Historical Context: Recent Episodes
Jeremy LaKosh
When people look up the events in Virginia in 1682, they sometimes will notice that people write about rioting occurring in the colony. Today, we will find out what really happened.
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Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum
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Governor Culpepper finally arrives and brings three legislative requests with him. Two are easily agreed upon, but the third regarding a tax on tobacco, becomes a source of contention in today's episode.
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Governor Culpepper begins his tenure as governor, but as we are about to find out, the colonists will need to be patient when it comes to meeting him in person.
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Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum
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With the death of Sir William Berkeley, Colonel Jeffreys days as the Acting Governor of Virginia are limited. In today's episode, we examine its transition.
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Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum
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Today, the investigation is underway as to why Bacon's rebellion happened. The results would turn the colony against Governor Berkeley.
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Today, we examine the abrupt conclusion of Bacon's rebellion.
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The destruction and violence of Bacon's rebellion spreads beyond the natives in today's episode.
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With Bacon's Rebellion in full swing, Nathaniel Bacon issues a number of written statements. Today, we examine them in detail.
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Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum
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Today's episode examines Virginia in 1675 where discontent has transformed into rebellion.
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Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum
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In today's episode, the early 1670's breeds further discontent in the Virginia colony. We'll examine through the writings of the era.
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Today, we examine the Virginia colony in 1670 through the writings of Governor Sir William Berkeley.
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Read Berkeley’s “Enquiries to the Governor of Virginia”: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1062
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today's episode covers the Dutch attack of merchant shipping in Virginia and additional calamities create further economic strain in the colony.
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Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum
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Today's episode discusses the Second Anglo Dutch War and how it complicated matters for the Virginia colonial economy.
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Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum
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Today, I take a brief break with a special episode reflecting on 100 episodes, plans for the future, and a thank you for the loyal support!
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In today's episode, we look at the first slave rebellion in the colonies led by some unusual suspects. Also, relations between England and the Netherlands creates potential problems for Virginia.
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Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum
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Today, we kick off a new series on Virginia during the Restoration by examining Sir William Berkeley's return to the governorship and the condition of the colony in those first years of his return.
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Read Sir William Berkeley’s Discourse: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1003 Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today's episode returns to England where we examine the end of the English Commonwealth and how Charles II was restored to the throne.
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Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today's episode focuses on the Dutch and Swedish colonies during the English Commonwealth. Only one nationality would remain between the two by 1659.
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In today's episode, the Rhode Island colonies come back together, but are immediately faced with differences of opinion. The colony also has to deal with the Quakers who begin to enter after their banishment from Massachusetts.
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Today's episode focuses on Connecticut starting when England declared war against the Netherlands. While Connecticut was worried about invasion from the Dutch, it also took actions against the rise of Quakerism.
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Today's episode focuses on the progressive crackdown against the Quakers in the Massachusetts Bay colony, leading to executions.
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The Massachusetts Bay enjoys its autonomy from the commonwealth of England, but it comes with dissent and fraud. The colony also experiences growth via annexation in today's episode.
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Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum
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William Stone raises an army to take back Maryland and it leads to only battle of the English Civil War fought in America. The outcome of the battle would go one way and the direction of the colony would go towards the other.
More on the Battle of Severn: https://www.historyreconsidered.net/colonial-history/severn-battle
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After a "misunderstanding" a few years prior where the Virginia commissioners nearly took over the colony of Maryland, another "misunderstanding" leads to Maryland being turned over to Virginia. In today's episode, we break down the lapsed communication and how Governor Stone discovered the ruse.
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As the Virginia colony comes under control of the Commonwealth of England, the colony enjoys a surprising degree of autonomy. The autonomy is not to be confused with harmony, as the governor and House of Burgesses clash over who has the authority.
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More on Virginia 1652-1653: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4243015.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Afd79b1ac9d4236b724fab0047304cfa4
More on Virginia 1654-1656: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4243033.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A73241e64cccd4293f13facc9c5f5d1c8
More on Virginia 1656-1658: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4243050.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A9a55f9dc643d7b6d2501563d2d76a143
More on Virginia 1658-: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4243073.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A5b61eef63aa3a9bab73aee4ab5334d06
Read Wilcomb Washburn’s ‘Virginia Under Charles I and Cromwell’: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/29348/29348-h/29348-h.htm
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today's episode in a short episode on the events occurring in England between 1649 and 1652. This episode is designed to give context to England's political situation as it relates to the colonies.
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Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today's episode focuses on the Rhode Island colony splitting in half with Roger Williams and his allies in Providence and Warwick on one side and William Coddington and his allies of Portsmouth and Newport on the other side.
Obadiah Holmes painting by Don Adair
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Today's episode focuses on the Connecticut colony during the start of the English Commonwealth. The colony is still dealing with the witchcraft hysteria and has to deal with an unexpected foreign visitor.
Read the 1650 Code of Laws: https://www.cga.ct.gov/asp/content/constitutions/1650_Code_of_Laws.pdf
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today's episode focuses on a few short years in the late 1640's and early 1650's where Maine operated independently. We will also talk about why Maine's independence could not last.
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Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today's episode takes a look at the Massachusetts Bay in the years immediately following the end of the English monarch.
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Massachusetts Bay Colonial Seal by: Viiticus - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=112564338 More on the Peace of Westphalia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia More on William Pynchon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pynchon Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today, Maryland faces full takeover of its government, but did the Parliamentarians authorize it?
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Today, we shift gears to Maryland who are in the same predicament as Virginia. The colony now faces an English Commonwealth that is opposed to their religious views.
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Read the Maryland Toleration Act of 1649: http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1600-1650/the-maryland-toleration-act-1649.php Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today, we pick up where we left off last week with the fight between the Virginia Royalists and the English Parliament. Today, the confrontation comes to a full apex and conclusion.
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCPFollow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/Read “Voyage to Virginia” by Col. Norwood: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1025Read Bullock’s “Virginia, Impartially Examined…”: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1073Read a Description of Virginia in 1649 by an unknown author: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1080Read Ed Williams Description of Virginia to the English Parliament here: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1076Read “Virginia 1641-1649”: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242958.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A304188fe97a5088268d0d5f9655aceadRead “Virginia in 1650”: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242973.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ad491e4cfeb6653ded1f0d508c756a23aRead William Berkeley’s speech: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A27467.0001.001/1:2?rgn=div1;view=fulltextRead the House of Burgesses and Council of Virginia response to Parliament: https://archive.org/details/journalsofhousb1619virg/page/76/mode/2up?view=theaterMore on the Surrender of Virginia: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242571.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A58a6f4b38591efd4782f68894960a95fRead the articles of surrender: https://archive.org/details/journalsofhousb1619virg/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drumLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today's episode starts a new series on the colonies during the English Commonwealth. Today we focus on Virginia in 1649 and how the Commonwealth began getting hostile towards the pro-Royalist colony.
