Relevant History: Recent Episodes
Dan Toler
In Relevant History, solo podcaster Dan Toler examines the trends and ideas that shape our modern world. The first season is about the idea of nationalism, and how different societies understand their national identities. From France to Ethiopia, from the Delhi Sultanate to the Dutch Republic, we travel through time and space to explore the roots of cultures around the world, and how those national trends have shaped their history.
At the end of the 19th century, the great European empires are the most powerful nations in the history of mankind. To fuel their growing industrial economies, they expand into Africa, settling, buying, and outright seizing whatever land they can.
In Britain, men like Cecil Rhodes dream of a united British African Empire extending “from Cape to Cairo.” In France, explorers like Jean-Baptiste Marchand aim to beat Britain to the punch, creating their own continent-spanning empire from Senegal to Djibouti. Meanwhile, in South Africa, the independent Boer republics are fighting their own battle against British imperialism.
WARNING: Some strong racial language.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Chapter One: Flashback - The English Civil War – 00:04:08
Chapter Two: Why Else Was Victorian-Era Britain So Powerful? – 00:40:42
Chapter Three: The British Empire Enters Africa – 00:50:02
Chapter Four: The Rhodes Colossus – 01:28:53
Chapter Five: France Before the Scramble – 02:12:13
Chapter Six: The French Scramble for West Africa – 02:28:38
Chapter Seven: The Fashoda Incident – 02:50:57
Chapter Eight: Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Belgium – 03:13:09
Chapter Nine: A Brief History of Bismarck's Germany – 03:31:52
Chapter Ten: The Berlin Conference, Belgian Neutrality, and Germany's African Empire – 04:00:36
Chapter Eleven: The Second Boer War – 04:23:40
Chapter Twelve: The Siege of Kimberley – 04:41:20
Chapter Thirteen: The Empire Strikes Back – 05:08:04
Chapter Fourteen: Guerilla War in the Transvaal – 05:27:49
Chapter Fifteen: The End of the Scramble – 06:03:39
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Episode transcript (90% accurate, includes bibliography): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vR5yy3nbsD9_n8ySLibMMtDJpWQgGqTdwT6jq9MtHFYjwL5VgPUaiwOtNn6GnQm8aPsd1WYXm7g3hnC/pub/
Complete list of Season Two sources: https://bit.ly/418JbI6/
Music courtesy of: https://www.youtube.com/@publicdomainclassicalmusic3961/
SOURCES:
Ackroyd, Peter - The History of England, Volume III: Civil War
Barraclough, Geoffrey (ed.) - Harper Collins Atlas of World History
Benjamin, Thomas (ed.) - Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450
Brendon, Piers - The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781-1997
Christiansen, Eric - The Northern Crusades
Churchill, Randolph S. - Winston S. Churchill, Volume I: Youth, 1874-1900
Churchill, Winston - A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, Volume II: The New World
Davidson, Apollon - Cecil Rhodes and His Time
Davies, Norman - Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and Fall of States and Nations
D’Este, Carlo - Warlord: A Life of Churchill at War, 1874-1945
Erickson, Edward J. - A Global History of Relocation in Counterinsurgency Warfare
Farwell, Byron - The Great Anglo-Boer War
Fremont-Barnes, Gregory - The Boer War, 1899-1902
Gilbert, Martin - Churchill and the Jews
Hobsbawm, Eric - Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day
Holmes, Richard - The Little Field Marshal: A Life of Sir John French
Horne, Allistair - La Belle France: A Short History
Jenkins, Roy - Churchill: A Biography
Lewis, David Levering - The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa
Lockhart, J.G., Cecil Rhodes
Manchester, William - The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, Visions of Glory, 1874-1932
Maylam, Paul - The Cult of Rhodes: Remembering an Imperialist in Africa
Nasson, Bill - The War for South Africa: The Anglo-Boer War 1899-1902
Overy, Richard - A History of War in 100 Battles
Overy, Richard (ed.) - The Times Complete History of the World
Pakenham, Thomas (1982) - The Boer War
Pakenham, Thomas (1991) - The Scramble for Africa: The White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912
Prochaska, David - Making Algeria French: Colonialism in Bône, 1870-1920
Quigley, Carroll - The Anglo-American Establishment
Rhodes, Cecil - Confession of Faith
Roberts, Andrew - Churchill: Walking With Destiny
Rotberg, Robert I.; Shore, Miles F. - The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power
Schama, Simon - A History of Britain, Volume II: The British Wars 1603-1776
Seward, Desmond - The Monks of War: The Military Religious Orders
Smith, Leonard V. - French Colonialism: From the Ancien Régime to the Present
Stanley, Henry Morton - The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State: A Story of Work and Exploration, Volume I
Steinberg, Jonathan - Bismarck: A Life
Stone, Norman - Europe Transformed, 1878-1919
Taylor, A.J.P. - Germany’s First Bid for Colonies, 1884-1885: A Move in Bismarck’s European Policy
Dan explains that the World Wars – particularly World War II – form the founding myth of our modern era. Then, he argues that the time is right for a re-evaluation of that myth in the light of a less biased history.
He’ll also provide a preview of the rest of Season 2, an overview of his research method, and an explanation of what he will and won’t be doing.
Complete list of Season Two sources: https://bit.ly/418JbI6
SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE!
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Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4
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Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRbgMgKqp7UbkFhnLg-ov3qD1bNdazLL8rU_Z_8TJIr-k9o0IY8gwFDtL4_dNdGb38OEj4Ckp50G70Q/pub
Music courtesy of: Public Domain Classical Music
SOURCES:
Stack Exchange thread on Napoleon’s quote: https://literature.stackexchange.com/questions/20248/who-said-that-history-is-a-lie-fable-agreed-upon/
Howe, Neil; Strauss, William - The Fourth Turning: An American Prophecy
Howe, Neil; Strauss, William - Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069
I sat down with my friend Jordyn [Last Name Redacted] to discuss the history of anarchism, an important subject that’s tangential to the 20th century’s struggle between nationalism and globalism. We also talked a bit about the history of Daoism, as well as the subject of Jordyn’s upcoming podcast: dead malls.
Apologies for the poor audio quality. I have lots of experience running my own personal microphone, but have never mic’d a whole room before. Clearly, there is much to learn.
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Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4
Episode transcript (90% accurate): There is no script for this episode, as it is an interview.
Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
Season One Finale – Peak Nationalism, Peak Civilization?
In the final episode of Season One, Dan sums up what we’ve learned about nationalism and its development. He also sets the stage for Season Two of Relevant History, which will cover the World Wars and the conflict between nationalism and globalism.
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Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRm_Tf-GWzt6hMnTSeshSHlUiE0CvqQMghfv2infQQoVOF4xXGWFWhdmsdPXGDz659iFtaQGuH1UBjB/pub
Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
SOURCES:
Maddison Project Database (most recent): https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023/
PIAAC 2023 US literacy and numeracy data:
https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/piaac/2023/national_results.asp/
PIAAC International literacy and numeracy data:
https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/piaac/international_context.asp/
In the year 1870, Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck engineers a war to cut France down to size. French Emperor Napoleon III is willing to oblige, and bungles his way into a war against all of Germany.
