Radiology Lectures | Radquarters: Recent Episodes

Daniel J. Kowal, MD

Radiology education. Simplified.

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of endometrial polyps!

Key teaching points include:

Endometrial polyps are benign hyperplastic overgrowths of endometrial tissue.
Sessile or pedunculated, can cause endometrial thickening.
Often asymptomatic, may cause abnormal uterine bleeding or be associated with infertility.
US appearance: Focal, echogenic, round or ovoid. Often best seen in proliferative phase of menstrual cycle (as opposed to secretory phase) due to increased contrast between echogenic polyp and hypoechoic functional layer of endometrium. May see hypoechoic halo inside margin of endometrium. Usually solid, but can have cystic changes.
By comparison, submucosal fibroids are usually hypoechoic with posterior shadowing.
A feeding vessel/vascular pedicle on color Doppler is 95% specific for endometrial polyp.
Polyps can prolapse into cervix or vagina.
Tx: Polypectomy if symptomatic.

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://usa.samsunghealthcare.com/ultrasound/general-imaging/rs85-prestige

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This video is for informational purposes only. It does not replace the advice or counsel of a doctor or health care professional.

The post Ultrasound of Endometrial Polyps appeared first on Radquarters.

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of gout!

Key teaching points include:

Gout is a crystal arthropathy due to monosodium urate crystal deposition in and around joints
Most common in males over age 40
Risk factors: Metabolic (hyperuricemia, obesity, diabetes, hypertension), renal (chronic kidney disease), dietary (high purine foods, sugary drinks, alcohol), and genetic (family history)
Typically presents as acute monoarthritis with a red, inflamed, swollen joint. First metatarsophalangeal joint most common site of involvement (podagra)
Can progress to asymmetric polyarticular disease and chronic tophaceous gout
Ultrasound findings include: Joint effusion +/- hyperechoic foci (crystals/microtophi), synovial hypertrophy, and erosions typically at medial aspect of distal first metatarsal
Erosions are juxtaarticular in distribution with overhanging edges yielding a “punched-out” appearance
Gouty tophus: Amorphous, echogenic area containing internal hyperechoic foci surrounded by an anechoic inflammatory halo. May have associated cortical erosions
Tophi may involve tendons, tendon sheaths, and bursae. Other common sites include olecranon region (elbow), patellar and popliteal tendons (knee)
Double contour sign, AKA urate icing: Hyperechoic monosodium urate crystals coating hyaline cartilage surface. Disappears when serum urate levels drop below 6 mg/dL*
Distinct from chondrocalcinosis seen in calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease which will have echogenic crystals within cartilage as opposed to on surface

References:

*Thiele RG, Schlesinger N. Ultrasonography shows disappearance of monosodium urate crystal deposition on hyaline cartilage after sustained normouricemia is achieved. Rheumatol Int. 2010;30(4):495–503
Jacobson JA. Fundamentals of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2018

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

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This video is for informational purposes only. It does not replace the advice or counsel of a doctor or health care professional.

The post Ultrasound of Gout appeared first on Radquarters.

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of choledocholithiasis (common bile duct stones)!

Key teaching points include:

Choledocholithiasis = Stones within common bile duct (CBD)
Seen in up to 15% of patients with cholelithiasis
Clinical presentation: Asymptomatic, biliary colic, cholangitis, pancreatitis, jaundice
On ultrasound, see rounded stone or stones in CBD
Shadowing of stone less common than with cholelithiasis, twinkling artifact may help
CBD dilatation defined as greater than 6 mm allowing for an additional 1 mm per decade above 60, or greater than 10 mm post-cholecystectomy.
Intrahepatic dilatation and cholelithiasis may be present
Sensitivity of US up to 40% for detecting CBD stones, but US accuracy 90% for detecting CBD dilatation
If US negative and high clinical suspicious for choledocholithiasis, MRCP can be considered
CT has reduced sensitivity with only 15-20% gallstones visible on CT
Supportive lab values: Elevated serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). AST and ALT may also be elevated, but less specific. Labs can even be normal in the setting of choledocholithiasis
Tx may include endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Intraoperative cholangiogram during cholecystectomy

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

Click the YouTube posts tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!

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This video is for informational purposes only. It does not replace the advice or counsel of a doctor or health care professional.

The post Ultrasound of Choledocholithiasis (Common Bile Duct Stones) appeared first on Radquarters.

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of intersection syndrome, a friction tenosynovitis at the forearm and wrist!

Key teaching points include:

Intersection syndrome is an overuse tenosynovitis (inflammation of tendon and tendon sheath) secondary to repetitive friction at site of intersection
Proximal intersection syndrome: Occurs at musculotendinous junctions of first extensor wrist compartment (extensor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis longus) crossing tendons of second compartment (extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus). Intersection occurs 4-8 cm proximal to Lister’s tubercle
Results from repetitive extension/flexion activities: Rowing, skiing, racket sports, horseback riding, weight-lifting
Clinical presentation: Radial forearm or wrist pain, worsens with extension/flexion
Ultrasound findings: Pain with transducer pressure at intersection site, peritendinous edema and fluid
Distal intersection syndrome: Less common, occurs at third compartment tendon (extensor pollicis longus) crossing second compartment tendons distal to Lister’s tubercle
Tx: Rest, activity modification, splinting, anti-inflammatory medications. Corticosteroid injection or surgical release may be required if refractory

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

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This video is for informational purposes only. It does not replace the advice or counsel of a doctor or health care professional.

The post Ultrasound of Intersection Syndrome appeared first on Radquarters.

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath!

Key teaching points include:

AKA tenosynovial giant cell tumor, localized nodular tenosynovitis
2nd most common mass of hand & wrist after ganglion cyst
Most common at volar aspect of first 3 digits. Less commonly at wrist, ankle, foot, knee
On ultrasound, usually homogeneously hypoechoic with well-defined lobulated margins
Closely associated with tendon, but will not move with tendon = Arises from tendon sheath, not tendon itself
May show posterior acoustic enhancement, but internal vascular flow typically present
Usually benign. Can be locally aggressive, rarely malignant. Tx: Surgical excision
Fibroma of the tendon sheath has a similar ultrasound appearance and location but is less common. Benign. Tx: Surgical excision

References:

Middleton WD, Patel V, Teefey SA, Boyer MI. Giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath: analysis of sonographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183(2):337-339.