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Read “Voyage to Virginia” by Col. Norwood: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1025 Read Bullock’s “Virginia, Impartially Examined…”: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1073 Read a Description of Virginia in 1649 by an unknown author: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1080 Read Ed Williams Description of Virginia to the English Parliament here: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1076 Read “Virginia 1641-1649”: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242958.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A304188fe97a5088268d0d5f9655acead Read “Virginia in 1650”: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242973.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ad491e4cfeb6653ded1f0d508c756a23a Read William Berkeley’s speech: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A27467.0001.001/1:2?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Read the House of Burgesses and Council of Virginia response to Parliament: https://archive.org/details/journalsofhousb1619virg/page/76/mode/2up?view=theater More on the Surrender of Virginia: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242571.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A58a6f4b38591efd4782f68894960a95f Read the articles of surrender: https://archive.org/details/journalsofhousb1619virg/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today's episode concludes our series on the colonies during the English Civil War. We discuss the state of several colonies along with the establishment of the Commonwealth of England. Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ More on Thomas Greene: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Greene_(governor) Read the Full List of Laws in 1648 Massachusetts Bay: http://puritanism.online.fr/puritanism/sources/lawslibertyes1648.html Read The Cambridge Platform: https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Cambridge_Platform_of_Church_Discipl/aSkPAAAAIAAJ?q=&gbpv=1#f=false Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today's episode returns to the colony of New Netherland in the 1640's and discusses how war and dissention nearly destroyed the colony.
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Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today's episode covers a unique attempt to colonize America under an Irish banner. We talk about Sir Edmund Plowden and the struggles he faced trying to make New Albion a reality. Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Read “The Description of New Albion:” http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1053 See the 1651 Map: https://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCBMAPS~1~1~1800~104390001:A-mapp-of-Virginia-discouered-to-ye Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Nearly half a century before Salem, Connecticut had its own series of witch trials. In today's episode, we attempt to trace its origins. Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Matthew Hopkins Images courtesy of: By https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/13/34/b098ac6a300decef0f6dcb1bd868.jpgGallery: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0000812.htmlWellcome Collection gallery (2018-03-31): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/veebwm5d CC-BY-4.0, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35857688 Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
In today's episode, the colonies move beyond the English Civil War by attempting to operate under their own autonomy. Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Read The Acts and Orders of 1647: https://oll.libertyfund.org/page/1647-acts-and-orders-rhode-island Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today, we discuss events that occur in the colonies as a direct result of the Civil War raging in England. Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
130 years before the Articles of Confederation, New England united into its own confederation, known as the United Colonies of New England, and sometimes referred to as the New England Confederation. Today, we discuss the circumstances behind its formation. United Colonies government layout courtesy of: Adam Shane (User:Publius97), CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today's episode covers the events that start the English Civil War, along with the issues of the day in Virginia, Maryland, and Massachusetts Bay. Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Read the Body of Liberties: https://www.winthropsociety.com/liberties.php Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today, we conclude the Growth and Fracturing of New England series by discussing the boundary dispute between Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth. Additionally, despite the fracturing the 1630s decade ends on a surprising note.
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Read the Surrender of the Plymouth Colony Patent to the Freeman: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/mass05.asp Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today, we talk about the start of the Rhode Island colony.
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Portsmouth Map by: By VulcanTrekkie45 (talk) - I (VulcanTrekkie45 (talk)) created this work entirely by myself.Transferred from en.wikipedia, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17850107 Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today's episode covers the formation of the Connecticut colony and the structure of its early government. There are a few concepts that give it a "uniquely American" feel.
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Read the Fundamental Orders of 1639: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/order.asp Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today's episode covers a short-lived, obscure colony that once occupied southern Connecticut. While it did not amount too much, the original plans involved harboring some of England's highest profile people.
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Read the Warwick Patent: https://cdm15019.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p128501coll11/id/13/rec/3 CT Map: By No machine-readable author provided. Kmusser assumed (based on copyright claims). - No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims)., CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1270050 John Winthrop the Younger photo: By Unknown author - https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/304971, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=97113969 More on John Winthrop the Younger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop_the_Younger Viscount Say pic: By Wenceslaus Hollar - http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/largerimage.php?search=ss&firstRun=true&role=sit&sText=Saye&page=1&LinkID=mp57766&rNo=0, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6590911 Baron Brook pic: By W.T. Mote - Portraits of illustrious personages of Great Britain. Vol. 5 by Lodge, Edmund, 1756-1839, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=70223653 Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
With the Pequot War behind them, the Massachusetts Bay colony put its full focus on its divided religious beliefs. This week's episode discusses the trials and banishments related to the Antinomian contreversy. Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today, we discuss the Massachusetts Bay colony finally getting other colonies to join them in the Pequot War, which makes it America's first regional war. Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
While fighting a war against the Pequot natives, the Massachusetts Bay colony fought among themselves over whose religious views were right. Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today's episode dives into the infancy of the Connecticut colony and the start of the Pequot War. Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
While the Massachusetts Bay colony was growing, tensions were rising and it is was not all related to the Dutch and natives. In this week's episode, the Puritans address a major problem with the Plymouth Pilgrims. Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Henry Vane picture courtesy of: By Peter Lely - http://www.hutton-in-the-forest.co.uk/family/vane_family.html (page does not contain attribution to Lely -- image was published in black and white here, with attribution to Lely]), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13533921 Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
John Winthrop faces discontent among the many towns of the Massachusetts Bay colony. Will he be able to smooth things over and retain his title? Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Read “A History of New England”: https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl01wint/page/n11/mode/2up?view=theater More on John Winthrop: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop John Winthrop photo courtesy of: By Unknown author; when donated to the AAS, it was thought to be by a follower of Anthony van Dyck; Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1889, v.6, facing p. 572) attributes it to van Dyck. - http://www.americanantiquarian.org/Inventories/Portraits/153.htm , additional provenance from the American Antiquarian Society: http://www.americanantiquarian.org/Inventories/Portraits/bios/153.pdf, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12601199 More on Thomas Dudley: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dudley Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
In today's episode, we talk about the rapid start and growth of the Massachusetts Bay colony, along with some of the early issues faced by new governor John Winthrop.
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More on Matthew Cradock: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Cradock
More on John Endecott: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Endecott
Read “A History of New England”: https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl01wint/page/n11/mode/2up?view=theater More on John Winthrop: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop Marblehead Map By Rcsprinter123 - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56492461
John Winthrop photo courtesy of: By Unknown author; when donated to the AAS, it was thought to be by a follower of Anthony van Dyck; Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1889, v.6, facing p. 572) attributes it to van Dyck. - http://www.americanantiquarian.org/Inventories/Portraits/153.htm , additional provenance from the American Antiquarian Society: http://www.americanantiquarian.org/Inventories/Portraits/bios/153.pdf, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12601199
MA Bay Map courtesy of: http://gerard-tondu.blogspot.com/search/label/1630%20-%20Puritans%20settle%20down%20in%20Boston Read Higginson’s Writing on Marblehead: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A03330.0001.001/1:3?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This week we return to Plymouth to start a new series on the growth and fracturing of New England. Today's episode discusses the downfall of two Mayflower passengers more than a decade after their journey to Plymouth.
