StyleLearn Origins: Recent Episodes
Alexander Salas
Welcome to the StyleLearn Origins podcast, a weekly exploration of the past of corporate learning and instructional designs with key insights for the future. Learn about how to best train and upskill your workforce with business based research and academic insights. This podcast is offered at zero cost to the public.
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Daniel Escobar is an experienced Learning and Development leader who is passionate about bringing individuals and groups together to build engagement in the company culture and personal accountability for their performance and results. Daniel discussed teamwork and how to best foster it as a leader.
Check out this 1944 issue of Army Talks magazine emphasizing the role of discipline in teams
https://archive.org/details/Teamwork_974/mode/2up
National Institutes of Health paper on health care teams
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6361117/
Empirical Test of Tuckman's Theory of Group Development
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Sales Enablement is the most exciting area where LnD professionals can work based on my experience. It has the best salaries, and IDs supporting it need be well versed in performance support practices rather than course making. This week I talked to Karen Sanderson who has been a leader in this field that started at the turn of this century. Karen share some important nuances about what sales enablement does, the processes and the technologies supporting it.
Connect with Karen
The History of Sales Enablement by BigTinCan
Check out the Sales Enablement Society
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eLearning has been a beacon of innovation since its rudimentary beginnings in the 70s with Don Bitzer's PLATO system, then transitioning to PC use with Michael Allen's Authorware. There's no one better I could have had this conversation than the always innovating and inspiring Anna Sabramowicz. She was one the first eLearning developers in look up to and still admire on a daily basis. Anna stopped by to have a wonderfully candid conversation about the craft of developing eLearning courses.
Interesting note: We talked about Michael Allen's ZebraZapps and guess what? It seems like it's still around [insert eyes looking left emoji]
Want to start your own eLearning business?
Learn from Anna's eLearning Secrets
Connect with Anna
Don Bitzer PLATO
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Literally, the term "soft skills" can be traced to the U.S. Army efforts after creating its Human Resource Research Organization aka HumRRO. However, upon close inspection you may find that the context in which it was examined in 1972 does not mirror what is mostly understood today as soft skills. My guest in this exciting episode is Ioanna Mantzouridou Onasi, an entrepreneurial woman, CEO and co-founder of the Dextego platform. Dextego is an soft skills training and coaching tool that uses ai to provide personalized feedback for team leaders.
Check out Dextego
Connect with Ioanna
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Not many people can handle change at work, and then even less people can fathom drastic changes in their life. Dr. Mandolen Mull's story of personal change seems like a godsend since she was already studying the science of change. This is the most impactful episode I have ever experienced and Mandolen is just an inspiration to everyone. She's living proof of the power we all have to transform into the best adaptations of our potential.
Check out Mullmentum
Follow Dr. Mull on LinkedIn
ADKAR Change Model
Kotter Change Model
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Amber Watts is a good friend in the LnD space and a champion of all things everboarding. Considered an innovative approach for onboarding, everboarding emphasizes a continual effort in connecting and valuing employees. Amber stops by to chat about how her firm Radical Learning addresses the onboarding practices of businesses this way.
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Tim Bruce "The Training Guy" stops by to share his wisdom on effective training design. We explore the basics and the strong historical evidence of the Herbartian Steps, which led to the J-Methods used in the Training Within Industry TWI movement. These were training methods that are still in use today and were part of the foundation of the Association of Training Directors today known as the Association for Talent Development.
Connect with Tim https://www.linkedin.com/in/timbruce/
Manual Training Magazine 1912 (page 2) https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/community.28752189.pdf
Learn about the TWI J-Methods https://stylelearn.com/training-within-industry-a-historical-blind-spot-in-learning-and-development/
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Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) was an American psychologist well known for his work on the Theory of Motivation from which, the Hierarchy of Needs was established. The reality is that he never placed the needs in a pyramid and the order of the needs is not a fixed hierarchy.
