Let's Talk Space Medicine: Recent Episodes

Kyle D. Anderson

Welcome to let's talk space medicine, i'm @Kyle_D_Anderson your medical-student-space-nerd host. For your listening entertainment I gather my other space-nerd friends to talk all things space medicine. With our powers combined we hope to explore and entertain the medical questions that stand between us and the stars!

Website: https://sites.google.com/view/talkspacemed-podcast/home

Credit: Everyday Astronaut for intro music!

(Listen here) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQMq4YEMvH8&list=PL-ptSDHlAdQNZ4LxFv_c5MEsmQ6i8bQUN&pbjreload=101&ab_channel=EverydayAstronaut

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During this orbit we look ahead to AsMA 2023 in New Orleans with special guest Daniel Kaganov!

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During Orbit 12 I chat with Dr. Michael Pohlen, MD about Space Radiology!

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During this orbit I chatted with @MarkRosenbergMD, neurology resident at MUSC, about his recent work on spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS)!  https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2785533?resultClick=1

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Follow us on twitter!  https://twitter.com/TalkSpaceMed Join our discord!  https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.gg%2FWtUcKYyH3b&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFWSYEMvPusokT0AL50JKsRt2cg8g References https://www.nature.com/articles/s41526-021-00162-8 https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/19/10507/htm

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Follow us on twitter!  

https://twitter.com/TalkSpaceMed

Join our discord!  

https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.gg%2FWtUcKYyH3b&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFWSYEMvPusokT0AL50JKsRt2cg8g References

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41526-021-00140-0

https://twitter.com/ZackCam81470922

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Follow us on twitter!  https://twitter.com/TalkSpaceMed  

Join our discord!  https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.gg%2FWtUcKYyH3b&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFWSYEMvPusokT0AL50JKsRt2cg8g  

References

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33339485/

https://theconversation.com/from-floating-guts-to-sticky-blood-heres-how-to-do-surgery-in-space-141837 https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Astronauts_may_get_their_spleen_removed_before_long_distance_flights_999.html https://twitter.com/AerospaceDr/status/1409867482442178567?s=20

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What organ-system will be most effected on Mars mission?  

Follow us on twitter!  

https://twitter.com/TalkSpaceMed 

Join our discord!  

https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.gg%2FWtUcKYyH3b&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFWSYEMvPusokT0AL50JKsRt2cg8g 

Resources

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41526-020-00124-6

https://tiermaker.com/create/red-risks-1123685

https://tiermaker.com/create/red-risks---organ-systems-1123685

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During this episode I was worked with our new space-nerd friend Spencer, a medical student at Florida State University, to try to answer the question, do spaceflight induced ocular disturbances preferentially affect men in space flight, and if so, why might this be?

Follow us on twitter!

https://twitter.com/TalkSpaceMed

Join our discord!

https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.gg%2FWtUcKYyH3b&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFWSYEMvPusokT0AL50JKsRt2cg8g

Credit: Everyday Astronaut for intro music! (Listen here) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQMq4YEMvH8&list=PL-ptSDHlAdQNZ4LxFv_c5MEsmQ6i8bQUN&pbjreload=101&ab_channel=EverydayAstronaut (Buy here) https://www.amazon.com/Maximum-Aerodynamic-Pressure-Everyday-Astronaut/dp/B07KPVRG67/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=maximum+aerodynamic+pressure&qid=1612331710&sr=8-1

References

https://humanresearchroadmap.nasa.gov/evidence/reports/SANS.pdfhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7585261/#cit0016https://www.sciencealert.com/almost-90-of-astronauts-have-been-men-but-the-future-of-space-may-be-female#:~:text=But%20The%20Future%20of%20Space%20May%20Be%20Female,-ALICE%20GORMAN%2C%20THE&text=Only%20566%20people%20have%20ever,about%2011.5%20percent%2C%20were%20womenhttps://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/news/whm-recent-female-astronautshttps://rendia.com/resources/insights/vision-problems-in-space/#:~:text=A%20study%20found%20that%20the,people%20are%20sleeping%20on%20Earth

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We have all heard of "space" food like tang and dippin' dots, but is this really the final frontier for nutrition?