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More on Edward Winslow: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winslow
More on William Bradford: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_(governor)
Read “Of Plimouth Plantation”: https://www.amazon.com/Plymouth-Plantation-Modern-English/dp/1720937567/ref=sr_1_3?dchild=1&keywords=Of+Plimouth+Plantation&qid=1623594189&sr=8-3
More on Roger Williams: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Williams#Arrival_in_Boston
Read the Revoking of the Council of New England charter: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/mass04.asp
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
In this episode, we revisit New Netherland and see that the colony is growing towards New England, creating tension with the English colonists. Also, Sweden colonizes the area with a familiar face in charge.
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ More on Peter Minuit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Minuit More on Sebastiaen Krol: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastiaen_Jansen_Krol More on Wouter van Twiller: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wouter_van_Twiller More on Willem Kieft: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Kieft More on Mans Kling: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5ns_Nilsson_Kling Map: By Nieuw Nederland and Nya Sverige.png: ArnaphaUSA New Jersey location map.svg: AlexrkUSA New York location map.svg: NordNordWestUSA Delaware location map.svg: Alexrk2derivative work: Arnapha - Nieuw Nederland and Nya Sverige.pngUSA New Jersey location map.svgUSA New York location map.svgUSA Delaware location map.svg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2780875 Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Sir John Harvey is back as the governor of Virginia and the colony deals with the after effects of Maryland's forceful seizure of Kent Island.
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoricalCP Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.historical.context/ Read the Early Relations Between Maryland and Virginia by John Latane: https://www.thearkandthedove.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/The-Early-Relations-Between-Maryland-and-Virginia.pdf More on Leonard Calvert: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Calvert Leonard Calvert image By Florence Mackubin (1857–1918) - Maryland Archives Online http://www.mdarchives.state.md.us/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/000100/000198/html/msa00198.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33660225 More on Sir John Harvey: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvey_(Virginia_governor) Read Virginia in 1637, Part 1: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242421.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A55ff703dfef635568a6bfcd47c33b83c Read Virginia in 1637, Part 2: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242439.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A502334a29d8fa46442087cd3b97c4bd5 Read Virginia in 1637, Part 3: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242461.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A62aa9f4168e7d7c80e708c75692a4f6f Read the 1637-1638 House of Burgesses Journal: https://archive.org/details/journalsofhousb1619virg/page/56/mode/2up Read Virginia 1636-38: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242533.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A94872274c885014f42ed78aa9d31b1b6 Read Virginia in 1638: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242560.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Adce0d76fbad11a1857265bfa2d7454da Read Calvert Names Evelin Commander of Kent Island: http://aomol.msa.maryland.gov/000001/000003/html/am3--59.html Read Cecil Calvert’s petition: http://aomol.msa.maryland.gov/000001/000003/html/am3--68.html More resources for Virginia 1638-39: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242573.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A58a6f4b38591efd4782f68894960a95f https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242593.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A564b5208873aaf014fdc1cc6c2d3c1ab https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242617.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ab5deac005fe3e0a693f48a1e77e34178 https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242573.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A58a6f4b38591efd4782f68894960a95f https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242705.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Afbcdd072a24612ed6d6382755871cfd0 https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242763.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ad632e009994c146342d86b4d66a0c49a Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
On today's episode, Maryland decides to end the dispute over Kent Island by forcefully taking it from Virginia.
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Read the Early Relations Between Maryland and Virginia by John Latane: https://www.thearkandthedove.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/The-Early-Relations-Between-Maryland-and-Virginia.pdf
More on Leonard Calvert: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Calvert
Leonard Calvert image By Florence Mackubin (1857–1918) - Maryland Archives Online http://www.mdarchives.state.md.us/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/000100/000198/html/msa00198.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33660225
Read Virginia in 1637, Part 1: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242421.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A55ff703dfef635568a6bfcd47c33b83c
Read Virginia in 1637, Part 2: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242439.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A502334a29d8fa46442087cd3b97c4bd5
Read Virginia in 1637, Part 3: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242461.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A62aa9f4168e7d7c80e708c75692a4f6f
Read the 1637-1638 House of Burgesses Journal: https://archive.org/details/journalsofhousb1619virg/page/56/mode/2up
Read Virginia 1636-38: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242533.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A94872274c885014f42ed78aa9d31b1b6
Read Virginia in 1638: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242560.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Adce0d76fbad11a1857265bfa2d7454da
Read Calvert Names Evelin Commander of Kent Island: http://aomol.msa.maryland.gov/000001/000003/html/am3--59.html
Read Cecil Calvert’s petition: http://aomol.msa.maryland.gov/000001/000003/html/am3--68.html
More resources for Virginia 1638-39: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242573.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A58a6f4b38591efd4782f68894960a95f
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Today's episode concludes the mutiny in Virginia portion of our newest series. Governor Harvey returns to England to face charges brought upon by the Council of Virginia. The Privy Council weighs in and resolves the matter.
Virginia Seal: By UK - http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/57200/57201/57201_seal_virgini.htm, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75035453 Read “Virginia in 1632-34:” https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242330.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ae19bc69e94ac0bf716ba4ad397f477a6 Read the Deposing of Governor Harvey, part 1: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242360.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A8a2c0de47bc8190b5b203a7febf6de92 Read the Deposing of Governor Harvey, part 2: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242378.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A2df4841ac7b48012fa6d7481d31d8e92 Read Captain Matthews account: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4241778.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A48ec3c07f90d75d754df7a887dead665 Read the Declaration of John Harvey: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4241779.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A48ec3c07f90d75d754df7a887dead665 More on John Harvey: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvey_(Virginia_governor) More on William Claiborne: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Claiborne Read William Claiborne’s Letter to Secretary Coke: http://aomol.msa.maryland.gov/000001/000003/html/am3--30.html Read Virginia in 1636: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242403.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A66c7b7da9bd4bcbf9938919832d2ec9b Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Governor Harvey's tenure in Virginia goes from bad to worse. In this episode, we cover the events up to the ousting of Sir John Harvey.
Virginia Seal: By UK - http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/57200/57201/57201_seal_virgini.htm, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75035453
Read “Virginia in 1632-34:” https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242330.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ae19bc69e94ac0bf716ba4ad397f477a6
Read the Deposing of Governor Harvey, part 1: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242360.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A8a2c0de47bc8190b5b203a7febf6de92
Read the Deposing of Governor Harvey, part 2: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242378.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A2df4841ac7b48012fa6d7481d31d8e92
Read Captain Matthews account: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4241778.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A48ec3c07f90d75d754df7a887dead665
Read the Declaration of John Harvey: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4241779.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A48ec3c07f90d75d754df7a887dead665
More on John Harvey: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvey_(Virginia_governor)
More on William Claiborne: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Claiborne
Read William Claiborne’s Letter to Secretary Coke: http://aomol.msa.maryland.gov/000001/000003/html/am3--30.html
Read Virginia in 1636: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242403.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A66c7b7da9bd4bcbf9938919832d2ec9b
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Sir John Harvey is named the governor of Virginia and he almost immediately faces discontent with his leadership in the Jamestown colony. From a criminal trial of his predecessor to a rival threatening to settle next door, how does Harvey keep things in Virginia together?