The Franco-Prussian War proves to be more than he – or anyone else – bargained for. Within a few months, Paris will be under siege, proto-Communist rebels will threaten to take over France, and the Italians will invade Rome. And Bismarck, ever the opportunist, will grasp at the opportunity to unify Germany once and for all.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Chapter One: The Twilight of the French Empire – 00:01:56
Chapter Two: The Ems Dispatch – 00:26:26
Chapter Three: A Blueprint for the Great War – 00:46:34
Chapter Four: Unstoppable Force Meets Immovable Object – 01:13:48
Chapter Five: The Great Right Turn – 01:55:15
Chapter Six: The Last Bonaparte – 02:21:16
Chapter Seven: The Government of National Defense – 02:47:44
Chapter Eight: The Last Stand of the Papal States – 03:13:36
Chapter Nine: The Defense of the French Republic – 03:35:42
Chapter Ten: The Siege of Paris – 04:02:27
Chapter Eleven: The Dawn of the German Empire – 04:34:01
Chapter Twelve: The Paris Commune – 04:50:50
Chapter Thirteen: The Belle Époque – 05:20:22
Chapter Fourteen: The Future of Italy – 05:47:14
Chapter Fifteen: The Age of Bismarck – 06:08:22
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Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRspp9A68aYB2E7iR3qY3fDucuy0qfPuhR1d-8urumVxitiYMennSxDiu36RmCS-J4S7ahF4PRw5ENq/pub
Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
SOURCES:
Graham Allison, Thucydides’s Trap Case File - https://www.belfercenter.org/programs/thucydidess-trap/thucydidess-trap-case-file/
Robert Baldick, The Siege of Paris
Quintin Barry, The Franco-Prussian War: 1870-71
Derek Beales and Eugenio F. Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy
David Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany 1780-1918
Georges Bonnin, Bismarck and the Hohenzollern Candidature for the Spanish Throne: The Documents in the German Diplomatic Archives
Fenton Bresler, Napoleon III: A Life
John Breuilly, The Formation of the First German Nation-State, 1800–1871
Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71
Charles A. Coulombe, The Pope’s Legion: The Multinational Fighting Force that Defended the Vatican
Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945
Paul K. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present
William Dawson, History of the German Empire
Carolyn J. Eichner, The Paris Commune: A Brief History
Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire
Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi (With Supplement by Jesse White Mario)
E.E.Y. Hales, Pio Nono: A Masterful Study of Pius IX and His Role in Nineteenth-Century European Politics and Religion
Lucius Hudson Holt and Alexander Wheeler Chilton, The History of Europe From 1862 to 1914: From the Accession of Bismarck to the Outbreak of the Great War
Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France, 1870-1871
David I. Kertzer, Prisoner of the Vatican: The Popes, the Kings, and Garibaldi’s Rebels in the Struggle to Rule Modern Italy
Melvin Kranzberg, The Siege of Paris, 1870-1871: A Political and Social History
Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, 1796-1870
Denis Mack Smith, Mazzini
Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy: A Political History
Helmuth von Moltke, The Franco-German War of 1870-71
Arthur E. Monroe, The French Indemnity of 1871 and its Effects - https://www.jstor.org/stable/1928688?seq=1
Robin Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse
Jürgen Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World, A Global History of the Nineteenth Century
Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph
Dennis Showalter, The Wars of German Unification
Jonathan Steinberg, Bismarck: A Life
A.J.P. Taylor, Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman
Geoffrey Wawro, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870-1871
In 1864, the twin German powers of Austria and Prussia join together to beat up on little Denmark. In 1866, they have a falling out and beat up on each-other. The Italians, still salty over their last war with Austria, join on Prussia’s side, with the goal of seizing Venice once and for all.
The Austro-Prussian War, also known as the Seven Weeks’ War, will determine which power – Austria or Prussia – will control the destiny of Germany. Meanwhile, Italian nationalists have their eyes set on more than Venice. If they can manage it, they aim to conquer Rome itself.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Chapter One: The Iron Chancellor – 00:01:31
Chapter Two: The Second Schleswig-Holstein War – 00:23:22
Chapter Three: The Diplomatic Crisis of 1865-1866 – 01:05:43
Chapter Four: The Timelines Converge – 01:33:21
Chapter Five: Venetia or Bust – 01:48:51
Chapter Six: The War With Many Names – 02:15:19
Chapter Seven: Iron and Blood – 02:42:52
Chapter Eight: Königgrätz – 02:58:12
Chapter Nine: Garibaldi Saves the Day – 03:21:12
Chapter Ten: An Amicable Peace – 03:37:58
Chapter Eleven: The Roman Question – 04:00:33
Chapter Twelve: The Dual Monarchy – 04:33:26
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Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4
Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRfBLk-SmW6SKS_bsBCkzR32Xb3SiyLDDCymQO8tyJyvAlDvvkzDkVvuD4AiR6-fRKuzrRZjjwijM3-/pub
Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
SOURCES:
Quintin Barry, Road to Koniggratz: Helmuth von Moltke and the Austro-Prussian War 1866
Derek Beales and Eugenio F. Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy
John Breuilly, The Formation of the First German Nation-State, 1800–1871
Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71
Charles A. Coulombe, The Pope’s Legion: The Multinational Fighting Force that Defended the Vatican
Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945
Michael Embree, Bismarck’s First War: The Campaign of Schleswig and Jutland 1864
Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire
Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi (With Supplement by Jessie White Mario)
E.E.Y. Hales, Pio Nono: A Masterful Study of Pius IX and His Role in Nineteenth-Century European Politics and Religion
H.M. Hozier, The Seven Weeks' War: the Austro-Prussian Conflict of 1866
Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, 1796-1870
Denis Mack Smith, Mazzini
Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy, A Political History
Denis Mack Smith, Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento
Robin Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse
Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph
Dennis Showalter, The Wars of German Unification
Peter F. Sugar, A History of Hungary
Bertha von Suttner, Lay Down Your Arms: The Autobiography of Martha von Tilling
Geoffrey Wawro, The Austro-Prussian War: Austria's war with Prussia and Italy in 1866
In part three of his series on the unifications of Germany and Italy, Dan talks about the turbulent 1850s and early 60s. In Germany, this is a time of mass industrialization. With the regional economy growing at a record pace, Prussia and Austria engage in saber-rattling diplomacy over the future of the German Confederation.
Meanwhile, the new King of Piedmont-Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel II, aims to do what his father could not: conquer all of Italy. Taking advantage of Austrian weakness – and a burgeoning alliance with France – he and three other men will engineer a revolution that unites the Apennine Peninsula for the first time since the Roman Empire.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Chapter One: The German Question – 00:04:22
Chapter Two: The Erfurt Union – 00:30:15
Chapter Three: The (Austrian) Empire Strikes Back – 00:42:24
Chapter Four: Enter Bismarck – 01:03:59
Chapter Five: Goodbye, Friedrich Wilhelm – 01:32:59
Chapter Six: Repression in Lombardy – 01:41:19
Chapter Seven: Enter Camillo Cavour – 01:51:20
Chapter Eight: Enter Victor Emmanuel – 02:04:32
Chapter Nine: The Crimean War – 02:17:48
Chapter Ten: Engineering a Revolution – 02:39:34
Chapter Eleven: The War for Northern Italy – 03:05:02
Chapter Twelve: The Expedition of the Thousand – 03:34:34
Chapter Thirteen: The Dictator of Sicily – 04:14:24
Chapter Fourteen: The Conquest of Southern Italy – 04:28:49
Chapter Fifteen: The Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy – 04:51:04
Chapter Sixteen: Rome and the Risorgimento – 05:13:43
SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE!
