Breaking Bad Science: Recent Episodes

Daniel

Our podcast goes over how to navigate the world of science and how to determine for yourself what and who you can believe in with confidence. Join us as we learn, grow and push scientific understanding into the 21st century.

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The practice of chiropractics is widely popular, especially in the United States. A practice that evolved in parallel with what's known as osteopathic medicine. The question at this point, is how many of us have ever even heard the second term. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what the similarities are and how they differ? Most importantly, we'll talk about whether either of them stack up from a scientific perspective as far as efficacy is concerned?

References

Ernst, E.; Chiropractic: A Critical Evaluation. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 15-Feb-2008. 35:5 (544 - 562). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.07.004
Michas, F.; Number of Chiropractic Licenses in the U.S. 1996 - 2020. Statista.com. 25-Aug-2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/450353/number-of-chiropractic-licenses-in-the-us/
Baer, H.; The Drive for Legitimation by Osteopathy and Chiropractic in Australia: Between Heterodoxy and Orthodoxy. Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine. 01-Apr-2006. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1533210106292467
Baer, H.; Divergence and Convergence in Two Systems of Manual Medicine: Osteopathy and Chiropractic in the United States. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. Jun-1987. 1:2 (176 - 193). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/maq.1987.1.2.02a00030
American Chiropractic Association. What Research Shows About Chiropractic. ACA. https://www.acatoday.org/research/what-research-shows/

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In medieval times witchcraft was a dark, mysterious, and even dangerous practice. So much so, that it became the focus of the witch trials. But what's considered witchcraft? Everyone's seen some movie or TV show where the witch is boiling something in their cauldron or casting spells, but what about dowsing? Ever seen one walk around with a Y shaped stick or a couple of rods held out in front of them? No? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what dowsing is and how we realize maybe we never stopped doing it.

References

Ebersole, R.; He Trains Cops in “Witching” to Help Find Corpses. Experts Are Alarmed. MotherJones. 17-Mar-2022. https://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2022/03/national-forensic-academy-police-training-dowsing-witching-arpad-vass/
McCarney, R., et. al.; Can Homeopaths Detect Homeopathic Medicines by Dowsing? A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. Apr-2022. 95:4 (189 - 191). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.95.4.189
Harvalik, Z.; Anatomical Localization of Human Detection of Weak Electromagnetic Radiation: Experiments with Dowsers. Physiological Chemistry and Physics. 1978. 19:6 (525 - 534).
Henry, V.; The Modern Dowser. Nature. 27-Feb-1937. 139: 352. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/139352c0
Weaver, M.; UK Water Firms Admit Using Divining Rods to Find Leaks and Pipes. The Guardian. 21-Nov-2017. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/nov/21/uk-water-firms-admit-using-divining-rods-to-find-leaks-and-pipes

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Will Smith was in a movie about it. The Thundamentals and several others have written songs about it, but what is the “Hypothesis concerning soul substance together with experimental evidence of the existence of such substance?” More importantly, why does it make some people believe in the importance of the specific value, 21 grams? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the paper that led to the infamous belief that the soul weighs 21 grams.

References

MacDougall, D.; Hypothesis Concerning Soul Substance Together with Experimental Evidence of the Existence of Such Substance. American Society of Psychical Research. 1901. 1:5 (237 - 275). https://diogenesii.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/duncan_macdougall_1907_-_21pp.pdf
Hollander, L.; Unexplained Weight Gain Transients at the Moment of Death. Journal of Scientific Exploration. 2001. 15:4 (495 - 500). https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.567.4701&rep=rep1&type=pdf

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If you listen to the show regularly, you know we just love space. In this episode, join hosts Shanti and Danny for something that is 1 part updating everyone on the world's most innovative telescope and 1 part just geeking out over how cool space is.

References

NASA; NASA’s Webb Reaches Alignment Milestone, Optics Working Successfully. NASA.gov. 16-Mar-2022. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-webb-reaches-alignment-milestone-optics-working-successfully
IndiaToday; James Webb Telescope Packs 1000 Ancient Galaxies Into One Picture. IndiaToday. 17-Mar-2022. https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/james-webb-telescope-picture-photobomb-galaxy-nasa-esa-1926325-2022-03-17
Amos, J.; James Webb ‘Fully Focused’ Telescope Beats Expectations. BBC News. 16-Mar-2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60771210

Explore Light, this is the link mentioned in the episode for the imaging differences.

https://www.nasa.gov/content/explore-light

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Way back in episode 35 we discussed how educating the entire populace of a country is still sort of a new concept. The importance of an entirely educated population is a belief system barely around 100 years old now. With that always comes a clear division in understanding of how and what is best. Because of this we have public schools, private schools, boarding schools, and charter schools. But what is a charter school? How does it differ from any of these other categories that it seems like we're all well acquainted with and is it better?

References

Digest of Education Statistics. Public and Private Elementary and SEcondary Teachers, Enrollment, Pupil/Teacher Ratios, and New Teacher Hires: Selected Years, Fall 1955 Through Fall 2029. National Center for Education Statistics. 2020. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d20/tables/dt20_208.20.asp
Logan, J., Burdick-Will, J.; School Segregation, Charter Schools, and Access to Quality Education. Journal of Urban Affairs. Aug-2016. 38:3 (323 - 343). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12246
Hojo, M.; Association Between Student-Teacher Ratio and Teachers’ Working Hours and Workload Stress: Evidence from a Nationwide Survey in Japan. BMC Public Health. 7-Sep-2021. 21:1 (1635). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11677-w
National Conference of State Legislatures. Education Research. National Conference of State Legislatures. https://www.ncsl.org/research/education/charter-schools-research-and-report.aspx#:~:text=The%20most%20rigorous%20studies%20conducted,charter%20schools%20in%20different%20states.
Hirsh, K.; Class Size and Charter Schools. Chalkbeat New York. 24-Feb-2009. https://ny.chalkbeat.org/2009/2/24/21098084/class-size-and-charter-schools

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It feels like only a couple days ago the Breaking Bad Science team set about trying to figure out what Bitcoin even really was. So how then are we already faced with some new currency. Is that the right term? Maybe collectible would be better? Whatever it is, the acronym N.F.T. is at the very least a massive buzz word. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what they are. How long have they been around and if fungible has anything to do with the item's ability to provide entertainment.

References

Conti, R., Schmidt, J.; What is an NFT? Non-Fungible Tokens Explained. Forbes Advisor. 15-Feb-2022. https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/nft-non-fungible-token/
BBC News; Elvis’s Pink Cadillac Auctioned. 13-Sep-2006. BBC News.com. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/derbyshire/5343214.stm
Dash, A.; NFTs Weren’t Supposed to End Like This. The Atlantic. 02-Apr-2021. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/04/nfts-werent-supposed-end-like/618488/
Brandon, R.; $1.7 Million in NFTs Stolen in Apparent Phishing Attack on OpenSea Users. 20-Feb-2022. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/20/22943228/opensea-phishing-hack-smart-contract-bug-stolen-nft

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When my wife was first pregnant with our son, we were desperate to try to figure out the sex. We discovered that people had some of the most interesting theories about what factors would influence this result in the end. Right down to how the deed was done. The reality is, in the simplest form that the male sperm decides the gender and that is produced at a 1:1 ratio. But if that's where the story ends shouldn't birth rates be 50:50 as well? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the idea that maybe they're not? If there is something else going on, what the actual rates are and why might this actually make sense?

References

Statista. Resident Population of the United States by Sex and Age as of July 1, 2020. Statista.com. July-2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/241488/population-of-the-us-by-sex-and-age/
Orzack, S., et. al.; The Human Sex Ratio from Conception to Birth. PNAS. 21-Apr-2015. 112:16 (E2102 - E2111). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416546112
Spears, K., et. al.; Gender, Famine, and the Female Mortality Advantage. World Peace Foundation and Tufts University. Dec-2021. https://sites.tufts.edu/wpf/files/2021/12/Genderfamine-and-mortality-2021120634.pdf
Song, S.; Does Famine Influence Sex Ratio at Birth? Evidence from the 1959 - 1961 Great Leap Forward Famine in China. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences. 22-Jul-2012. 279: 1739 (2883 - 2890). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0320
Knox, R.; Examining Environmental Factors in Sex Ratio. NPR. 18-Jul-2005. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4758495

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In the immaculate words of the great Serj Tankian, “Eating, it seems, is a pass-time activity.” And he's not wrong. When I'm bored or down, eating has been a great way to get through those moments. As one might guess, that's not healthy. This is why we humans develop things like diets, eating disorders, and the unfortunate term hangry. But lately it seems like everyone is mentioning something else: intermittent fasting. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss if it’s just eating, then not eating for a long time, then eating again? What it is. How it works, or if it even does work.