Follow us on twitter!

https://twitter.com/TalkSpaceMed

Join our discord!

https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.gg%2FWtUcKYyH3b&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFWSYEMvPusokT0AL50JKsRt2cg8g

Credit: Everyday Astronaut for intro music! (Listen here) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQMq4YEMvH8&list=PL-ptSDHlAdQNZ4LxFv_c5MEsmQ6i8bQUN&pbjreload=101&ab_channel=EverydayAstronaut (Buy here) https://www.amazon.com/Maximum-Aerodynamic-Pressure-Everyday-Astronaut/dp/B07KPVRG67/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=maximum+aerodynamic+pressure&qid=1612331710&sr=8-1

References

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjuN15J59io&ab_channel=NASAVideo

https://twitter.com/DeepSpaceFood?s=20

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/how-does-spaceflight-change-food-appeal

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6163331/

https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/human-adaptation-to-spaceflight-the-role-of-nutrition.pdf

https://www.nasa.gov/content/growing-plants-in-space

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Welcome to let's talk space medicine, i'm Kyle Anderson your medical-student slash space-nerd host. For your listening entertainment I gather my other medically inclined space-nerd friends to just chill and talk to each other sometimes! Its been 6 months since I started the podcast, so I decided it was time to check in with my co-hosts and see how we are doing, and where we want to go!

Follow us on twitter! https://twitter.com/TalkSpaceMed

Join our discord! https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.gg%2FWtUcKYyH3b&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFWSYEMvPusokT0AL50JKsRt2cg8g

Credit: Everyday Astronaut for intro music! (Listen here) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQMq4YEMvH8&list=PL-ptSDHlAdQNZ4LxFv_c5MEsmQ6i8bQUN&pbjreload=101&ab_channel=EverydayAstronaut (Buy here) https://www.amazon.com/Maximum-Aerodynamic-Pressure-Everyday-Astronaut/dp/B07KPVRG67/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=maximum+aerodynamic+pressure&qid=1612331710&sr=8-1

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During this orbit we gained a new space-nerd-friend Vienna (@Vistronaut), an Australian medical student, to help us answer the question of whether muscle or bone presents a more pressing challenge for human spaceflight! Astronauts lose significant muscle bulk and bone mass during stays in microgravity but which is more important in terms of astronaut health and can a new device to help us jump in space be a novel solution (@Perform_Science)?

Follow us on twitter! https://twitter.com/TalkSpaceMed

Join our discord! https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.gg%2FWtUcKYyH3b&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFWSYEMvPusokT0AL50JKsRt2cg8g

Credit: Everyday Astronaut for intro music!

(Listen here) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQMq4YEMvH8&list=PL-ptSDHlAdQNZ4LxFv_c5MEsmQ6i8bQUN&pbjreload=101&ab_channel=EverydayAstronaut

(Buy here) https://www.amazon.com/Maximum-Aerodynamic-Pressure-Everyday-Astronaut/dp/B07KPVRG67/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=maximum+aerodynamic+pressure&qid=1612331710&sr=8-1

Resources

https://pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezproxy.rush.edu/32900939/

https://pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezproxy.rush.edu/33298965/

https://pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezproxy.rush.edu/29988558/ https://twitter.com/Perform_Science/status/1233110451455692800

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During this orbit I worked with my space-nerd-friend Ryan on how we can make space for everyone! Disability presents unique questions to the spaceflight community especially with routine civilian-spaceflight on the horizon. So what are some medical considerations for these "parastronauts" and could an earthly disability actually be of benefit during space travel?

Follow us on twitter! https://twitter.com/TalkSpaceMed

Join our discord! https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.gg%2FWtUcKYyH3b&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFWSYEMvPusokT0AL50JKsRt2cg8g

Credit: Everyday Astronaut for intro music!

(Listen here) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQMq4YEMvH8&list=PL-ptSDHlAdQNZ4LxFv_c5MEsmQ6i8bQUN&pbjreload=101&ab_channel=EverydayAstronaut

(Buy here) https://www.amazon.com/Maximum-Aerodynamic-Pressure-Everyday-Astronaut/dp/B07KPVRG67/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=maximum+aerodynamic+pressure&qid=1612331710&sr=8-1

Resources

https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/ESA_Astronaut_Selection/Parastronaut_feasibility_project#.YC3qeFYt3_c.twitter https://www.axios.com/astronauts-space-agencies-disabilities-285395bd-2df6-4fb0-a2b8-ca9442e930e9.html

https://apnews.com/article/bone-cancer-survivor-spacex-arceneaux-16cc1a859b91e7711229b2c2c3da8bc9

https://www.wired.com/story/its-time-to-rethink-whos-best-suited-for-space-travel/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14552348/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25199124/ https://ir.library.louisville.edu/honors/223/ https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/the-case-for-disabled-astronauts/

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During this episode I explored the question: when attempting to mitigate radiation concerns for astronauts on long duration space missions, what will be better, engineering solutions or precision medicine?