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Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vTILtf6-xAur_LTmOc_UJ7iH-H3L0l_O_jUjd2CwhN9q3CWJV6zM2UCbss4HP1saanj2jSurstKqKX0/pub/
Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
SOURCES:
Derek Beales and Eugenio F. Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy
David Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany 1780-1918 – https://www.scribd.com/document/261666797/Long-Nineteenth-Century-History-of-Germany-1780-1918-the-David-Blackbourn
Carlo Bossoli, The War in Italy
Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 – https://read.amazon.com/?asin=B003SNK19G&ref_=dbs_t_r_kcr
Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945
Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire
Charles Stuart Forbes, The Campaign of Garibaldi in the Two Sicilies: A Personal Narrative
Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi –
-Volume 1: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0001gari/page/n3/mode/2up
-Volume 2: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0002gari/page/n3/mode/2up
-Supplement by Jesse White Mario: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0003gari/page/4/mode/2up
E.E.Y. Hales, Pio Nono: A Masterful Study of Pius IX and His Role in Nineteenth-Century European Politics and Religion
Denis Mack Smith, Cavour, a Biography
Denis Mack Smith, Cavour and Garibaldi, 1860: A Study in Political Conflict
Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, 1796-1870 – https://archive.org/details/makingofitaly1790000mack/page/n3/mode/2up
Denis Mack Smith, Mazzini
Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy, A Political History
Denis Mack Smith, Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento
Giuseppe Mazzini, Address to Pope Pius IX, On His Encyclical Letter – https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=YURTAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PP4&hl=en
Damian McElrath, The Syllabus of Pius IX: Some Reactions in England
The New York Times, The Attempted Assassination of the Emperor of the French - https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1858/02/09/78528596.pdf
Robin Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse – https://archive.org/details/habsburgmonarchy0000okey/page/n5/mode/2up
Jürgen Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World, A Global History of the Nineteenth Century – https://www.everand.com/read/261688401/The-Transformation-of-the-World-A-Global-History-of-the-Nineteenth-Century
Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph – https://archive.org/details/twilightofhabsbu0000palm
Pope Pius IX, The Syllabus of Errors: https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius09/p9syll.htm
Trevor Royle, Crimea, The Great Crimean War 1854-1856
Frederick C. Schneid, The Second War of Italian Unification 1859-61
James J. Sheehan, German History, 1770-1866 (Oxford History of Modern Europe)
Jonathan Steinberg, Bismarck: A Life
Often called the “Springtime of Nations,” the year 1848 is one of turmoil throughout Europe. Revolutions are everywhere, from France to Romania.
In Germany, Prussia is ascendant. Rather than fight calls for German nationalization, savvy King Friedrich Wilhelm IV puts himself at the head of the revolution. Austria watches helplessly from the sidelines, distracted by trouble at home and abroad.
In Italy, King Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia battles the Austrians for control in the north, while local revolutions topple governments in Venice, Florence, and Rome itself.
I apologize for the drop in audio quality from roughly 1:58:30 to 2:11:20. Audacity wasn’t recording for that portion so I had to make do with the already-compressed audio from OBS.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Chapter One: The Sleeping Volcano – 00:04:43
Chapter Two: The Fall of Metternich – 00:32:33
Chapter Three: The Vienna Uprising and the Hungarian Rebellion – 01:01:34
Chapter Four: Enter Franz Joseph – 01:31:34
Chapter Five: Crisis in Germany – 01:41:53
Chapter Six: The Curious Case of Lola Montez – 02:13:48
Chapter Seven: King Friedrich Wilhelm, the Conservative Revolutionary – 02:13:48
Chapter Eight: The First Schleswig-Holstein War – 02:24:20
Chapter Nine: The Revolution in Venice – 02:42:33
Chapter Ten: Charles Albert Versus Radetzky – 03:14:53
Chapter Eleven: Enter Garibaldi – 03:36:46
Chapter Twelve: A Sidebar on Sicily – 04:01:17
Chapter Thirteen: The Return of Mazzini – 04:08:29
Chapter Fourteen: Charles Albert Tries Again – 04:22:51
Chapter Fifteen: The Fall of the Roman Republic – 04:32:27
Chapter Sixteen: The Siege of Venice – 04:47:07
Chapter Seventeen: The End of the Revolution – 04:58:57
SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE!
Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF
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Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub
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Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4
Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRXQnNgiTX89RksqftH8gEfgwhpUtw6tHz9-zvMh4o3ddwcwq2rMui9dkFfpXixkpNVDD6xR9xtQHb8/pub
Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
SOURCES:
David Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany 1780-1918 – https://www.scribd.com/document/261666797/Long-Nineteenth-Century-History-of-Germany-1780-1918-the-David-Blackbourn
Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 – https://read.amazon.com/?asin=B003SNK19G&ref_=dbs_t_r_kcr
Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945
Friedrich Engels, Germany: Revolution and Counter-Revolution – https://archive.org/details/germanyrevolutio00enge_0
Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire
Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi –
-Volume 1: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0001gari/page/n3/mode/2up
-Volume 2: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0002gari/page/n3/mode/2up
-Supplement by Jesse White Mario: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0003gari/page/4/mode/2up
Paul Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848-1849 - https://archive.org/details/danielemaninvene0000gins/page/n5/mode/2up
James Morton, Lola Montez: Her Life & Conquests - https://archive.org/details/lolamontezherlif0000mort/page/80/mode/2up
Robin Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse – https://archive.org/details/habsburgmonarchy0000okey/page/n5/mode/2up
Jürgen Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World, A Global History of the Nineteenth Century – https://www.everand.com/read/261688401/The-Transformation-of-the-World-A-Global-History-of-the-Nineteenth-Century
Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph – https://archive.org/details/twilightofhabsbu0000palm
Carlo Pisacane, Guerra Combattuta in Italia Neglo Anni 1848-49
Mike Rapport, 1848, Year of Revolution
Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, 1796-1870 – https://archive.org/details/makingofitaly1790000mack/page/n3/mode/2up
Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy, A Political History
Nick Svendsen, The First Schleswig-Holstein War 1848-50 – https://www.everand.com/read/402302021/The-First-Schleswig-Holstein-War-1848-50
At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the victorious allied powers restore Central Europe to its pre-war status: a bunch of small, semi-independent German and Italian states, dominated by more powerful neighbors. But the idea of nationalism, spread by Napoleon’s armies, is a genie you can’t put back in the bottle.
In the German Confederation, 38 tiny countries try to establish their legitimacy, but are overshadowed by the Austrian Empire in the south and the Kingdom of Prussia in the north. Without a clear path to political nationalization, German intellectuals instead focus on building a unified German culture.
In Italy, revolutionaries like Giuseppe Mazzini openly call for Risorgimento – a resurgence of Italian national identity. Drawing their inspiration from ancient Rome, these young revolutionaries will spend an entire generation battling to overthrow their Austrian overlords while avoiding French domination.
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
SOURCES:
David Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany 1780-1918 – https://www.scribd.com/document/261666797/Long-Nineteenth-Century-History-of-Germany-1780-1918-the-David-Blackbourn
Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 – https://read.amazon.com/?asin=B003SNK19G&ref_=dbs_t_r_kcr
Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945
Friedrich Engels, Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany – https://archive.org/details/germanyrevolutio00enge_0
Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire
Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi – https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0003gari/page/4/mode/2up
Giuseppe Mazzini, Address to Pope Pius IX, On His Encyclical Letter – https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=YURTAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PP4&hl=en
Jürgen Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World, A Global History of the Nineteenth Century – https://www.everand.com/read/261688401/The-Transformation-of-the-World-A-Global-History-of-the-Nineteenth-Century
Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph – https://archive.org/details/twilightofhabsbu0000palm
Pope Pius IX, Non Semel (Italian) – https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-ix/it/documents/allocuzione-non-semel-29-aprile-1848.html
Mike Rapport, 1848, Year of Revolution
Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, 1796-1870 – https://archive.org/details/makingofitaly1790000mack/page/n3/mode/2up
Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy, A Political History
Nick Svendsen, The First Schleswig-Holstein War 1848-50 – https://www.everand.com/read/402302021/The-First-Schleswig-Holstein-War-1848-50
In the first century BC, the Roman Republic is expanding rapidly across the Mediterranean basin. As the legions venture eastward into Anatolia, the Romans are able to divide and conquer all of their enemies, except for one: Mithridates VI of Pontus, also known as the Poison King.
Mithridates is more than a mere historical figure; he’s a mythic hero, born under the sign of a shooting star and nearly murdered by his own mother before spending much of his youth in the wilderness. These details may sound made up, but truth is often stranger than fiction, and the story of Mithridates is one of the strangest ever told.
Map of Anatolia during Mithridates’ reign: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Asia_Minor_in_the_Greco-Roman_period_-_general_map_-_regions_and_main_settlements.jpg
My Interview with Sean McFadden of Deep Noetics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eecCdz7cbug
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
SOURCES:
Appian: https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-the-mithridatic-wars/
Cassius Dio: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html
Justin: https://www.attalus.org/translate/justin6.html#37.1
Livy: https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/baker-the-history-of-rome-vol-6 (Livy’s work on Mithridates is lost. Only a summary remains.)