References

Cabo, R., et. al.; Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Health, Aging, and Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 12-Feb-2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1905136
Gunnars, K.; 10 Evidence-Based Health Benefits of Intermittent Fasting. Healthline.com. 13-May-2021. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/10-health-benefits-of-intermittent-fasting#TOC_TITLE_HDR_10
Baik, S., et. al.; Intermittent Fasting Increases Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Brain and Behavior. 05-Dec-2019. 10:1. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1444
Longo, V., Mattson, M.; Fasting: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Cell Metabolism. 16-Jan-2014. 19:2 (181 - 192). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.008
Antoni, R., et. al.; Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 16-Jan-2017. 76:3 (361 - 368). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665116002986

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Between 1961 and 1968 one man led JFK's dream to put a man on the moon. That was when James Webb retired. A year later, that mission would finally be accomplished. Though he would be far from the only person responsible for that incredible accomplishment, it would be him that NASA would honor on Dec 25th 2021. So why does James Webb matter now 52 years later, and what is Legrange Point 2? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss if this is really important or if it’s just an updated version of some patented hand gesture?

References

Wall, M.; The Alignment of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope Has Begun. Space.com. 03-Feb-2022. https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-alignment-begins
Howell, E.; NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope: The Ultimate Guide. Space.com. 25-Dec-2021. https://www.space.com/21925-james-webb-space-telescope-jwst.html#google_vignette
Tillman, N.; What is the Eagle Nebula. Space.com. 18-Apr-2019. https://www.space.com/16396-eagle-nebula-m16-hubble-images-pillars-of-creation.html
Hammel, H. Why Will it Take Six Months to See JWST’s First Science Images?. Planetary.org. 22-Dec-2021. https://www.planetary.org/articles/jwst-first-images

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Oh she's hot but a psycho, a little bit psycho. Well, is she Ava Max? Is she a psycho? In the late 90's and early 2000's it became commonplace to refer to people as psycho or a complete psychopath. Here in the early 20's it's become more hip to refer to these same people as sociopaths. Is this just us, as humans, discovering new words or are we really surrounded by that many psychopaths and sociopaths? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what these terms actually mean, and commiserate with Dr. Brian Wasicek our resident psychiatrist on the very idea of psychopathy, not to be confused with cyclopothy.

References

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). APA. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

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We talked last week about the wonders and possibilities of traveling among the stars and visiting other planets via warp drives. While discussing it, we mentioned the incredible amount of power required to make something like that a reality. So what would that kind of power look like? How can it be achieved on a scale to even make it feasible? What exactly is Fusion...besides that thing that makes Gotenks? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they discuss the wonders of nuclear power and the possibility of fusion energy.

Encyclopedia Britannica; Atomic Bomb, Fission Device. Encyclopedia Britannica. 20-Dec-2021. https://www.britannica.com/technology/atomic-bomb
Encyclopedia Britannica; Thermonuclear Bomb, Fusion Device. Encyclopedia Britannica. 22-Oct-221. https://www.britannica.com/technology/thermonuclear-bomb
Irfan, U.; Fusion Energy is a Reason to Be Excited About the Future. Vox.com. 06-Jan-2022. https://www.vox.com/22801265/fusion-energy-electricity-power-climate-change-research-iter
Gamillo, E.; China’s Artificial Sun Just Broke a Record for Longest Sustained Nuclear Fusion. Smithsonian Magazine. 10-Jan-2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/chinas-artificial-sun-reactor-broke-record-for-nuclear-fusion-180979336/
Clifford, C.; A National Lab Just Achieved a ‘Wright Brothers Moment’ in Nuclear Fusion. CNBC. 17-Aug-2021. https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2021/08/17/lawrence-livermore-lab-makes-significant-achievement-in-fusion.html
Blain, L.; Chinese Tokamak Keeps Plasma 2.6 Times as Hot as the Sun for 17 Minutes. New Atlas. 04-Jan-2022. https://newatlas.com/energy/asipp-east-tokamak-plasma-record/

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When it comes to the idea of faster than light travel, as Scotty famously said, we just don’t have the power. The question is, is that all? Does anything we know of move faster than the speed of light? Is it theoretically possible? Most importantly, could a warp drive ever truly exist? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss these drives and the idea of faster than light, what it means, and if we think it could ever be achievable.

References

Siegel, E.; There’s Only One Way to Beat the Speed of Light. Forbes. 12-May-2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2021/05/12/theres-only-one-way-to-beat-the-speed-of-light/?sh=24c3069583af
Williams, M.; Scientists Are Starting to Take Warp Drives Seriously, Especially This One Concep. ScienceAlert. 01-Mar-2020. https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-are-starting-to-take-warp-drives-seriously-especially-this-one-concept
Collura, S.; Star Trek’s Warp Drive Could Really Happen Someday…. Ign. 18-Sep-2012. https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/09/18/star-treks-warp-drive-could-really-happen
Ankers, A.; Scientists Take a Step Towards Building a Rea-Life Warp Drive…By Accident. Ign. 31-Dec-2021. https://www.ign.com/articles/warp-bubble-discovery-real-life-warp-drive-by-accident
White, H., et. al.; Worldline Numerics Applied to Custom Casimir Geometry Generates Unanticipated Intersection with Alcubierre Warp Metric. The European Physical Journal. 31-Jul-2021. 81: 677. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09484-z

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This week we learned something. Not just about science, not just about the research people are doing, but human nature and how good intentions don't always translate to good results. Mostly though, we came to the realization that the nut jobs we rail so hard against on this podcast, the David Ickes and Alex Joneses of the world, really aren't what should concern us. What should, are those that pursue science with the desire to do something worthwhile, to change the world for the better, and eventually realize that dream might not be in the cards. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they discuss Dr. Sinclair and his anti-aging miracle, and how sometimes when it’s not in the cards, you stack the deck.

References

Dr. Sinclair; The Sinclair Lab Blavatnik Institute - Genetics. Harvard Medical School. https://sinclair.hms.harvard.edu/people/david-sinclair
Wallace, B.; An MIT Scientist Claims That This Pill is the Fountain of Youth. New York Magazine. 22-Aug-2016. https://www.thecut.com/2016/08/is-elysium-healths-basis-the-fountain-of-youth.html
Duncan, D.; The Enthusiast - A Controversial Biologist at Harvard Claims He Can Extend Life Span and Treat Diseases of Aging. He May be Right. 15-Aug-2007. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2007/08/15/224308/the-enthusiast/
Fahy, G., et. al.; Reversal of Epigenetic Aging and Immunosenescent Trends in Humans. Aging Cell. 08-Sep-2019. 6:18. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13028

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If you've played SimCity you know that if you don't have resources readily available, your only residential area is overlooking the beach, or you put your housing next to a coal refinery the frequency with which everyone just moves out is a little too high. Worse yet, with the latter, maybe the whole place burns down. So how does city planning work, why is it a thing, and how do the nuances of it sometimes cause more issues than they solve? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what goes into city planning and how it can affect you and those around you.

References

Ahrend, R., Cho, J.; Where SimCity Gets Zoning Right and Where Not. Cogito. 28-Jul-2021. https://oecdcogito.blog/2021/07/28/where-simcity-gets-zoning-right-and-where-not/

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If spongebob taught us anything it's that seafaring creatures are…not intelligent at all. Fortunately, we have science and it turns out cephalopods and even decapods have a type of intelligence that we're only beginning to understand. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the fascinating creatures we know as cephalopods and why their intelligence is or ever was really in question.

References

Vendetti, J.; The Cephalopoda. Berkeley. 2006. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/cephalopoda.php
Seabrook, A.; The Story of an Octopus Named Otto. NPR. 02-Nov-2008. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96476905
Davis, H.; Resting and Action Potential of Squid Giant Axons Intracellularly Perfused with Sodium-Rich Solutions. PNAS. 31-Jul-1963. 50 (619 - 626). https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/50/4/619.full.pdf
Birch, J., et. al.; Review of the Evidence of Sentience in Cephalopod Molluscs and Decapod Crustaceans. London School of Economics and Political Science. Nov-2021. https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/News-Assets/PDFs/2021/Sentience-in-Cephalopod-Molluscs-and-Decapod-Crustaceans-Final-Report-November-2021.pdf

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The human body is incredibly resilient; especially with advancements such as modern medicine. We can survive and come out relatively unscathed from some pretty horrific looking issues. So why then are we so adept at permanently modifying said meat suit? Why is it that we can make changes that don't just fade into nothing? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss body modifications, the changes we humans make, and why they work.

