Discovering America Podcast: Recent Episodes
Terry Noorda
This podcast will be a history narrative collected from various sources. I will be covering the stories of events and people that played a part in creating America. My goal is to give the listener an entertaining dialog of history and walk away (or ear away) with a, “I didn’t know that”, feeling.
This episode continues with the adventures of la Salle, his trusted friend Tonty and others sometimes not so willing to continue with what lay ahead. It amazes me the distance these men had to travel, the absolute wilderness, the articles dragged along with them and the village of Indians they arrived at along the way. This was an adventure no doubt to achieve the ambition of la Salle. If only he had better men to make it all possible
To celebrate the 250th year of our great country I have decided to read a speech given by Ronald Reagan on March 8th 1983 labeled the "Evil Empire Speech" and addressed to the National Evangelicals at Miller Center for Public Affairs of Virginia. This speech was given forty –three years ago. Its pretty heavy and having said that there is a documentary about the Reagan years which I highly suggest you watch. So here I read his speech as such.
This next series covers the exploits of Rene Robert Cavelier or better known as Sieur de La Salle. A man with great ambition and fortitude willing to risk and endure so much to improve the holdings for France and of course to increase his own fortune. His explorations included the surrounding areas of the Great Lakes region, setting out from the established French town of Montreal. He wanted to understand the true course of the Mississippi River. Here start his endeavors.
A letter was written by Henri Joutel to the publisher who in turn added Joutel's thoughts to his book as an introduction. He described the travels and exploits of Monsieur de la Salle, Indians in the great unknown and what la Salle and others experienced.
I tell of the travels of Jolliet and Marquette's travel to learn more about the mysteries of the great river, the Mississippi. Along their travels they met with many Indian tribes and shared food and religion. But that wasn't all, no; Marquette had a personal mission…
This episode covers mostly the French events and individuals that were risking it all to find what lay beyond the territory already known to the west. You have the explorers / fur traders trying to find the quickest routes to market and to meet Indian tribes willing to supply the desired furs. But this is only one part, there are the different religious groups trying to spread their word of God to the various tribes.
The adventures of James Needham and Gabriel Arthur in 1673 and 1674, for one, did not end so well. The other experienced what few ever did, following along with a native tribe through many parts of the settled and unsettled wilderness of early America.
A commission was given by Abraham Wood to Thomas Batts and Robert Fallam to explore the mountainous areas to the west. A short trek compared to others but still added knowledge and visited Indian villages along the way.
Setting off from Virginia territory to learn of what lay to the west, three expeditions in the same year, most of the episode is taken from his own words. Enjoy.
An expedition setting off from Fort Henry in Virginia with Edward Bland, Abraham Wood, Sackford Brewster, Elias Pennant and an Appamattuck guide, Pyancha to explore lands to the southwest of Virginia.
Who is Abraham Wood? In this episode we describe his life accomplishments making his way up the ladder from indentured servant to a major land owner, military and governmental leader in early Virginia. There are many factors that he engaged in to promote the wilderness to the west. Those adventures will follow in other podcasts.
A request by a listener to go into detail about Jean Nicolet’s wife, Gisis Kwen Anishnabek Bahmahmaadjimowin and their daughter Euphrosine Madeleine Nicolet, here is their story. (see episode 87 for a refresher)
I read a proclamation handed down from George Washington in October of 1789 to dedicate the day of November 26th to give thanks for the nation that had been created.
For my part in celebrating the Fourth of July, I am going to read to you a speech given by Patrick Henry to the Continental Congress on March 23, 1776 about the reasons to continue the fight against England’s tyranny. Please enjoy.
Taking you through the years after 1711 until William Penn’s family take over the Pennsylvania proprietary.
Popple who was secretary to the plantation office in 1688, wrote to Penn on varies topics and about the attacks that were being made against him. Penn responded as one would expect with principle and laid out a defense and proof on allegations of character and religious persuasion.
Pep talk, more of a scolding, William Penn was disappointed on the behavior of the colonists and the financial burden was taking its toll. Here is a letter to give them a sort of wake up call. Do your part and enjoy the freedom you have to make a life for yourself.
Recounting Pennsylvania during the years 1702 through 1710 pertaining to meetings between the different Governors and the House and the assembly, there were individuals on both sides of the isle trying to set up an acceptable government with guidelines from England and William Penn, a definite learning curve. And the cost to the William Penn’s estate was not growing as planned.
This episode is a continuation of the historical encounters and events of William Penn residing either in England or Philadelphia, trying to set up and maintain the territory of Pennsylvania and the lower counties between 1684 and 1701.
Individuals were starting a new life across the ocean and with that were able to purchase land. This land also had some strings attached. The crown had amount that was due for lands sold to the Proprietors, such as William Penn. The new comers had to purchase and pay a yearly fee upon what land was obtained, they experienced the old feudal system of “Quit-Rent.” This episode covers this system in Pennsylvania and the Lower Counties.
It was time to let people know just what they had invested in, you know, keep them happy, so the monies would continue to flow to his venture. Penn offered to the first 100 investors an additional 5000 acres. Whoa what a deal. Is there a road to the property? Most likely not, so starts the hard work of making your own estate. Although, something you probably couldn’t accomplish in your mother country.
A treatise written by Andrew Sowle in 1684 describing the why a person should make their way to the land of Pennsylvania.
This is a letter written in 1681 by William Penn to the Indians to express his intentions of peace and prosperity between the colonists and the Indians.
William Penn with patient in hand from Charles II begins to set up his form of government for Pennsylvania and the lower counties. Are the boundaries really set, yea riiiight that will come later? People pour into this land with opportunity abound, for those willing to work hard. Who sails to see this land, WP himself?
Mahlon’s letter expresses the beauty and fertility of the country. He invites others to join him and with hard work will enjoy a good life. Gawen Laurie writes to the proprietors at London expressing much the same about the abundances the country has to offer.
Thomas Budd owned a share of propriety in West Jersey. He was related to large family who had arrived at Burlington in 1678. Thomas wrote a pamphlet nine or ten years after settling in. It describes relations between the colonists and the surrounding Indian inhabitants.
Samuel sends off a request to William Penn Edward Byllinge or Gawen Laurie about discontinuing the paying of customs or duty to the New York government.
This episode is kind of a part two surrounding William Penn. There is much more to it before he gets involved. So a back story must commence that involves other players, such as the Dutch, the Swedes, the Duke of York, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley to name a few. These are the events that take place with William Penn’s Quakers, in a sense, as they were gaining a place to live and worship in peace
I read a speech that was given on July 5th, 1926 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by the 30th President of the United States, Calvin Coolidge, commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.
Who was William Penn? Which one you say, the father or the son? The father was a great sea commander and had ties to England’s royalty. The son would not follow in his father’s steps but, did make a name for himself in a non-agreeable way. Let’s see what that means.