Philip Matyszak, Mithridates the Great, Rome’s Indomitable Enemy: https://www.everand.com/read/444975669/Mithridates-the-Great-Rome-s-Indomitable-Enemy
Adrienne Mayor, The Poison King, the Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome’s Deadliest Enemy
Valerius Maximus: http://attalus.org/info/valerius.html
Brian McGing, The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus: https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyofm0000mcgi/page/n13/mode/2up
Brian McGing (Encyclopaedia Iranica article on Pontus): https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/pontus
Plutarch’s Parallel Lives:
-Sulla https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Sulla*.html
-Lucullus https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Lucullus*.html
-Pompey https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pompey*.html
-Sertorius https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Sertorius*.html
Rank-Raglan mythotype and scores: https://everything.explained.today/Rank%E2%80%93Raglan_mythotype/
Laurence M. V. Totelin (study on antidote): https://www.jstor.org/stable/4130095?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Bonus Episode – Why Capitalists Make the Best Communists
In this bonus episode, Dan delves into the nitty-gritty of far-left politics and the history of various ideologies dedicated to the establishment of communism.
Then he asks the question: What if the best way to build an egalitarian utopia is via the power of capitalism?
Apologies for the constant birdsong in the background. It was a gorgeous day and I decided to record with the window open. Never again!
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
In the sixth and final installment on the French Revolution, Dan takes a deep dive into one of history’s most influential and controversial figures: Napoleon Bonaparte.
After winning victory for France in Northern Italy, the brilliant young general has the attention of the French Directory. A campaign in Egypt and victory in another war will put Napoleon in a position to become Emperor. But across the English Channel, Great Britain continues a naval blockade and a diplomatic campaign to unite Europe against the new French Empire.
To hold onto power, Napoleon will battle a series of coalitions, each time hoping it will be the last. Win or lose, one thing is certain: Europe – and the world – will never be the same.
NOTE: Because this is a very long episode, I have included timestamps for each chapter at the end of this description.
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
CHAPTER TIMESTAMPS:
Introduction – 0:00:00
Chapter 1: The French Directory – 0:5:09
Chapter 2: The Invasion of Egypt – 0:33:03
Chapter 3: The Second Directory – 0:55:04
Chapter 4: Napoleon Takes Command – 1:10:32
Chapter 5: The War of the Second Coalition – 1:41:18
Chapter 6: The French Consulate – 2:20:01
Chapter 7: A Changing Continent – 2:47:07
Chapter 8: Emperor Napoleon – 3:08:54
Chapter 9: The War of the Third Coalition – 3:32:04
Chapter 10: Austerlitz – 3:52:41
Chapter 11: The End of an Empire – 4:13:22
Chapter 12: The War of the Fourth Coalition – 4:30:35
Chapter 13: The Continental System and the Peninsular War – 4:48:09
Chapter 14: Re-Painting the Map of Europe – 5:02:30
Chapter 15: The War of the Fifth Coalition – 5:21:38
Chapter 16: Life in Napoleonic France – 5:42:49
Chapter 17: Spies and Diplomats – 5:54:01
Chapter 18: The Grande Armée – 6:10:27
Chapter 19: The Arson of Moscow – 6:31:46
Chapter 20: The War of 1812 – 6:41:45
Chapter 21: The War of the Sixth Coalition – 6:49:15
Chapter 22: The Fall of an Emperor – 7:28:24
Chapter 23: Elba – 7:44:39
Chapter 24: The Bourbon Restoration – 7:56:20
Chapter 25: The March to Paris – 8:13:11
Chapter 26: The Hundred Days – 8:28:31
Chapter 27: Waterloo – 8:43:24
Chapter 28: The Death of a Legend – 9:02:22
Chapter 29: The World After Napoleon – 9:14:19
Epilogue: What Did the French Revolution Achieve? – 9:42:38
The Reign of Terror reaches a climax when the French Revolutionaries begin to turn on one another. Jacques Hébert and Georges Danton are executed, and Robespierre rules briefly as a dictator, verging on a god-king. After the Festival of the Supreme Being, he too will face the guillotine.
A new government takes power, ruled by men like the corrupt Paul Barras, who have survived the Reign of Terror. Meanwhile, a new generation of military commanders also takes the stage, led by an artillery commander named Napoleon Bonaparte. Will the republic survive, or will the French Revolution lead to another dictatorship?
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
When the young French Republic declares war on the Netherlands, all hell breaks loose. Within a month, the French find themselves facing a coalition that includes Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, and most of Italy.
At home, a counter-revolution in the rural Vendee region threatens to tear the country in two, and smaller federalist revolts break out in several major cities. In Paris, Robespierre and the Mountain seize control of the government from the Girondins, and send a flurry of people to the guillotine.
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
After the Flight to Varennes, the Parisian public turns decisively against Louis XVI. The French constitutional monarchy teeters on the brink, reliant on a war with Austria to maintain public confidence. When the war turns against France, the French people turn against their government and overthrow the King for good.
A new legislature is formed, and the revolutionaries struggle to achieve their goals on the battlefield and in politics. Meanwhile, the French Revolution cannot move forward with a deposed King who sits in limbo. As 1792 comes to a close, Louis XVI is put on trial for his life.
CONTENT WARNING
Since we’re coming up on the Reign of Terror and a lot of people are about to get guillotined, the last portion of this episode is an addendum on the history of capital punishment. This addendum covers both the pre-modern and modern world, and I talk about both state and non-state actors. There are graphic descriptions of torture and execution, so proceed with caution.
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
After the Storming of the Bastille, the French Revolution shifts into high gear. The Constituent Assembly quickly abolishes feudal reforms and promotes the foundation of a new government with a document: the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
1790 is a quieter year, but under the surface, divisions harden as the Paris political clubs metamorphosize into modern political parties. Meanwhile, the Assembly faces unexpected backlash when it passes the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, a law that converts all Catholic clergy into civil servants employed by the state.
All of this culminates in the famous Flight to Varennes, an ill-fated attempt by the royal family to escape France altogether. The consequences for France – and for humanity – are yet to be seen.
Dan’s interview with Ro Martin on the Stoned Genius podcast: https://spotify.link/wZdJiSEY4Db
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
The French Revolution is a watershed moment not just in the history of France, but for all of humanity. Old ideas of class, hierarchy, and the divine right of kings are being challenged. For the first time since the classical era, an urban proletariat is starting to demand its own voice in politics. But the Revolution doesn’t start that way.
What begins as a financial crisis for the French government requires a legislative body to sign off on new taxes. This body, the Estates General, calls for additional reforms, which provokes a reactionary response from the conservative faction of the government, led by Louis XVI’s Austrian wife, Marie Antoinette. The public backlash goes beyond the Estates General, culminating in a series of street riots that end in one of history’s most iconic moments: the Storming of the Bastille.
Dan’s interview with Ben Kitchings of The History Voyager podcast: https://open.spotify.com/episode/07xhGEgKsxnCdziyitLWBQ
What is the Third Estate? (Complete text): https://pages.uoregon.edu/dluebke/301ModernEurope/Sieyes3dEstate.pdf
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What do the Kennedy assassination, the Martin Luther King assassination, and the Iraq War all have in common? Maybe nothing. Or maybe they were all orchestrated by a shadow government that has quietly taken over the United States.
In this bonus episode, Dan delves into the realm of conspiracy theory and asks whether everything we thought we knew about US history since 1960 was wrong.
CONTENT WARNING: This episode gets political, and Dan also talks about conspiracy theories. If you prefer a straight history podcast, best to skip this one.