References

Tadokoro, T., et. al.; Mechanisms of Skin Tanning in Different Racial/Ethnic Groups in Response to Ultraviolet Radiation. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Jun-2005. 124:6 (1326 - 1332). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23760.x
Taahashi, T., Nakamura, K.; A Study of the Photolightening Mechanism of Blond Hair with Visible and Ultraviolet Light. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists. May-2004. 55:3 (291 - 305). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2004.00233_5.x
Berry, J.; What Causes a Piercing Rejection to Occur?. Medical News Today. 11-May-2018. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321770
Kim, H., et. atl.; Autologous Fat Graft in the Reconstructed Breast: Fat Absorption Rate and Safety Based on Sonographic Identification. Archives of Plastic Surgery. 03-Nov-2014. 41:6 (740 - 747). Doi: https://doi.org/10.5999/aps.2014.41.6.740
Naga, L., Alster, T.; Laser Tattoo Removal: An Update. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 08-Oct-2016. 18 (59 - 65). Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-016-0227-z

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It's unclear at this point if the regular research and looking into the most recent science is the reason or if this information hit everyone at the same time, but the question for us the last couple of weeks has been how close are we to Skynet? Is Arnie himself about to walk through the door? I speak of course about the recent articles claiming self-replicating robots have been produced. Fear the scary self-replicating robots. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we talk about what they are, what they can do, and what is even considered a robot in this day and age.

References

Neuman, S.; Living Robots Made in a Lab Have Found a New Way to Self-Replicate, Researchers Say. NPR. 01-Dec-2021. https://www.npr.org/2021/12/01/1060027395/robots-xenobots-living-self-replicating-copy
Kriegman, S., et. al.; Kinematic Self-Replication in Reconfigurable Organisms. PNAS. 07-Dec-2021. 118:49. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2112672118

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In the continuation of last week's episode, we talk more rocket science and the incredible feats of Jordan Slavish's high school students.
NASA Student Launch is a program designed to test High School and University rocketry students, and give them the opportunity to evaluate their understanding in real life situations. Jordan Slavish is a teacher in Oregon and our podcast’s go-to person for rocket information and expertise. Dr. Jonathan McDowell, also featured in this episode, is an astrophysicist and a fountain of knowledge on rocket launches since as early as the Apollo missions. He is here to answer the questions of the students involved in this challenge from Jordan's class. Join hosts Shanti and Danny for part 2 while we learn more about astrophysics and rocketry from Dr McDowell, Jordan, and his class.

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NASA Student Launch is a program designed to test High School and University rocketry students, and give them the opportunity to evaluate their understanding in real life situations. Jordan Slavish is a teacher in Oregon and our podcast’s go-to person for rocket information and expertise. Dr. Jonathan McDowell, also featured in this episode, is an astrophysicist and a fountain of knowledge on rocket launches since as early as the Apollo missions. He is here to answer the questions of the students involved in this challenge from Jordan's class. Join hosts Shanti and Danny while we learn more about astrophysics and rocketry from Dr McDowell, Jordan, and his class.

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1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21 - The Fibonacci sequence and Binet’s formula also known as the Golden Ratio. What are they? What would you think if we said they’re how science defines beauty? Would you be surprised to find science even tries to define beauty much less successfully? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we define beauty in nature and how it all revolves around the Fibonacci spiral and the golden ratio.

References

Saini, A.; The Code of Cuteness. BBCEarth. https://www.bbcearth.com/news/the-code-for-cuteness
Horowitz, K.; 6 Surprising Facts About Quokkas. Mental Floss. 16-Jun-2014. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/57159/6-things-know-about-super-cute-quokka
Wu, K.; Love, Actually: The Science Behind Lust, Attraction, and Companionship. Harvard University. 14-Feb-2017. https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/love-actually-science-behind-lust-attraction-companionship/
Bourne, M.; The Math Behind the Beauty. Inmath. https://www.intmath.com/numbers/math-of-beauty.php
Livio, M.; The Golden Ratio: The World’s Most Astonishing Number. Broadway Books. 12-Nov-2008. ISBN 0-7679-0816-3.

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What causes a person to be so convinced they need to run faster, jump higher, or lift more that their own muscle tears their tendons from the bone? Combine that with something that can make a person lose impulse control and go into a rage bad enough to end like Chris Benoit and you really only have one possibility. So what are Steroids? Roids? Anabolics? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what they are and what are their uses and misuses?

References

Beiner, J, et. al.; The Effect of Anabolic Steroids and Corticosteroids on Healing of Muscle Contusion Injury. American Journal of Sports Medicine. Jan-1999. 27:1 (2 - 9). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465990270011101
Salamin, O., et. al.; Erythropoietin as a Performance-Enhancing Drug: Its Mechanistic Basis, Detection, and Potential Adverse Effects. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. Mar-2018. 15:464 (75 - 87). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.033
Wheeler, T.; Bulk Up Your Steroid Smarts. WebMD. 30-Jul-2021. https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ss/slideshow-steroids-101
Piacentino, D., et. al.; Anabolic-androgenic Steroid Use and Psychopathology in Athletes. A Systematic Review. Current Neuropharmacology. Jan-2015. 13:1 (101 - 121). Doi: https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x13666141210222725
Unger, C.; Hormone Therapy for Transgener Patients. Translational Andrology and Urology. Dec-2016. 5:6 (877 - 884). Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.21037%2Ftau.2016.09.04

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Burnout is the term used to describe the phenomenon in which one works until they reach the point where they just crash. Overtraining, while sharing similarities is associated specifically with working out. Is this type of condition real and how do you know if it’s happening to you? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss burnout and overtraining, what they are, their causes, and how to know if it’s happening.

Reference

Israetel, M.; Fatigue Explained. Juggernaut. 27-Sep-2013. https://www.jtsstrength.com/fatigue-explained/
Mayo Clinic Staff; Job Burnout: How to Spot it and Take Action. Mayo Clinic. 05-Jun-2021. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/burnout/art-20046642

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Is veisalgia an unfortunate punishment for a good time or something Arnold's Kindergarten Cop might tell you to just, "Stop Whining" about? Maybe more importantly, what is veisalgia? Well, normally we refer to it as a hangover. So what is it truly and can we cure it with some sort of weird eye of newt and tail of rat type concoction? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss why we get hungover, what we do about it, and if it can really be cured.

References

McGovern, P., et. al.; Fermented Beverages of Pre- and Proto-historic China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 21-Dec-2004. 101:51 (17593 - 17598). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407921102
Bustamante, J., et. al.; Alterations of Motor Performance and Brain Cortex Mitochondrial Function During Ethanol Hangover. Alcohol. Aug-2012. 46:5 (473 -479). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.09.027
Karadayian, A., et. al.; Alcohol Hangover Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Free Radical Production in Mouse Cerebellum. Neuroscience. 24-Sep-2015. 304 (47 - 59). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.012
Murphy, J.; Researchers ‘Cure’ Hangover in Largest Study of its Kind. MDLinx. 14-May-2020. https://www.mdlinx.com/article/researchers-cure-hangover-in-largest-study-of-its-kind/6ifEDqpNIq3UGm5czMTdWN
Lieb, B., Schmitt, P.; Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Intervention Study on the Nutritional Efficacy of a Food for Special Medical Purposes (FSMP) and a Dietary Supplement in Reducing the Symptoms of Veisalgia. BMJ Nutrition Prevention and Health. 30-Apr-2020. 3:1 (31 - 39). Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2019-000042
Royle, S., et. al.; Pain Catastrophising Predicts Alcohol Hangover Severity and Symptoms. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 20-Jan-2020. 9:1 Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9010280

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For the last year plus we've been living in a world in which COVID seems like something we discuss every day. We've even done several episodes on it. I guess I've just sort of adjusted to the idea that everyone truly understands what a virus is, what they're made of, how they differ from one another, and why we deal with some much more regularly than others. That is not a real reasonable thought. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we take a step back and discuss viruses themselves and highlight a few others relevant here in the US and the rest of the world.

References

Institute for Molecular Biosciences; What’s the Difference Between Bacteria and Viruses. The University of Queensland. 20-Apr-2020. https://imb.uq.edu.au/article/2020/04/difference-between-bacteria-and-viruses
Berthold, E.; What are Archaea?. Australian Academy of Science. 27-Jul-2018. https://www.science.org.au/curious/earth-environment/what-are-archaea
Carroll, L.; Deaths due to West Nile Virus are on the Rise - How to Stay Safe. Today. 27-Sep-2021. https://www.today.com/health/west-nile-virus-2021-how-safe-deaths-rise-some-spots-t232267
Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Dengue. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/index.html
Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Genital Herpes Basic Fact Sheet. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/stdfact-herpes.htm
Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Plague Ecology and Transmission. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/plague/transmission/index.html

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We apologize for the poorer quality on this one. We are having some technical issues but didn't want to delay recording until we get it solved. We are working on it behind the scenes and should have our normal quality back next week.