My next topic will be the settling of the Pennsylvania territory. I have not had the time to create a new episode for the podcast. So I’ve decided to give to you a small sampling of William Penn’s Writing. Please enjoy.
In celebration of July 4th, I continue reading the final chapter of “Common Sense” by Thomas Paine - Chapter 4
In celebration of July 4th, I continue reading “Common Sense” by Thomas Paine - Chapter 3
In celebration of July 4th, I have decided to read Thomas Paine’s great pamphlet, “Common Sense” and hear the reason so many were willing to fight to break colonial ties with England and create a separate nation with a new form of government with liberty and freedom at its core. Enjoy!
Sir Humphrey Gilbert invested a great portion of his fortune; this first attempt ended in disappointment. It became a starting point for the next one, taking encouragement from his stepbrother Sir Walter Raleigh. The second attempt took the lives of many including Gilbert himself. Enjoy this first hand account of what these sailors experienced along the coast of North Carolina.
The colonial forces along with Indian allies start to close in on the man named Phillip. This would also include many of his close leaders and many of his followers.
The war continues and it appears that there is no end in sight. Benjamin Church makes his way to meet with Awashonks and her tribe, the meeting is a positive endeavor, they are willing to side with the English.
A series of events lead to this clash between the English Colonies and some of the New England Indian tribes, this episode starts to cover this unfortunate time known as King Philip’s War.
The New England colonies are visited by the commissioners of England to sort things out; finally there will be peace among the colonies, in your dreams. Even after they left the in-fighting continued.
To celebrate this great holiday, I read a great speech, one by Pres. John F. Kennedy on July 4, 1962 at Independence Hall. Please listen to the words, hear what was important back then and maybe compare to what is happening today.
The Rhode Island’s government had to stand its ground against the on slot of those who tried to take away its territory. What finally arrives is the charter of 1663; I think we made it, well sort of.
Time on your hands? Listen to a podcast. Above all stay safe during these unsettling times.
I read a Christmas story entitled, “the Year Santa Went Modern,” written by Richard Armour. May you have a great time during the holidays with family and friends and may the New Year fulfill everything good you envision.
A letter written by Sir Henry Vane sent to Roger Williams wondering why the people of the Plantations and Aquidneck could not see their way through their differences and become a union of one government.
The colonial settlers and leaders were trying to set a government through their own general assemblies far away from the mother country of England, a representative type from the local communities of freeman and landholders. This is one of those documents that describe their intent and a favor of their time.
You would think that the charter of 1644, the plantations and Rhode Island had all they needed to move forward but, that was not the case. The Bay (or Massachusetts) or Plymouth felt that their jurisdiction covered more of the Narragansett Bay. Then the charter of 1647 comes along, now we have clarity but, wait there’s more, claims still persist and throw in William Coddington, who would be king and the mess continues. There were those in the Plantations that didn’t believe in magistrates to keep law and order. What will they do?
Unlike Massachusetts, Rhode Island and the plantations just did not have a firm foundation of government, which gave Massachusetts reasons to find ways to incorporate those lands under their jurisdiction. It also didn’t help that people like Samuel Gorton had beliefs that didn’t quite match up with those Puritans in Boston and sometimes even upset Roger Williams. The Gortonists purchased land from the Indians far away from everybody else in hopes that they would be left alone but, Massachusetts had other ideas and then the process and treatment against this religious group is disturbing.
The separation of Williams’ plantations settlements and Coddington’s Rhode Island settlements from that of the more pronounced settlements of Massachusetts and Plymouth was having its toll. There were those in Williams’ camp that wanted the safety and governmental arm that Massachusetts could furnish. Williams sailed off to England with the intent to receive a charter bring the colonies together under one roof. He arrived only to find England in turmoil. He was a man of means, with charter in hand he sailed home.
The other English colonies didn’t like the opinions or the teachings of Roger Williams and it was decided he must go. He headed off to plant a colony away from the rest of society although, many found his presents more favorable and made their way to his new land called Providence.
A letter sent home from a young indentured servant expressing his situation and begging for money so he could come back home.
The final parts describing Maryland really comes down to a few major items, the succession of the Calverts through the years. The conflicts between government and citizens, starting in Virginia, Bacon’s rebellion, an action that could have spilled over into Maryland’s own governmental uneasiness, and throw in the wars in Europe that added to the contention against Cecilius Calvert’s (second Lord Baltimore) religion.
Lord Baltimore had control of Maryland but, this was short lived. The disputes in Europe lead some to take advantage of the New World’s venerability. It didn’t help matters with the execution of Charles I. Claiborne and this time with the assistance of Richard Ingle put the strong arm upon Maryland. Once Oliver Cromwell became the Lord Protector in England, matters about the validity of Baltimore’s charter was finally laid to rest. Maryland was now its own province.
William Claiborne sailed over from England in 1621, became secretary of the province and was later appointed treasurer of Virginia for life. He created a trading post on Kent Island, a convenient place for trading with the Indians, far up the Chesapeake Bay. In 1634 new settlers landed in this area and created a new province naming it Maryland. This group had a charter authorized by the King, taking away land that was considered part of Virginia and this would include Kent Island. So starts the mud flinging between Claiborne and Lord Baltimore.
King James I was gracious enough to grant Lord Baltimore or George Calvert a stretch of land at the South Eastern promontory in Newfoundland a region that was known as Ferryland. It was great in the beginning but, a little on the cold side for his likely. He asked the new king, Charles, for a territory located in a warmer climate. The suggested area was Carolina but, in steps William Claiborne who already had his eye on this land. Next was the land area North of Jamestown, it was ripe for the settling. Yes, it was part of Virginia, not anymore, it would become Maryland. The worst part, this transferred control of the Indian trade and control of the great waterways connected to the great bay known as the Chesapeake to Lord Baltimore and his difference of religion. The Virginians are not going to be happy with this situation.
It seems tough times for Jamestown and Virginia were behind them, not quite. King James annuls the Virginia Company’s charter and then he passes away. The new King, Charles allows them to continue as they were, basically governing themselves in exchange for control of the tobacco trade, sure fair enough.
Jamestown and Virginia were having a hard time keeping colonists alive. Jamestown was not located in a prime location. Sanitation and unfit drinking water lead to disease and grave sickness. Yet new colonists continued to pour into the settlements. These new arrivals were not the best sort that England could provide. The streets of England had fewer criminals, Virginia and Jamestown was their new home.
After Captain John Smith’s terrible accident, how did this affect the colony of Jamestown, well quite a bit actually. The man kept the colony fed and maintained somewhat friendly terms with the local Indians. Once he left, contentions grew between the Indians and the colonists. The storehouse was in pretty bad shape. The colonists would go through the starving time. Even with the arrival of several ships, surviving another winter looked bleak. Jamestown was abandoned but, just in the nick of time just over the horizon, came new hope to restart it all, Jamestown.