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
HELPFUL LINKS:
1947 National Security Act: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947#Provisions
1960 U2 Incident: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_U-2_incident
JFK assassination: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Ltg2RgHlsQ
MLK assassination: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TA2AIuAuW8
RFK assassination: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVScM_9Tn-s
Article on RFK assassination audio forensics: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/true-crime/wp/2018/06/06/the-bobby-kennedy-assassination-tape-were-13-shots-fired-or-only-8/
NATO expansion timeline: https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-business-world-war-ii-sweden-finland-240d97572cc783b2c7ff6e7122dd72d2
Some background on NATO-Russia relations, including as regards Ukraine: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/why-nato-has-become-flash-point-russia-ukraine
Iraq War documents leak: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War_documents_leak
Collateral Murder video: https://collateralmurder.wikileaks.org/
DISHFIRE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishfire
PRISM: https://www.theverge.com/2013/7/17/4517480/nsa-spying-prism-surveillance-cheat-sheet
US worker productivity vs. inflation-adjusted pay: https://www.epi.org/productivity-pay-gap/
Former US intelligence agents at social media companies: https://www.mintpressnews.com/meet-ex-cia-agents-deciding-facebook-content-policy/281307/
Robert F Kennedy audio footage courtesy of: https://www.jfklibrary.org/
Audio of Ron Wyden and James Clapper courtesy of C-SPAN (audio-only license)
The British surrender at Yorktown isn’t the end of the American War for Independence, but it’s the end of the war in North America, and within another year the war overseas is also finished. With peace comes an end to the bloodshed, a chance to rebuild, and a turning point in many people’s lives.
But the end of the war is not the end of the American Revolution. Now that independence has been won, a new nation struggles to find its identity. In this episode, we’ll talk about the Constitutional Convention, George Washington’s presidency, and more.
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY:
An American Crisis: George Washington and the Dangerous Two Years After Yorktown, 1781–1783 by William M. Fowler: https://amzn.to/3IUV8IF
Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift by Thomas E. Chavez: https://amzn.to/40V0XN1
The American Revolution: A Global War by Richard Ernest Dupuy: https://amzn.to/3K8K8at
Southern Campaigns of the American Revolution by Dan L. Morrill: https://amzn.to/3KOJtwJ
100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present, by Paul K Davis: https://amzn.to/3BBx1Ld
George Washington – A Military Life by Edward G Lengel: https://amzn.to/3Jc5kMs
General George Washington: A Military Life by Edward G. Lengel: https://amzn.to/3lowoQB
Valiant ambition : George Washington, Benedict Arnold, and the Fate of the American Revolution by Nathaniel Philbrick: https://amzn.to/3yLXmoe
The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon by John Ferling: https://amzn.to/3JOdJXJ
Washington: The Indispensable Man by James Thomas Flexner: https://amzn.to/3Lv5bqb
In 1780, the American War for Independence is at a stalemate. The British, eager to crush the rebellion once and for all, decide to change strategies and invade the American south. There, they will face not just the Continental Army, but also the backwoods militia who dominate the inland United States.
Meanwhile, the French and the Spanish will deal blow after blow to the British Empire, threatening not just Britain’s status in North America, but her dominance over world trade. With few friends on the world stage, Parliament faces a bitter truth: to save the Empire, they must sacrifice the Thirteen Colonies.
Map of the southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War: https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_original/public/thumbnails/image/Southern-Campaign-Map-%28June-2020%29.jpg?itok=BHGUi5Z5
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift by Thomas E. Chavez: https://amzn.to/40V0XN1
The American Revolution: A Global War by Richard Ernest Dupuy: https://amzn.to/3K8K8at
Southern Campaigns of the American Revolution by Dan L. Morrill: https://amzn.to/3KOJtwJ
100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present, by Paul K Davis: https://amzn.to/3BBx1Ld
George Washington – A Military Life by Edward G Lengel: https://amzn.to/3Jc5kMs
General George Washington: A Military Life by Edward G. Lengel: https://amzn.to/3lowoQB
Valiant ambition : George Washington, Benedict Arnold, and the Fate of the American Revolution by Nathaniel Philbrick: https://amzn.to/3yLXmoe
The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon by John Ferling: https://amzn.to/3JOdJXJ
Washington: The Indispensable Man by James Thomas Flexner: https://amzn.to/3Lv5bqb
In this bonus episode, Dan discusses the trend of historical presentism – judging past figures by present-day standards. Should we hold yesterday’s figures to today’s ethical norms? Or does history require a broader approach? Dan breaks down the case against presentism, along with a few points in its favor.
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Is History History? - https://www.historians.org/research-and-publications/perspectives-on-history/september-2022/is-history-history-identity-politics-and-teleologies-of-the-present
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
In the years 1778 and 1779, the American revolutionaries work to keep the British army bottled up in New York City. At the same time, the British open a second offensive in the southern states, and encourage their Native American allies to open up a series of small frontier wars in the American West.
The American revolutionaries are also aided by new friends. For the first time, the French take an active role against the British. Sensing opportunity, Spain jumps on the bandwagon, hoping to retake their lost territory of Gibraltar. What began as a local uprising in the colonies is now an international war that threatens to bring the British Empire to its knees.
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY:
George Washington – A Military Life by Edward G Lengel: https://amzn.to/3Jc5kMs
Navies and the American Revolution 1775-1783 by Robert Gardiner: https://amzn.to/3yth7AW
The Conquest of the Illinois by George Rogers Clark: https://amzn.to/3l51NY6
General George Washington: A Military Life by Edward G. Lengel: https://amzn.to/3lowoQB
Valiant ambition : George Washington, Benedict Arnold, and the Fate of the American Revolution
by Nathaniel Philbrick: https://amzn.to/3yLXmoe
Portrait of a General: Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Independence by William Bradford Willcox: https://amzn.to/3lhVKjf
The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon by John Ferling: https://amzn.to/3JOdJXJ
The Royal Navy in European Waters During the American Revolutionary War by David Syrett: https://amzn.to/3LBVKoP
Washington: The Indispensable Man by James Thomas Flexner: https://amzn.to/3Lv5bqb
Gibraltar and its Sieges, with a Description of its Natural Features by Frederic George Stephens: https://amzn.to/3Lt5AcG
In July of 1776, even as the ink on the Declaration of Independence is still drying, a British invasion force invades New York, forcing George Washington and the Continental Army to retreat into New Jersey and leave America’s largest port in British hands. By winter, the cause of the United Colonies appears lost.
But 1777 is a new year, and brings with it new opportunities. Will the colonists be able to turn things around and beat back the British? And if they win, what kind of country will they have created?
MAP OF NEW YORK CITY (MODERN): https://ontheworldmap.com/usa/city/new-york-city/
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Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRzzs6to_BPTh0nNQ3VJlhjg4VW4R8tEHcA5ZS17YhHvmBM03v7aYitMponUurYQFg-vEFfyyN8rtuS/pub
Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
In the aftermath of the French and Indian War, Great Britain struggles to manage her enlarged North American holdings. In an effort to fund necessary garrison troops, Parliament levies a series of taxes on the 13 Colonies, who have previously held the right to manage their own taxes.
This leads to a series of protests and back-and-forth exchanges that culminates in an organized group of angry Bostonians pitching thousands of pounds worth of tea into Boston Harbor. When King George suspends the government of Massachusetts, it’s only a matter of time before violence breaks out.
In this episode, Dan delves into the origins and causes of the American Revolution, and how a trade protest turns into a full-blown war for independence.
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Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vR4RpvNWlKbI1Lo4hVVlsDs1mTc0gLvJ1qd5YyjHy59d297xt7_4cMhdbU9rxENDcUXv7zgBe2aTdCg/pub
Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
Dan dives into current events once again, with an update on the war in Ukraine. Here’s where things stand in December 2022, along with some warnings for the future.
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At the dawn of 1761, Frederick the Great’s Kingdom of Prussia is on the brink of collapse. Under attack by the Russians and Swedish in the north and the Austrians in the south, it would take a miracle for Prussia to survive. Meanwhile, the war in the west spreads to the Iberian peninsula, where Spain joins France in a surprise attack on British-allied Portugal.
In the conclusion of World War Zero, Dan talks about the final stages of the Seven Years’ War, and the political fallout around the globe. From Europe to North America to the Indian Subcontinent, the ripple effects will spread to the present day.