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1943 Maslow's Theory of Motivation
https://bit.ly/3SNg9uK
2015 Baumeister's Towards a General Theory of Motivation
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11031-015-9521-y
2018 Why Maslow was Wrong-The House
Simply Psychology Article
https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html
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Since the invention of the radio by Guglielmo Marconi, audio became an essential medium in the way we communicate and learn. Marconi's "wireless telegraph" was just the beginning as other names like Reginald Fessenden expanded the use of radio waves in the early 1900s. Today, we have audio as a very popular format in the way of podcasts and audio conversations in social media. This StyleLearn Origins episode had professional voice actor Kerri Acheson and studio owner as well as celebrity director David Goldberg chat with me about the craft of voiceover.
David Goldberg is the owner of Edge Studio for voice actors
http://www.edgestudio.com/
Kerri Acheson is owner of Utter Voices
https://www.linkedin.com/in/kerri-acheson-utter-voiceovers/
The Effectiveness of Selected Methods of Radio Education at the School Level
https://www.jstor.org/stable/20150646?seq=3
History of Voiceover First 100 years by Voquent
https://www.voquent.com/blog/the-history-of-voice-over-part-1/
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Instructional Design (ID) models are visual representations of the ID process grounded in theoretical frameworks. One ID model that gave birth to the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) process is the Interservice Procedures for Instructional Systems Development or IPISD model. Although there are many ID models and only a few seem to be in use in workplace learning today. In this episode, Dr. Tonia Dousay has co-authored published several editions for the Survey of Instructional Design Models which is a great resource to learn about ID models. She and I had a thoughtful discussion about the evolution of ID models from behavioral to systemic approaches to training. We looked at which models can fit better for a particular context and many other interesting facts about them.
Sources
Survey of Instructional Design Models 5th Ed
https://aect.org/survey_of_instructional_design.php
ADDIE the Model That Never Was
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/addie-id-model-never-alexander-salas/
Tosti and Ball's 1969 Behavioral Approach to ID and Media Selection
https://www.jstor.org/stable/30217477
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Human Performance Technology or HPT is the use of science and tools to enable performance in the workplace. It goes beyond course development and it comes out of the Golden Era of Systems Approach to Training (SAT) in the 70s. There are several authors to recognize out of a time where instructional systems design reached is most advanced practice. Guy Wallace has been an HPT practitioner for about 45+ years and we explore some of the influences that led to such impactful practice in Learning and Development.
Guy Wallace
https://www.linkedin.com/in/guywwallace/
HTP Treasures Site
https://hpttreasures.wordpress.com/
ADDIE, the model that never was
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/addie-id-model-never-alexander-salas/
Alex Linkedin
https://www.linkedin.com/in/stylelearn/
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In today's episode I had a great conversation with Matthew Schmidt, Associate Professor of EdTech at University of Florida. Matt has been leading efforts on establishing standards for Instructional Design (ID) and leads the research and practice of Learning Experience Design or LXD. The LXD monicker as been rejected by many and embraced by some. In many contexts, LXD gets conflated with ID, so this episode brings clarity to the discussion of this practice from its various self-proclaimed pundits.
Interview with Niels Floor, LXD Design Concept Pioneer
https://youtu.be/mz2lDhGgBF8
Learning by Experience in Education
1800s Pestalozzi https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johann-Heinrich-Pestalozzi
Late 1800s Froebel https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Educational_Ideas_of_Froebel/Fgb1yMsAOE8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=learning+experience&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover
1938 Dewey, Experience and Education
https://archive.org/details/experienceeducat0000dewe/mode/2up
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In 1998, educators Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe published the book Understanding by Design (UbD) and within it the Backwards Design (BD) model. Since then, they have revolutionized the way school systems, particularly teachers, approach curriculum planning. The model consists of three stages known as: Identifying desired results, determining acceptable evidence, and plan learning experiences and instruction. In recent years, many corporate learning professionals have advocated for the use of Backwards Design inspired by the famous Stephen R. Covey quote "Begin with the end in mind". This episode focuses on the documented evidence for the use of this model, its value and purpose for workplace learning.