Virginia Seal: By UK - http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/57200/57201/57201_seal_virgini.htm, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75035453
Read Harvey’s early notes and Dr. Potts pardoning of a murder: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242282.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Aa6c443ef1651c00c6fa292e2f64a77b8
Compiled source of today’s episode: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242309.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A224f2d48cc84230ad078b33fb8bbf37d
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
With a patent in hand, Cecil Calvert makes preparations to colonize Maryland. Calvert's brother, Leonard, serves as the first governor. In this episode, we detail the preparations, founding, and first days of the Maryland colony. Read the Charter of Maryland: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/B09480.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext More on Leonard Calvert: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Calvert Read “A Relation of the Successful Beginning:” http://aomol.msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000551/html/am551--46.html Read “A Relation of Maryland”: https://archive.org/details/mdu-md-086018/mode/2up Leonard Calvert image By Florence Mackubin (1857–1918) - Maryland Archives Online http://www.mdarchives.state.md.us/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/000100/000198/html/msa00198.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33660225 More on the Yaocomico: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaocomico Read the Thorowgood Letter: https://cdm17340.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/sccm/id/6 Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
George Calvert, the father of the Maryland colony, took a complicated path to obtaining a royal patent. We summarize his life and the steps he took to obtain a Catholic colony patent from King Charles I. Read Calvert’s Petition for a New Charter: https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/exploration/george-calvert-letter-1629.php More on George Calvert: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Calvert,_1st_Baron_Baltimore More on Cecil Calvert: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Calvert,_2nd_Baron_Baltimore Read the Maryland Charter: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/B09480.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Claiborne photo: By Appletons 1880 Cyclopedia of American Biography., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26763163 Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
After a three month hiatus, Historical Context returns to Jamestown in 1625. Fresh off of being stripped of its charter and being converted to a royal colony, Jamestown struggles to survive. See how the colony handles a negotiation with the king, as well as two changes in governor. A 1629 arrival would set the stage for a new, competing colony. Read the Petition from the Convention of 1625: https://archive.org/details/journalsofhousb1619virg/page/42/mode/2up Read Decisions of Virginia General Court 1626: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4241917.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A800638eb0030f35d57a403247f1def69 Read Decisions of the Virginia Court of 1627: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4241960.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A943bca0c78e26974505fb0ae32a85eff More on Francis West: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_West More on Charles I: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England More on Sir John Harvey: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harvey_(Virginia_governor) Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
In this episode, we outline the first twenty years of interest (up to 1630) and colonize by the Dutch in modern day New York and New Jersey. While few primary sources exist, we've managed to find enough writings to tell the story. The Dutch join the English and the Spanish (American southwest) as living in America. Read more about the First Fort Nassau: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Nassau_(North_River) Read the Grant of Exclusive Trade of 1614: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/charter_011.asp Read more about the Two Row Wampum Treaty: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Row_Wampum_Treaty#The_treaty Read the Charter of the Dutch West India Company: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/westind.asp More on Cornelius Jacobsen Mey: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Jacobsen_May More on Fort Orange: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Orange_(New_Netherland) More on Willem Verhulst: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Verhulst More on Peter Minuit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Minuit Read the Notification of Purchase of Manhattan: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/charter_015.asp Read the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions: https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/dutch-new-netherland/sources/1345 New Netherland seal: By Original artist Unknown authorPhotograph by MattWade; Vectorization: ZooFari - Vectorized version of File:New Netherlands Seal Photo.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7434072 Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Fort Painting courtesy of: https://www.albany.edu/museum/wwwmuseum/tantillo/trading.html
John Winthrop's "A Model of Christian Charity" was a sermon given in April 1630 while he was aboard a ship headed to the newly established Massachusetts Bay colony. The speech is considered the earliest example of the strive towards American exceptionalism.
We return to Plymouth in today's episode only to learn that another addition to the colony is creating trouble. Read The Division of Cattle: http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/plymouth/cattlediv.html More on Thomas Morton: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Morton_(colonist) Mayday at Merrymount photo By New York, Scribner, Armstrong, and company, publisher - https://archive.org/details/pophistusa01bryarich/page/425/mode/2up, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=105356550 Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Please note there is an audio crackle at the beginning. That is on our end Charles I's dissolution of Parliament in 1629 was a critical point in the divisions between him and the growing Puritan culture in England. While many do not consider the speech significant to American history, it does represent a turning point to immigration in America. Without Charles I's rough stance on Puritan culture, Massachusetts Bay would have never grown into the colony it became. This video focuses on the exact text from Charles I's address dissolving Parliament. Please let me know in the comments if this is a new feature you'd like to see more of.
Today's episode discusses the start of the Massachusetts Bay colony, which neighbored Plymouth and also contained English Puritans. Our episode will introduce John Winthrop whose book, "A History of New England" would chronicle the early days of the colony. More on Matthew Cradock: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Cradock More on John Endecott: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Endecott Read the Royal Charter for the Massachusetts Bay Colony: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/mass03.asp More on the Cambridge Agreement: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Agreement Read “A History of New England”: https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl01wint/page/n11/mode/2up?view=theater More on John Winthrop: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop John Winthrop photo courtesy of: By Unknown author; when donated to the AAS, it was thought to be by a follower of Anthony van Dyck; Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1889, v.6, facing p. 572) attributes it to van Dyck. - http://www.americanantiquarian.org/Inventories/Portraits/153.htm , additional provenance from the American Antiquarian Society: http://www.americanantiquarian.org/Inventories/Portraits/bios/153.pdf, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12601199 Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
In today's episode, you will hear a few intermittent audio crackles. That issue is on our end. Strife hits the Plymouth Colony as a few settlers begin to sympathize with the Church of England and opposing viewpoints. A conspiracy unfolds leading to the first banishments from Plymouth. Today's episode tells the story of how it all unfolded. More on Edward Winslow: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_WinslowMore on William Bradford: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_(governor) More on John Oldham: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Oldham_(colonist) More on John Lyford: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_LyfordMap Courtesy of: USA Massachusetts location map.svg for borders, rivers and coastline; by Alexrk2, GFDL/CC-BY-3.0 Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
During today's episode, you may hear intermittent audio crackling. That is on our end. Not many people are aware of the fact that New Hampshire was the third colony to be successfully established, mainly because it was not formally organized until several decades later. In today's episode, we discuss how the early New Hampshire colonies came to be and the differences between these New Hampshire colonies and Jamestown/Plymouth. 1622/1629 Patent Map courtesy of: By Decumanus at en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11123499Read “Notes on the Recently Discovered Indenture Relating to David Thomson”: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AAR8205.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltextMore on Captain Mason: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mason_(governor) More on David Thompson: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thompson_(New_Hampshire_settler) More on Ferdinando Gorges: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_GorgesMore on the Council of New England: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_New_EnglandRead the Minutes of the Council of New England: https://archive.org/details/recordsofcouncil00coun/mode/2upMore on Rye, New Hampshire: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye,_New_HampshireMore on New Castle, New Hampshire: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle,_New_HampshireThompson Island aerial image courtesy of: https://www.flickr.com/photos/docsearls/2507164419/Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
As the Weston colony slides into failure, the Plymouth Pilgrims are forced into many of the issues caused by their floundering neighbor colony.