MAP OF EUROPE IN 1759: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/1280px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png
FRONTENAC WITH NATIVE ALLIES:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Frontenac_with_the_Indians.jpg
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Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vSeKxq__lnUgyCzwIzrZGdnfgWsyfoVJSu3M_hTSQP1UyL51kNFXcv_jSsvYQmxrTGmiD1qX_KoTR6K/pub
Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
In 1759, Europe is in its fourth year of war. North America is in its sixth. There, a new British commander named Jeffery Amherst partners with Native American allies to take the fight to the French. If successful, Amherst can force the French out of Canada altogether.
In Europe, France and Britain fight to a stalemate. But British-allied Prussia is in grave danger as Frederick the Great tries to fight off the combined might of Austria, Russia, France, and Sweden. Will Prussia survive and maintain its position in Central Europe? Or will Austria regain her supremacy in Germany?
CORRECTION: At one point, I said that Gen. Wolfe led an attack on Montreal. Since I said “Quebec” every other time, I hope the error is obvious.
MAP OF EUROPE IN 1759: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/1280px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png
PARTIAL MAP OF NORTH AMERICA: MAP: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/French_and_Indian_War_map.png
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Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vTIvrQA45QmvijAZazSi3O27aTVyW5Aaj97oB0gVwx4oJKtXzq30syUBX4tMqRzWnIfSmOmeHl-dwg9/pub
Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
In 1756, the French and British war over North America spills over to Europe. Prussian leader Frederick the Great, a British ally, takes the opportunity to make a pre-emptive attack on French-allied Austria, Poland, Saxony, and Russia. Soon, Sweden joins the counterattack against Prussia, and virtually all of Europe is at war.
But the Seven Years’ War will continue to spread. The French and British fight battles in West Africa, and the French and British East India Companies struggle for dominance in India. In North America, fighting goes on, with the British assaulting key French forts along the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River, to cut them off from their inland colonies.
But who will dominate? The French alliance and their overwhelming land power in Europe - or the British alliance, with their sea power and financial might? At this phase of the war, it remains an open question.
MAP OF EUROPE IN 1756: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/1280px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
In this episode, Dan traces the origins of the Seven Years’ War, starting with a seemingly-insignificant skirmish commanded by a young George Washington. This 1754 clash between British and French colonial forces will eventually turn into a global conflict.
But what are the stakes in North America? Why are the French and the British willing to risk a world war? And why will these far-flung events lead to a global war? Here’s how it all got started.
MAP: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/French_and_Indian_War_map.png
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
With the War of the Austrian Succession slowed to a crawl in Europe, the conflict spreads around the globe. In North America, French and British colonists fight in battles from Nova Scotia to Upstate New York. In the plains of east India, the French and British East India Companies wage a proxy war, aided by their nations’ warships.
Back in Europe, peace breaks out in 1748. But after eight years of war, politics, and intrigue, there’s just as much bad blood between allies as there is between former enemies. The next few years would give rise to a realignment called the Diplomatic Revolution, which would lay the groundwork for more conflict.
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
At the end of 1743, Europe is divided in two. On the one side, Austrian Archduchess Maria Theresa struggles to hold on to her ancestral lands, supported by her allies in Britain, the Netherlands, and Piedmont-Sardinia. On the other side, France and Spain are trying to conquer the old Habsburg lands, while Frederick the Great in Prussia continues to pose a real threat. Meanwhile, the French and Spanish are also trying to start a rebellion in Great Britain.
The War of the Austrian Succession is among the most chaotic in history. In this episode, Dan untangles the various threads of the war, and how it would change geopolitics forever.
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
The War of the Austrian Succession marks the beginning of the transition from dynastic politics to a more modern sense of nationalism. At the time, though, it merely seems like a calamity. What begins as a personal land grab by the young Prussian King Frederick the Great turns into a general European war, as multiple powers try to grab land from the vulnerable Austrian Archduchess Maria Theresa.
This war won’t remain confined to Europe. Thanks to the involvement of colonial powers, the war spreads throughout the globe. In the Caribbean, a British fleet under Edward Vernon terrorizes the Spanish Main in the War of Jenkins’ Ear. From the coast of South America to the mountains of central Europe, Prussian aggression shakes up the world’s geopolitical order.
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
At the mid-point of the first season, Dan takes a breather to recap what we’ve learned, and discuss nationalism more broadly.
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
Following Commodore Matthew Perry’s expedition to Japan, the floodgates to foreign trade are open. British, French, and even Russian merchants come to Japan, introducing foreign ways of life. Rebellious daimyos, worried about losing their way of life, resort to extreme measures; they overthrow the Shogunate and restore the Emperor of Japan to a position of real power.
When even the Emperor cannot eliminate foreign influence, restive samurai launch a series of rebellions. Can the new government maintain its authority, and bring Japan fully into the modern era? Or will the old ways continue to dominate?
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
In the year 1853, Japan is an isolationist, feudal society. By 1877, she’s a modern nation, with a centralized government and burgeoning national industry. This process, called the Meiji Restoration, is one of the most remarkable national transformations in all of history. But how does it happen?
In this episode, Dan discusses the first part of the story. We’ll start out with the Tokugawa Shogunate and its policy of Sakoku – isolation. Then we’ll talk about the Japanese experience in the 19th century, and how American Commodore Matthew Perry’s expedition changes Japan, and the world, forever.
Dan’s new interview with Ben from The History Voyager: https://open.spotify.com/episode/4EVcbeJhWQtnlp36jJI2L4
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
After the founding of Russia’s Romanov Dynasty, the settlement of Siberia is ready to begin in earnest. Intrepid explorers push east across Asia, eventually coming into contact with the Chinese Qing Dynasty. There, Russia’s land borders will be established, as both sides try to avert a major Asian war.
Beyond the Eurasian landmass, Russian explorer Vitus Bering ranges even further, searching for a route to North America. Can Russia extend her empire across the Pacific, and span three continents? And what does the Siberian conquest mean for Russia’s future?
Map of Siberia’s river basins: https://www.freeworldmaps.net/russia/rivers.html
Dan’s new interview with Ben from The History Voyager: https://open.spotify.com/episode/4EVcbeJhWQtnlp36jJI2L4
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
In a rare twist, Dan dives into current events, evaluating the Russian invasion of Ukraine from a historical perspective. In the epic showdown between Vladimir Putin and Volodymyr Zelenskyy, who will come out victorious? Here’s the situation on the ground right now, how things might shake out, and, of course, the relevant history behind the invasion.
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
Siberia is the world’s largest wilderness and last frontier. The Russian conquest this vast territory begins in the 1500s, but will take more than a century to complete. By the end of Russian expansion, the Tsar rules not just all of Siberia, but also Alaska and even parts of California.
How did a regional power in far-eastern Europe come to control such a vast land? And why did they do it? Here, Dan tells the first half of the story, from Russia’s medieval origins until the opening of the frontier and the founding of the Romanov dynasty.
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Episode transcript: https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRQYSSR91oAy-_2_2BQ5wjI01GWSWvtUWn0ZCkQBMuQhSikJwqyId2HlWg_bQiTZ7YrS-T7Fz6gnFWb/pub?lsrp=1
Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
The Iroquois people, properly known as the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, are one of the largest and most influential of Native American groups. So, who are these people? What were they doing before European colonization, and how did this affect their society?
Dan starts with an overview of colonization, then delves into the founding myth of the Haudenosaunee. When the Europeans show up, the Iroquois people are practically a modern nation. But as more and more colonists arrive on their borders, they will need to adapt if they want to preserve their nationhood.
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Episode transcript: https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vQ9AdxwjQ8EtmzEu6a7jFIyOFO_X4rtF-wCvXdXM_4KUd31a5Z8tKgpaSWUEw9NRoWzVA4iWtRD4DqW/pub
Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
In the ending days of the Thirty Years’ War, both sides struggle desperately for any advantage. Under First Minister Cardinal Mazarin, France is fighting a war on three fronts. But military heroes like the Prince de Condé give her an advantage over the stagnant Spanish Empire. Meanwhile, Swedish general Lennart Torstensson leads his army into the very heartland of the Austrian Empire.