The New England settlers were still breaking away and creating new colonies. The behavior of Massachusetts was an ache in the side of King Charles II and New Haven wasn’t much better. To bring them back in line he created a rivalry and so Connecticut was given a charter. Did it work? I think when times were tough they stuck together. Such as when the Quakers started making their way across the ocean. The Quakers stood their ground and Charles II backed them up. Religious tolerance was coming to America. And John Eliot was doing his best to teach the Indians the Puritan religion.
After describing the colonization by the Dutch, I realized there was a lot movement by the English in New England, I wanted to further investigate their progress. What I found were groups breaking off to form their own colonies due to religious differences. These English colonists had established 50 settlements east of the Hudson River. There was so much more. They were writing constitutions or fundamental orders to set precedence of how they were to be governed. The start of a new nation yet, they had no idea that’s what they were doing.
The Dutch could no longer maintain control of their holdings. The English had surpassed them in population numbers and the Duke of York wanted his territory. The unsettled European politics didn’t help matters. Pieter Stuyvesant was not willing to let go but, the civilian population was ready for a new government besides, many of the Dutch colonies had English among them. Good-bye New Netherland, hello New York.
With the treaty of Munster in 1648, it gave the United Netherlands a new start from the control of the Spanish crown. The English and the Dutch had been always been on friendly terms, that was about to change. It didn’t help that the United Netherlands were not a tight confederation and there were contentions between the two parties. Most of the sea faring delivery of goods was made by Dutch vessels and added much to its wealth. The Dutch made a treaty with Denmark directed at hindering English interests. In retaliation, the English passed the Navigation act, this lead to the Anglo Dutch war in 1652. On other side of the world, it put the colonies on edge, and Dutch did what they could to fortify their positions.
I start off by talking about the most successful Patroon; Killian Van Rensselaer yet he never saw his estate in America. The further travels of the director general, Pieter Stuyvesant, he did a great job for the company but, not for the people, and finally, the takeover of the Swedish territory by the Dutch.
The choices for Director Generals over New Netherland were poor. Willem Kieft was only in the leadership position for himself and his relation with the Algonquin Indians was deplorable, created a war lasting two years. Their retaliation was devastating. I included a general history written by Author Frederick Jones covering the seven reasons the 3 nations of England, Holland and Sweden did not have an open conflict, disagreements but, no shots being fired. Now arrives Pieter Stuyvesant a better director I’m not so sure.
The Dutch had a hard time increasing their colony populations, due to a couple of factors. Reputable people were not making the trip most likely because of the patroon system and the leaders of the New Netherland. Once Wouter Van Twiller was released from duty, he was replaced with someone who created more problems especially among the Indians, William Kieft. A new nation would settle in the lands, the Swedes, headed by Peter Minuit, a Dutchman and former director general of New Netherland. So now we have the English, the Dutch and the Swedes, oh my!
The Dutch had to contend with the English claims over American territory. In one form or another, the English laid claim to everything, maybe not so much with the French. It’s unfortunate that the Dutch claims were between those of the French and the English. Add to that the Dutch thought introducing a patroon system was a wise move, and finally a few mishaps with the Indians and placing not so wise Dutch governors in charge. How were the Dutch colonies going to survive?
Many explorers had sailed down and mapped the eastern coast of America, each claiming for their sovereign nation a stretch of land. The English were complaining about the Dutch encroaching on English territory, setting up trading posts, and trading with the Indians. The Dutch organized the West India Company and through their charters, it began its side of expansion on American soil.
New colonies were springing up all over New England. The Massachusetts Bay Company needed to keep an eye open to maintain its own legitimacy and legal patients. There was always someone bending the ear of the king. If one Puritan community didn’t agree with your beliefs, one could move to a different one, this included preachers.
Gorges was trying to gain COMPLETE control of New England. His latest scheme was to relinquish the present patents desiring King Charles I to reissue a series of new charters, eight to be exact. Each to be given to eight of his patentees, hoping these would be not considered an illegal arrangement by parliament. Well, the Massachusetts colonists did not take kindly to this underhanded approach to take over their hard work and freedoms. Gorges lost his right hand man, John Mason and along with the troubles in England, he never quite secured the patents covering New England and his province called Maine.
For a time we find Gorges defying the orders of Admiral Thomas Pennington to allow French sailors to board English ships and sail off to fight for the French in a war the English captains wanted no part of. He was able to keep his head but, with a civil conflict between Royalty and the Parliament breaking out in England, his enemies made their thoughts known against him. Finally with this encounter behind him, he proceeded to lay the ground work for his realm.
There were many tied to the colonization efforts, I think none more than Captain John Smith and that of Sir Ferdinando Gorges. Through his patents acquired a substantial amount of North America land, even against the vocal discontent of the London Company. Gorges had the necessary royal pull on his side. England was not a quiet place, a war with Spain which would later involve France. Gorges helped where he could, mostly with his insight of what England must do to protect its sovereign lands, including the New World.
Christopher Levett was determined to make his mark on New England. Finally gaining a patent for 6000 acres, he turned to his friends in Yorkshire but, they didn’t have the same burning ambition that Levett embodied. Finally sailing off in 1623 after exploring and meeting with New England’s neighbors, he put his stamp near Portland harbor, a place he named York. Within the year 1624, the settlement was gone. Politics back in England such as they were, Levett never made it back to his “York”. He was one of many that further lit a torch to the beauty, the possibilities and desires to plant a seed in America.
The Plymouth colony continues to grow and prosper. Bradford would on and off for the next several years act as their governor with others filling in as elected. What became the biggest problem was the paying down on the debt incurred by shipping supplies and people from Leyden. The beaver and otter skins trade was paying down money owed. It was the purchase of two ships, the Friendship and the White Angel that upset the adventurers or investors in England. The increase was above an acceptable level. Was Isaac Allerton acting as the agent in England delivering the goods ordered for the betterment of the colony or treating his voyages as a side business? James Sherley and William Bradford let the dealings concerning Allerton side too long. But in the end the crops were plentiful and able to sell off the excess to the outlying communities and the Indians. Life in Plymouth looked pretty good
Bradford was a well respected Governor and was not allowed to retire. He and the colonists had to put up with what Weston’s group had done among the Indians and the Plymouth trouble makers John Lyford and Oldame passing letters filled with untruths back to England. Captain Standish led his group against a group of Indians who were planning to attack Weston’s group and Plymouth. Through all these mishaps the colony was progressing even though they did experience a six week drought.
With the arrival of the Fortune, more colonists were added to Plymouth and not being well prepared, more of a hindrance than anything else. Next to show up is a group of adventurers posing to establish a new colony in Virginia. An unruly bunch counters to the civilized Puritans. The Puritans had demonstrated their worth in Indian relations and their husbandry of the land. Weston’s crowd was causing trouble with Indians and a headache for those of Plymouth. The Indian interpreter, Squanto passes away and Winslow saves the life of Massasoyt.