Read Good News from New England, Part 5: http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/plymouth/goodnews5.html
More on Edward Winslow: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winslow
More on William Bradford: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_(governor)
Winslow Image Courtesy By School of Robert Walker - From the collection of the Pilgrim Hall Museum, Plymouth, MA, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1398857
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
While history is full of stories of conflict between colonists and natives, there were times when the problems came from closer to home. Today, a man from England brings all kinds of trouble to the Plymouth colony.
More on Edward Winslow: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winslow
More on William Bradford: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_(governor)
Winslow Image Courtesy By School of Robert Walker - From the collection of the Pilgrim Hall Museum, Plymouth, MA, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1398857
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The story behind the first Thanksgiving and Christmas at the Plymouth colony. The Pilgrims also receive a native threat.
Read Mourt’s Relation, Part 6: http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/plymouth/mourt6.html
More on Edward Winslow: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winslow
More on William Bradford: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_(governor)
Winslow Image Courtesy By School of Robert Walker - From the collection of the Pilgrim Hall Museum, Plymouth, MA, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1398857
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The summer of 1621 brings new discoveries and loss to the Plymouth Colony. The colony sends delegations to communicate and negotiate peace with neighboring villages. With Squanto and other guides, the Pilgrims are informed of who to trust (and not trust). The colony is not without loss as Governor Carver dies, leading to the beginning of William Bradford's historic term.
Read “Of Plimouth Plantation”: https://www.amazon.com/Plymouth-Plantation-Modern-English/dp/1720937567/ref=sr_1_3?dchild=1&keywords=Of+Plimouth+Plantation&qid=1623594189&sr=8-3
Read Mourt’s Relation by Edward Winslow: http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/plymouth/mourt2.html
http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/plymouth/mourt3.html
http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/plymouth/mourt5.html
Read the Peirce Patent: http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/plymouth/piercepat.html
More on John Carver: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carver_(Plymouth_Colony_governor)
Winslow Image Courtesy By School of Robert Walker - From the collection of the Pilgrim Hall Museum, Plymouth, MA, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1398857
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
While many may believe that native encounters occurred immediately, the Pilgrims lived at Plymouth for four months before having any direct contact with the natives. They must have been a little surprised when the first native spoke broken English. Today's episode covers the first days of Plymouth and the first encounters with natives.
Read “Of Plimouth Plantation”: https://www.amazon.com/Plymouth-Plantation-Modern-English/dp/1720937567/ref=sr_1_3?dchild=1&keywords=Of+Plimouth+Plantation&qid=1623594189&sr=8-3
Read Mourt’s Relation by Edward Winslow: http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/plymouth/mourt1.html Winslow
Image Courtesy By School of Robert Walker - From the collection of the Pilgrim Hall Museum, Plymouth, MA, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1398857
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Many people believe the Plymouth Pilgrims found Massachusetts, landed, and immediately started building a colony. In fact, the colony was not started until 6 weeks after land was first spotted. This episode covers those six weeks as the Pilgrims explore these new lands and choose the place to build Plymouth.
For the episode on Verrazanno: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jpLSEU2X1Q
Read “Of Plimouth Plantation”: https://www.amazon.com/Plymouth-Plantation-Modern-English/dp/1720937567/ref=sr_1_3?dchild=1&keywords=Of+Plimouth+Plantation&qid=1623594189&sr=8-3
Read Mourt’s Relation by Edward Winslow: http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/plymouth/mourt1.html Winslow
Image Courtesy By School of Robert Walker - From the collection of the Pilgrim Hall Museum, Plymouth, MA, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1398857
Read the Mayflower Compact: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/mayflower.asp
Before the Mayflower crossed the ocean, important events occurred that shaped both the English Puritans and the natives preparations to sharing New England with the Pilgrims.
Read “Of Plimouth Plantation”: https://www.amazon.com/Plymouth-Plantation-Modern-English/dp/1720937567/ref=sr_1_3?dchild=1&keywords=Of+Plimouth+Plantation&qid=1623594189&sr=8-3
More on the Plymouth Pilgrims: https://www.plimoth.org/explore/17th-century-english-village/faith-pilgrims
Read the Separatists 1619 Petition: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/charter_002.asp
Read the Charter of New England: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/mass01.asp
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
13 years before the Plymouth Pilgrims set foot in Massachusetts, a colony was formed in modern day Maine. This colony was no blip on the radar, as it had a fort and lasted over a year. It also was the site of a colonial first for the English.
More on the Popham Colony: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popham_Colony
More on the Virginia Pinnace: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_(pinnace)
Read “Relation of a Voyage to Sagahahoc”: https://content.wisconsinhistory.org/digital/collection/aj/id/2484
More on the Plymouth Company: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Company
Map courtesy of: CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=685738
More on William Strachey: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Strachey
Virginia stamp courtesy of Public Domain
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
With the colony and the company in chaotic taters, will the English Parliament step in to help to Jamestown?