Can the Habsburg powers of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire withstand this assault? Will the fledgling Dutch Republic finally gain their independence once and for all? One way another, the end of the war and the Peace of Westphalia will change the world forever.
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Episode transcript: https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRta8zistDAzRl4uauNzkdZeIU6aoiQc6JqrAbhNL0SCtPES5JhZjlvEhZmHGuKo9ixZn7IU3qFcsx9/pub
Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
France’s entry into the Thirty Years’ War did not happen in a vacuum; decades of political sparring and power politics led to that point. To fully understand why and how France got into the war, it’s important to see France through the eyes of Louis XIII, or better yet, through the eyes of his most important advisor, Cardinal Richelieu.
Born as Armand Jean du Plessis, Richelieu is one of the most influential – and overrated figures in all of history. He’s a priest, a general, a scholar, a diplomat, and a brilliant politician. It will take all of his skills to hold France together, and stand against the combined Habsburg powers of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
In 1626, King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway joined the Thirty Years’ War as a champion of the Protestant cause. Within four years, he would be sent home with his tail between his legs. But the Protestants would gain a new champion: the Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus.
In a few short years, the Lion of the North would forge a military reputation equaled by only a handful. Just as importantly, he would keep the Protestants in the fight, forcing the Catholic Habsburg monarchy to continue a costly, draining war. Here is Gustavus Adolphus’ story, and how he shaped the course of history.
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
At the beginning of 1618, the Holy Roman Empire is at peace. By the end of the year, there is a rebellion in Bohemia, and Protestants and Catholics throughout the empire are at each others’ throats. In the Third Defenestration of Prague, Bohemian Protestants, tired of royal abuses, have literally thrown Emperor Ferdinand’s royal representatives out the window.
This local revolt could have been restrained to Bohemia. But Emperor Ferdinand makes a series of blunders and overreaches that draw outside powers into the war. Within a few years, the Thirty Years’ War will engulf much of Europe.
Check out The History Voyager podcast, with Ben Kitchings: https://t.co/lD9RQOe76R?amp=1
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
In the middle of the 16th century, Habsburg Spain rules over the world’s first global empire – an empire on which the sun never set. But their new king, Philip II, is dead set on centralizing his rule. All of his domains, even the newest, must submit to his taxes, his legal code, and most of all to the dreaded Spanish Inquisition.
In the freedom-loving Spanish Netherlands, this royal overreach would not stand. Led by William of Orange, the Dutch people would rise up to resist Spanish tyranny. This would begin the 80 Years’ War, one of the world’s longest conflicts. And in the process, it would create a new nation, the Netherlands.
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Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan
American Society for Suicide Prevention (please consider donating) - https://supporting.afsp.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=donate.event&eventID=1&language=en
TIMESTAMPS:
EPISODE 1: BOOZE, STRYCHNINE, AND FERAL DOGS – THE STORY OF THE 1904 MEN’S OLYMPICS – 04m: 20s
EPISODE 2: CORPORAL VOJTEK – 30m: 20s
EPISODE 3: THE FIRST SERIAL KILLER (WE KNOW ABOUT) – 54m: 33s
EPISODE 4: SPOOKY HISTORY – 1h: 28m: 47s
Music: “Krampus’s Workshop” by Kevin MacLeod
In the early 1500s, the Catholic Church is plagued by corruption, and the Pope is blind to his people. To fund the building of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, he offers to sell indulgences; money in exchange for eternal salvation. In Germany, a priest named Martin Luther takes offense.
The resulting crisis is bigger than anyone – even Martin Luther – expected. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V will suddenly be forced to deal with not just foreign invasion, but civil war within his own empire. The outcome would change Christianity, and the world, forever.
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When Bohemian priest Jan Hus begins preaching some novel theological concepts, he thinks he’s engaging in mere academic expression. Instead, he gets sucked into an ecclesiastical war between three Popes and an emperor. Against these forces, he fails.
But the legacy of Jan Hus would spread beyond Bohemia. Over the next century, he would become a symbol of church reform, and his teachings would form the backbone that would change Christianity forever.
Also, I apologize for my inconsistency in the pronunciation of “Sigismund” and “Hussite.” I am an American.
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In the 1400s, the Iberian peninsula is divided into a handful of smaller countries. By the end of the century, Spain would be one of the leading powers in Europe. By the end of the next, her colonial empire would be the greatest in the world. But what if you found out that “Spain” never even existed until the 1700s?
In this episode, Dan talks about the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon. Their marriage, and the union of their two crowns, would forge a new kingdom, and a new national identity.
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By the end of April, 1453, the city of Constantinople is in a desperate state. Without immediate relief from their fellow Christians, the city will surely fall. Can the defenders hold out until help arrives? In his second episode on the Fall of Constantinople, Dan brings the story to its epic conclusion.
MAP OF THE FIRST THREE WEEKS OF THE SIEGE: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Siege_of_Constantinople_1453_map-fr.svg/2500px-Siege_of_Constantinople_1453_map-fr.svg.png
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Whether or not 1453 is the most important year in history is a subjective question. But if it’s not on your top five list, it should be. It was the year the city of Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire. This isn’t just about the transfer of one city, or even the end of the Byzantine civilization. It’s the day the Middle Ages ended and the Renaissance began. It heralded a new day in the history of Islam, with the Ottomans rising to supremacy, and it motivated Western European nations to look for a new route to the riches of the east. Here is the first half of the story of the Fall of Constantinople.
MAP OF THE FIRST THREE WEEKS OF THE SIEGE: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Siege_of_Constantinople_1453_map-fr.svg/2500px-Siege_of_Constantinople_1453_map-fr.svg.png
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At the dawn of the 14th century, Anatolia is divided between a handful of semi-independent governors under the nominal leadership of the Sultanate of Rum. By 1444, Ottoman troops had defeated a major European coalition at the Battle of Varna, securing a transcontinental empire. This is the story of the rise of the Ottoman Empire, a Mediterranean juggernaut that would stand for four and a half centuries.
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Dan returns from an unplanned hiatus to discuss one of history’s darker episodes: the depopulation of the Middle East in the 13th and 14th centuries. First Mongol hordes, then the Black Death ravage the region, eviscerating Islam’s Arabic cultural heartland. This one-two punch leaves an opening for a rising power: the Ottoman Empire.
Dan’s appearance on The Salad Tossers (NSFW): The Great Debate
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Following the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the Delhi Sultanate is shrunken, weakened, and nearly bankrupt. He is succeeded by his cousin, Firuz Shah, who doesn’t even want his job. But even as Firuz Shah and his descendants rebuild the Sultanate, a new threat is gathering on the horizon: the Timurid Empire, led by the legendary general Tamerlane.
Will the Delhi Sultanate withstand the Timurid horde? And will it stand against the tide of Mughal invaders that comes next? Witness the dramatic fall of the Delhi Sultanate, through the eyes of Tamerlane and his descendants. One of these descendants, Babur, will found a new empire: the Mughal Empire, that will rule India for generations.
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The Delhi Sultanate is a land of intrigue, ethnic conflict, and high art. Which one of these things is most important depends on your point of view, and on who the Sultan is at the moment.
Enter an era where anything can happen. Great kings and Sultans rule over millions, and hold their fate in their hands. With great wisdom comes great prosperity. But Mongol attacks and civil conflict pose a constant threat to this multi-ethnic empire. Can the Delhi Sultanate survive the age of the Mongols, and the chaos the famous horse-warriors bring to Asia?
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We interrupt your regularly-scheduled program to give you something you didn’t ask for, and probably didn’t want: my thoughts on conspiracy theories throughout the ages. Sorry. My computer crashed, and I lost all my notes.
Part 2 of Crossroads of Civilization will be arriving as expected next week. In the meantime, enjoy my thoughts on the Cataline Conspiracy, the Knights Templar, the Nazis, and the Kennedy Assassination.