Half of the original colonists made it through that first winter; they were still bound and determined to make a go of it. They had a valuable ally in the Indian interpreter, Tisquantum or called by Bradford, Squanto. He would introduce the colonists to their surrounding neighbors and relations were developing well. Massasoyt and many of his followers joined in with the colony’s first thanksgiving, and finally letters that were later sent home to encourage others to make the trip and join the Plymouth colony. The pilgrims had built a successful home for themselves.
After a couple more ventures to pick that final spot, construction started on the Pilgrims new home. Many of these first colonists had already passed away from the cold. It was mentioned that this was a “mild” winter, what if it had been a normal one? They were finally visited by an Indian who knew the English people and spoke their language well, enough to give them a history of why so many fields and houses had been left empty. The years 1616-1619 were an absolutely terrible time period for these Indians especially the Massachusetts. The English king looked upon this as a great opportunity for his people. So starts the Plymouth colony.
While the Mayflower sat anchored, many ventured forward searching for the perfect location to start a colony. Time was of the essence, winter was all around them and they must start building shelter or else the health and safety of many could be in jeopardy. Coasting and exploring the land of Cape Cod Bay, the brave party of men finally laid their eyes upon the land which would proof to be most advantageous for their new home.
To celebrate my 100th episode, family and friends were directed to ask me questions about history. I tried to make the answers not so serious but, then history is a serious matter. Come listen to a question and answer episode and what makes the Discovering America podcast tick.
The so-called pilgrims had to find a country where their Puritan beliefs could be practiced without persecution. The King of England had his own beliefs and his own supremacy of which must be followed and obeyed. The group made their way to the Low Countries and lived for a few years successfully. To start a new, in a new land, that would be the ultimate freedom. So starts the idea of sailing across the ocean for purpose of establishing a colony, which would be the perfect scenario. But, a land under the jurisdiction of England may not be the such a good plan, let’s try it anyway.
So I have here my own take on the life of Pocahontas, from the writings of John Smith, letters written and authors, Charles D. Warner and Williams Simms. No it is not like the movie so many have watched but, you say how could that be? I’m not going to go there. Enjoy.
After his accident, Smith returned to England, never to see Virginia again. During his down time and most likely recuperating form his injuries, he wrote and published in 1612, a descriptive book including a map about Virginia. Two years later he was ready to explorer more of the east coast of North America. He did a great job of mapping an area he would name New England, problem is nothing of great significant was found nor was the fishing enough to offset the cost of this voyage. The second voyage was a bust due to pirates or Frenchmen acting as such, that took away any possibility to further explore the coast. He could not muster enough funds to set off again and so started writing about early history to his present time and about his own experiences. A great debt is owed to Smith, who had laid the groundwork for others to follow, if they would only listen.
John Smith had so much to contend with, settlers too lazy or it was beneath them to put out any labor to construct, plant, or do whatever else the colony needed instead, sold tools, arms and others items to the Indians for corn. This couldn’t continue and neither could the mutinous men who may have been conspiring with Powhatan. And then to see what at first was thought to be enemy ships, only to find out that England had sent over more people without regard on what the colony really needed. Smith knew his commission was coming to an end but, he didn’t give up, that is, until the accident.
John Smith had to teach these “gentleman” from England what is was like to work a hard day’s labor. Work or starve that was the new motto and a necessary act if the colony was to feed itself. Presently, the provisions in the storehouse had not been properly stored. The English had no choice but to visit varies villages to force the Indians to make good on their promises to supply them with corn. It was soon evident that Powhatan had instructed his followers not to trade with them. So Smith thought it would be a good idea to surprise Powhatan and take, barter or whatever it took to get the provisions so desperately needed. That didn’t go so well and a similar experience unfolded at the Pamunkey village of Powhatan’s relative, Chief Opechancanough, where the English escaped with their lives due to Smith’s bravery and trying control in both situations. Even after such events, the English sailed home with the provisions they anticipated.
Back from one voyage, he set off within three days to finish mapping and visiting with any and all who he came in contact with on the Chesapeake Bay. Many of the Indian tribes were not on friendly terms with each other; he brought many diverse chiefs together and together worked out terms for peace. This did not always happen some just like to shoot arrows at the approaching ship. With all the flying arrows not an Englishman was lost. Once back at Jamestown, Smith is elevated to president of the council. A supply ship reaches Jamestown full of new arrivals, and yet still so much to be done.
John Smith was back at Jamestown but, like so many upstarts it needs to survive on its own. The colony still had to rely on the Indians for food. So far the relationship was congenial, to some extent. The Indians thought the world of English copper, and so what if a shovel came up missing. It’s when the stealing was blatant that Smith put his foot down and the outward challenge against him and others. After a visit from Pocahontas with a message from her father, Powhatan, peace and stolen items were returned. Since Smith was not allowed by decree and order of Newport to explore any inland areas, now was his chance to sail off on a voyage of discovery, the Chesapeake Bay.
At first Smith was only a council member and arrived on American soil in chains, this would soon change and the charges were dropped but, he was not well liked by other council members. Smith would be captured by a powerful Chief named Powhatan. He was scheduled to be executed but, was saved by a young girl named Pocahontas, whereby gaining the respect from the chief and receiving needed supplies from his followers. Soon many of the people of the colony became sick and many died. Smith regained his strength and did what was needed to supply the colony with food by trading with the Indians and start construction projects for necessary shelter and buildings to make the colony safe.
John Smith was a young boy when he began his life on the road. Although not a well taught school boy, what he experienced on the road you cannot learn from books. He grew into a strong and able fighter, some self-taught through reading and hard practicing. His survival, combat skills and others traits came from harrowing battles. This part describes his early years before the trip across the ocean.
Wishing you Happy Holidays and a Grrrrrreat New Year. Thanks for listening to the Discovering America Podcast.
The lower global attempt proved a failure in the search for the Northwest Passage. The fourth voyage carried them to the cold climate once again. Traveling west right about Iceland, some of the crew had words aimed at Hudson but, against his better judgment the little ship continued on. Ice and rocks were a problem eventually, making their way up and around the land mass and sailing as far south as the continent would allow, wintering at James Bay. In the spring, the less honorable men had a different opinion of the voyage’s goal, a parting of the crew, and the worst find of mutiny.
The ship, the Half Moon, sailed as far up the Hudson River as Waterford, New York. William and four other men rowed off to explore farther up the river to make sure there was enough depth for the ship. Well their findings were that the Half Moon had reached the furthermost point possible. Henry Hudson and the crew were visited by many Indians along their travels. Some were cordial and some were not. The third voyage was financed by the Dutch. Upon his arrival home the English were not too happy about another country exploring “their land.” So how much farther can one travel west?