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Though often misquoted, and attributed to Edmund Burke, it was George Santayana who once said, "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." It was Winston Churchill who modified the statement claiming, "Those that fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it." Though this isn't a history podcast, there are certainly lessons we can learn from the past lives of humans, and just a couple of weeks ago Cassie requested we tackle one in particular. That is how and why social reform happens. Why it works or doesn't. We may not be historians, but we have at least a basal understanding of psychology and it turns out there's more to that than we would have thought. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what social reform is and the human psychology around why it doesn’t always work and why that maybe isn’t such a bad thing.

References

American Psychological Association; Social Movement. APA. https://dictionary.apa.org/social-movements
Killian, L.; Social Movement. The Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed 03-Oct-2021. https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-movement/Psychological-factors
The editors of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (Petruzzello, M.); Reformation Christianity. The Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed 03-Oct-2021. https://www.britannica.com/event/Reformation

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Matthew McConaughey once said, “Time is a flat circle. Everything we’ve ever done or will do we’re gonna do over and over again forever.” Because when you’re Mr. McConaughey, no one recognizes that you’re simply paraphrasing Nietzsche. Is time a flat circle though, or is it a crystal? Can it be a crystal? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they discuss the science behind what a Time Crystal even is and try to get to the bottom of this incredible but maybe not what you think it is discovery.

Reference

Scott, J.; Time Crystals Explained: Answers with Joe. Youtube. 28-Feb-2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucwmGZ51X7E
Wolchover, N.; Eternal Change for No Energy: A Time Crystal Finally Made Real. 30-Jul-2021. Quanta Magazine. https://www.quantamagazine.org/first-time-crystal-built-using-googles-quantum-computer-20210730/
IQS Directory; Time Crystals: A New Form of Matter That Could Change Everything. Industrial Quick Search Manufacturer Directory. https://www.iqsdirectory.com/resources/time-crystals-a-new-form-of-matter-that-could-change-everything/

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Is it a horse dewormer? Is it a treatment for lice? Is it a magic cure for COVID? Maybe it’s just a poison. Or maybe, a thing can be more than one thing. What even is Ivermectin? Why has this drug caused such a controversy? What do we know about it and why does everyone think those on the other side of the conversation are completely uneducated? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss this controversial treatment and what science really has to say about it.

References

Laing, R., et. al.; Ivermectin - Old Drug, New Tricks?. Trends in Parasitology. Jun 2017. 33:6 (463 - 472). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2017.02.004
Goodman, B.; CDC Alerts Doctors After Sharp Increases in Ivermectin Use for COVID. WebMD Health News. https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20210827/cdc-alerts-doctors-sharp-increase-ivermectin-use-covid
Bryant, A., et. al.; Ivermectin for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis to Inform Clinical Guidelines. American Journal of Therapeutics. Aug-2021. 28:4 (434 - 460). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0000000000001402
Pittman, A., Person Hospitalized After Taking LIvestock Ivermectin from Feed Store to Treat COVID-19. 18-Aug-2021. Mississippi Free Press. https://www.mississippifreepress.org/15002/person-hospitalized-after-taking-livestock-ivermectin-from-feed-store-to-treat-covid-19/
Krajewski, M.; New Mexico Health Officials Believe 1 is Dead After Livestock Drug Overdose. KOAT Action News. https://www.koat.com/article/ivermectin-overdose-covid-19-new-mexico/37548538#
Center for Disease Control. Possibility of COVID-19 Illness after Vaccination. 07-Sep-2021. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/effectiveness/why-measure-effectiveness/breakthrough-cases.html

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Our community of listeners, at least those we've interacted with, have been the most incredible group of people. We thought we'd take this opportunity to talk with what may very well be our very first listener and fan about the listener experience and how one becomes the dime store Hank Green. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the ins and outs, what it is that people do and don't like, and try to answer any burning questions that a listener might have.

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When Thor’s hammer strikes the ground, there’s no doubt the impact will be loud, but why do we know that? He’s no larger than a regular human. So where does the sound come from? How does any of this weather stuff happen? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss how heat becomes weather, weather becomes lightning, and lightning becomes sound and how these revelations add to the global warming and climate change conversation.

References

National Severe Storms Laboratory. Severe Weather 101. NSSL. https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/lightning/types/
Ranada, A., Trueba, J.; Ball Lightning an Electromagnetic Knot?. Nature. 05-Sep-1996. 383:32. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/383032a0
Fritz, A.; Scientists Think They’ve Solved the Mystery of How Volcanic Lightning Forms. Washington Post. 13-Apr-2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/04/13/scientists-think-theyve-solved-the-mystery-of-how-volcanic-lightning-forms/
Mason, B.; Weird, Rare Clouds and the Physics Behind Them. Wired. 29-Sep-2009. https://www.wired.com/2009/09/clouds/
Scientific American; Why do We Have Hurricane Season? Scientific American. 27-Aug-2007. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-we-have-a-hurricane-season/#
EPA. Climate Change Indicators: Tropical Cyclone Activity. United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-tropical-cyclone-activity

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What do Ted Kaczynski, Bono's character in the movie Across the Universe, and the inventor of one of the most important technological advancements of our time have in common? In a word, Psychedelics. In most of these cases it’s specifically lysergic acid diethylamide, colloquially known as LSD. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss, what psychedelics are, how the UN fits into the conversation, and if there is more than we were taught in the D.A.R.E program in the 90's?

References

Carlson, P.; Nobel Chemist Kary Mullis, Making Waves as a Mind Surfer. Washington Post. 03-Nov-1998. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1998/11/03/nobel-chemist-kary-mullis-making-waves-as-a-mind-surfer/31e7e720-44e4-49ff-8458-a9822cdcb47e/
The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations; Final Act of the United Nations Conference for the Adoption of a Protocol on Psychotropic Substances. UN Convention 1971. 21-Feb-1971. https://www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1971_en.pdf
Byock, I.; Taking Psychedelics Seriously. Journal of Palliative Medicine. 01-Apr-2018. 21:4 (417 - 421). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2017.0684
Brodwin, E.; The Truth About ‘Microdosing,’ Which Involves Taking Tiny Amounts of Psychedelics Like LSD. Business Insider. 30-Jan-2017. https://www.businessinsider.com/microdosing-lsd-effects-risks-2017-1
Vardy, M., Kay, S.; LSD Psychosis or LSD-Induced Schizophrenia? A Multimethod Inquiry. Archives of General Psychiatry. Aug-1983. 40:8 (877 - 883). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790070067008
Cheung, T.; Compass Pathways Receives FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation for Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression. 23-Oct-2018. US Food and Drug Administration. https://compasspathways.com/compass-pathways-receives-fda-breakthrough-therapy-designation-for-psilocybin-therapy-for-treatment-resistant-depression/

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Turns out looking into information that centers around the brain is a complete nightmare. Even for a biology focused person like me. When considering meditation it’s unsurprising that this is the path we were led down. So what did we find? What is the truth about meditation and the brain and how deep does the research go? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we explore meditation and how it affects the brain.

References

Walsh, R., Shapiro, S.; The Meeting of Meditative Disciplines and Western Psychology. American Psychologist. Apr-2006. 61:3 (227 - 239). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.61.3.227
Goyal, M., et. al.; Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association. 01-Mar-2015. 174:3 (357 - 368). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018
Konjedi, S., Maleeh, R.; Sleep and Mindfulness Meditation as They Relate to False Memory. Psychological Research. 22-Sep-2018. 84 (1084 - 1111). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-1098-0
Lutterveld, R., et. al.; Meditation is Associated with Increased Brain Network Integration. Neuroimage. 01-Sep-2018.158 (18 - 25). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.071
Pokorski, M., Suchorzynske, A.; Psychobehavioral Effects of Meditation. Pulmonary Disorders and Therapy. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 25-Jun-2017. 1023. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2017_52

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What happens when you say “Hey Google or “Alexa” or when you press the summon button on the Tesla app? How has our society gotten to the point where, as Anna Kendrick said, “If I touch my phone in the right places, a pizza shows up at my door.” How much of this is artificial intelligence, and how far are we from Isaac Asimov’s Sonny, or at least robot butlers? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we have a cursory discussion on what even is A.I., how is it being used, and what’s in the future.