Follow us on twitter! https://twitter.com/TalkSpaceMed

Join our discord! https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.gg%2FWtUcKYyH3b&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFWSYEMvPusokT0AL50JKsRt2cg8g

Credit: Everyday Astronaut for intro music! (Listen here) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQMq4YEMvH8&list=PL-ptSDHlAdQNZ4LxFv_c5MEsmQ6i8bQUN&pbjreload=101&ab_channel=EverydayAstronaut (Buy here) https://www.amazon.com/Maximum-Aerodynamic-Pressure-Everyday-Astronaut/dp/B07KPVRG67/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=maximum+aerodynamic+pressure&qid=1612331710&sr=8-1

References

[1] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214552421000018

[2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6443507/

[3] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2018.00005/full

[4] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yfp-BOFbl3g&feature=emb_logo&ab_channel=BaylorCollegeofMedicine

[5]https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01933/full

[6] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhpvTJQBkrg&ab_channel=DeepSpaceCourier

[7] https://www.machinedesign.com/materials/article/21838319/nasa-tests-melaninbased-radiation-blocker-for-astronauts

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During this episode, I was joined by my space-nerd friends Ryan and Vlad to discuss everything under the sun about the stuff that comes from the sun, radiation! Radiation presents perhaps the most significant risk to astronauts trying to live in space as well on the Moon and Mars. So what types of radiation will be encountered, what are some of the medical consequences, and what role could precision medicine play?

Follow us on twitter! https://twitter.com/TalkSpaceMed

Join our discord! https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.gg%2FWtUcKYyH3b&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFWSYEMvPusokT0AL50JKsRt2cg8g

Credit: Everyday Astronaut for intro music!

(Listen here) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQMq4YEMvH8&list=PL-ptSDHlAdQNZ4LxFv_c5MEsmQ6i8bQUN&pbjreload=101&ab_channel=EverydayAstronaut

(Buy here) https://www.amazon.com/Maximum-Aerodynamic-Pressure-Everyday-Astronaut/dp/B07KPVRG67/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=maximum+aerodynamic+pressure&qid=1612331710&sr=8-1

Resources

  • https://twitter.com/TalkSpaceMed/status/1356316392576860162
  • https://www.wired.com/story/nasa-wants-to-set-a-new-radiation-limit-for-astronauts/
  • https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/39/eaaz1334
  • https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214552421000018
  • https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2018.00005/full
  • https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01933/full
  • https://www.machinedesign.com/materials/article/21838319/nasa-tests-melaninbased-radiation-blocker-for-astronauts
  • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6443507/
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yfp-BOFbl3g&feature=emb_logo&ab_channel=BaylorCollegeofMedicine
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzFz53w-8Go&feature=emb_logo&ab_channel=BaylorCollegeofMedicine
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhpvTJQBkrg&ab_channel=DeepSpaceCourie
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During this episode I explored the question: what are the likely causes of space motion sickness, and could a surgical intervention be necessary for future Martian colonists?

Follow us on twitter! https://twitter.com/TalkSpaceMed

Join our discord! https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.gg%2FWtUcKYyH3b&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFWSYEMvPusokT0AL50JKsRt2cg8g

Credit: Everyday Astronaut for intro music!

(Listen here) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQMq4YEMvH8&list=PL-ptSDHlAdQNZ4LxFv_c5MEsmQ6i8bQUN&pbjreload=101&ab_channel=EverydayAstronaut

(Buy here) https://www.amazon.com/Maximum-Aerodynamic-Pressure-Everyday-Astronaut/dp/B07KPVRG67/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=maximum+aerodynamic+pressure&qid=1612331710&sr=8-1

References

[1] Russomano T, da Rosa M, dos Santos MA. Space motion sickness: A common neurovestibular dysfunction in microgravity. Neurol India [serial online] 2019 [cited 2021 Jan 12];67, Suppl S2:214-8. Available from:https://www.neurologyindia.com/text.asp?2019/67/8/214/259127

[2] Kathleen E Hupfeld, Heather R McGregor, Jessica K Lee, Nichole E Beltran, Igor S Kofman, Yiri E De Dios, Patti A Reuter-Lorenz, Roy F Riascos, Ofer Pasternak, Scott J Wood, Jacob J Bloomberg, Ajitkumar P Mulavara, Rachael D Seidler, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, The Impact of 6 and 12 Months in Space on Human Brain Structure and Intracranial Fluid Shifts, Cerebral Cortex Communications, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2020, tgaa023, https://doi.org/10.1093/texcom/tgaa023

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Astronauts experience significant challenges when returning from an extended stay in space. What does this mean for when humans land on Mars, and what are the medical hurdles to overcome to take that first step?