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SOURCES
McTighe and Associates (2023) McTighe and Associates Website
https://jaymctighe.com/
Wiggins, G. P., & McTighe, J. (2005). Understanding by design. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
https://archive.org/details/understandingbyd0000wigg
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In its long trajectory to try to improve itself from a school-based methodology, training departments have been attractive by various ideas the promote informal learning over anything else. The 70:20:10 framework/model is one of these ideas which stems from 1980s research by the Center for Creative Leadership. I wrote before about this topic during a time where LinkedIn was buzzing with discussions about its effectiveness. The true purpose of this model was a representation based on a qualitative study of successful senior executives and their take on the major influences on their success. Then, there have been quite popular mentions of this approach by well known practitioners in the private field but no substantial research evidence to supported as it has been claimed on the Internet.
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SOURCES
Clardy, A. (2018). 70-20-10 and the dominance of informal learning: A fact in search of evidence. Human Resource Development Review, 17(2), 153-178.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1534484318759399?casa_token=uYGmNfpCmqgAAAAA:Ps4K2RgH9OM6sUbZGwy44gvrfHcJl5z72h-nKboGceEgq0QcCdNYTk0853_97bVIIfF1_GtUfarA0Q
Leading Effectively Staff. (April 24, 2022). The 70-20-10 Rule for Leadership Development. Center for Creative Leadership.
https://www.ccl.org/articles/leading-effectively-articles/70-20-10-rule/
McCall, M. W., Lombardo, M. M., & Morrison, A. M. (1988). Lessons of experience: How successful executives develop on the job. Simon and Schuster.
https://archive.org/details/lessonsofexperie00mcca/mode/2up?q=70+20+10
Scott, S., & Ferguson, O. (2016). New perspectives on 70: 20: 10. A good practice research paper.
http://www.cedma-europe.org/newsletter%20articles/misc/New%20Perspectives%20on%2070-20-10%20(Nov%2014).pdf
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Comics are a form of visual language that has captured the imaginations of many since the early 1830s. Of course, one can think of visual language far predating the 19th century with Egyptian, Greek, Roman civilizations. However, the comic is a force of its own and turns out, comics have been influential in several instructional scenarios since the 1940s. Today, we explore the world of comics and instruction with Kevin Thorn, a visual storyteller, instructional designer, eLearning developer, Director of Development at Artisan E-Learning, and Chief NuggetHead at NuggetHeadz Studioz. Kevin has been a good friend of mine in the industry and we had a deep meaningful conversation about the power of comics in instruction.
CONNECT WITH KEVIN
NuggetHead Studioz https://nuggethead.net/
LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/in/kevinthorn/
SOURCES
Canbulut, D., & Kiliç, R. (2022). Impact of Educational Comics on Division Concept in Primary Schools. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching, 9(4), 1900-1915.
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1353448.pdf
Hutchinson, K. H. (1949). An Experiment in the use of Comics as Instructional Material. The Journal of Educational Sociology, 23(4), 236–245. https://doi.org/10.2307/2264559
Olson, R. D. (1993). " Say! Dis Is Grate Stuff": The Yellow Kid and the Birth of the American Comics.
https://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1301&context=libassoc
Sones, W. W. D. (1944). The Comics and Instructional Method. The Journal of Educational Sociology, 18(4), 232–240.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2262696
Ward, L. (1929). God's Man
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gods_Man/Trp7cinl8uYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=lynd+ward+gods+man&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover
Wildfeuer, J., van der Sluis, I., Redeker, G., & van der Velden, N. (2022). No laughing matter!? Analyzing the Page Layout of Instruction Comics. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics, 1-22.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21504857.2022.2053559
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The concept of Micro-Learning has been extremely popular in recent years but did you know it emerged as a strategy for human resources in 1963? Since then, many researchers have expounded on this concept and its methodology. The common theme to remember is that it's not about the length of the learning experience but rather the attainment of a single skill. This episode takes a quick look into related concepts like Micro-Storage, Micro-Retrieval, and how Micro-Learning should be implemented based on its foundational principles.