References

Solomonoff, R.; The Time Scale of Artificial Intelligence: Reflections on Social Effects. Elsevier Science Publishers. 1985. 5 (149 - 153). https://content.iospress.com/download/human-systems-management/hsm5-2-07?id=human-systems-management%2Fhsm5-2-07
Hernandez, J.; A Military Drone With a Mind of Its Own Was Used in Combat, U.N. Says. NPR. 01-Jun-2021. https://www.npr.org/2021/06/01/1002196245/a-u-n-report-suggests-libya-saw-the-first-battlefield-killing-by-an-autonomous-d
Turing, A.; Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind. Oct-1950. 59:236 (433 - 460). https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433
Savage, N.; Tapping Into the Drug Discovery Potential of AI. Nature.com. 27-May-2021. https://www.nature.com/articles/d43747-021-00045-7

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Before this research, we were convinced significant blows to the head were totally fine. Even the idea of brain injury seemed like media sensationalism. Ok, maybe we didn’t go that far, but it was certainly surprising to find out some of the reality about preventing concussions, especially in sports. So what are concussions? How are they different from standard brain injury and what can we do to prevent them? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we dig into concussion, brain injury, CTE, and how headgear fits into all of it.

References

Rutherford, P.; Fighter Safer Without Headear - AIBA Chief Wu. Reuters.com. 12-Nov-2014. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-boxing-wu/fighters-safer-without-headgear-aiba-chief-wu-idUSKCN0IW0N620141112
Inalsingh, C.; Some Common Injuries in Boxing. World Boxing Association. 31-Jan-2012. https://www.wbaboxing.com/box-medical-articles/some-common-injuries-in-boxing#.YRA3gI5KiUk
Daneshvar, D., et. al.; Helmets and Mouth Guards: The Role of Personal Equipment in Preventing Sport-Related Concussions. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 01-Jan-2011. 30:1 (145 - 163). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2010.09.006
Bernick, C., et. al.; Repeated Head Trauma is Associated with Smaller Thalamic Volumes and Slower Processing Speed: The Professional Fighters’ Brain Health Study. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 29-Jan-2015. 49:15 (1007 - 1011). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093877
Stein, T., et. al.; Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Spectrum of Neuropathological Changes Following Repetitive Brain Trauma in Athletes and Military Personnel. Alzheimer's Research and Therapy. 15-Jan-2014. 6:1 (4). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/alzrt234

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It's widely understood that flushing your pet turtle results in them being found by a rat in a robe, learning to walk on two legs, and getting borderline addicted to the consumption of pizza. But aside from the adolescent genetically altered martial artist tortoises, are there more natural ways for mutation to come about? Is Xavier's prediction that mutant humans are already among us true? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we explore what mutation is and how it’s linked to things like radioactivity and the sun.

References

Rehman, H.; Heterochromia. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 26-Aug-2008. 179:5 (447 - 448). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.070497
CIA. Explore All Countries World. CIA.gov. 27-Jul-2021. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/
Cox, M., Battista, J.; Deinococcus radiodurans - The Consummate Survivor. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 01-Nov-2005. 3 (882 - 892). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1264
The Pierre Auger Collaboration. Observation of a Large-Scale Anisotropy in the Arrival Directions of Cosmic Rays Above 8 x 1018 eV. Science. 22-Sep-2017. 357:6357 (1266 - 1270). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan4338

Venken, K., Bellen, H.; Chemical Mutagens, Transposons, and Transgenes to Interrogate Gene Function in Drosophila melanogaster. Methods. 15-Jun-2014. 68:1 (15 - 28). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.02.025

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Our world might not be the 1995 hit Kevin Costner movie, Waterworld, but it is 71% water. Even the human body is around 60% water. It’s even literally in the air around us. Particularly so for those in places like Singapore. So why do we have a “Water Crisis?” What does that term even mean, and does anyone have a plan to fix it? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what defines the water crisis and how we can be so limited in a resource that seems to be everywhere we look.

References

Fulton, J., et. al.; Water-Indexed Benefits and Impacts of California Almonds. Ecological Indicators. Jan-2019. 96:1 (711 - 717). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.063
Albrecht, C.; Toxicity of Sea Water in Mammals. American Journal of Physiology. Nov-1950. 163:2 (370 - 385). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1950.163.2.370
Gleick, P.; Why Don’t We Get Our Drinking Water from the Ocean by Taking the Salt Out of Seawater?. Scientific American. 23-Jul-2008. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-dont-we-get-our-drinking-water-from-the-ocean/
Korok, W., et. al.; Terminology for Membranes and Membrane Processes. IUPAC. 1996. 68:7 (1479 - 1489). http://old.iupac.org/publications/pac/1996/pdf/6807x1479.pdf
Chandler, D.; Turning Desalination Waste into a Useful Resource. MIT News. 13-Feb-2019. https://news.mit.edu/2019/brine-desalianation-waste-sodium-hydroxide-0213
Water.org. The Water Crisis. Water.org. https://water.org/our-impact/water-crisis/

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In 1983, Terry Prachett brought the fantastical planet to life that he referred to as discworld. The series would prove to be wildly popular and inspire all sorts of fantasy writers today. It was, however, a fantasy series. The idea of a disc shaped world has long since been dismissed, at least outside this genre of novels for perhaps quite a bit longer than most of us realize. So why can so many of us name at least one person who is certain the Earth is flat or is a part of the Flat Earth Society; especially considering a man walked 800 km measuring every step to prove it's not. I know Kyrie Irving is an athlete, but something tells me he hasn't repeated this test. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the history of the shape of the Earth and how religions, cults, and the internet have molded our perspective.

References

Brown, C.; Measuring the Circumference of the Earth. Khan Academy. 13-Jun-201. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-project/solar-system-and-earth/knowing-solar-system-earth/a/eratosthenes-of-cyrene
Dure, B.; Flat-Earthers are Back: ‘It’s Almost Like the Beginning of a New Religion’. The Guardian. 20-Jan-2016. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jan/20/flat-earth-believers-youtube-videos-conspiracy-theorists
Dwyer, C.; ‘I Don’t Believe in Science,’ Says Flat-Earther Set to Launch Himself in Own Rocket. NPR. 22-Nov-2017. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/11/22/565926690/i-dont-believe-in-science-says-flat-earther-set-to-launch-himself-in-own-rocket
Malik, T.; ‘Mad Mike’ Hughes, Daredevil Who Built a Homemade Steam Rocket, Dies in Launch Attempt. Space.com. 23-Feb-2020. https://www.space.com/daredevil-mad-mike-hughes-dies-in-homemade-rocket-launch.html
UselessPickles. Behind the Scenes: Flat Basketball Proof. Imgur.com. 10-Jun-2018. https://imgur.com/gallery/nSGtPtz
Enns, P.; The Firmament of Genesis 1 is Solid but That’s Not the Point. Biologos. 14-Jan-2010. https://biologos.org/articles/the-firmament-of-genesis-1-is-solid-but-thats-not-the-point/

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In today’s world of body positivity and cosmetic surgery it seems like something has been left out on both fronts. Male enhancement. How has the penis become a central focus of society but also taboo to talk about? Everyone has things we would like to change about ourselves but what works and what's effectively just snake oil when it comes to male enhancement. Join Shanti and a bit of a surprise host as we talk about the uncomfortable but important topic of penile augmentation.

References

Dillon, B., et. al.; Penile Size and Penile Enlargement Surgery: A Review. International Journal of Impotence Research. 22-May-2008. 20 (519 - 529). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2008.14
Mayo Clinic Staff. Penis-Enlargement Products: Do They Work?. Mayo Clinic. 03-Jun-2020. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/sexual-health/in-depth/penis/art-20045363
Burry, M.; What Is a Micropenis? - and How It Does (and Doesn’t) Affect Sex. Health. 14-Sep-2020. https://www.health.com/condition/sexual-health/micropenis-sex
Arackal, B., Benegal, V.; Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunction in Male Subjects with Alcohol Dependence. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. Apr-2007. 49:2 (109 - 112). Doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.33257
Shah, J., Christopher, N.; Can Shoe Size Predict Penile Length?. British Journal of Urology International. Oct-2002. 90:6 (586 - 587). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410x.2002.02974.x
Iliades, C.; What’s Wrong With Long-Lasting Erections. Everyday Health. 08-Mar-2012. https://www.everydayhealth.com/erectile-dysfunction/whats-wrong-with-long-lasting-erections.aspx
Armstrong, J., et. al.; Impact of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids on Sexual Function. Translational Andrology and Urology. Jun-2018. 7:3 (483 - 489). Doi: https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2018.04.23
Goldstein, I., et. al.; The Serendipitous Story of Sildenafil: An Unexpected Oral Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction. Sexual Medicine Reviews. Jan-2019. 7:1 (115 - 128). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.06.005

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Combing through the internet for new scientific discoveries can, as we've seen, sometimes lead to the most ridiculous headlines. After all, if that wasn't the case this podcast wouldn't even exist. In a few rare and beautiful moments, though, Google says hey man you might enjoy this. I have to hand it to you my eerily always listening AI friend, you nailed this one. Ok so the headline may read Dragon Man, which despite our hopes was not a reference to Trogdor, the burninator, but what it truly is, is more fascinating than we assumed. Before the phrase blows up all over social media and we start hearing conspiracies of some dragon-human Shrek style hybrid, join hosts Shanti and Danny as we talk about the science and see if we can't generate a, you heard it here first, moment for many of you.