Read the Response to Captain Butler’s allegations: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1042
Read the Privy Council decision: https://www.british-history.ac.uk/acts-privy-council/vol39/pp76-100
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
As the population grew and the colonists of Jamestown spread out, a threat would strike the colonists off guard and change the complexion of the colony for generations to come. More on Sir Francis Wyatt: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Wyatt Read the Orders and Constitutions: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1049 Read the Unknown Colonist’s Description of the Massacre: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1022 Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1619 marks the beginning of slavery in America. In this episode, we examine slavery's start and the practice of indentured servitude in Jamestown. Read Kidnapping Maidens to be Sold in Virginia, 1618: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242153.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A3a5b99f09124f9a60c31f7d5b103e894 Read “Poor Children to be Sent to Virginia, 1619”: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242154.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A3a5b99f09124f9a60c31f7d5b103e894 Read A Note of the Shipping of Men to Virginia, 1619: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242154.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A3a5b99f09124f9a60c31f7d5b103e894 Read: John Pory’s Letter: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1033 Read the Virginia Census of 1624-1625: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4242281.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Aa6c443ef1651c00c6fa292e2f64a77b8 Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
As the Jamestown migration boom begins, a legislature is formed, but it comes from an unlikely source. More on George Yeardley: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Yeardley Read the Proceedings of the Virginia Assembly: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1036 Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
In this episode, we continue the discussion on Jamestown and focus on the true story behind the life and untimely death of Pocahontas. Read William Cashawe’s Letter: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1052 Read John Rolfe’s Letter: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1047 More on Pocahontas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas More on John Rolfe: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rolfe More on George Yeardley: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Yeardley More on Opchanacanough: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opchanacanough Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
In this episode, we cover what led the colonists back to Jamestown and the new laws that came with the arrival of a new governor. http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/laws/J1056De La War image courtesy of: http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/images/West,Thomas(3BDeLaWarr)03.jpgRead the Third Charter of Virginia: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/va03.aspMore on Sir Thomas Dale: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_DaleFife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Those who survived 'The Starving Time' had no time to celebrate as new visitors and challenges threatened the new colony of Jamestown. More on George Percy: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_PercyGeorge Percy photo courtesy of: Herbert Luther Smith More on Thomas West: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_West,_3rd_Baron_De_La_WarrThomas West photo courtesy of: http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/images/West,Thomas(3BDeLaWarr)03.jpgMore on Sir Thomas Gates: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gates_(governor) Thomas Gates photo courtesy of: C. Jansen, public domain More on John Ratcliffe: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ratcliffe_(governor) Read Spelman’s Account: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1040Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
With new leadership, the colonists hoped for change. In the second episode of the Jamestown colony, the colonists get ready for winter after a famine hits the colony. Unfortunately, just as it seems their luck changes, tragedy strikes.
More on John Ratcliffe: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ratcliffe_(governor) More on Matthew Scrivener: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Scrivener More on George Percy: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Percy Read Smith’s Account of Virginia: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha-js/SmiWorks2 Read the Second Charter of Virginia: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/va02.asp Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Jamestown colony gets its start. In this episode, we discuss the circumstances surrounding the decision to colonize America and the challenges faced by those colonists.
Read more about Bartholomew Gosnold: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew_Gosnold Read Gosnold’s account of New England: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1005 Read more on Captain John Smith: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer) Read more on King James I: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I Read more about the Virginia (London Company: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Company Read the First Charter of Virginia: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/va01.asp James I image courtesy of: John de Critz - Prado image, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37047 George Percy image courtesy of: Herbert Luther Smith Read George Percy’s writings: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1002 Read Edward Wingfield’s writing: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1023 Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
While people think of Jamestown as the first successful colony, little do many know that New Mexico was founded earlier. In this episode, we explore New Mexico's accidental and controversial founding.
Read the inspector’s report of Onate’s forces: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-101.pdf
Read the report on the Trial of the Acoma Pueblo: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-104.pdf
Read the 1601 Investigation into the New Mexico Colony: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-105.pdf
Onate Image Courtesy of: https://www.legendsofamerica.com/juan-de-onate/
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
While many people are familiar with the Lost Colony of Roanoke, little did anyone know that there were actually three distinct groups of colonists on the island at three separate times, each creating their own mystery. While some mysteries were explained, some remain unsolved.
Sir Richard Grenville image By anonymous
Missing Colony image by https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/14781233224/
Read Lane’s account: https://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/lane/lane.html
Read Lane’s Account of the 3rd Voyage: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1017
Read White’s account of his 1st voyage (noted as the 4th voyage) to Roanoke: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1018
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
With the death of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Sir Walter Raleigh purchases his exploration and colonization patent. Raleigh wants to colonize right away, but does not know where to start. In this episode, Raleigh sends two captains to America to find the suitable location for England's first colony.
Walter Raleigh image By Simon van de Passe
Pamlico Sound image courtesy of: https://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/2400/2444/2444.htm
More on Arthur Barlowe: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Barlowe
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The British were late to the game when it came to colonizing America. They also had the wrong man. In this episode, we discuss Sir Humphrey Gilbert, his challenges getting to America, and the lengths he went to finance his final voyage. More on Edward VI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England#Illness_and_death
Edward VI portrait By Circle of William Scrots - Sotheby's London, 04 July 2012, Sale L12033, Lot 10, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20165105
More on Mary I: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England
Mary I portrait By Antonis Mor - The Yorck Project (2002) 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei (DVD-ROM), distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. ISBN: 3936122202., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=155896
More on Elizabeth I: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I
Elizabeth I portrait By Unknown author
More on Sir Humphrey Gilbert: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert#Newfoundland_and_death
Sir Humphrey Gilbert portrait by: By Unknown author - http://strangeandfarre.weebly.com/arming-garments.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33219862
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Many people believe the British were the first Europeans to settle in Virginia when they founded Jamestown, but nearly four decades earlier, there were other Europeans there. The Ajacan Mission was a part of Spain's efforts to convert natives to Catholicism and subsequently ally with them in their colonial efforts. In today's episode, we find out why the Ajacan Mission did not succeed.
Read more about the Dutch revolt: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Revolt
Read more about Fort San Juan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_San_Juan_(Joara)
Read more on Don Luis: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Luis
Read the Letter from Father Quiros and Father Segura: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1037
Read the Letter From Juan Rogel: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1038
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Unlike his predecessors, Pedro Menendez changed the policy of 'war and conquer' when encountering natives. While not absent from conflict, Menendez made peace and relationships a priority in encountering the Florida and southeast US coastline natives. The contribution of Pedro Menendez led to dozens of Jesuit missions being founded in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida in the 1560s and 1570s.
Buy “Pedro Menendez de Aviles and the Conquest of Florida: A New Manuscript here: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0813068428/
Special Thank you to: David Arbesu
Menendez Photo by: Francisco de Paula Marti
Ais map by: Dalbury at the English language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2999697
More on the Ais Tribe: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ais_people
Calusa map By Donald Albury at the English language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48744609
More on the Calusa people: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calusa
In this episode, we examine the Spanish version of last week's episode and look at how the Spanish began to finally get a hold on Florida after five decades of failure.
Buy “Pedro Menendez de Aviles and the Conquest of Florida: A New Manuscript here: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0813068428/
Special Thank you to: David Arbesu
Menendez Photo by: Francisco de Paula Marti
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Nearly five decades before the Jamestown colony, the French Huguenots sought America as a destination to escape religious persecution and the War of Religions in France. The French attempted two colonies in the 1560s and some writings survived to tell the story.
