that the red bark is now symbolic of the blood Jesus shed on our behalf.
And when they had mocked him, they took off the purple from him, and put his own clothes on him, and led him out to crucify him.
Mark 15:20 KJV
Spiderwort
Tradescantia sppCommon Name: Resurrection Plant, Trinity Plant
Appearance: Spiderwort plants have long, thin leaves. Their blooms are bright blue or purple with yellow stamens and they have three petals.
Spiderwort is called “resurrection plant” because it is one of the first springtime plants in bloom. It reminds us of the new life we receive through Jesus Christ. The flower has three petals, representing the Trinity, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
Jesus said unto her, I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live.
John 11:25-26 KJV
Iris
Iris vericolor
Appearance: The iris is a springtime flower. It has many long, narrow leaves that grow in clumps. Its flowers grow on long stems and have three petals that grow up and three that grow down. Iris flowers can be many colors including white, pink, yellow, and purple.
Another flower thought to be included with the lilies of the Bible, the iris is a symbol of royalty. The writer of Hosea says that Israel will flourish like a lily when they are faithful to God.
I will be as the dew unto Israel: he shall grow as the lily, and cast forth his roots as Lebanon.
Hosea 14:5 KJV
Columbine
Aquilegia spp.
Appearance: Columbines are perennial flowering plants. They have lobed leaves. Columbine flowers are very distinct; they are bell-shaped with long petals.
The columbine is found throughout fields and woodlands in the Northern Hemisphere. The Bible may have referred to plants such as Columbine when it speaks of the “flowers of the field”. Columbine produces many seeds.
For as the earth bringeth forth her bud, and as the garden causeth the things that are sown in it to spring forth; so the Lord God will cause righteousness and praise to spring forth before all the nations.
Isaiah 61:11 KJV
Crocus
Crocus sativusAppearance: Crocuses have long, thin leaves and tulip-shaped flowers. Some varieties have a bright yellow stigma. Crocuses grow from a bulb.
The most expensive spice in the world, saffron, comes from crocuses. Crocuses are one of the first flowers to grow in the springtime and are a sign of hope. The writer of Isaiah compares those who have been redeemed by God to be like a desert bursting into flower.
The desert and the parched land will be glad; the wilderness will rejoice and blossom. Like the crocus, it will burst into bloom; it will rejoice greatly and shout for joy.
Isaiah 35:1-2a NIV
Aloe
Aloe spp.
Appearance: Aloe is a plant that grows well in hot, dry climates. Their leaves are long and green, with small points along their edges. Their flowers grow in spikes and are yellow in color.
Today, aloe plants are used as a main ingredient in burn care products. In Bible times, aloes were used in wound treatment and perfume mixtures. In the following passage, aloe is referenced as a blessing upon Israel.
How goodly are thy tents, O Jacob, and thy tabernacles, O Israel! As the valleys are they spread forth, as gardens by the river's side, as the trees of lign aloes which the Lord hath planted, and as cedar trees beside the waters.
Numbers 24:5-6 KJV
Azalea
Rhododendron spp.
Appearance: The azalea is a flowering shrub with long, thin leaves. In the spring, azaleas have flowers with five petals that are generally white, coral, pink, or red. Their blossoms often cover the entire bush in a showy display of color.
Varieties of Azalea are native to the Holy Land. The brightly colored blossoms of the azalea remind us of the majesty of the Lord.
It [the desert] shall blossom abundantly, and rejoice even with joy and singing: the glory of Lebanon shall be given unto it, the excellency of Carmel and Sharon, they shall see the glory of the Lord, and the excellency of our God.
Isaiah 35:2 KJV
Dogwood
Cornus spp.
Appearance: The dogwood is a small tree or shrub with pointed oval leaves and flowers with four petals.
This variety of dogwood differs from the more common ornamental dogwood in that is has a cluster of small flowers. We can be reminded of the Christ’s love when we look at its blossoms which form the shape of a cross.
And he bearing his cross went forth into a place called the place of a skull, which is called in the Hebrew Golgotha, where they crucified him, and two other with him, on either side one, and Jesus in the midst.
John 19:17-18 KJV
Brier
Rosa rubiginosa, Rosa Canina
Common name: Brier rose
Appearance: Briers have thick thorny stems, waxy egg-shaped leaves, and flowers with five petals.
Thorny plants like briers may have been used to make the crown of thorns placed upon Jesus’ head. Biblical references often use briers and thorns as an analogy of God’s judgment upon a people or a place.
And now go to; I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard: I will take away the hedge thereof, and it shall be eaten up; and break down the wall thereof, and it shall be trodden down: And I will lay it waste: it shall not be pruned, nor digged; but there shall come up briers and thorns: I will also command the clouds that they rain no rain upon it.