References

Larkin, A.; Massive “Dragon Man” Skull Found in China Might Be a New Human Evolutionary Branch. CBSNews. 29-Jun-2021. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dragon-man-skull-found-china-evolution/
Shao, Q., et. al.; Geochemical Provenancing and Direct Dating of the Harbin Archaic Human Cranium. The Innovation: CellPress Partner Journal. 25-Jun-2021. https://www.cell.com/the-innovation/pdf/S2666-6758(21)00056-4.pdf
George, A.; ‘Dragon Man’ Claimed as New Species of Ancient Human but Doubts Remain. NewScientist. 25-Jun-2021. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2282223-dragon-man-claimed-as-new-species-of-ancient-human-but-doubts-remain/
Jacobs, Z., et. al.; Timing of Archaic Hominin Occupation of Denisova Cave in Southern Siberia. Nature. 30-Jan-2019. 565 (594 - 599). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0843-2
Relethford, J.; Genetic Evidence and the Modern Human Origins Debate. Heredity. 05-Mar-2008. 100: (555 - 563). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2008.14
Callaway, E.; ‘Minimal’ Cell Raises Stakes in Race to Harness Synthetic Life. Nature News. 24-Mar-2016. 531: (557 - 558). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/531557a
Subbaraman, N.; First Monkey-Human Embryos Reignite Debate Over Hybrid Animals. Nature News. 15-Apr-2021. 592: (497). https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01001-2

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What if I told you that when you hear the word anti-vaxxer and you feel yourself relating to the term, it can almost exclusively be tied to one of three events? Even if it's because of something you've heard that just never really sat right with you. Nearly the entire history of the anti vaccination movement can be tied to a process called variolation, a horrible manufacturing oversight, and a modern day monster known as Andrew Wakefield. Since the beginning of this podcast we've alluded to the importance of this episode and the crazy misinformation surrounding the concept. Now, as we surpass a year of weekly episodes it's finally time to talk about vaccines, vaccination, and Mr. yes MR. not Dr. Andrew Wakefield.

References

Imperato, P., Imperato, G.; Smallpox Inoculation (Variolation) in East Africa with Special Reference to the Practice Among the Boran and Gabra of Northern Kenya. Journal of Community Health. 07-Aug-2014. 39 (1053 - 1062). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-014-9928-5
Grundy, I.; Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley [nee Lady Mary Pierrepont]. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 23-Sep-2004. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/19029
Liebowitz, D.; Smallpox Vaccination: An Early Start of Modern Medicine in America. Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives. 31-Mar-2017. 7:1 (61 - 63). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/20009666.2016.1273611
Riedel, S.; Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination. Jan-2005. 18:1 (21 - 25). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028
Melnick, J., et. al.; Effectiveness of Salk Vaccine. Analysis of Virologically Confirmed Cases of Paralytic and Nonparalytic Poliomyelitis. Journal of American Medicine. 01-Apr-1961. 175: (1159 - 1162). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1961.03040130043010
Fitzpatrick, M.; The Cutter Incident: How America’s First Polio Vaccine Led to a Growing Vaccine Crisis. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. Mar-2006. 99:3 (156).
42 U.S. Code § 300aa-22 - Standards of Responsibility. Legal Information Institute Cornell Law School. 01-Oct-1988. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/300aa-22
Smith, R.; Andrew Wakefield - The Man Behind the MMR Controversey. The Telegraph. 29-Jan-2010. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/7091767/Andrew-Wakefield-the-man-behind-the-MMR-controversy.html

Additional References on website

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Orson Scott Card could not have had any idea when he wrote Ender's game that he was predicting instant messaging, VR, and yes even social media. In his view of the concept the technology was used for some interesting things. The question is, how right was he? Can two people with a voice on a forum impact the entire world like Locke and Demosthenes? We've railed against social media before on this podcast, and it begs the question: is it just something that rots your brain like our parents once claimed the TV did? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the impacts of social media as well as its importance in our future.

References

Chappet, M.; Have We Been Brain-Jacked by Instagram? As We’re Given the Option to Hide Likes, We Investigate How the ‘gram Has Rewired our Brains for Good…. Glamour. 26-May-2021. https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/instagram-effect-on-brain
Barker, E.; This is the Best Way to Overcome Fear of Missing Out. Time. 07-Jun-2016. https://time.com/4358140/overcome-fomo/
Sherman, L., et. al.; What the Brain ‘Likes’: Neural Correlates of Providing Feedback on Social Media. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 04-Jul-2018. 13:7 (699 - 707). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsy051
Hunt, M., et. al.; No More FOMO: Limiting Social Media Decreases Loneliness and Depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. Dec-2018. 37:10. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.10.751
Ahmad, S., et. al.; Detection and Classification of Social Media-Based Extremist Affiliations Using Sentiment Analysis Techniques. Human-Centric Computing and Information Sciences. 01-Jul-2019. 9:24. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13673-019-0185-6

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There are few things more terrifying than considering the possibility of developing Alzheimer's towards the end of one's life. With modern medicine the way it is there could be little doubt we've made great advances in the treatment of this disease. So it might surprise you to hear that the recent Biogen news means that the FDA has approved the first drug for the treatment of Alzheimer’s in twenty years. Turns out, though, that's not actually what makes it such big news. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we talk about what’s going on with aducanumab, Biogen, and some strange moves by the FDA.

References

Lovelace, B.; Third Member of the Prestigious FDA Panel Resigns Over Approval of Biogen’s Alzheimer’s Drug. CNBC. 10-Jun-2021. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/10/third-member-of-prestigious-fda-panel-resigns-over-approval-of-biogens-alzheimers-drug.html
Knopman, D., et. al.; Failure to Demonstrate Efficacy of Aducanumab: An Analysis of the EMERGE and ENGAGE Trials as Reported by Biogen, December 2019. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 10-Nov-2020. 17:4 (696 - 701). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12213
Shankar, G., et. al.; Amyloid B-Protein Dimers Isolated Directly from Alzheimer Brains Impair Synaptic Plasticity and Memory. Nature Medicine. 22-Jun-2008. 14:8 (837 - 842). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1782

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What happens when the family you've always known or the story about them turns out to be, I dunno a lie or maybe a confused misconception repeated through generations? If you listened to the intro, you know that I'm a firm believer in the fact that people as a whole, sometimes lie. The beauty and the danger with this is that science can be misconstrued or misinterpreted, but the science itself doesn't lie. So why then, are there so many questions about our DNA ancestry? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we welcome back Dr. Sonya Iverson and discuss genetic heritage, DNA ancestry, and the mailman.

References

Zimmer, C.; She Has Her Mother’s Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity. Dutton. 29-May-2018. ISBN-10: 1101984597
Rosenfield, J.; ‘I Was Numb’: Family Secrets Come to Light as DNA Testing Gains Popularity. NBCPhiladelphia. 04-Nov-2019. https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/investigators/i-was-numb-family-secrets-come-to-light-as-dna-testing-gains-popularity/2117880/
Grayson, G.; My Grandmother Was Italian. Why Aren’t My Genes Italian?. WBUR.org. 22-Jan-2018. https://www.wbur.org/npr/578293890/my-grandmother-was-italian-why-arent-my-genes-italian
Sykes, B.; The Seven Daughters of Eve: The Science That Reveals Our Genetic Ancestry. W.W. Norton & Company. 17-May-2002. ISBN-10: 0393323145
Loogvali, E., et. al.; Disuniting Uniformity: A Pied Cladistic Canvas of mtDNA Haplogroup H in Eurasia. Molecular Biology and Evolution. Nov-2004. 21:11 (2012 - 2021). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msh209
Harrington, C.; Your ‘Ethnicity Estimate’ Doesn’t Mean What you Think it Does. Wired.com. 02-Oct-2020. https://www.wired.com/story/your-ethnicity-estimate-doesnt-mean-what-you-think-it-does/

Kirkpatrick, B., Rashkin, M.; Ancestry Testing and the Practice of Genetic Counseling. Journal of Genetic Counseling. 04-Oct-2016. 26:1 (6 - 20). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-016-0014-2

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Ghengis Khan had some pretty brutal war tactics, but did he once use biology as a weapon? How is Ted Kaczyinski tied to chemical warfare experimentation? Has a biological weapon ever been used intentionally? Are either of these even scientifically practical? When was the last time chemical weapons were employed? Is the fear of biological and chemical weapons just a great premise for video games and TV or are these as terrifying as they seem? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the legitimacy of biological and chemical warfare and why the practice is virtually teeming with conspiracy theories and rumors.