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SOURCES
Belle-Isle, L. P. (2000). Curriculum Development Guide Based on a Technical Program.
https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED451820
Correa, H. (1963). The economics of human resources (No. 34). North-Holland Publishing Company.
https://archive.org/details/economicsofhuman0000corr/mode/2up
Miller, L. A. (1969). Continuing Education for Rehabilitation Counselors: A Review and Context for Practice and Research.
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED035054.pdf
Wickelgren, W. A. (1981). Human learning and memory. Annual review of psychology, 32(1), 21-52.
http://www.columbia.edu/~nvg1/Wickelgren/papers/1981aWAW.pdf
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Edgar Dale was a prominent proponent of the use of instructional media for better learning experiences. His 1946 book Audiovisual Methods in Teaching, presents the Cone of Experience, an audiovisual instructional model. Dale's Cone of Experience (CoE) is a visual representation of different types of learning experiences, arranged in the form of a cone. The cone consists of various levels of learning experiences, ranging from low-level experiences such as reading and listening to high-level experiences such as direct, hands-on participation. As anything else in the education and instructional design spheres, The CoE has been misunderstood and misrepresented by many in the Internet, turning it into a learning retention model for it which was never supposed to represent. This episode breaks down the real intent and value of Dale's CoE.
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SOURCES
Bruner, J. S. (1964). The course of cognitive growth. American psychologist, 19(1), 1.
https://lchcautobio.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Bruner-1974-Course-of-cognitive-growth.pdf
Dale, E. (1969) Audiovisual Methods of Teaching
https://archive.org/details/audiovisualmetho0000dale
Janoska, L. (2017)
https://elearningindustry.com/cone-of-experience-what-really-is
Wagner, R. W. (1970) Edgar Dale: Professional
https://readinghalloffame.org/sites/default/files/deceased_member_files/dale_by_wagner.pdf
Yee, S. L., et, al. (2023)
https://doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds2010003
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What drives you to learn more? What is a hobby or skill not related to work or school that you can do really well? Why does that happen? Ever asked yourself these questions? More likely than not, a secret force sparked by curiosity took you "there", and maybe that force is interest. In this episode, we take a look at the early observations by educators and theorists about the role of interest in our learning process.
SOURCES
Dinçer, S. (2020). The effects of materials based on ARCS Model on motivation: A meta-analysis. Ilkogretim Online, 19(2).
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Serkan-Dincer/publication/339942585_The_effects_of_materials_based_on_ARCS_Model_on_motivation_A_meta-analysis/links/5eb72bc84585152169c12ecb/The-effects-of-materials-based-on-ARCS-Model-on-motivation-A-meta-analysis.pdf
Prosser, C. A., & Allen, C. R. (1925). Vocational education in a democracy. Century Company.
https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Problem_of_Vocational_Education/ynwWAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=vocational+education+and+training&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover
Renninger, K. A., Hidi, S., Krapp, A., & Renninger, A. (2014). The role of interest in learning and development. Psychology Press.
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315807430/role-interest-learning-development-ann-renninger-suzanne-hidi-ann-renninger-andreas-krapp
Zuckerman, M., Gagne, M., & Nafshi, I. (2001). Pursuing academic interests: The role of implicit theories. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(12), 2621-2631.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00193.x
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The concept of thinking machines and human-like technology has been around for over 70 years if we consider the impact of Alan Turing's revelations. In this episode, Myra Roldan answers the questions: What is Artificial Intelligence? How does ChatGPT intersect with corporate learning? Myra is a personal friend of mine, a passionate advocate for educational equity and the democratization of Ai. We explored curious historical facts and future possibilities with the advent of OpenAi generative models, as well as how all of this can benefit learning and development.