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

Click the YouTube posts tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!

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This video is for informational purposes only. It does not replace the advice or counsel of a doctor or health care professional.

The post Ultrasound of Giant Cell Tumor of the Tendon Sheath appeared first on Radquarters.

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound and CT appearance of submandibular stone disease, together with floor of mouth anatomy!

Key teaching points include:

Submandibular glands are paired salivary glands located inferior to body of mandible
Submandibular glands are intermediate in size compared to the larger parotid and smaller sublingual glands, and they do not contain lymph nodes
The submandibular duct (= Wharton’s duct) extends from gland hilum and travels superiorly to open at floor of mouth on either side of base of frenulum of tongue. The duct is not typically seen unless abnormally dilated
On ultrasound, normal submandibular glands appear as encapsulated structures with homogeneous echotexture similar to the parotid. Fine linear echodensities may be present representing intraglandular ductules. Physiologic intravascular flow is typically evident. Superficial portion of the gland is almond-shaped, deep portion triangular
Sialolithiasis = Salivary calculous disease. Most common in submandibular gland because gland secretes a more alkaline, viscous saliva, and the long submandibular duct drains uphill = Increased salivary stasis
With acute obstruction, gland becomes enlarged (= sialadenitis) and duct proximal to stone dilated. Presents with colicky pain most pronounced around times of eating
US can detect even radiolucent stones, but small stones may not shadow
At the floor of mouth, the submandibular space (SMS) and sublingual space (SLS) are divided by mylohyoid musculature = Inferior sling of mouth. SMS is below (inferolateral to) mylohyoid, and SLS is above (superomedial to) mylohyoid
SMS contains: Submandibular glands, lymph nodes, anterior belly of digastric muscle
SLS contains: Sublingual glands, submandibular duct, and anterior aspect of hyoglossus muscle
Remember that while the submandibular glands are in the submandibular space, the submandibular duct is located in the sublingual space!
The submandibular duct travels between the hyoglossus and mylohyoid muscles, which are both useful sonographic landmarks aiding in duct location

References:

Ching AS, Ahuja AT. High-resolution sonography of the submandibular space: anatomy and abnormalities. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002 Sep;179(3):703-8.
Grewal JS, Jamal Z, Ryan J. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Submandibular Gland. [Updated 2022 Dec 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-.

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

Click the YouTube Community tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!

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The post Ultrasound of Submandibular Sialolithiasis (Salivary Stones) appeared first on Radquarters.

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of trigger finger!

Key teaching points include:

Pulleys are fibrous retinacula on ventral finger that secure flexor tendons to phalanges preventing tendon displacement and bowstringing with finger flexion
Finger has 5 annular pulleys. Odd-numbered at joints, even-numbered at phalanges: A1, A3, A5 are located about the MCP, PIP, DIP joints, respectively. A2 is located at the proximal phalanx, and A4 at the middle phalanx
Cruciform pulleys lie between annular pulleys, but are not usually well-seen on ultrasound
Trigger finger, also known as stenosing tenosynovitis, is characterized by impaired flexor tendon movement due to thickened pulley leading to tendon constriction
Most common at A1 pulley, but can also occur at A2/A3 pulleys, palmar aponeurosis (A0) and wrist
Symptoms: Triggering/locking when flexed, painful snapping when extended, pain, joint stiffness
Most common in female patients, history of diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis
Often idiopathic, can occur with repetitive microinjury (flexion-extension). Can also be post-traumatic or due to compressive mass/cyst
Tx: Splinting, NSAIDs, US-guided corticosteroid injection, surgical release
A1 pulley thickness cutoff = 0.62 mm. Mean normal thickness = 0.5 mm, range with trigger finger 1.1-2.9 mm*. Comparison with asymptomatic side helpful
Additional findings: Pulley hyperemia, nodular tendon thickening (tendinosis) or tear, buckling of flexor tendon on dynamic imaging, “dark tendon” sign (anisotropic hypoechogenicity due to tendon constriction), synovial sheath effusion (acute), and peri-pulley cyst/cystic degeneration

References:

*Spirig A, Juon B, Banz Y, Rieben R, Vogelin E. Correlation between sonographic and in vivo measurement of A1 pulleys in trigger fingers. Ultrasound Med Biol 2016; 42:1482–1490.
**Guerini H, Pessis E, Theumann N, Le Quintrec JS, Campagna R, Chevrot A, Feydy A, Drapé JL. Sonographic appearance of trigger fingers. J Ultrasound Med. 2008 Oct;27(10):1407-13.
Bianchi S, Gitto S, Draghi F. Ultrasound Features of Trigger Finger: Review of the Literature. J Ultrasound Med. 2019 Dec;38(12):3141-3154.
Shohda E, Sheta RA. Misconceptions about trigger finger: a scoping review. Definition, pathophysiology, site of lesion, etiology. Trigger finger solving a maze. Adv Rheumatol. 2024 Jul 11;64(1):53.

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

Click the YouTube Community tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!

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Ultrasound of Hydrosalpinx, Pyosalpinx & Tubo-ovarian Abscess

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of hydrosalpinx, pyosalpinx and tubo-ovarian abscess!