Isaiah 5:6 KJV
Hyacinth
Hyacinthus spp.
Appearance: The hyacinth is a spring flower that grows from a bulb. It has long thin leaves and its fragrant flowers grow on a dense spike. The flowers range in color from white to red, blue, orange, pink, violet, or yellow. Varieties of hyacinth are native to the Holy Land and were referenced in the Bible as “lilies.” Jesus uses the image of lilies to remind us not to worry.
Consider the lilies how they grow: they toil not, they spin not; and yet I say unto you, that Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. If then God so clothe the grass, which is today in the field, and tomorrow cast into the oven, how much more will he clothe you, O ye of little faith?
Luke 12:27-28 KJV
Lavendar
Lavendula angustifolia
Appearance: Lavender has long, thin leaves and purple flowers that grow on a spike. The flowers have a wonderful fragrance.
Lavender is native to the Holy Land, so people in the Bible would have been familiar with it and its uses. An expensive perfume called nard was made from lavender. Mary, Lazarus’ sister anointed Jesus with nard.
Then Mary took a pound of ointment of spikenard, very costly, and anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and the house was filled with the odour of the ointment.
John 12:3 KJV
Oak
Quercus sppAppearance: The oak is a large tree with spreading branches. Oak wood is very strong and durable. Its leaves have round or pointed lobes. Oaks grow acorns which contain their seeds.
Oak trees were present in the Holy Land. In fact, the word for oak in Hebrew is “strong-tree.” Oaks made an ideal place to sit in the shade; many covenants were made under oak trees.
And Joshua wrote these words in the Book of the Law of God, and took a great stone, and set it up there under an oak, that was by the sanctuary of the Lord.
Joshua 24:26 KJV
Pumpkin
Cucurbita spp.
Appearance: The pumpkin plant is a relative of squash and melon. It has a thick vine with large lobed, pointed leaves. Pumpkins grow from yellow flowers, and can be white, green, variegated, or orange, with a thick rind. Pumpkins grow well in the Holy Land.
Like their cousins, the melons, pumpkins take a long time to ripen. A farmer must be faithful with his crop to harvest pumpkins. Likewise, the Lord often asks us to be faithful with the tasks He gives so that we may harvest blessings.
Blessed is every one that feareth the LORD; that walketh in his ways. For thou shalt eat the labour of thine hands: happy shalt thou be, and it shall be well with thee.
Psalms 128:1-2 KJV
Grape
Vitis vinifera
Appearance: Grapevines are thick and woody. They have large heart-shaped leaves. Grapes grow in clusters and can be green, purple, or even dark blue.
Grapes were very familiar to people in the Bible. Israel’s spiritual health was often compared to a grape vine. Christ also used grapevines as a metaphor for His relationship with His believers.
[Jesus said] I am the true vine, and my Father is the husbandman. I am the vine; ye are the branches: He that abideth in me, and I in him, the same bringeth forth much fruit: for without me ye can do nothing.
John 15:1, 5 KJV
Strawberry
Fragatia x ananassa
Appearance: Strawberry plants are in the rose family. They have leaves with three leaflets. Their flowers have five petals and smell sweet.
Our modern strawberry has its origins in a crossing of two plants from America in the 1700s. People in the Bible would have been familiar with sweet fruits. The writer of the Psalms reminds us that true fruitfulness comes from the fear of the Lord.
For thou shalt eat the labour of thine hands: happy shalt thou be, and it shall be well with thee. Thy wife shall be as a fruitful vine by the sides of thine house: thy children like olive plants round about thy table. Behold, that thus shall the man be blessed that feareth the LORD
Psalm 128:2-4 KJV
Barley
Hordeum vulgare
Appearance: Barley is a grain with a wider, rounder seed than wheat. Its seeds are either in two or six rows.
In Bible times, barley was one of the most common agricultural crops. It was inexpensive, and therefore used for food for the poorer people and for the animals. Much of the story of Ruth takes place during a barley harvest.
And when she was risen up to glean, Boaz commanded his young men, saying, Let her glean even among the sheaves, and reproach her not: And let fall also some of the handfuls of purpose for her, and leave them, that she may glean them, and rebuke her not. So she gleaned in the field until even, and beat out that she had gleaned: and it was about an ephah of barley.
Ruth 2:15-17 KJV
Fig
Ficus carica
Appearance: The fig is a shrub or tree that grows up to 30 feet and has smooth gray bark. Its leaves are deeply lobed. The fruit of the fig has green skin that matures to purple or brown.
After Adam and Eve ate the fruit in the Garden, they realized they had sinned and that they were naked, so they sewed fig leaves together for clothing.
Then the eyes of both of them were opened, and they realized they were naked; so they sewed fig leaves together and made themselves aprons.
Genesis 3:7 KJV