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The story of India is the story of humanity itself. From the first humans to leave Africa to Alexander the Great and the Emperor Chandragupta, some of history’s greatest events have happened here. But how did India go from the cradle of civilization to a subcontinent divided between Muslims and Hindus? To understand why, we need to start from the beginning.
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During the Fourth Crusade, what began as a Christian holy war against Egypt turned into a Venetian war of conquest against the ancient Byzantine Empire. The conquest, in turn, began as what amounted to a hostile business takeover; but it would turn into something far more sinister. By the time the fires of the sack of Constantinople had cooled, the Crusaders had achieved a remarkable feat: the seemingly-permanent cleaving of eastern and western Christianity.
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The divide between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox churches is one of the most enduring in the history of religion. What began as a theological dispute came to encompass culture and politics as much as anything else. But what solidified the divide was the sack of Constantinople by a crusader army under the leadership of one of history’s most controversial figures: Doge Enrico Dandolo of Venice.
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Can a bad leader, even a bad person, ever truly deserve credit for a valuable achievement? Today, we’ll discuss King John, commonly considered the worst leader in the history of the British monarchy. His reign consisted of a series of failures… along with the signing of a little document called the Magna Carta. Was he England’s worst king? And does he deserve any credit for his few achievements? You be the judge.
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On the way home from the Third Crusade, King Richard I is kidnapped and held for ransom by political rivals. After the damage done by the rebellious Prince John and French King Phillip, Richard will spend the rest of his life reuniting his kingdom. In the fourth part of his series on Richard the Lionheart, Dan brings the story to a fitting conclusion.
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Following the siege of Acre, Richard the Lionheart finds himself alone at the head of the Crusader army. Now, he and Saladin will battle for the ultimate prize: Jerusalem. Both men face a race against time. Richard’s brother John is conspiring against him at home, attempting to seize the throne for himself. Meanwhile, supply shortages limit Saladin’s options and keep his army constantly on the brink. Which one of history’s great leaders will emerge victorious?
Richard Lionheart: Bad King, Bad Crusader?, by Michael Markowski, Journal of Medieval History: https://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a073741.pdf
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Richard the Lionheart is going on Crusade, rushing to relieve the siege of Acre. As the king of England and ruler of much of France, he brings with him the largest military force in the Crusader coalition. But on his way to the Middle East, he gets sidetracked on the island of Cyprus. With his sister, his fiancée, and his fortune held hostage, Richard has little choice but to take a detour, and recover what is rightfully his. When he finally gets to Acre, will it already be too late?
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The idea of England and France as one country sounds like a ridiculous idea. But for a short period, England and much of France were indeed ruled by the same kings. How close did they come to becoming an actual country? The story of Richard the Lionheart – his origins, his life, and the aftermath of his reign – serves as a parallel to the life of the Angevin Empire.
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While Crusader armies dither outside Damascus, a Turkish warlord named Nur ad-Din would forge a new Syrian kingdom. His successor, Saladin, would transform that kingdom into an Empire. Meanwhile, court life in the Kingdom of Jerusalem devolves into a soap opera, with political and personal gain replacing any semblance of piety. When Saladin and the Crusaders inevitably clash, who will be the victor?
“The History Voyager Podcast” with Ben Kitchings: https://open.spotify.com/episode/1oyJ4JxEZcD1Bq7zSF6NBg?si=T01g8-khQ8Ko303B3LStYA&utm_source=copy-link&nd=1
Dan’s interview with Michael “Fritz” Fritzius: https://anchor.fm/bp4p/episodes/Dan-Toler---Relevant-History-etnm0n
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What happens when you call a holy war without a defined goal? In this episode, the leaders of Europe put on a first-rate display of incompetence, and the Second Crusade ends in predictable disaster. But on the western coast of Iberia, a king named Alfonso I is busy building a new nation – the nation of Portugal.
Dan’s interview with Christian Carrion: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/stranger-than-christian-with-christian-carrion/id1515008235?i=1000512782999
Christian’s website: https://www.StrangerThanChristian.com
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The First Crusade was far from “merely” a religious affair. National and cultural differences influenced the entire course of the crusade, from its inception at the Council of Clermont to its culmination at the Siege of Jerusalem in 1099. This is the story of thousands of knights and tens of thousands of common folk who sought their fortunes – and their salvation – thousands of miles from home.
Dan’s interview with The Common Sense Report: https://anchor.fm/thecommonsensereport/episodes/A-Conversation-with-Dan-Toler---Relevant-History-Podcast-er6f8p
Dan’s interview with The Salad Tossers: https://anchor.fm/thesaladtosser/episodes/Hitler-is-in-Argentina-with-Tupac-and-Biggie-er6u97
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In the waning days of World War II, a castle full of French VIP hostages is surrounded by murderous SS troops. Can a joint relief force of American and German troops reach them in time to prevent the inevitable massacre?
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In 1896, the armies of Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II would prove their mettle against European steel. But after their defeat at the Battle of Adwa, the Italians are looking for revenge. And in Mussolini, they have a leader willing to go to war again. Can the new Emperor, Haile Selassie, withstand the Italian invasion? With no allies, the Lion of Judah stands defiant against a resurgent Rome.
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As the Middle Ages give way to the Age of Exploration and the modern era begins, Ethiopia faces a series of threats. Internal divisions, foreign invasion, and colonization are all on the menu. Will the Ethiopian people survive and flourish? Or will King Solomon’s heirs become nothing more than a historical footnote?
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The history of ancient Ethiopia is a mixture of myth and legend. And yet the Ethiopian people are a central part of modern history. Their royal dynasty, descended from King Solomon, made policy for centuries. But what is the origin of the Solomonic line? And is their mythical claim backed up by history?
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The story of Serbia's entry into World War I is one of intrigue and diplomacy as much as armed force. A series of territorial disputes in the Balkans would cause Serbia and Austria-Hungary to become enemies. Meanwhile, a small faction in the Serbian government is hell-bent on uniting all ethnic Serbs into one nation - whatever the cost.
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When Serbia was founded, it was a tiny nation pinned between three great empires. Soldiers, spies, and savvy politicians ensured its survival into the 20th Century.
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Good history means studying events, ideas, and societies from multiple angles. This requires written sources in your language. Dan talks about what happens when there's a lack of English-language sources.
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After reaching its zenith under Harun al-Rashid, the Abbasid Caliphate enters into a period of stark decline. Differences of religion and ethnicity threaten to divide the Islamic empire, even as the Caliphs become increasingly reliant on slave armies. Can the Abbasid Caliphate survive, or is it doomed to fail?
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The Umayyad Caliphate stands as a united Islamic monolith in the midst of an uncertain world. But cracks are forming between different Muslim factions, and national divisions are beginning to rear their head.
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The rising tide of the Umayyad Caliphate threatens to engulf all of Europe. Their only obstacle is a Frankish king named Charles Martel.
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In the 6th century, Arabia is a crossroads between different civilizations. In the 7th century, a new nation would be born under the banner of the Islamic faith. That nation would become an empire, and that empire would change not just Mediterranean civilization, but the world.
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The fall of Rome has left a huge power vacuum in the Mediterranean. In the west, a young warrior-king builds a French kingdom. In the east, a powerful emperor tries to restore the ancient Roman empire. But even if he succeeds, will that empire be the same as the original Rome?
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As the fabric of the western Roman Empire continues to unravel, emperors take the back seat to barbarian warlords. Even during this collapse, a new Vandal kingdom arises in North Africa. Without the old imperial military power, how will the last Roman emperors cope?
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In the mid-400s, the western Roman Empire broke up into a collection of independent barbarian kingdoms, ushering in the European middle ages. Was this an inevitable result of the breakdown of the Roman system? Or did a combination of Roman weakness and strong tribal identity create a perfect storm for nationalism?
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The First Jewish-Roman War is most famous for the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. But for 960 rebels in a mountain fortress, the fight for Jewish independence continues.
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Dan gives a brief introduction to Relevant History, and explains the theme of the first season.
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