Crisis (Forced Migration Review 45): Recent Episodes
Oxford University
Many people who are displaced, or become ‘trapped’, in the context of diverse humanitarian crises do not fit well within existing legal, policy and operational frameworks for the protection of refugees and IDPs. This raises questions about whether there needs to be – or can be – more systematic ways of dealing with assistance and protection for people affected by ‘crises’ such as environmental disruption, gang violence, nuclear disasters, food shortages and so on. FMR 45 contains 33 articles on crisis, migration and displacement, and eight general articles on other subjects relating to forced migration.
See more at: http://www.fmreview.org/crisis
In the first month of the Typhoon Haiyan response, one of the priorities facing the international community was to re-establish internet connectivity in order to facilitate information sharing and the provision of assistance.
Internal displacement in Kenya has been a challenge since the colonial era but only recently has a legal framework been developed to address IDP protection issues.
Since the return of democracy to Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay there has been particular recognition of forced displacement within the framework of reparations for the abuses suffered under dictatorial governments.
MSF recently asked Somali refugees in Dadaab’s Dagahaley camp about their living conditions and their thoughts about returning to Somalia in the near future.
Lebanon’s attitude towards the ‘Syrian exception’ can be used as the starting point for its policy to come into line with international refugee and human rights norms, standards and protection.
Global standards such as the Education in Emergencies Minimum Standards need to be applied locally and this requires a thoughtful and committed contextualisation process.
Ethnic discrimination has long fuelled violence and displacement within Myanmar, especially in relation to people of Rohingya ethnicity who have been fleeing in their ‘tens of thousands’ in 2013 alone.
Two new Conventions approved in 2013 have the potential to offer greater protection to vulnerable groups, including IDPs, in the Americas.
There is no coherent or unified global governance framework for the different areas that have been subsumed under the umbrella of ‘crisis migration’.
An essential step for advancing risk reduction measures at the local level is to define mobility-based indicators of vulnerability and resilience that can contribute to measuring and reducing human and economic losses resulting from disasters.
Following the Haiti earthquake of 2010, Argentina and other South American countries undertook to receive Haitians.
The impetus for new disaster response laws lies in the gaps that exist in the scope and geographic coverage of existing international law.
Examination of migration histories and current politics in Kenya, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Ethiopia and Ghana sheds light on how rights are articulated for groups and individuals displaced in a context of environmental stress and climate change.
Regional solutions are becoming a strategic tool in dealing with the lack of globally agreed protection for crisis migrants.
The lessons of the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011 seem to be the same as those from Chernobyl 25 years earlier, despite the different political settings.
Factors that foster social cohesion in communities – such as shared long-term networks and community identity, central organisation to which the community adheres, and established trust – have been identified as critical for post-disaster resilience.
The biggest challenge concerning North Korean refugees is that, as yet, there is no international framework for how to respond once these individuals have crossed the border.
Both natural and man-made crises are considered by many to be prime environments for trafficking in persons. However, the evidence for this is thin.
As border security increases and borders become less permeable, cross-border migration is becoming increasingly difficult, selective and dangerous.
A focus on those who are trapped challenges both theoretical and practical approaches to mobility and crisis, which prioritise movement.
While ‘boat people’ are often fleeing a situation of crisis, they share their mode of travel with many types of migrants.
Today’s constant flows of persons and information across frontiers mean that, when an emergency occurs, the international community feels it has to get involved not only out of solidarity but because its citizens could be in danger.
Movements of migrants are only partially covered by international instruments and while the Algerian authorities certainly have opportunities to protect this stream of people, no agreements (bilateral or multilateral) are in force to do so.
Humanitarian border management is one of the tools that can supplement the humanitarian response for migrants caught in a crisis situation.
When non-citizens are caught up in humanitarian crises, they can be as vulnerable to displacement, and suffer its consequences as acutely, as citizens.
The role of the recent drought in producing migration cannot be understood in isolation from human practices and past and concurrent political processes.
Individual and collective responses to health crises contribute to an orderly public health response that most times precludes the need for large-scale displacements.
Although Pakistan and Colombia have relatively advanced disaster management frameworks, they were unprepared and ill-equipped to assist and protect people displaced by recent floods.
The Mexican government needs facts and figures on internal displacement and then to mobilise national institutions to design appropriate responses.
Banding together in response to a situation of this seriousness gives people strength and confidence, and provides emotional, social and – above all – legal and political support.
Rampant criminal violence, from direct coercion and physical threats to the erosion of the quality of life and livelihood opportunities, pushes people to move in a variety of ways.
Adolescents who migrate because of food crises face distinct risks. Specific strategies are needed to prevent and respond to this phenomenon.
Deficiencies in planning, preparation and implementation of involuntary resettlement and relocation projects have produced far more failures than successes.
It is expected that due to sea-level rises in the future many millions of Bangladeshis will flee to India, exacerbating further the ongoing disputes between India and Bangladesh.
Riverbank erosion and the consequent formation of new islands in the Bay of Bengal cause frequent changes in the shape and size of the delta, forcing the inhabitants to migrate frequently.
Relocation – whereby livelihoods, housing and public infrastructure are reconstructed in another location – may be the best adaptation response for communities whose current location becomes uninhabitable or is vulnerable to future climate-induced threats
The conditions from which most crisis migrants have fled — threats to life, health, physical safety and/or subsistence — are likely to be reproduced in some form in their urban destinations, at least in part due to their presence there.
The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement filled a major gap in the international protection system for uprooted people.
Crisis migration needs to be understood in terms of 'tipping points', which are triggered not just by events but also by underlying structural processes.
Movements precipitated by humanitarian crises have implications that touch upon immigration control and national interests, human rights, humanitarian and development principles, and frameworks for international protection, cooperation and burden sharing.
When it comes to protecting migrants' well-being and rights, smart practices abound. There are many practices that can and should become global standards.