Key teaching points include:

Hydrosalpinx = Fluid-filled, blocked fallopian tube
Hydrosalpinx causes: Pelvic inflammatory disease (most common), endometriosis, prior surgery, adhesions
Hydrosalpinx US: Thin-walled, tubular structure filled with anechoic simple fluid. Dilated tube may fold upon itself forming tubular C-shaped or S-shaped cystic mass. Incomplete septations common
With chronic hydrosalpinx, may see “beads-on-a-string” sign: Short, round, 2-3 mm projections seen along inner tubal walls in cross section = Flattened, fibrotic remnants of endosalpingeal folds. Don’t confuse with solid mural nodules
O-RADS US v2022 management of hydrosalpinx = Imaging: None. Clinical: Gynecologist
Pyosalpinx: Inflamed, blocked fallopian tube filled with purulent debris. Indicates pelvic inflammatory disease
Pyosalpinx US: Thick-walled tubal structure filled with complex fluid. Like hydrosalpinx, typically conforms to a C or S-shape
“Cogwheel” sign of pyosalpinx: Thickened endosalpingeal folds with surrounding tubal wall thickening. Typical of acute tubal inflammation
Tubal wall hyperemia more common with pyosalpinx than hydrosalpinx
Tubo-ovarian complex (TOC): With severe salpingo-oophoritis, ovary and tube adhere to each other. Can distinctly identify ovary from tube but cannot separate the two with transducer pressure. Tx: Antibiotics
Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA): As pelvic inflammatory disease progresses, complete or near-complete loss of adnexal architecture with pockets of purulent fluid develop. Multiloculated mass with septations, irregular margins, may be bilateral. Tx: Antibiotics, percutaneous drainage, surgery

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

Click the YouTube Community tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder!

Key teaching points include:

Common cause of benign gallbladder wall thickening seen in up to 9% of patients
Incidence increases with age
Usually asymptomatic, but may be associated with sporadic RUQ pain
Hyperplastic changes of gallbladder wall with mucosal overgrowth. Mucosal herniations protrude into muscular layer forming tiny, bile-filled cystic spaces = Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses
If large, sinuses may appear as discrete cystic spaces in gallbladder wall
Cholesterol crystals in sinuses cause comet-tail reverberation artifact: Most common finding and highly specific for adenomyomatosis. Can exaggerate comet-tail with addition of color Doppler
Three types: Focal/fundal, segmental/annular and diffuse. Regardless of type, comet-tail artifacts and/or cystic spaces are key to diagnosis
Focal/fundal type: Most common. Often exhibits an “ovary on the gallbladder” appearance. Can be confused with a gallbladder mass. High-frequency linear transducer may be helpful to identify morphology
Segmental/annular type: Narrows waist of gallbladder yielding a figure 8 or hourglass configuration. Gallstones and/or sludge often form in proximal lumen due to increased stasis
If necessary, MRI helpful for problem solving: T2 hyperintense pearl necklace/string of beads appearance sensitive and specific

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

Click the YouTube Community tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of de Quervain’s Tenosynovitis!

Key teaching points include:

Stenosing tenosynovitis of first extensor compartment tendons = Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) and abductor pollicis longus (APL)
Second most common hand entrapment tendinopathy after trigger finger
Most common in middle-aged females
Associations include repetitive hand motions, pregnancy, arthritis, and trauma
Clinical presentation: Pain with thumb and wrist movement, tenderness and swelling at radial styloid
Positive Finkelstein maneuver may be present: Grasp thumb, ulnar deviate hand = Pain over distal radius
Ultrasound findings: Increased fluid in EPB/APL tendon sheath (tenosynovitis), hypoechoic, edematous tendon thickening (tendinosis), and thickening of extensor retinaculum (comparison scanning of contralateral thumb helpful)
Advanced findings: Impaired tendon movement, tendon tear (anechoic clefts), retinacular and peritendinous hyperemia
Don’t confuse normal APL slips with longitudinal tear (“lotus root” sign)
Important to identify variant intertendinous septa: Helps to properly guide steroid injection, increased incidence of asymmetric EPB involvement
If conservative therapy fails, surgical decompression may be required. More likely when septum present

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

Click the YouTube Community tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!

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In this radiology lecture, we review the contrast-enhanced ultrasound appearance of hepatic hemangioma!

Key teaching points include:

Microbubble contrast agents are gas-filled microspheres with a lipid or protein shell
Sulfur hexafluoride lipid-type A microspheres: Inert gas of six fluoride atoms bound to one sulfur atom, surrounded by a phospholipid shell
Similar in size to red blood cells, unique when compared to the molecular sizes of CT and MR imaging contrast agents. Small enough to cross capillary beds, too large to enter interstitial space = Pure intravascular agents, ideal for assessing vascularity and perfusion
After IV injection, US contrast agents half-life is about 10 minutes (eliminated via lungs). Multiple injections possible in a single session
Contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) has high contrast resolution: Can visualize individual microbubbles and depict a minute amount of flow = Differentiate avascular debris from small solid nodules in complex cysts. Negative predictive value of CEUS in excluding the presence of flow in a lesion is close to 100%
CEUS also has high temporal resolution: Effectively eliminates motion artifact, a major source of artifact on CT and especially MRI scans. In elderly or debilitated patients, or when there is any other cause of motion, CEUS may be the contrast-enhanced modality of choice
Accuracy and specificity of CEUS for the diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma approaches 100%
Mechanical index (MI) = Measure of acoustic power output. At high MI, microbubbles burst. At low MI, microbubbles are preserved and have a nonlinear response to US, unlike other tissues which have a linear response. Allows for creation of a vascular-only image
Hemangioma has peripheral discontinuous globular enhancement in arterial phase. Progressive centripetal contrast filling and iso- or hyperenhancement in portal venous and late phase
Non-hepatocellular malignancy typically demonstrates early (less than 1 minute) and/or marked washout
Hemangioma filling may be partial or complete depending on lesion size

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of tennis leg, including medial gastrocnemius and plantaris injury!