Francis I painting by Jean Clouet
Henry II painting by Francois Clouet
Francis II painting by By François Clouet - This image comes from Gallica Digital Library and is available under the digital ID btv1b10544086n/f1, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=430394
Charles IX painting by Francois Clouet
Philip II painting by Sofonisba Anguissola Gaspard de Coligny painting by Workshop of Jan van Ravesteyn - www.rijksmuseum.nl : Home : Info : Pic, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2700685 Jean Ribault image by http://www.nps.gov/timu/historyculture/foca_jeanribault.htm
War of Religions photo courtesy of Jacksonville Public Library More on the Huguenots: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots
Read “The Whole and True Discovery of Terra Florida” by Jean Ribault: https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00103082/00001/3x
Read Laudonniere’s account: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-141.pdf
Charlesfort courtesy of: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Alexrk
Read About M. John Hawkins Voyage: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-030.pdf
While many associate Sir Francis Drake with the first exploration of the California coastline, Juan Cabrillo actually led an expedition here decades earlier. What did he find and what did he hear that raised speculation that he may not have been the first European in the region?
Cabrillo Image: By Unknown author - Unknown source, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=318568 M
More info on Juan Cabrillo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo
Read a Relation to the Voyage of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-001.pdf
The Coronado Expedition concludes as members of the expedition continues to listen to the direction of the captive native towards a city of riches. As strife with the natives continues, will Coronado survive the expedition and draw any value for the Spanish Empire?
Coronado Image Courtesy of: https://hidalgosenlahistoria.blogspot.com/2018/02/francisco-vazquez-de-coronado.html
Read the Journey of Coronado: https://amzn.to/39lGqd5
Coronado Map Courtesy of: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/histus.html
De Soto was not the only explorer who was intrigued by Cabeza de Vaca's travels. Francisco de Coronado was interested in the American southwest based on Cabeza de Vaca's travels. Before forming an expedition, he sent a friar and a Moroccan to explore the area. Based on that journey, Coronado would amass a large group of Spaniards and natives to seek treasure.
Coronado Image Courtesy of: https://hidalgosenlahistoria.blogspot.com/2018/02/francisco-vazquez-de-coronado.html
Read the Journey of Coronado: https://amzn.to/39lGqd5
Read more about Estevan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estevanico
In the conclusion of the de Soto expedition series, we begin with the burning down of the winter encampment after an attack by the local natives. What changes does de Soto make to prepare his men for the next leg of the journey? What similarities and differences can we draw upon this expedition versus the Narvaez expedition? Did de Soto leave a lasting impression on the American southeast?
Image of Hernando de Soto courtesy of: John Sartain DeSoto Map Courtesy of: By Herb Roe, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6066601
Read Expedition by an unnamed Portuguese man attending the expedition: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-021.pdf
Read Relation of the Conquest of Florida Presented to the King of Spain in 1544: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-022.pdf
Read A Narrative of the Expedition by De Soto’s personal secretary: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-023.pdf
De Soto ends up in Apalache, the same tribal village at the Narvaez expedition did a dozen years ago. Instead of going west over water, De Soto goes north over land and continues into the Piedmont Plateau in Georgia. For the first time, the natives in these regions are exposed to Europeans and we get a glimpse of what may be a differentiating factor in the difference in energy between the Narvaez and de Soto expeditions.
Image of Hernando de Soto courtesy of: John Sartain
Read Expedition by an unnamed Portuguese man attending the expedition: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-021.pdf
Read Relation of the Conquest of Florida Presented to the King of Spain in 1544: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-022.pdf
Read A Narrative of the Expedition by De Soto’s personal secretary: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-023.pdf
Read A Letter Written by De Soto to the Justice and Board of Magistrates in Santiago, Cuba: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-024.pdf
Nearly seven decades before the settlement at Jamestown was founded, Hernando de Soto led an expedition through the American southeast, visiting locations that comprise of almost every modern American southeast state. De Soto's expedition was told best by an unnamed Portuguese sailor who wrote about the expedition. The treatment of the natives by de Soto was consistent, but the conditions and culture of each village he visited varied greatly. What, if anything, did de Soto leave behind as a legacy?
Image of Hernando de Soto courtesy of: John Sartain
Read Expedition by an unnamed Portuguese man attending the expedition: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-021.pdf
Read Relation of the Conquest of Florida Presented to the King of Spain in 1544: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-022.pdf
Read A Narrative of the Expedition by De Soto’s personal secretary: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-023.pdf
Read A Letter Written by De Soto to the Justice and Board of Magistrates in Santiago, Cuba: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-024.pdf
The expedition concludes with Cabeza de Vaca and the few European survivors on foot in modern day Texas and Mexico. Cabeza de Vaca learns what happened to Narvaez and another barge while on his journey. He also becomes the first European to lay eyes on the wildlife on the southern Great Plains. How does the expedition end?
Cabeza de Vaca image courtesy of: https://www.legendsofamerica.com/alvar-nunez-cabeza-de-vaca/
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The expedition continues from inland of Galveston Island, where Cabeza de Vaca and his men are stranded with a village of natives. In this episode, we learn about some native customs and see that Cabeza de Vaca has an opportunity to assimilate with their culture. What does Cabeza de Vaca decide?
Cabeza de Vaca image courtesy of: https://www.legendsofamerica.com/alvar-nunez-cabeza-de-vaca/
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The expedition continues as Narvaez and his remaining 250 men, including Cabeza de Vaca leave the Florida coastline and head west. As a water shortage threatens the crews' lives, desperate measures are taken to avoid dehydration and these decision lead to more deaths. How far will the expedition go? Will the natives be friendly or hostile? Now that the Florida terrain is behind them, will the journey be more forgiving?
Cabeza de Vaca image courtesy of: https://www.legendsofamerica.com/alvar-nunez-cabeza-de-vaca/
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
With the Apalachen village in sight, the Narvaez Expedition journey resumes. Like in the first episode, the expedition must navigate through multiple challenges and setbacks, ultimately leading to them being stranded on the Florida coastline. How do they get off the coastline and how many men are lost in this episode?
Cabeza de Vaca image courtesy of: https://www.legendsofamerica.com/alvar-nunez-cabeza-de-vaca/
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
In what reads more like a 16th century version of Homer's "The Odyssey," our next story is so vast and intriguing that it will take several weeks to tell. Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca was a member of the ill-fated Narvaez Expedition. The expedition was tasked with colonizing Florida. To put it mildly, the start of the expedition lays out several omens for future episodes.
Cabeza de Vaca image courtesy of: https://www.legendsofamerica.com/alvar-nunez-cabeza-de-vaca/
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Verrazzano was an Italian explorer, who in 1524, set sail on behalf of France to try and find a seaway to the Far East. He was set to look in between Florida and Newfoundland for a route. While Verrazzano was the first documented European to set eyes on Manhattan, his interactions with the natives of the coastline are quite fascinating. Nearly a full century before the first Thanksgiving, Verrazzano gives us a glimpse into a world absent of colonization.