Follow us on twitter! https://twitter.com/TalkSpaceMed

Join our discord! https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.gg%2FWtUcKYyH3b&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFWSYEMvPusokT0AL50JKsRt2cg8g

Credit: Everyday Astronaut for intro music!

(Listen here) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQMq4YEMvH8&list=PL-ptSDHlAdQNZ4LxFv_c5MEsmQ6i8bQUN&pbjreload=101&ab_channel=EverydayAstronaut

(Buy here) https://www.amazon.com/Maximum-Aerodynamic-Pressure-Everyday-Astronaut/dp/B07KPVRG67/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=maximum+aerodynamic+pressure&qid=1612331710&sr=8-1

Resources

  • https://twitter.com/AerospaceDr/status/1320424361778696193
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LIgMXGAGTgM&ab_channel=HannaSoriano
  • https://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2019;volume=67;issue=8;spage=214;epage=218;aulast=Russomano
  • https://academic.oup.com/cercorcomms/article/1/1/tgaa023/5857115?login=true
  • https://twitter.com/Aero_Med/status/1347244290163027974
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Instead of an episode it's an orbit! The name for our longer form podcast cast content. Here we discuss what we hope to accomplish!

Follow us on twitter! https://twitter.com/TalkSpaceMed

Join our discord! https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.gg%2FWtUcKYyH3b&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFWSYEMvPusokT0AL50JKsRt2cg8g

Credit: Everyday Astronaut for intro music!

(Listen here) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQMq4YEMvH8&list=PL-ptSDHlAdQNZ4LxFv_c5MEsmQ6i8bQUN&pbjreload=101&ab_channel=EverydayAstronaut

(Buy here) https://www.amazon.com/Maximum-Aerodynamic-Pressure-Everyday-Astronaut/dp/B07KPVRG67/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=maximum+aerodynamic+pressure&qid=1612331710&sr=8-1

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During this episode I was joined by my space nerd friend Ryan to try and explore the question, what are the medical consequences of chronic high levels of CO2 when aboard the ISS and does simply having medical grade oxygen on hand fix this?

Follow us on twitter! https://twitter.com/TalkSpaceMed

Join our discord! https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.gg%2FWtUcKYyH3b&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFWSYEMvPusokT0AL50JKsRt2cg8g

Credit: Everyday Astronaut for intro music!

(Listen here) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQMq4YEMvH8&list=PL-ptSDHlAdQNZ4LxFv_c5MEsmQ6i8bQUN&pbjreload=101&ab_channel=EverydayAstronaut

(Buy here) https://www.amazon.com/Maximum-Aerodynamic-Pressure-Everyday-Astronaut/dp/B07KPVRG67/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=maximum+aerodynamic+pressure&qid=1612331710&sr=8-1

References

[1] James, John & Matty, Christopher & Ryder, Valerie & Sipes, Walter & Scully, Robert. (2011). Crew Health and Performance Improvements with Reduced Carbon Dioxide Levels and the Resource Impact to Accomplish Those Reductions. 41st International Conference on Environmental Systems 2011, ICES 2011.

[2] Harry W. Jones. (2017). Would Current International Space Station (ISS Recycling Life Support Systems Save Mass on a Mars Transit? 47th International Conference on Environmental Systems 2017, ICES 2017.

[3] Pitkin AD, Roberts CM, Wedzicha JA. Arterialised earlobe blood gas analysis: an underused technique. Thorax. 1994;49(4):364-366. doi:10.1136/thx.49.4.364

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During this episode I worked with my space-nerd-friends aurora, avinash, and ben from the nexus aurora discord community to try and answer the question, can the oral contraception pill serve a multifunctional role in both inducing amenorrhea while preserving bone health in female astronauts?

Follow us on twitter! https://twitter.com/TalkSpaceMed

Join our discord! https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.gg%2FWtUcKYyH3b&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFWSYEMvPusokT0AL50JKsRt2cg8g

Credit: Everyday Astronaut for intro music!