Men tried to find a shorter distance to the Orient by sailing north and then head east passing above Norway. The greatest obstacle was the ice barrier, a free open sea was not to be found and what about the cold climate? So the eastern direction was out of the question. Hudson headed west after the crew told him that was a good idea. Hudson’s third voyage finds him near Virginia and adding to the discovery of the river that bears his name. So John what’s the weather like?
Nicolet became very familiar with the northwest and not just the land, but its inhabitants. First living with the Algonquins for two years on Allumette Island and then spent 8 to 9 years with the Nipissing tribe located near Lake Nipissing. With so much experience with the Indian’s language, Champlain sent him on an expedition to push father into unknown territory, something Champlain was not able to do. “Hello, my name is Jean Nicolet, how do you do?”
The coasts were becoming quite the busy place and yet France still expected to have a monopoly of the trading business with the Indians at The Three Rivers, Montréal, and Tadoussac. And what about the many ports where the fisherman hung out? The territory was immense. The conflict with France and England didn’t help matters. Here comes the English strength laying claim to New France by the commander David Kirke along with his brothers Thomas and Louis Kirke in 1629. Champlain regained command of Quebec in 1633, although on Christmas day 1635, Champlain passed away. What he left behind was invaluable, volumes of his works, maps and charts.
The company never fulfilled its part of the bargain to supply needed provisions and manpower to keep the fort and settlement strong. Relations with the fathers of the cloth seemed to be progressing. Yet, unrest among the Indian tribes had started up again, not to mention the killings that had occurred without bringing the guilty to justice and discovering why such actions had happened in the first place. Champlain dug in and with his continued commitment used what resources were available to keep the country afloat. The changing of the Viceroy probably didn’t help matters. And then the English show up laying claim to the land of New France.
Champlain was in charge but, he needed the King and his Lord Montmorency to be on his side, once and for all, to set precedence upon the old and new companies involved in the fur trade. New France also needed people who were willing to put their heart and mind into this venture, so far not so well. Champlain now has a new Indian friend, Miristou or Mahigan Aticq, which meant wolf and stag. And with the two Iroquois peace makers, things may be looking up for New France.
A major incident that could have upset the balance of New France was smoothed over with the sight and integrity of Champlain. Now if he could just get the cooperation of the traders and those in France, well he did have the support of the King and Duc de- Montmorency. His wife would now join him in Quebec. If only there was a Nordstrom here, my wife would be very happy.
This trip Champlain sails with 4 friars who start the process of building their new homes and chapels, with the intent of converting the Indians to Christianity. Champlain sets out to fulfill another promise of helping his Indian allies against the Iroquois. This time around he was late and the war party left without him. Along the way, he would visit many Indian villages cementing the friendship and trade that was so important to him. The war or minor engagement was a bust; they headed back with their tails between their legs. Champlain was forced to spend the winter of 1615-16 with the Algonquins, but he made the best of it, taking notes of their life style and customs, along with visiting many surrounding villages. If only I had a camera.
Poutrincourt was having trouble with the aristocrats in France, being forced to allow the Jesuits into his realm and trying to keep Port Royal to himself. Marquise de Guercheville had the means and the desire to save the souls of New France, take the land for herself and of course, profit from the fur trade. Champlain had connections with Count de Soissons, Charles de Bourbon and would stand behind his New France ambitions. He really wanted to witness the Northern Sea. A man by the name of Nicholas de Vignau, expressed that he had been there. So off they went, to bad Nicholas was lying.
Champlain had to make good on his promises so, he set out with the Algonquin, Huron and Montagnais Indian tribes to battle the Iroquois, the firing of the French arquebuses un-nerved the Iroquois, and the battle was soon over. Once this was behind him, he set out to lay the groundwork for another settlement, La Place Royale - Montreal. Champlain wanted to experience the unknown lands of these Indian tribes, so building a friendship with these people was important, so far so good. Does anyone know the way to San José?
De-Monts’ commission extended his monopoly of the fur trade for one more year, and so two ships were fitted out at the port of Honfleur. Pontgrave’s trading post at Tadoussac was still holding on. The Basque fur traders were trading with the Indians and were not inclined to honor his piece of paper from the king of France about the fur trade. Champlain heads down the St. Lawrence to create a most wonderful colony, Quebec. So how is the fishing here?
Poutrincourt was driven to make sure his little trading post at Port Royal would continue to flourish. Champlain was still on the look-out for that perfect location to start his new colony. He would explore again Nauset Harbor, Cape Cod Bay and a little bit beyond. His crew paid a visit to many Indians, noting their customs and living conditions, not all were friendly. Lescarbot was, may I say, along for the ride to inspire his writings. Is that Plymouth Harbor over there? Yes but, not the spot I was looking for
The fisherman of the world had been sailing across the Atlantic for years, some even trading European wares for firs with the Indians in Canada. Aymar de Chastes would beg from Henry IV a patent to colonize the New World. He formed a company with the more prominent among the merchants. Two small ships set sail one commanded by Francois Grave Du Pont and the other by Samuel de Champlain. Frenchman were again leaving their footprints on the North American continent.
Sir Walter Raleigh wanted to be a part of the colonization of the New World. He had the financial abilities to fund such a venture. And so with a patient in hand from the Queen of England, the voyages began to establish a colony on the shores of what they called Wingandacon, later called Virginia and today is actually the state of North Carolina. The settlement only lasted 10 months; the settlers were picked up by none other than Sir Francis Drake. If there was a Walmart there, we would have stayed.
The battles of Gravelines pushed the Spanish back. Francis tried to pursue the survivors but the weather changed his mind. When Phillip heard that England was cutting the dragon loose, that being Drake, he had many of his sea ports fortified, Francis would soon realize the days of plundering were behind him. In the name of the Queen, I want your gold!
The fire in the eyes of Sir Francis Drake was not dead; he knew Spain was planning to attack England, but when? The Queen wanted a defensive war well; Francis wasn’t a defensive type of guy. He wanted to destroy the Spanish armada once and for all. The fight would come to England and in the age of sails sometimes it came down to the temperament of Mother Nature. “Hold on tight mates, here comes another gale!”
Francis Drake had the abilities to have men flock to his side; they knew action was in their future. He also had the tactics to wage destruction to those who fought against him upon the high seas and had strategies to conquer coastal settlements. Francis was a thorn in the side of King Phillip; these next few assaults would only further his irritation.
While Queen Elizabeth was busy figuring out if a war with Spanish was emanate, Francis slipped away on a mission of his own. The sailors on board were told they were bound for Alexandra but, after a wrong turn, they must have realized this trip was headed for more interesting waters. Francis Drake and his ships would load up on Spanish treasures. This was not all, second on the agenda was a trip around the world. Come one come all! Who is ready for a terror trip through the Magellan straits?