Key teaching points include:

Tennis leg = Injury to muscles of the calf. Tear of myotendinous junction of medial head of gastrocnemius, rupture of plantaris tendon (less common), in isolation or together
Classically described in tennis players, but can occur in various athletic activities (running, skiing) with extension of knee and forced dorsiflexion of ankle. Typically seen in middle-aged, active individuals
Clinical: Sudden sharp calf pain with associated popping/snapping sensation followed by tenderness and swelling
Gastrocnemius & soleus are pennate muscles. Fascicles attach obliquely to a tendon = Aponeuroses with long length of musculotendinous junction. Feathers converging on a single point
Triceps surae muscle = Two headed gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris. Distal continuation of the gastrocnemius and soleus forms the Achilles tendon
Distal medial head of gastrocnemius where tapers over soleus = One of most commonly injured calf structures
Medial gastrocnemius tear appears as disrupted tendon fibers at aponeurosis with anechoic/hypoechoic fluid or hemorrhage +/- muscle retraction
May see retracted muscle fascicles. Hematoma can dissect between and extends into medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles
Tx: Conservative (self-limiting). Surgical fasciotomy if compartment syndrome
Plantaris muscle arises from the posterosuperior aspect of lateral femoral condyle near lateral head origin of gastrocnemius muscle. Medially crosses posterior knee joint in oblique fashion
Plantaris continues into calf as a long, thin tendon traveling between medial head of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Courses distally at medial aspect of Achilles tendon, usually inserts onto calcaneus. Plantaris is absent in up to 20%
Plantaris injury/rupture less common than medial head gastrocnemius tear and typically more proximal in calf (at myotendinous junction)

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of interstitial ectopic pregnancy!

Key teaching points include:

Interstitial ectopic pregnancies are rare, occurring in proximal (interstitial) portion of fallopian tube within muscle wall of uterus
Much less common than tubal ectopic pregnancy occurring in the more distal ampullary and isthmic portions of fallopian tube
Interstitial ectopic pregnancies are important because higher morbidity and mortality due to later presentation and risk of life-threatening hemorrhage
Abnormally eccentric gestational sac with thin surrounding myometrium: less than 5 mm myometrial thickness highly suspicious
“Interstitial line” sign: Thin echogenic line extending from endometrial cavity to ectopic gestational sac. Thought to represent interstitial portion of tube separating the ectopic pregnancy from the endometrium
Medical: Systemic MTX, may also be injected into gestational sac
Surgery: Cornual wedge resection when ruptured versus hysterectomy
Can be confused with angular pregnancy: Rare, intrauterine pregnancy with implantation eccentrically high at the lateral angle of uterine cavity. More medial than interstitial ectopic pregnancies. No interstitial line sign, and greater than 5 mm thickness of overlying myometrial mantle
Angular pregnancy can result in normal pregnancy, but increased risk of miscarriage and uterine rupture. Should be followed closely to ensure growth towards endometrial cavity
Angular pregnancy is sometimes referred to as a “cornual pregnancy,” but controversial as earliest use of term cornual pregnancy refers to intrauterine implantations in anomalous unicornuate, bicornuate or septate uteri. To avoid confusion, best to specifically describe whether the gestational sac is intrauterine or ectopic

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

Click the YouTube Community tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!

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The post Ultrasound of Interstitial Ectopic Pregnancy appeared first on Radquarters.

In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma!

Key teaching points include:

Serous cystadenocarcinoma is the common ovarian malignancy and most common ovarian epithelial tumor
High-grade and low-grade types
Peak incidence 6th-7th decades
Ultrasound appearance: Mixed cystic and solid mass with papillary projections and thick septations
Elevated CA-125 in greater than 90%
Serous tumors are more commonly bilateral than other tumors
Four main categories of ovarian neoplasms: Epithelial (most common), germ cell (second most common), sex cord-stromal and metastases
Epithelial ovarian tumors are thought to originate outside the ovary (within fallopian tube or endometrium) and involve ovary secondarily
Epithelial ovarian tumor types: Serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell and Brenner
60% of epithelial tumors are benign: Unilocular with thin wall or thin septations (less than 3 mm in thickness)
40% of epithelial tumors are malignant or borderline: Papillary projection (distinctive feature of epithelial tumors) with thick, irregular wall or septations (greater than 3 mm in thickness). Can also present as a large soft tissue mass with necrosis. Advanced findings include peritoneal implants, pelvic wall invasion, adenopathy and ascites

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

Click the YouTube Community tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of parathyroid adenoma!

Key teaching points include:

Benign tumor of the parathyroid glands
Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism: Elevated serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels
Ultrasound: Solid, homogeneous and very hypoechoic. Oval or bean-shaped, long axis oriented craniocaudal. Hypervascular. Majority posterior and inferior to thyroid. Hyperechoic line often separates adenoma from adjacent thyroid. Atypical features: Cystic degeneration, calcification.
Tc-99m sestamibi: Radiotracer uptake persisting on delayed 2-hour images. Taken up by both thyroid and parathyroid tissue, but washes out more rapidly from thyroid. Greater than 90% predictive value for preoperative localization of parathyroid adenoma. SPECT aids with anatomic localization
Ectopic locations in up to 5%: Lower neck, mediastinum, retrotracheal/retroesophageal, carotid sheath and intrathyroidal (typically more homogeneous than thyroid nodules and have a linear interface with gland)
Larger adenomas can be multilobulated
“Polar vessel” sign: Enlarged feeding artery or draining vein terminating at parathyroid adenoma

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of parotitis in the pediatric population!

Key teaching points include:

Parotitis = Inflammation of the parotid glands
Acute parotitis is usually infectious, most commonly viral
Mumps is most common viral cause in children, often bilateral
Bacterial parotitis can cause suppurative parotitis seen in premature infants and immunosuppressed children
Acute parotitis on US: Enlarged, heterogeneous, hyperemic gland(s) +/- lymphadenopathy
Since can be bilateral, comparison scanning essential
Bacterial parotitis may be complicated by abscess
“Pomegranate sign” may be seen in setting of acute parotitis: Uniform anechoic foci scattered throughout the gland
Juvenile recurrent parotitis (JRP) = Recurrent inflammatory parotitis in children of unknown etiology
JRP is rare, but second most common cause of parotitis in childhood after mumps
JRP often begins between age 3-6, typically resolves spontaneously after puberty
Usually idiopathic, JRP can be presenting symptom of Sjogren’s syndrome, lymphoma, and underlying immunodeficiency
JRP on US: May be unilateral or bilateral, multiple hypoechoic foci of salivary secretions scattered throughout the gland +/- central calcifications, color Doppler can be normal
Additional causes of parotitis: Sialolithiasis/obstruction, autoimmune (Sjogren syndrome, chronic sclerosing sialadenitis), infectious (HIV, TB), and sarcoidosis (rare in children).