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LEARN ABOUT MYRA
https://www.linkedin.com/in/myraroldan/
Can ChatGPT help you get a job faster?
https://stylelearn.com/can-chatgpt-help-you-get-a-job-faster/
TRY ChatGPT
https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/
SOURCES
Buchanan, B. G. (2005). A (very) brief history of artificial intelligence. Ai Magazine, 26(4), 53-53. (free in Google Scholar download)
https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1848
Haenlein, M., & Kaplan, A. (2019). A brief history of artificial intelligence: On the past, present, and future of artificial intelligence. California management review, 61(4), 5-14.
https://tinyurl.com/mhaihistory
Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind, 59(236), 433-460.
https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~howe/cs440/csroo/yr2015fa/more_assignments/turing.pdf
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Psychometrics is the the art and science of intellectual and cognitive measuring. It has heavily influenced our academic, military and corporate performance prediction practices but it also has a deep, dark past related to the practice of Eugenics. I had a very insightful conversation with guest Dr. Nathan Thompson who holds a PhD in Psychometrics and is the CEO/Co-founder of Assessment Systems. Did you know Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and other personality tests may not have much scientific substance in the field of Pyschometrics? Learn how this field has evolved in this episode.
Guest Dr. Nathan Thompson on LinkedIn
https://www.linkedin.com/in/nathanthompsonasc/
SOURCES
Galton, F. (1879). Psychometric Experiments
https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_2323031/component/file_2323030/content
Rust, J., Kosinski, M., Stillwell, D. (2021). Modern Psychometrics: The Science of Psychological Assessment
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315637686/modern-psychometrics-john-rust-michal-kosinski-david-stillwell
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From the times of Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, to the publishing of The Adult Learner: The Neglected Species in 1973 by Malcolm Knowles, there are several takes on the meaning of adult education. So who was the first person to bring up the need for andragogy aka adult learning, and who were the real pioneers of andragogy before Knowles. This episode of StyleLearn origins takes a deep dive into adult learning theory and it's a lively discussion with podcast guest Lisa Sandonato , Instructional Design and L&D consultant.
Click the Messages button on Anchor to leave me a voice message.
SOURCES
Anderson, M., Lindeman, E.C. (1927). Education Through Experience
Brookfield, S. (1995). Adult Learning: An Overview
Henchske, J.A. (2016). A History of Andragogy as its Documents as it Pertains to Adult Basic and Literacy Education
Knowles, M. S. (1970) The modern practice of adult education; Andragogy versus Pedagogy
Knowles, M. S. (1984). Andragogy in Action
Knowles, M. S. (2015). The adult learner : the definitive classic in adult education and human resource development
Lindeman, E.C. (1926). The Meaning of Adult Education
Van Der Molen, L. (1989). A complete bibliography of the writings of Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy
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The need to evaluate the effectiveness of knowledge transfer predates the Kirkpatrick Four Levels by at least 20 years. From the need to observe workers performing tasks well after instruction, Ralph Tyler's 1930s eight-year study of curriculum evaluation to Raymond Katzell's papers on responsive evaluation; the interest on evaluating learning results has been there. However, the most known model is Donald Kirkpatrick's (1924-2014) Four Levels of Training Evaluation. The evolutions of that model by Jack Phillips ROI Framework along with the New World Kirkpatrick model by James Kirkpatrick and Wendy Kayser give better guidance today on what to consider in training evaluations.
Phillips, J. (1997). The Handbook of Training Evaluations and Measurement Methods.
https://archive.org/details/handbookoftraini0003phil/page/42/mode/2up
Thalheimer, W. (2018). Donald Kirkpatrick was not the Originator of the Four-Level Model of Learning Evaluation
https://www.completelearningsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Donald-Kirkpatrick-was-NOT-the-Originator-of-the-Four-Level-Model-of-Learning-Evaluation-%E2%80%93-Work-Learning-Research.pdf
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The Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation (ADDIE) process is the center component in the Interservice Procedures for Instructional Systems Design or IPISD Model. It's composed of five volumes addressing each phase in the process and originally was set to have the last phase labeled as Control which focused on quality control and process improvement. This is a model and process every instructional designer should know as all subsequent models are influenced by it. The first mention of ADDIE was captured in an Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) quote of General William Depuy alluding to the adoption of a Systems Approach to Training (SAT) approach to military instruction.