England and Spain are in the middle of deciding whether to go to war or not. Drake had other plans so he slipped down to the Spanish Main to help himself to the treasures sitting in their storehouses. The ex-Spanish African slaves, the Cimarrones or Maroons as called by the sailors would go along with Drake’s schemes. Shipping was not what it used to be; now there was Drake and company. The ships dragging from the weight of their cargo arrived back at England. Only to find out that Spain had a price on his head, time to lay low. To Ireland I go. No ship was safe with Francis Drake at the helm.
This episode mixes in the history of the unsettled affairs in Europe and how a very famous pirate or should I say privateer got involved. Francis Drake is just getting his feet wet with the fight against the Spanish control of the wealth coming out of the Indies and beyond.
Winter was coming on, the temperature was dropping and many of the men were sick. Admiral Gomez on the Santo Tomas was instructed to head home with letters, journals and charts and give an account to the viceroy what they had discovered. Unfortunately that’s not all, the ship would carry home. The ship would be loaded with the sickest of men. Scurvy had taken over the ships. Later on, a storm would separate the San Diego and the Tres Reyes. The San Diego and Vizcaino’s crew would soon turn around while; the Tres Reyes would continue sailing north a little longer. All three ships made it home but, many of the sailors did not. Remind me to take along barrels of limes and apples for our next voyage.
This is a special edition of the Discovering America podcast, an interview with author Maggie Espinosa where she explains her extraordinary journey walking to 21 Spanish Missions in the Southern California region.
The three ships, Santo Tomas, San Diego and the Tres Reyes would continue exploring and mapping the California coast in search of that perfect port to be used by the Spanish ships as a stopping point on the Philippine trade route. Most of the time the natives were very friendly towards the strangers but, then again this wasn’t the first time the Europeans had visited these shores. Juan Cabrillo had made his way up this coast and then there is the ship wreck of San Agustin which left some unfortunate soles somewhere along this coast. Yep, I think San Diego bay will be a great place to watch the sun set.
The Spanish discovered an ocean route from the west coast of North America and took control of the Philippines. Now the west coast was the target of the other European nations. It would best to secure a port, a harbor, anyplace as a safe haven for the incoming Spanish galleons. Cabrillo had explored the western coast but that was several years ago. Spain sends another group of ships to search out and map the coast to find that safe haven. Sebastian Vizcaino takes on that challenge, a good choice he had been a trader for several years between Mexico and the Orient and was lucky enough to be on a Galleon when it was plundered by Cavendish. California here we come!
Coming back from the east and finding San Juan almost deserted, this was very disheartening for Onate. With the help of Saldivar after talking to the king, the settlement was revived. Now it was time for Onate to venture towards the sea. His group would experience the great Colorado and visit many of the people who lived among its banks, well at least one side of it. After the men smelled the sea breeze, they retraced their steps back to New Mexico, all accounted for sir!
Juan de Onate, Vicente de Saldivar, two religious men, Fray Francisco de Velasco, and Fray Pedro de Vergara along with 70 hand-picked soldiers, and let’s not forget the 700 horses would set off in June 1601 to explore the country to the east or to see Coronado’s Quivira first hand. Along the way the group would come in contact with the Apache, Escanjaques and the Quivira Indian tribes. Far to the east around the Arkansas River, the friendly atmosphere was no longer, the Spaniards would have to fight to stay alive. It’s best to know who your true friends are before the sun sets.
While Saldivar was off playing with the buffalo, Onate decided to visit the surrounding pueblos and pay a visit to the Salinas and Xumanas tribes. They headed westward to Zuni and onto Moqui or Hopi villages and also discovered some salt marshes. Onate’s journey among the many pueblos went well, not so with Juan Zaldivar and his group at the pueblo of Acoma. So many people so little time to say hello.
Onate’s group builds the settlement of San Juan while he ventures and visits the outlying communities. In his travels the natives respond in a friendly manner towards the Spanish. Although trouble does rear its head among the settlers at San Juan, they were expecting riches that did not abound. With a tree and a rope this matter was soon taken care of. And then Saldivar was sent east to capture some buffalo, that didn’t go so well. We call them “wild” animals for a reason. Seen any prairie dogs lately? I think you could catch one of those.
The next Spanish Explorer on the scene with approval from the crown would be Juan de Onate, who had the means and drive to make this expedition to New Mexico a reality. The new viceroy, Gaspar de Zuniga, 5th count of Monterrey had a different agenda. Inspection after inspection was ordered by the viceroy, two years would pass. When can I leave?
So many men of means wanted to throw their hat into the arena to become the governor of the New Mexican region. You would think that would be Don Antonio Espejo but, that was not to be, politics. A changing of the viceroys may have added to the indecisions. A man by the name of Gasper Castano de Sosa acting as Lieutenant Governor of Nuevo Leon thought he could pack up and head out, without written permission. Ok, I was wrong, may I keep my head?
It wasn’t the big names we have all hear about in books that were now exploring, or re-exploring the country, no it would be miners looking for that next bonanza of silver or religious figures expiring to convert the natives. Ibarra’s uncle had already made in big, now it would be his turn. Exploring northern Mexico he would establish a new region, Nueva Vizcaya along with new mines, as well as creating new towns. Next onto the scene came Fray Agustin Rodriquez, Juan de Santa Maria and Francisco Lopez. They would give their lives for what they believed in. Don Antonio Espejo and Padre Bernardino Beltran along with soldiers and native servants headed out to follow in their footsteps. Their journey, for the most part, crossed the path of many friendly Indian tribes and witnessed many established pueblos. The Spanish were introducing themselves to the natives of Arizona and New Mexico.
It seems the Luna expedition was on a downward spiral. Everybody was tired and hungry; the necessary supplies were not inward bound as needed. When Major Suaz arrived in Mobile Bay, the group was all together once again. Settling the Gulf Coast was secondary, the king’s top priority was now colonizing Santa Elena, so heading home was a good idea, start anew I say.
With all the planning that went into this quest to colonize Florida, hard work was still ahead of the Luna party. Mother Nature put a huge damper on their progress; it was now, survival mode.
Luna would have his hands full sailing off in 13 ships to the coast of Florida with over 1500 people and 140 horses aboard. A voyage this size took careful planning. The Viceroy of New Spain (Mexico) Luis de Velasco and King Phillip of Spain were eager to establish a foothold in la Florida. Once this was complete an overland route could be established to Santa Elena on the eastern coast of North America. So does anyone know where we are going? Wait! I’ll Google it.
The Spanish explored the states of the Carolinas and Tennessee. Juan Pedro and his company would build and man many forts along the way, although they didn’t last long. The Indian villages that existed near these forts were expected to supply the Spaniards with food. Is there anything on the menu other than maize?