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of sublingual dermoid cyst and explain floor of mouth anatomy!

Key teaching points include:

The floor of the mouth is a horseshoe-shaped area beneath tongue and in between sides of mandible, inferiorly bounded by mylohyoid muscle, and containing sublingual space (SLS)
SLS medial border: Midline genioglossus/geniohyoid muscle complex; SLS inferolateral border: Mylohyoid muscle
Anterior margin of hyoglossus muscle projects into posterior SLS
Sublingual dermoid cyst is a rare, benign cyst with squamous epithelial lining and contains skin appendages
Dermoid and epidermoid cysts are in same family, terminology often used interchangeably, although epidermoid cysts less common and tend to contain fluid contents only
Dermoid cyst mean age of presentation late teens to twenties, average age 30
Presents as a slowly enlarging neck mass, may cause dysphagia
Often round or oval in shape and homogeneously hypoechoic with punctate echogenic foci
May have pathognomonic “sack of marbles” appearance
Relationship to mylohyoid is key for surgical planning: Intraoral resection for sublingual (above mylohyoid) location, extraoral approach for submental/submandibular (below mylohyoid) location
Most cysts are midline
DDx: Suprahyoid thyroglossal duct cyst, ranula (simple and diving), abscess and lymphangioma

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of carpal tunnel syndrome!

Key teaching points include:

Most common upper extremity entrapment neuropathy. Results from median nerve compression
With carpal tunnel syndrome, see hypoechoic enlargement of the median nerve as enters carpal tunnel with flattening of nerve = Notch sign, also volar bowing of flexor retinaculum
Median nerve area: Less than 8 mm2 = Normal; 8-12 mm2 = Borderline; greater than 12 mm2 = Abnormal
Most accurate to compare nerve area at proximal pronator quadratus muscle and carpal tunnel: Increase of 2 mm2 or more from proximal to distal = 99% sensitive and 100% specific for carpal tunnel syndrome. Measure inside the echogenic epineurium
Bifid median nerve: Normal variant in 15% of population, one trunk may take aberrant course through flexor digitorum superficialis musculature, and often associated with persistent median artery between the two trunks
Important to recognize persistent median artery pre-operatively because could be damaged during surgery
For diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome with bifid median nerve: Combined increase of 4 mm2 or more
After carpal tunnel release surgery, median nerve may return to normal diameter or remain enlarged regardless of clinical outcome. Retinaculum may appear thickened or disrupted
Carpal tunnel syndrome can be caused by extrinsic compression by a mass, ganglion cyst, or tenosynovitis

Reference: Klauser AS, Halpern EJ, De Zordo T, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome assessment with US: value of additional cross-sectional area measurements of the median nerve in patients versus healthy volunteers. Radiology. 2009;250(1):171-177.

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of ganglion cysts while highlighting relevant wrist ultrasound anatomy!

Key teaching points include:

Ganglion cysts are viscous, mucin-filled collections lacking a synovial lining
Most commonly occur at hand/wrist = Most common wrist mass
Location: Dorsum of wrist (60%), frequently adjacent to scapholunate ligament; volar wrist (20%), often between radial artery and flexor carpi radialis tendon; flexor tendon sheath (10%); associated with DIP joint (10%)
Grows out of tissues surrounding joint like a balloon on a stalk. May see a pedicle connecting to joint
Usually well-defined and multilocular, can be unilocular
Hypoechoic to anechoic with posterior acoustic enhancement
Noncompressible: Dorsal joint recess and bursal collections will typically collapse with transducer pressure or wrist movement
Typically no vascular flow, but septations may have vascularity. May see pulsation artifact from adjacent radial artery
Volar cysts can extend towards median nerve and may cause carpal tunnel syndrome
May displace or envelop radial artery
Tx: Watchful waiting, percutaneous US-guided aspiration and steroid injection, excision
Lister’s tubercle is a useful landmark for dorsal wrist anatomy
Relevant dorsal extensor tendons (from radial side to ulnar): Compartment 2 = Extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, Compartment 3 = Extensor pollicis longus (on ulnar side of Lister’s tubercle), Compartment 4 = Extensor digitorum and extensor indicis
Flexor carpi radialis overlies the ventral aspect of the scaphoid bone
Pisiform and scaphoid bone form the proximal “twin peaks” of the carpal tunnel at the ventral wrist crease
Median nerve diameter increase of 2 mm2 or more = Significant compression

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Radiologist Headquarters has a new name: Radquarters! Same high-yield content, but now with a streamlined name that’s easier to remember.

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of acute epididymitis and orchitis! Key teaching points include: Epididymitis =

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of acute cholecystitis, including gangrenous and emphysematous cholecystitis! Key teaching points

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of ileocolic and small bowel-small bowel intussusception in children!

Key teaching points include:

Intussusception occurs when bowel is pulled into itself or into neighboring bowel.
Intussusceptum is the prolapsing bowel pulled into intussuscipiens which receives the bowel.
Two major types: Ileocolic and small bowel-small bowel.
If ileocolic not reduced = Bowel ischemia and perforation.
Most occur in children beyond 3 months of age.
Usually no lead point in children (unlike adults), suspected that due to hypertrophic lymphoid tissue after infection.
Clinical triad of colicky abdominal pain, vomiting, palpable abdominal mass seen in less than 50% of cases.
Red-currant jelly stool = Stool mixed with blood and mucus, can be seen with bowel ischemia.
Ultrasound gold standard in diagnosis: Sensitivity and specificity 98%, false negative rate less than 1%.
“Target” sign (short axis) and “pseudokidney” sign (long axis) may be seen.
Findings suggesting ileocolic (as opposed to small bowel-small bowel) intussusception: Location in right lower quadrant with absent normal ileocolic junction, hyperechoic center indicating mesenteric fat, diameter of hyperechoic core greater than outer wall, lymph nodes inside intussusception, larger AP diameter greater than 2 cm, and longer length greater than 3 cm.
Treatment of ileocolic intussusception: Enema with air or contrast material.
Findings suspicious for ischemia/necrosis and increased risk of enema reduction failure: Fluid trapped within the intussuscipiens, lack of internal vascular flow on Doppler within the intussusceptum, and irregular bowel wall or decreased bowel wall vascularity.