Off-the-Cuff Interview with Dr. Robert K Branson
https://youtu.be/EJEgs8M6hBY
Branson, R. et al (1977) Interservice Procedures for Instructional Systems Development: Task V Final Report
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED164745.pdf
Branson, R. et al. (1974) Analysis and Assessment of the Art in Instructional Technology
https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAC485.pdf
REST IN PEACE Dr. Branson https://give.fsu.edu/Donate/Express/53e36e31-f3cd-4786-3582-08da52d03b69
Review of the CONARC Systems of Engineering by HumRRO
https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA085735/mode/2up
Romjue, J. (1993). Prepare the Army for War. A Historical Overview of the Army Training and Doctrine Command
https://www.tradoc.army.mil/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/a267030.pdf
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The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives aka Bloom's Taxonomy is a classification system created by college examiners and led by Dr. Benjamin Bloom in 1956. Its purpose was to classify educational objectives for test items that can be exchangeable among educators. There were many forces that inspire Bloom's epiphany at the American Psychology Association Convention of 1948 to gather with colleagues and propose the idea. Turns out, illiteracy was rampant at the beginning of World War II, and teacher shortages were high due to the need of workers to support the war effort.
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YOUTUBE INTERVIEW WITH DR. LORIN ANDERSON
https://youtu.be/5tRkGb_CK8A
SOURCES
Anderson, L. et, al. (2001) A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching and Assessing
https://www.uky.edu/~rsand1/china2018/texts/Anderson-Krathwohl%20-%20A%20taxonomy%20for%20learning%20teaching%20and%20assessing.pdf
Bloom, B. et, al. (1956). The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/PPP242/Benjamin%20S.%20Bloom%20-%20Taxonomy%20of%20Educational%20Objectives%2C%20Handbook%201_%20Cognitive%20Domain-Addison%20Wesley%20Publishing%20Company%20%281956%29.pdf
Encyclopedia.com The 1940s Education: Chronology
https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/culture-magazines/1940s-education-chronology
Marzano, R.J., Kendall, J.S. (2007) The New Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
http://dspace.vnbrims.org:13000/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/4604/The-New-taxonomy-of-Educational-Objectives.pdf?sequence=1
Veritas Journal. (2019). The History of the Multiple-Choice Question
https://veritasjournal.org/2019/04/30/the-history-of-the-multiple-choice-question/#:~:text=The%20father%20of%20multiple%20choice,of%20gauging%20students'%20reading%20ability.
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Are learning styles the product of cognitive style trends? Are they just learning preferences that impact learning outcomes? On this episode, I'm joined by Dan Hirt, a Canadian learning professional with a decade of experience providing learning solutions, and also host of the Mosby Learning podcast. Dan and I look at different views on the subject of learning styles, where does it come from and how can it be helpful for learning design.
Check out my Learning Objectives talk with Dan on Learning Expert Talks
Dan Hirt Profile
Mosby Learning Podcast
Research Sources
Clark D. (2009). Amazing Learning Styles Research. Retrieved January 6, 2022
Fleming, N. (2006). Learning Styles Again! VARKing Up the Right Tree
Rogowsky, B., et al. (2020). Providing Instruction Based on Students Learning Style Preference
Sternberg & Grigorenko (1997) Are Cognitive Styles Still In?
Veritasium (2021). The Biggest Myth in Education
Western Governor's University (2022) Learnings About Learning Styles
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Educational or learning objectives have been a point of contention between teachers, educators and curriculum theorists. Most conversations in corporate learning about learning objectives often start with Bloom's Taxonomy, however, the work of Ralph W. Tyler precedes the original taxonomy by more than 20 years and gives us key insights on the importance of objectives in systemic instructional design.