(Listen here) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQMq4YEMvH8&list=PL-ptSDHlAdQNZ4LxFv_c5MEsmQ6i8bQUN&pbjreload=101&ab_channel=EverydayAstronaut

(Buy here) https://www.amazon.com/Maximum-Aerodynamic-Pressure-Everyday-Astronaut/dp/B07KPVRG67/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=maximum+aerodynamic+pressure&qid=1612331710&sr=8-1

References

[1] Jain V, Wotring VE. Medically induced amenorrhea in female astronauts. npj Microgravity. Published online December 21, 2016:6. doi:10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.8

[2] Berenson AB, Breitkopf CR, Grady JJ, Rickert VI, Thomas A. Effects of hormonal contraception on bone mineral density after 24 months of use. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(5 Pt 1):899-906. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000117082.49490.d5

[3] Wei S, Winzenberg T, Laslett LL, Venn A, Jones G. Oral contraceptive use and bone. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2011;9(1):6-11. doi:10.1007/s11914-010-0037-9

[4] Cauley JA, Robbins J, Chen Z, et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;290(13):1729-1738. doi:10.1001/jama.290.13.1729

[5] Yang KY, Kim YS, Ji YI, Jung MH. Changes in bone mineral density of users of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. J Nippon Med Sch. 2012;79(3):190-194. doi:10.1272/jnms.79.190

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Question: Would you use bisphosphonate drugs to treat spaceflight related bone loss for long duration space missions?

Follow us on twitter! https://twitter.com/TalkSpaceMed

Join our discord! https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.gg%2FWtUcKYyH3b&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFWSYEMvPusokT0AL50JKsRt2cg8g

Credit: Everyday Astronaut for intro music! (Listen here) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQMq4YEMvH8&list=PL-ptSDHlAdQNZ4LxFv_c5MEsmQ6i8bQUN&pbjreload=101&ab_channel=EverydayAstronaut (Buy here) https://www.amazon.com/Maximum-Aerodynamic-Pressure-Everyday-Astronaut/dp/B07KPVRG67/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=maximum+aerodynamic+pressure&qid=1612331710&sr=8-1

References

  1. Watts NB, Bilezikian JP, Camacho PM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Pract. 2010;16(Suppl 3):1-37. doi:10.4158/EP.16.S3.1

  2. Sibonga JD. Spaceflight-induced bone loss: Is there an Osteoporosis Risk? Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2013;11(2):92-98. doi:10.1007/s11914-013-0136-5

  3. Kennel KA, Drake MT. Adverse Effects of Bisphosphonates: Implications for Osteoporosis Management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(7):632-638. doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(11)60752-0

  4. Program HR. Human Research Program Integrated Research Plan.; 2020.

  5. Sibonga JD, Spector ER, Johnston SL, Tarver WJ, Reeves JM. Evaluating bone loss in ISS astronauts. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015;86(12 Suppl):A38-A44. doi:10.3357/AMHP.EC06.2015

  6. Blaber EA, Dvorochkin N, Lee C, et al. Microgravity Induces Pelvic Bone Loss through Osteoclastic Activity, Osteocytic Osteolysis, and Osteoblastic Cell Cycle Inhibition by CDKN1a/p21. PLoS One. 2013;8(4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061372

  7. Blaber EA, Dvorochkin N, Torres ML, et al. Mechanical unloading of bone in microgravity reduces mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cell-mediated tissue regeneration. Stem Cell Res. 2014;13(2):181-201. doi:10.1016/j.scr.2014.05.005

  8. McCarthy I, Goodship A, Herzog R, Oganov V, Stussi E, Vahlensieck M. Investigation of bone changes in microgravity during long and short duration space flight: Comparison of techniques. Eur J Clin Invest. 2000;30(12):1044-1054. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.00719.x

  9. Leblanc A, Schneider V, Shackelford L, et al. Bone Mineral and Lean Tissue Loss after Long Duration Space Flight. Vol 1.; 2000.

  10. Collet P, Uebelhart D, Vico L, et al. Effects of 1- and 6-month spaceflight on bone mass and biochemistry in two humans. Bone. 1997;20(6):547-551. doi:10.1016/S8756-3282(97)00052-5

  11. Coulombe JC, Senwar B, Ferguson VL. Spaceflight-Induced Bone Tissue Changes that Affect Bone Quality and Increase Fracture Risk. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2020;18(1). doi:10.1007/s11914-019-00540-y

  12. LeBlanc A, Matsumoto T, Jones J, et al. Bisphosphonates as a supplement to exercise to protect bone during long-duration spaceflight. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(7):2105-2114. doi:10.1007/s00198-012-2243-z

  13. Mashiba T, Hirano T, Turner CH, Forwood MR, Johnston CC, Burr DB. Suppressed bone turnover by bisphosphonates increases microdamage accumulation and reduces some biomechanical properties in dog rib. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(4):613-620. doi:10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.4.613

  14. Ammann P, Rizzoli R. Bone strength and its determinants. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14 Suppl 3. doi:10.1007/s00198-002-1345-4

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