References

Kaminski, J., Et. al.; Evolution of Facial Muscle Anatomy in Dogs. PNAS. 16-Jul-2019. 116: 29 (14677-14681). Doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820653116
IHL. Rule 74. The Use of Chemical Weapons is Prohibited. IHL Database. 2: 24 (Section A) Doi: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule74
IHL. Rule 73. The Use of Biological Weapons is Prohibited. IHL Database. 2: 23 Doi: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule73
Wheelies, M. Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Sep-2002 8:9 (971-975) Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid0809.010536
Kiger, P.; Did Colonists Give Infected Blankets to Native Americans as Biological Warfare?. History.com. 25-Nov-2019. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/news/colonists-native-americans-smallpox-blankets
Carlton, J.; Of Microbes and Mock Attacks: Years Ago, the Military Sprayed Germs on US Cities. Wall Street Journal. 22-Oct-2001. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1003703226697496080
Nofil, B.; The CIAs Appalling Human Experiments with Mind Control. History.com. https://www.history.com/mkultra-operation-midnight-climax-cia-lsd-experiments
Technical Secretariat; Report of the Fact-Finding Mission Regarding the Incident of Alleged Use of Toxic Chemicals as a Weapon in Duoma, Syrian Arab Republic on 7 April 2018. 01-Mar-2019. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. https://www.opcw.org/sites/default/files/documents/2019/03/s-1731-2019%28e%29.pdf

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As a scientist, obviously Danny knows plenty about the creatures from Klyntar and their partnerships with other species. Well, did we say scientist? I guess we meant nerd. Venom and Marvel's other symbiotes do certainly portray a practice that has been fascinating scientists for centuries, though. Symbiosis and more importantly mutualism is the pinnacle of interspecies relationships, but what is it, what do we know about it and what other interspecies relationships exist. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss how some species can be so intricately tied together that separation could mean certain extinction for both.

References

Paracer, S. Ahmadjian, V.; Symbiosis: An Introduction to Biological Associations by Surindar Paracer. Oxford University Press. 01-Jan-1867. ISBN: 978-0-19-511806-3
Mougi, A.; The Role of Amensalistic and Commensalistic Interactions in Large Ecological Network Stability. Scientific Reports. 13-Jul-2016. 6:29929. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep29929
Yarlagagadda, T.; 10 Images of Unlikely Animal Relationships. Inverse. 11-Apr-2021. https://www.inverse.com/science/unlikely-animal-relationships-science/amp
Special RElationships: Keeping Pistol Shrimps and Gobies. Practical Fishkeeping. https://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/special-relationships-keeping-pistol-shrimps-and-gobies/
Willmer, P., Stone, G.; How Aggressive Ant-Guards Assist Seed-Set in Acacia Flowers. Nature. 10-Jul-1997. 388 (165 - 167). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/40610
English Ivy. Invasive.org. https://www.invasive.org/alien/pubs/midatlantic/hehe.htm

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What happens when toxic males go out into the wild, propagate more toxic males, and kill every female progeny they produce? Well...Florida is working on finding out. That is, at least, with their mosquito population. Genetically Engineered mosquitoes, can they accomplish what the aliens in Lilo and Stitch worked so hard to prevent? Both kudos and my apologies for those of you who get that reference. What does it mean to have these creatures in the wild? Is it a concern and is it even the first time something like this has been done? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the recent news that Florida has released genetically engineered mosquitoes into the wild.

References

Waltz, E.; First Genetically Modified Mosquitoes Released in the United States. Nature. 03-May-2021. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01186-6
Waltz, E.; Oxitec Trials GM Sterile Moth to Combat Agricultural Infestations. Nature Biotechnology. 07-Aug-2015. 33 (792 - 793). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0815-792c
Fang, J.; Ecology: A World Without Mosquitoes. Nature. 21-Jul-2010. 466: (432 - 434) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/466432a

Ploetz, R.; Panama Disease: An Old Nemesis Rears Its Ugly Head Part 1. The Beginning of the Banana Export Trade. Plant Management Network. 17-Oct-2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20180821194641/https://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/PanamaDiseasePart1.aspx

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If you listen to David Icke, the whole world is a simulation controlled by the lizard people using the moon..you know...the moon matrix. But can we create a whole new virtual world? Could we remake our world virtually? What is VR? What is AR? Training, gaming, and just making the world more convenient; how far has this technology come and what is the future?

References

Center for Near Earth Object Studies.Planetary Defense Conference Exercise - 2021: The 2021 PDC Hypothetical Asteroid Impact Scenario. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/pd/cs/pdc21/
Baig, E.; View-Master Rides Googld Cardboard into Virtual REality. USAToday. 13-Feb-2015. https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/columnist/baig/2015/02/13/view-master--of-old-uses-google-cardboard-vr/23297205/
Maw, I.; How Lockheed Martin is Using Augmented Reality in Aerospace Manufacturing. Engineering.com. 13-Aug-2019. https://www.engineering.com/story/how-lockheed-martin-is-using-augmented-reality-in-aerospace-manufacturing
Newberry, J.; How to Watch Sports Events in VR. The Sports Daily. 27-Nov-2020. https://thesportsdaily.com/2020/11/27/how-to-watch-sports-events-in-vr/

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Is war an exclusively human practice? How about sexual behavior and pair-bonding among members of the same sex? Is the heat of the surface of the sun just an everyday experience for some in nature? Is one-punch man alive and well in the animal kingdom? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss. Emu wars, chimpanzees, and the terrifying creatures of the deep and talk about what makes nature so much stranger than even the fiction we imagine.

References

Johnson, M.; ‘Feathered Foes’: Soldier Settlers and Western Australia’s ‘Emu War’ of 1932. Journal of Australian Studies. 18-May-2009. 88 (147 - 157). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14443050609388083
Wilson, M., et. al.; Lethal Aggression in Pan is Better Explained by Adaptive Strategies than Human Impacts. Nature. 18-Sep-2014. 513 (414 - 417). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13727
Poiani, A.; Animal Homosexuality A Biosocial Perspective. Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN: 978-0-521-19675
Versluis, M., et. al.; How Snapping Shrimp Snap: Through Cavitating Bubbles. Science. 22-Sep-2000. 289: 5487 (2114 - 2117). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5487.2114
Patek, S., et. al.; Deadly Strike Mechanism of a Mantis Shrimp. Nature. 22-Apr-2004. 428 (819 - 820). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/428819a
Baum-Haines, S.; These Bizarre Animal Behaviors Prove that Mother Nature is Insane. 03-Nov-2020. Science101. https://www.science101.com/bizarre-animal-behaviors-prove-nature-metal/

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In the past, we discussed the idea of reversing the aging process. The concept that in the future we might be able to end a human's tendency to die simply because we survived for too many years. What about the issues that arise simply from trying to live. What if our organs fail or get damaged, or what if we lose large sections of bone? From 3D printing to organ-on-a-chip, what does the future look like when we consider where medicine is going?

References

Abrams, M.; 3D Printing Bones. 14-Jan-2016. American Society of Mechanical Engineering. https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/3d-printing-bones
Hanaphy, P.; University of Minnesota Researchers Use 3D Bioprinting to Create Beating Human Heart. 3D Printing Industry. 07-Jul-2020. https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/university-of-minnesota-researchers-use-3d-bioprinting-to-create-beating-human-heart-173210/
Rajkumar, S.; The High Cost of Insulin in the United States: An Urgent Call to Action. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 01-Jan-2020. 95:1 (22 - 28). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.11.013
Everett, H.; Aldershof Startup Develops Novel Dual-Color Volumetric 3D Printing Method. 3D Printing Industry. 08-Jan-2021. https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/aldershof-startup-develops-novel-dual-color-volumetric-3d-printing-method-182018/#:~:text=Volumetric%203D%20printing%20is%20regarded,in%20a%20matter%20of%20seconds.
Carneiro Neto, A., Malta, O.; Glowing Nanocrystals Enable 3D X-Ray Imaging. Nature. 17-Feb-2021. 590 (396 - 397). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00350-2
Nillesen, S., et. al.; Increased Angiogenesis and Blood Vessel Maturation in Acellular Collagen-Heparin Scaffolds Containing Both FGF2 and VEGF. Biomaterials. 20-Nov-2006. 28:6 (1123 - 1131). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.10.029

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Every week we look at a new scientific concept and delve into the science behind it. How do we go about that? What does it take to look at information that someone presents and evaluate its quality? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we dive into Shanti’s fitness background and evaluate the work of Dr. Mike Israetel who influenced our co-host in his training days.