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SOURCES
Bloom's Taxonomy Interview with Lorin W. Anderson
David Krathwohl A Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy
ADDIE The Model That Never Was
Analysis of the G.I. Bill of Rights
Robert Mager Preparing Instructional Objectives
Ralph W Tyler's General Statement on Evaluation
RW Tyler and R. Gagne Perspectives on Curriculum Evaluation
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What does the iconic Rosie the Riveter, the "J" programs,WWII and Lean methodology have in common? From 1940-1945, the United States had the benefit of establishing the Training Within Industry or TWI program. This program was led by industry executives C.R. Dooley, Walter Dietz, M.J. Kane and Glenn Gardiner who helped the World War II production effort. The evidence seen in the literature from this era shows early samples of models resembling the Analyze, Design, Develop, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) framework, job instruction cards or job aids, and performance-based training objectives templates. In this episode we explore the influence of TWI on today's practices and key lessons all business managers should heed to.
SOURCES
C.R. Dooley. (1945) Training Within Industry Report
Kirkpatrick, F. (1945). What TWI Has Learned About Developing Training Programs. Personnel, 6, 114-120.
L.A. Times. (2014). Geraldine Hoff Doyle dies at 86; inspiration behind a famous wartime poster
Salas, A. (2022) Training Within Industry: A Historical Blindspot in Learning and Development
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The difference between an Instructional Designer and a content developer is in the capacity to analyze the need for training. Many of the problems encountered in the workplace are often not the result of lack of training or solved with training efforts. Luckily, we have a long trajectory of good practices beginning with Job Breakdown Lists from 1919 and the Training Within Industry (TWI) movement in the 1940s. Educational Psychologists like Robert Gagne also addressed the issue of job task analysis and even Thomas F. Gilbert, Robert Mager, and Robert Branson include variations of analysis approaches leading to the birth of ADDIE and Human Performance Technology or HPT. In this episode of StyleLearn Origins, we look at needs analyses involving the need for training, job/tasks, and target audience analysis.
Annette & Duncan's Task Analysis and Training Design
ADDIE, The Model That Never Was on LinkedIn
C.R. Allen, The Instructor, The Man and The Job
Thomas F. Gilbert, Human Competence
Training Within Industry Report 1940-1945
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Most histories of corporate training or Learning and Development as it is known today, are missing the most detailed account of the establishment of modern training practices in history. The United States entered World War I late in 1917 and the war was over a little over a year after that. The shipyard building efforts were a big reason why the war ended and the training practices forged during this period were the work of Charles Ricketson Allen better known as CR Allen who was a prominent vocational educator and MIT graduate. CR Allen captured systemic instructional and best training practices still followed today during his time as part of the Emergency Fleet Corporation war effort. In this episode, I discuss the events that led to Mr. Allen's involvement and key highlights of training and development practices from his book The Instructor, the Man, and the Job.
You can find a free copy of CR Allen's book here
https://bit.ly/3VRT3kO
Building the Emergency Fleet by W.C. Mattox
https://bit.ly/3B8shNh
Vocational Education in a Society
https://bit.ly/3F2ZieO
TWI: A Historical Blindspot of Learning and Development
https://stylelearn.com/training-within-industry-a-historical-blind-spot-in-learning-and-development/
Reach out to Alex
https://www.linkedin.com/in/stylelearn/
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Did you know that practically 90 percent of the practices followed in Learning and Development, Organizational Development and Instructional Design were established in the early 1900s? Welcome to the StyleLearn Origins podcast, a weekly exploration of the past of corporate learning and instructional designs with key insights for the future.
ABOUT ALEX SALAS
Venezuelan-born US Navy combat veteran Alex Salas, is an award-winning instructional designer, learning facilitator and eLearning developer with over 15 years of experience serving Fortune100 companies such as Philips Healthcare, Centene Corporation and Dell Technologies. Alex is also a learning technologies blogger and all around research geek in all things people development. On his spare time, Alex helps individuals gain digital corporate and instructional design skills as owner of StyleLearn Courses.
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