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)!

Key teaching points include:

PCOS often presents with the clinical triad of oligomenorrhea and/or anovulation, hirsutism, and obesity. Associated with subfertility and recurrent pregnancy loss.
Rotterdam criteria (2003) states that PCOS diagnosis requires at least two of the following: Oligo- or anovulation (ovulatory dysfunction), hyperandrogenism (clinical and/or biochemical signs), and polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasound.
Ovaries can be sonographically normal in PCOS. “Hyperandrogenic anovulation” proposed as a more accurate term.
Ovaries can also appear polycystic on ultrasound without clinical diagnosis of PCOS.
Rotterdam description of polycystic ovaries: 12 or more follicles 2-9 mm in size, and/or ovarian volume greater than 10 cc in at least one ovary (with no dominant cysts).
Specific diagnostic cutoffs debated, and 20-25 or more follicles has been more recently suggested as a more accurate cutoff.
Supportive morphologic features of PCOS include the “string of pearls sign” (peripheral location of follicles) and prominent, hyperechoic central ovarian stroma.
Ovarian morphology typically more important than ovarian size, although a single enlarged, polycystic ovary sufficiently meets ultrasound criteria for PCOS.
The term “polycystic” is generally incorrect and “multifollicular” has been offered as a more accurate ultrasound description, but PCOS remains the most widely used term.
In post-menopausal women with new or worsening hyperandrogenism, also consider androgen-secreting tumors of ovaries or adrenal glands.

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland!

Key teaching points include:

Pleomorphic adenoma AKA benign mixed tumor.
Most common salivary gland tumor, most common benign salivary gland tumor, and most common in the parotid gland.
Most common in patients aged 40-50, slightly more common in females.
For salivary gland masses in adults, the larger the gland, the more likely the tumor is benign: Parotid gland: 80%, submandibular gland: 50%, sublingual glands: 20%.
Parotid Gland 80% Rule: 80% of all salivary tumors are in the parotid, 80% of benign parotid gland tumors are pleomorphic adenomas, 80% of pleomorphic adenomas occur in the parotid gland, 80% of pleomorphic adenomas occur in the superficial lobe, and 80% of untreated pleomorphic adenomas stay benign, but 20% can undergo malignant degeneration.
On ultrasound, appears as a well-defined mass with lobulated borders, hypoechoic with posterior acoustic enhancement, and with homogeneity of internal echoes common.
When large, may have cystic degeneration and internal heterogeneity mimicking malignancy.
Vascularity is variable.
Describe lesion location, image-guided biopsy planning, evaluate for cervical lymphadenopathy.
Superficial and deep parotid lobes divided by facial nerve traveling through gland. Nerve not readily seen, but passes just superficial to adjacent retromandibular vein, which can be seen = Use as a landmark. Inferior to the retromandibular vein, may see branches of the external carotid artery.
Treatment is typically excision due to risk of malignant degeneration carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma if not completely excised.
DDx includes Warthin tumor: Second most common benign parotid tumor, bilateral in 20%, often exhibit cystic components, most common in elderly.
Malignant parotid tumors are also in the DDx and may appear with ill-defined margins, irregular shape, heterogeneous internal architecture, extraglandular extension, and adjacent lymphadenopathy.
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: Most common salivary gland malignancy, most common in parotid gland.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma: Second most common parotid malignancy, but most common submandibular and minor salivary gland malignancy.
Higher risk of perineural spread: Patients may present with facial pain and facial nerve paralysis.

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of epidermal inclusion cyst!

Key teaching points include:

Epidermal inclusion cyst is the most common cutaneous cyst.
Can occur anywhere: Head, neck, trunk, extremities.
Benign, keratin-containing cyst lined by a wall of stratified squamous epithelium.
On ultrasound, appears as a well-circumscribed, round to oval mass with broad (50%) contact with dermis, nonvascular and with posterior acoustic enhancement.
Hypoechoic to minimally hyperechoic with internal linear echogenic and anechoic debris = “Pseudotestis.”
Presence of a focal hypoechoic tract extending towards epidermis adds specificity = “Submarine sign.” May see overlying punctum on skin surface = Small, dark-colored opening.
Epidermal inclusion cysts are different from sebaceous cysts. Sebaceous cysts originate from sebaceous glands, contain sebum and are less common.
Epidermal inclusion cysts contain keratin, not sebum, but are often incorrectly referred to as sebaceous cysts.
Epidermal inclusion cyst vs. epidermoid cyst. Epidermoid cyst is a non-neoplastic cyst lined only by squamous epithelium. Epidermal inclusion cyst is a specific type of epidermoid cyst caused by implantation of epidermal elements in the dermis. All epidermal inclusion cysts are epidermoid cysts, but not all epidermoid cysts are epidermal inclusion cysts.
Can become ruptured or infected: Ill-defined or lobular margins, internal blood flow, peri-lesional soft tissue inflammation, adjacent fat focally hyperechoic or hyperemic. DDx for complicated epidermal inclusion cyst: Neurogenic tumors and other neoplasms.
Uncomplicated cysts typically do not require treatment, but if infected may require I&D or excision. Growing cysts may also require excision.
Rare (1%) malignant degeneration to squamous cell carcinoma, less commonly basal cell carcinoma.

References:
Jacobson JA, Middleton WD, Allison SJ, et al. Ultrasonography of Superficial Soft-Tissue Masses: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference Statement. Radiology 2022; 304:18-30. https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/radiol.211101

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of torsion of the appendix testis and appendix epididymis!