Read more on John (Giovanni) de Verrazzano: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano Verrazano
Image courtesy of: Allegrini, Francesco (1729-17..). Graveur ; Zocchi, Giuseppe (1711-1767). Peintre / Public domain
Verrazzano Map courtesy of: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immagine:Viaggioverrazzano.jpg
Francis I photo by Jean Clouet, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30275305
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Juan Ponce de Leon was a member of the Second Columbus Voyage. As the star of Columbus faded, Ponce de Leon grew in the favor of the Spanish crown and those in Hispaniola. He was the first Governor of Puerto Rico, but was disposed after a lengthy court battle. With nothing else to do, Ponce de Leon was encouraged to the explore land north and west of Puerto Rico. Would Juan Ponce de Leon find something memorable?
Read Ponce De Leon’s two patents: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44208207
More on Juan Ponce de Leon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n
Image of Juan Ponce de Leon: By Unknown author - http://whtime.cloudapp.net/EventDetails.aspx?e=75a51aad-303a-4158-9394-4a99267fdf71&t=/tl/chut/Juan_Ponce_de_Leon/, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45533914
Voyage Map by: T. Frederick Davis
John Cabot was the first European to land on the North American continent and quite possibly explore the east coast of the United States. Little is known about Cabot because unlike Columbus, he did not seem to be a writer. Yet, documentation does exist from the era that verifies Cabot's voyages and likely leaves us with more questions than answers.
More on John Cabot: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cabot
Read “Documents Describing the Voyage of John Cabot”: https://amzn.to/3keYuYg
Read the English Royal Patent to John Cabot: https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/exploration/1496-cabot-patent.php#:~:text=On%205%20March%201496%2C%20King,on%20Spanish%20or%20Portuguese%20territories.
John Cabot Bust by: Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38573481
More on Henry VII: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England
Henry VII Painting by: NPG: Unknown artist Netherlandish artist / (by Michel Sittow) - NPG, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=77050820
Read the John Day Letter: https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/exploration/john-day.php
Second Voyage Map courtesy of: By Evan T Jones - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54725020
Read the Second Cabot Patent: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/15th_century/cabot01.asp
Read the Dispatch to Ferdinand and Isabella: http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/History/Maritime/Sources/1498ayala.htm
Sebastien Cabot Voyage Map courtesy of: Evan Jones
Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
After the death of Christopher Columbus, a friar named Bartolome de Las Casas chronicled the events which occurred during the first forty years of colonization. Las Casas also translated the diaries of Columbus, which we used throughout our study. Las Casas insights and eye witness accounts demonstrate the true brutality of life in colonial Hispaniola. They also create an interesting question regarding the legacy of Christopher Columbus. We hope you have enjoyed this unit and join us in two weeks when we discuss a new unit, "The Age of Exploration."
Read de las Casas’ A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies: https://amzn.to/35mfnMu
More on Bartolome de las Casas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas
More on Joanna: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile
More on Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor
More on Caonabo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caonabo
More on Anacaona: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacaona
More on Pedro Arias Davila: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila
More on the Valladolid Debate: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid_debate
Holy Roman Empire Map, courtesy of: https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/bprgii/the_habsburg_empire_of_charles_v_the_first_empire/
With his reputation in tatters, Columbus sets out on what would be his final voyage. His ambitions are met by a serious of challenging weather events and new native tribes of rough disposition. With the ships barely able to stay afloat, will Columbus ever make it back to Europe?
Read the Letter Regarding the Fourth Voyage of Columbus: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-068.pdf
Fourth Voyage Map: Keith Pickering / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)
Christopher Columbus is imprisoned at the end of his third voyage. On his way back to Spain "in irons," Columbus writes a letter to the nurse of the late Prince of Spain, who was also a sister of a former Columbus shipmate. In the letter, Columbus justifies his actions and has less than cordial things to say about his opponents.
Info on Francisco de Bobadilla: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Bobadilla
Read the Columbus Letter to the Nurse of Prince John: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-067.pdf
Columbus is losing favor in both Spain and the colony of Hispaniola. Can he restore order when a rebellion breaks out? What happens when the Spanish crown sends an investigator to look into the leadership of Christopher Columbus on the island?
Info on King Ferdinand II: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon
Info on Queen Isabella I: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile
Info on Alonso de Ojeda: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda
Info on Francisco de Bobadilla: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Bobadilla
Read the Narrative of the Third Voyage: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-066.pdf
Third Voyage Map: Keith Pickering / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)
Christopher Columbus stirs drama between Portugal and Spain upon his return from the New World. Can Spain and Portugal settle their differences? Does the geopolitical volatility affect the Second Voyage? Will Columbus find new lands and islands on his return to the New World?
Info on King John II of Portgual: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal
Info on King Ferdinand II: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon
Info on Queen Isabella I: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile
Info on the Treaty of Alcacovas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Alc%C3%A1%C3%A7ovas
Read the Christopher Columbus letter to Ferdinand and Isabella: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-064.pdf
Papal Bull and Treaty of Tordesillas Lines: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karte_Portugiesisch-Spanischer_Vertr%C3%A4ge.png
Read the Papal Bull of 1493: https://www.papalencyclicals.net/alex06/alex06inter.htm
Read Dr. Chanca’s letter on the Second Voyage of Columbus: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-065.pdf
More Info on Diego Chanca: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_%C3%81lvarez_Chanca
More on the Treaty of Tordesillas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas
Columbus Travel Map: By Keith Pickering - Own work based on content from http://www.gebco.net/, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17513848
With one ship missing, Columbus faces further trials in the continuation of his First Voyage to the New World. Disaster would lead him to no other conclusion but to found the first colony in the New World. On top of these challenges, Columbus meets natives who are not as welcoming or timid as his prior encounters. While the diaries of Christopher Columbus have long been lost, 16th century friar and writer Bartolome de Las Casas copied the diary into the third person. This copy is readily accessible today and takes a deep dive into the first voyage of Christopher Columbus.
Read the Journal of the First Voyage of Columbus: https://amzn.to/2RkDDql
Info on King John II of Portgual: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal
Info on King Ferdinand II: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon
Info on Queen Isabella I: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile
Columbus Travel Map: By Keith Pickering - Own work based on content from http://www.gebco.net/, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17513847
While many interpretations exist about the First Voyage of Christopher Columbus, what was it really like? What happened when land was expected but still not found? How did the natives react to Columbus's presence on their homeland? What struggles did Columbus face with the natives and his crew? While the diaries of Christopher Columbus have long been lost, 16th century friar and writer Bartolome de Las Casas copied the diary into the third person. This copy is readily accessible today and takes a deep dive into the first voyage of Christopher Columbus.
For More Information:
Info on Zuane Pizzigano: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuane_Pizzigano
Info on King John II of Portgual: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal
Info on King Ferdinand II: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon Ferdinand II
Painting by: Michael Sittow
Info on Queen Isabella I: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile
Read the Articles of Agreement between Christopher Columbus and Spain: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-061.pdf
Read the Journal of the First Voyage of Columbus: https://amzn.to/2RkDDql
Columbus Travel Map: By Keith Pickering - Own work based on content from http://www.gebco.net/, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17513847