The Spanish were trying to keep what was theirs, not an easy task. Pedro would start off from the eastern coast of North America and rediscover the lands that Ferdinand de Soto explored 25 years earlier. The Indians were nice enough to supply the food that the Spaniards needed every step of the way but, where is the shiny stuff?
Ribault acted hastily against the Spanish and it didn’t help that his fleet encountered a storm that destroyed them. The Spanish would eliminate the French from America for the time being. But in the wake of this atrocity against the French Dominique de Gourgues would gather ships and men together to save the grace of France. Forgive and forget not this time.
After the clashing of swords stopped it was time to sail west but this time it would be to establish a colony for the sake of religion. Admiral de Coligny would choose Jean Ribaut to command and establish a French Protestant (Huguenots) colony on the land called Florida. The Spanish would not take kindly to this “invasion”. The Spanish commander Pedro Menendez would have the last word and not at all respectably. Can’t we all just get along?
With the war between France and Spain finally over, five years had passed since his last voyage. The Indians he had promised to return to their homeland within twelve moons had all passed away except a 12 year old girl who was now their interpreter. The king put Sieur de Roberval in charge of this third voyage but, he wasn’t ready to sail. So Cartier sailed off with five ships on May 23, 1541. After spending time with the Indians and the new chief, Cartier loaded the ship with diamonds and gold which turned out to be quartz crystals and mica, and sailed back to France. If only I knew my minerals.
Cartier and his small band of men made their way to the village of Hochelaga and received a wonderful welcome. The Indians insisted that they should climb to the top of Mount Royal and see something they were very proud of, the Frenchmen accommodated the request. What they saw below was the flowing fields of corn and the Indian village of Hochelaga, a place that would become the site of Montreal, Canada. The Indians and the French would endure the winter but, with it came the loss of many lives. The “scurvy” would take its toll upon them. The French finally make their way back to the homeland.
Supported by the excited King of France, Cartier would sail for another go of it, looking for that northwest passage. Among the three ships would be the two Indian interpreters, Taignoagny and Domagaya taken from their village on the first voyage. The group would arrive at the Indian village of Stadacrone. From here the French desired to sail to the village of Hochelaga. The chief Donnacona of Stadacrone did not want them to leave. But we have so much to see, please let us go.
Happy Holidays to you and see you next year with more of the Discovering America podcast
In two ships and 60 men, a Frenchman from St. Malo, Jacques Cartier sails west to the fishing grounds searching for the western passage. Along the way he meets up with friendly natives, walruses and polar bears. The first voyage would pass through the Strait of Belle Isle, along the southern coast of Newfoundland and hit varies points and capes in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The weather would be changing soon and not equipped for winter, the ships sailed home. No passage but, we did taste bear meat.
John Rut’s early voyages were picking up wine for the King of England at Bordeaux. In 1527 with Rut in command, two ships, the Mary Guildford and the Samson headed for the coast of Newfoundland. The Samson and all aboard would be lost in a storm. The Mary Guildford later entered a good harbor called St. Johns where several fishing vessels from different countries were present. Soon after an English ship sailed into the Caribbean, same ship, you decide.
The season was starting to change from here on out they experienced rough weather. Finally the ships arrived back at the islands they named San Lucas. Winter quarters would be set up on the island of La Posesion, later renamed to Juan Rodriquez after the death of Cabrillo. The voyage would continue and give a glimpse of the western coast of North America so that others could follow.
Starting with a little background history concerning the exploits on pacific side of Mexico to the bottom part of California, this episode begins the voyage of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo and his two ships, the San Salvador and the Victoria, sailing off from the Puerto de Navidad on June 27, 1542.
Columbus thought he had discovered a passage to the orient and so the maps of the day showed his discoveries as islands. It would be the voyage of Vespucci sailing down the eastern side of South America that would cause so much interest. The map makers labeled the land we know as Brazil with the name “Mundus Novus” or “New World”. With the refinements of charts and maps the New World took on the name “America”.
The fourth voyage to the west did not turn out to be of any great importance. Being left behind by the captain, Vespucci and the men that remained would catch birds with their hands and build a fortress. The fifth and sixth voyages of Vespucci were not intended to be expeditions of discovery, nope.. load those ships with gold and pearls.
This voyage would change how the world was viewed, Mundus Novus or “New World” but, who cares, where is that passage to the orient?
If you would like to read the letters of Vespucci you can find them at: http://mith.umd.edu/eada/html/display.php?docs=vespucci_letters.xml
Three ships commanded by Juan de Ojeda along with the great pilot Juan de La Cosa and Amerigo Vespucci would sail off for parts unknown, well not quite. Please join me for what is considered the second voyage of Vespucci.
How could I talk about the discovery of America without involving this man, Amerigo Vespucci? His history relies so much on two letters written to a friend. He mentions a book that would cover the accounts of his voyages, a book never written? Or just never published and remains in someone’s deep dark cellar? You can find the letter describing his first voyage at http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497vespucci-america.asp
Why should the Spanish have all the fun? Other European Nations started exploring to the west to rediscover the lands in that direction. The passage to the orient would be the prize.
The voyages by Ayllon, Gomez and Verrazzano made it possible to map, describe inhabitants and certain features along the eastern coast of the North America continent. The Europeans now had a great basis of knowledge but, still no passage to the orient was discovered.
After setting up winter quarters, building the ships was the next priority. O wait, maybe not, what about the Indian tribes massing an army preparing to attack the Spanish. One tribe points the finger at another when all is said and done, the Spanish end up siding with Guachoya tribe. With that complete all is well, not so fast, the Quigaltam tribe across the Mississippi will have the last word. Now it’s a race to get away from them. Get me home..
Moscoso is now the new commander of the expedition of Florida. The journey west does not turn up any of the riches that this whole endeavor was supposed to accomplish. Evidence to back up the rumor of other Spanish farther west was not found. So to backtrack through the country just traveled seemed the best alternative. Homeward bound..
The Spanish army is making their way through the state of Arkansas. They will pass by many villages, not without conflict. The army set up winter quarters in the village of Autiamque. They would lose a vital member and soon after another. The quest for gold is no longer, let’s build some ships and go home.
The army is traveling along the Mississippi where he meets up with two chiefs Casqui and Pacaha. The Spanish get caught up again with animosities between the two tribes. De Soto is able to leave on friendly terms, the two tribes, I’m not so sure but, de Soto did his best to bring them together. And the search for gold continues.
The army is breaking up winter camp located at the village of Chickasaw. They started off in a northwesterly direction marching through the state of Mississippi. After a few fights with the natives along the way, the Spanish feasted their eyes upon the great Mississippi River. What a swim this is going to be.
The great battle between the warriors of chief Tuscaloosa and the Spanish army. After leaving the village in ashes they traveled to the village of Chickasaw to winter the army. Does anyone around here have a ticket back to New Spain? I am ready to go home.