Key teaching points include:

Appendix testis is a vestigial appendage usually located between upper pole of testis and head of epididymis.
AKA hydatid of Morgagni, the appendix testis is commonly present as a normal finding.
Appendix epididymis typically arises from epididymal head.
Both scrotal appendages are often pedunculated which increases risk of torsion.
Torsion occurs when appendage twists, occluding blood supply.
Torsion of the appendix testis is one of most common causes of acute scrotal pain in prepubertal children.
Peak age 7-12 years old, but can occur at any age.
Normal appendix testis: Oval-shaped, less than 6 mm in size, homogeneously isoechoic to epididymis, and demonstrates little to no blood flow on color Doppler.
Torsed appendix testis: 6 mm or larger in size, variable echogenicity, hypoechoic before 24 hours, hyperechoic or heterogeneous after 24 hours.
In setting of appendix torsion, hyperemia of surrounding structures with hydrocele and scrotal wall thickening often present.
Torsed appendage can detach and become free floating in scrotum.
Patients may present with pain localized to upper pole of testis or epididymis.
Physical examination may yield the “blue dot” sign: Small, palpable nodule at superior aspect of testis with bluish discoloration of overlying skin due to ischemic appendix.
Cremasteric reflex typically intact, and testicle not high riding (unlike testicular torsion).
Hyperemia of surrounding structures can be difficult to differentiate from bacterial epididymitis.
However, in children, epididymitis usually secondary to inflammation from direct trauma, torsion of a scrotal appendage, or urine reflux into epididymis. Urine dipstick/urinalysis helpful to differentiate from infection.
Treatment: Pain management with analgesics, ice, rest. If not recognized, may be treated unnecessarily with antibiotics. Scrotal exploration may be necessary if testicular torsion cannot be excluded.

References:
Baldisserotto M, Ketzer de Souza JC, Pertence AP, Dora MD. Color Doppler sonography of normal and torsed testicular appendages in children. AJR 2005; 184:1287–1292

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with three unique cases!

Key teaching points include:

Normal thyroid gland isthmus measures less than 0.4 cm, transverse and AP lobe diameters measure less than 2 cm.
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune thyroiditis caused by antibodies to thyroid proteins.
Most common in middle-aged females.
May coexist with other autoimmune disorders: Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis.
AKA chronic autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis: Gland is infiltrated with lymphocytes and plasma cells, fibrotic reaction replaces normal parenchyma.
Leads to hypothyroidism = Most common cause in USA.
Increased risk of thyroid cancer, including thyroid lymphoma.
On ultrasound, gland is normal-sized or enlarged in initial phase with heterogeneously hypoechoic parenchymal echotexture.
May have hypoechoic micronodules (1-6 mm) yielding a “pseudonodular” or “giraffe” pattern = High positive predictive value.
Can also present with thin echogenic fibrous strands, lobulated contour, and geographic hypoechogenicity without discrete nodules.
Gland may be atrophic in chronic cases.
Variable color Doppler flow, may be hypervascular.
Reactive, morphologically-normal neck nodes may be present.
Can be difficult to differentiate from other forms of thyroiditis on ultrasound.
Laboratory/serologic diagnosis: Thyroid function tests (TSH, free T4 test), thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies present in most (95%) patients, and antithyroglobulin antibodies.
Treatment: Thyroid hormone replacement if hypothyroid.

To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of acute appendicitis with three unique cases! Key teaching points include:

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of thyroglossal duct cyst with two unique cases! Key teaching points

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of scrotal varicocele with three unique cases. Key teaching points include:

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of Achilles tendinosis, partial thickness tears and full thickness tears through

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of adenomyosis through three unique cases, including an MRI example. Key

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of endometrioma through three unique cases, including an MRI example. Key

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In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of testicular torsion through three unique cases. Key teaching points include:

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In this radiology lecture, the ultrasound and CT appearance of renal oncocytoma is revealed. Key teaching points include: Oncocytomas are

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In this radiology lecture, we reveal the imaging appearance of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary and explain differentiating features from

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In this radiology lecture, we discuss the CT appearance of wandering spleen! Key points include: Extremely rare, usually between 20-40

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In this radiology lecture, the ultrasound appearance of complete molar pregnancy is revealed. Key points include: AKA hydatiform mole =

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Quiz yourself with this week’s interactive video lecture as we present a total of 5 interesting musculoskeletal radiology cases followed

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In this radiology lecture, we discuss the MRI appearance of septate uterus, and explain how to differentiate from other uterine

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In this radiology lecture, we discuss the ultrasound appearance of ovarian dermoid cyst, including the rarely seen but highly specific

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In this radiology lecture, we discuss the ultrasound and CT appearance of retroperitoneal fibrosis. Key points include: Most cases (70%)

The post Case of the Week: Retroperitoneal Fibrosis (Ultrasound & CT) appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

In this radiology lecture, we discuss the CT and MRI appearance of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Key points include: Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (AKA

The post Case of the Week: Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma/Klatskin Tumor (CT & MRI) appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Join me in this radiology lecture revealing the ultrasound and CT appearance of medullary sponge kidney (MSK). Key points include:

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In this radiology lecture, we discuss the ultrasound and CT appearance of amebic liver abscess. Key points include: Entamoeba histolytica

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In this radiology lecture, we discuss the chest x-ray and CT appearance of pulmonary infarction in the setting of acute

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In this radiology lecture, we discuss the ultrasound appearance of ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Key points include: Most ectopic pregnancies occur

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In this radiology lecture, we discuss the appearance of gallstone ileus on x-ray and CT. Key points include: Gallstone ileus

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In this radiology lecture, we discuss the ultrasound appearance of testicular epidermoid cyst. Key points include: Testicular epidermoid cyst is

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In this radiology lecture, we discuss the imaging appearance of necrotizing pancreatitis on both CT and MRI. Key points include:

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In this radiology lecture, we discuss the imaging appearance of duplicated collecting system and ureterocele, with attention to US and