The travels of de Soto and his Army through the states of North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia. They would cover so much ground and meet so many different tribes.
The Spanish army parts ways with Patofa and then meets up with the Princess of Cofachiqui. No gold or silver but they made a haul on pearls.
The Spanish get wrapped up in the grievances of the next group of natives. The natives commanded by Patofa and the Spanish head out to take revenge. Juan de Anasco would observe a village in the province of Cofachiqui. Where is the GOLD!!!!
de Soto and his army heading west along the top of Florida to the great Apalachee province, home to the fiercest warriors in Florida. The army would winter at the village of Anhayea. From here Juan de Anasco would travel south and discover an excellent bay and the remnants of Panfilo de Narvaez’s failed expedition.
The Spanish army's trek north where they meet three Chiefs that were brothers. Two of them controlled half the territory the other half was overseen by chief Vitachuco, where de Soto and his troop were currently passing through. The three chiefs would get along great with the Spanish….NOT!!
The Spanish found an interpreter, the young man, Juan Ortiz, who spent 8 years of his life in the Indian village of chief Ucita and then ran off to live in the village of Mocoso for another 3 years. The Spanish begin their travels north. I wonder if this expedition through Florida would have been much easier if the previous trip by Panifilo de Narvaez and his group would have established a greater friendship with the Indians. Things you wish you would have known ahead of time but, the Spanish push forward.
The grand lifestyle that was now de Soto’s back in Spain. Was this enough? No!!! Florida was his for the taking. The preparations begin and the gallant men who sign up for a piece of the action. All aboard let’s go...
A continuation of the story of de Soto’s friend Codro and his fate, and finishes with de Soto’s participation in the conquest of Peru.
The beginnings of a Spanish conquistador named Ferdinand de Soto, where he came from and the hardships he had to endure.
The highlights on what the armies had seen and what happened after Coronado’s accident. There was no more wind in the sails. Ending this expedition was not what they wanted to do but, after all that had happened, it was time. So with the sand in their pockets, they headed for home.
The armies of Coronado continue discovering the many pueblos along their path. Especially the “Rock of Acuco, the oldest inhabited city on the North American continent.
The armies of Coronado exploring the landscape of New Mexico and seeing buffalo for the first time. It was during this part of the expedition that the Spanish army fought the Indians at Tiguex and then tried to make peace with them during the winter months with little success. Does anybody out here have a road map?
Captain Diaz and his men camped along the Colorado River. Coronado and his company headed for Cibola. Coronado ordered Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas to investigate a river to the northwest, another section of the Colorado River. The amazement that must have captivated Diaz, Cardenas and their men by seeing the Grand Canyon and the immense space and beauty of this area for the first time, O wait these places were a disappointment and an end to their travels in that direction.
Starting with travels of the Franciscan Monk, Fray Marcos of Nizza, who may have stretched the truth on what he found. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado would be sent to follow up on Marcos’ reports, the discovery of the spectacular “Seven Cities”. Here begins the adventure …
This episode finishes the travels of the four remaining men that took over eight to years to complete and the many villages and Indians they met along the way. Vaca would speak against the Spanish slave trade and may have gotten him into trouble in his later years. The return of these four men with their stories would prompt others with a desire to prepare for further exploration to uncover the truth about the fabled “Seven Cites”.
The continuation of the men that remained alive. Two groups of Spaniards either became too sick and passed away or were killed by the Indians. Lope de Oviedo would stay with the Indians and take his chances. Fourteen remained but were scattered among the different tribes. And then there were four, Andres Dorantes, Alonso del Castillo and the africain slave, Estevanico, who would travel among the Indian tribes of the land, here comes the Spanish celebrities.
What’s left of Narvaez’s dwindling band, its trials and errors. Five barges were constructed to take to the sea. By not sticking together, each individual barge was on its own. Vaca and one other barge would later meet up but, in a storm that barge and crew were lost. This episode ends with just Vaca and his group clinging to life but, in the care of Indians. The Spanish were uneasy, were they to be sacrificed to their gods?
The events and activities that will lead us to the next great adventure. Five ships will sail off for an expedition commanded by Panifilo de Narvaez to the Florida coast.
I expand on the stories of six men who added to the progression and discovery of America. They are Diego Velázquez, Diego and Bartholomew Columbus, Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán, Antonio de Alaminos and Vicente Yanez Pinzon.
The part finishes up with Cortes’ conquest of the Aztec empire and the final years of the man we know as Cortes.
The man called Hernando Cortes and the beginnings of his adventure with the great empire of the Aztecs.
Other voyages that were undertaken during the year 1508. One headed by Juan Diaz de Solis and Vicente Yanez Pinzon, and a second by Sebastian de Ocampo. Cuba would be colonized and its appointed governor, Diego Velazquez, would organize voyages destined to discover other unknown regions.
A further discussion of maps of the world. Just what did the early explorers have in their hands? I end with the partial exploration of Florida by Juan Ponce de Leon.
The description of Christopher Columbus’ fourth and final voyage, my two-cents and a discussion of maps in the days of Columbus.
The description of Christopher Columbus’ third voyage and the trouble created by so many against the Columbus brothers. All he was trying to do was to discover that passage, he had missed finding on his other two voyages. I know it’s around here someplace…….
A letter that was written by Christopher Columbus to Luis de Sant Angel while sailing back to Spain aboard the Nina. He writes an account of what was discovered and how grateful he was to be sailing home, although the return trip was not without its own set of hardships.
Christopher Columbus’ second voyage across the ocean but, this time well financed. Over 1500 people from all walks of life, among them would be many that would add their name to the history of the world. Everything was loaded, horses, cattle probably even the kitchen sink. They weren’t coming to visit. Nope, they were coming to settle a new land. What riches lay before them, only time would tell?
The final leg of the first voyage with Christopher Columbus, the crew and remaining two ships, the Pinta and the Nina. The trip across the ocean was not an easy task. They fought one of the worst winter storms the coast had seen in years. And throw in the trouble with Portugal. Yea, this was a great expedition from start to finish.
Christopher Columbus and the crew of three ships that made it across the ocean. The amazement on what lay before them, were their eyes playing tricks on them. They had found a piece of paradise. The ships would travel around so many islands of beauty. The natives were very receptive to them, well maybe not all of them. What a discovery these men had made……the uncertainty while at sea for so many days was now behind them.
One of the greatest voyages of all time. Three tiny ships crossing uncharted water to discover a new world. It would be a new destiny for the Europeans but a complete change for the natives in the western hemisphere. Here starts Columbus’ first voyage.
A continuation of the Viking sagas on the North American continent and what is left behind. A brief description of the different types of Viking ships such as the one discovered in Norway and the replica built for the Chicago World’s fair.
I start with the sagas of the Vikings on Iceland, their journey west to Greenland and the discovery of the North American continent. Along the way I introduce the characters that had the most impact with this journey.