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In this radiology lecture, we discuss the imaging appearance of large bowel lymphoma. Key points include: Often isodense to skeletal

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In this radiology lecture, we discuss the ultrasound appearance of ovarian torsion. Key points include: Rotation of ovarian vascular pedicle

The post Case of the Week: Ovarian Torsion (Ultrasound) appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

In this inaugural case of the week radiology lecture, we discuss the imaging appearance of cecal volvulus! Key points include:

The post Case of the Week: Cecal Volvulus (X-ray & CT) appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Check out my FREE webinar titled “Ultrasound of Ovarian Cystic Disease” on Wednesday, September 29, 2021 at 7-8 PM ET,

The post Webinar: Ultrasound of Ovarian Cystic Disease appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Check out my FREE webinar titled “Ultrasound of Genitourinary Infectious Disease” on Thursday, March 25, 2021 at 1-2 PM ET,

The post Webinar: Ultrasound of Genitourinary Infectious Disease appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Quiz yourself with this week’s interactive video lecture as we present a total of 5 interesting head and neck radiology

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Head & Neck #2 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Quiz yourself with this week’s interactive video lecture as we present a total of 5 interesting musculoskeletal radiology cases followed

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Musculoskeletal #3 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Quiz yourself with this week’s interactive video lecture as we present a total of 5 interesting musculoskeletal radiology cases followed

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Musculoskeletal #2 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Quiz yourself with this week’s interactive video lecture as we present a total of 5 interesting head and neck imaging

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Head & Neck #1 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Quiz yourself with this week’s interactive video lecture as we present a total of 5 interesting musculoskeletal imaging cases followed

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Musculoskeletal #1 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Quiz yourself with this week’s interactive video lecture as we present a total of 5 interesting vascular imaging cases followed

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Vascular #5 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Quiz yourself with this week’s interactive video lecture as we present a total of 5 interesting thoracic imaging cases followed

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Thoracic #5 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Quiz yourself with this week’s interactive video lecture as we present a total of 5 interesting vascular imaging cases followed

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Vascular #4 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Quiz yourself with this week’s interactive video lecture as we present a total of 5 unknown thoracic imaging cases followed

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Thoracic #4 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Quiz yourself with this week’s interactive video lecture as we present a total of 5 unknown vascular imaging cases followed

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Vascular #3 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Quiz yourself with this week’s interactive video lecture as we present a total of 5 unknown vascular imaging cases followed

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Vascular #2 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Quiz yourself with this week’s interactive video lecture as we present a total of 5 unknown thoracic imaging cases followed

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Thoracic #3 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Quiz yourself with this week’s interactive video lecture as we present a total of 5 unknown thoracic imaging cases followed

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Thoracic #2 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Join us in this interactive video lecture as we present a total of 5 unknown vascular imaging cases followed by

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Vascular #1 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Join us in this interactive video lecture as we present a total of 5 unknown thoracic imaging cases followed by

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Thoracic #1 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

In this video lecture, we focus on variants and malignant mimics of hemangioma and discuss how to characterize these masses

The post Hepatic Hemangioma: Pitfalls & Mimics, Part II appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

In this video lecture, we discuss tips and tricks to diagnose everybody’s favorite hepatic tumor on CT, MRI and ultrasound.

The post Hepatic Hemangioma: Pitfalls & Mimics, Part I appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Join us in this interactive video lecture as we present a total of 5 unknown cases followed by a diagnosis

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Ultrasound #5 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Join us in this interactive lecture as we present a total of 5 unknown cases followed by a diagnosis reveal

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Ultrasound #4 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

In this video lecture, we review the appearance of the liver on multiphase CT & MRI. A basic approach to

The post Introduction to Multiphase CT & MRI of the Liver appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Join us in this interactive lecture as we present a total of 5 unknown cases followed by a diagnosis reveal

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Ultrasound #3 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Join us in this interactive lecture as we present a total of 5 unknown cases followed by a diagnosis reveal

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Ultrasound #2 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

In this video lecture, we discuss the diagnosis and imaging appearance of malignant adrenal masses: adrenal metastases including collision tumor,

The post Malignant Adrenal Masses appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

Join us in this interactive lecture as we present a total of 5 unknown cases followed by a diagnosis reveal

The post 5 Cases in 5 Minutes: Ultrasound #1 appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

In this video lecture, we discuss the diagnosis and imaging appearance of pheochromocytoma on ultrasound, CT, MRI, and nuclear medicine

The post Imaging of Pheochromocytoma appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

In this video lecture, we discuss the normal imaging appearance of the adrenal glands, as well as multiple common and

The post Non-masslike Adrenal Abnormalities appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

In this video lecture, we discuss the imaging appearance of adrenal cysts and myelolipomas, as well as differential diagnostic considerations.

The post Adrenal Cysts and Myelolipomas appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

In this video lecture, we discuss the imaging appearance of adrenal hemorrhage on CT, MRI and ultrasound. Causes of adrenal

The post Adrenal Hemorrhage appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

In this video lecture, we discuss the imaging appearance of lipid-rich and lipid-poor adrenal adenomas, explain the CT washout calculation,

The post Imaging of Adrenal Adenomas & Incidentalomas appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

In the second part of this video lecture, we discuss the MRI appearance of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), including tips

The post Imaging of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Part II appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

In this video lecture, we discuss the ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) appearance of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Topics include:

The post Imaging of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Part I appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

In the conclusion of this introductory series, we discuss the basics of computed tomography (CT) urography, bladder and urethral diverticula, and

The post Introduction to Genitourinary Radiology, Part III appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

In this video lecture, we “leave no stone unturned” as we introduce both renal and bladder calculi. Also, the basics of renal

The post Introduction to Genitourinary Radiology, Part II appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.

This video lecture reviews the normal imaging appearance of genitourinary organs, including adrenal glands, kidneys, collecting systems, bladder, and scrotum, with

The post Introduction to Genitourinary Radiology, Part I appeared first on Radiologist Headquarters.