References

Israetel, M., Hoffman, J., et. al.; The Renaissance Diet. Renaissance Periodization. 09-Feb-2019. ASIN: B07NKTD9MS.
Hall, K.; What is the Required Energy Deficit Per Unit Weight Loss?. International Journal of Obesity. 11-Sep-2007. 32:3 (573 - 576). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803720
Forbes, G.; Body Fat Content Influences the Body Composition Response to Nutrition and Exercise. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 25-Jan-2006. 904:1 (359 - 365). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06482.x
Drazin, B, et. al.; Effect of Dietary Macronutrient Composition on AMPK and SIRT1 Expression and Activity in Human Skeletal Muscle. Hormone and Metabolic Research. 06-Jun-2012. 44:9 (650 - 655). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1312656

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We all understand what it means to be dirty, more importantly we understand how something becomes clean. But what about energy? How do we clean energy? What is clean energy? Is it achievable? Do we even have any energy that can be considered clean? What is lithium mining? Why does it come up in this discussion. What does the word fossil fuel even mean?

References

Sato, M.; Thermochemistry of the Formation of Fossil Fuels. Fluid-Mineral Interactions The Geochemical Society. 1990. Special Publication #2. https://www.geochemsoc.org/files/6214/1261/1770/SP-2_271-284_Sato.pdf
Ellabban, O., et. al.; Renewable Energy Resources: Current Status, Future Prospects and Their Enabling Technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Nov-2014. 39 (748 - 764). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.113
Early, C.; The New ‘Gold Rush’ for Green Lithium. BBC. 24-Nov-2020. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201124-how-geothermal-lithium-could-revolutionise-green-energy
Ritchie, H., Roser, M.; Fossil Fuels. Our World in Data. 2017. https://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels
Jacoby, M.; It’s Time to Get Serious About Recycling Lithium-Ion Batteries. Chemical and Engineering News. 14-Jul-2019. 97:28. https://cen.acs.org/materials/energy-storage/time-serious-recycling-lithium/97/i28
Battery Technology. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/topic/climate-change/battery-technology/

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In the late 1980's a former NFL defensive end stabbed 2 men with zero provocation, and if you ask him it was done at the urging of his leader to which he was devout. In the mid to late 2010's the hit show Smallville took on an entirely different meaning when the world realized a star actress was recruiting other women to be branded and exploited. In both cases we can't help but ask ourselves, how does this happen? How does a human being find themselves in a situation where these things happen? In a word, cults, but it's so much more than that. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we dig into manipulation, fear, blackmail, and the disturbing minds of what passes for a "leader" in this world's cults.

References

Naftulin, J.; The Science-Backed Psychology Techniques Nxivm Used to ‘Fetishize Vulnerability’ and Manipulate Members into Sex. Insider. 27-Oct-2020. https://www.insider.com/nxivm-used-real-psychology-to-fetishize-vulnerability-manipulate-2020-9
Scheeres, J.; The Yaweh ben Yahweh Cult. CrimeLibrary. 03.-Jun-2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130603192839/http://www.trutv.com:80/library/crime/notorious_murders/classics/yahweh_cult/12.html
Best, J.; Cults: A Psychological Perspective. Theses and Dissertations 361. Columbus State University. 2018. https://csuepress.columbusstate.edu/theses_dissertations/361

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In the 80's a hero known as Al Gore produced one of the greatest inventions of all time..the internet. Ok well maybe that's just a comment quoted out of context that comedians at the time found hilarious and some of us still do. Today, though, Elon Musk is doing something with the internet early users like myself would never have thought possible. What is Starlink and what is the point? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the introduction of Starlink, what makes it so impressive, and what it may mean for our future.

References:

Mikkelson, D.; Did Al Gore Say ‘I Invented the Internet’?. Snopes.com. 05-May-2005. https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/internet-of-lies/
N2YO. Search Satellite DataBase. N2YO.com. Search criteria “Starlink”. 28-Mar-2021. https://www.n2yo.com/database/?name=starlink#results
Osborne, S.; SiriusXM - Satellites and Repeaters. Sirius Buzz. 07-Oct-2012. https://siriusbuzz.com/siriusxm-satellites-and-repeaters.php
The editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Orbit. Encyclopaedia Britanica. https://www.britannica.com/science/orbit-astronomy

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Stem cells are a mysterious cellular construct with some pretty unique properties. Properties which have led to intense discussions about life, aging, cancer, the nature of disease itself, and even religion. But what are they? Why was the discovery of these cells so important? Why are they so controversial and how has that controversy affected research in the last few decades? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss stem cells, the confusion surrounding them, and why the controversy is not only important but necessary in this episode of Breaking Bad Science.

References

Platt, A.; A Brief History of U.S. Stem Cell Policy. Research America. 2020. https://www.researchamerica.org/advocacy-action/issues-researchamerica-advocates/stem-cell-research/brief-history-us-stem-cell
Hwang, N., et. al.; Controlled Differentiation of Stem Cells. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 11-Oct-2007. 60:2 (199 - 214). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.036
Robinton, D., Daley, G.; The Promise of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Research and Therapy. Nature. 18-Jan-2012. 481 (295 - 305). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10761
Chin, M., et. al.; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Embryonic Stem Cells are Distinguished by Gene Expression Signatures. Cell - Stem Cell. 2-Jul-2009. 5:1 (111 - 123). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2009.06.008
Biehl, J., Russell, B.; Introduction to Stem Cell Therapy. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. Mar/Apr-2009. 24:2 (98 - 105). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0b013e318197a6a5
Ayala, F.; Cloning Humans? Biological, Ethical, and Social Considerations. PNAS. 21-Jul-2015. 112:29 (8879 - 8886). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501798112
Hernandez, D.; 500 Years Later, da Vinci’s Mechanical Lion is Brought to Life. Popular Mechanic. 19-Sep-2019. https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/a29020685/leonardo-da-vinci-mechanical-lion-display/
Ayob, A., Ramasamy, T.; Cancer Stem Cells as Key Drivers of Tumour Progression. Journal of Biomedical Science. 06-Mar-2018. 25:20. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-018-0426-4
Kim, K.S.; Converting Human Skin Cells to Neurons: A New Tool to Study and Treat Brain Disorders? Cell - Stem Cell. 2-Sep-2011. 9:3 (179 - 181). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2011.08.004

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Trying to draw a similarity between a hitman, miners, and paying $590 million for 2 pizzas sounds like some sort of 6 degrees of Kevin Bacon weirdness, but it turns out it's not really that hard. The cornerstone here, the Kevin Bacon if you will, is Bitcoin, which is....Currency, but not, you know, kind of like when we went from having gold, furs, salt, and goods to trade to using coins and paper. Except in this case with no tangibility. So what is it? Why does it exist and how is it being used? Most importantly, how is it shaping our future?

References

Hong, E.; How Does Bitcoin Mining Work. Investopedia. 01-Mar-2021. https://www.investopedia.com/tech/how-does-bitcoin-mining-work/
Kharif, O.; Man Who Spent $446 Million on Pizza Has Advice for Tesla Fans. Bloomberg. 10-Feb-2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2021-02-10/who-bought-pizza-with-bitcoin-he-has-some-advice-for-tesla-fans
Ongweso, E.; The Bizarre Tale of a Wisconsin Woman Who Tried to Hire a Hitman with Bitcoin. Vice. 09-Feb-2021. https://www.vice.com/en/article/pkdwj7/the-bizarre-tale-of-a-wisconsin-woman-who-tried-to-hire-a-hitman-with-bitcoin

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There's no doubt at this point that eating foods high in sugar can lead to diabetes and heart conditions. Because of this, the market for sugar substitutes has been a highly valuable industry. Honestly though, are these substitutes healthy? Are we consuming something worse in an effort simply to keep us from becoming overweight or developing these or other diseases or are these concerns mere hokum and Tom foolery? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they discuss not just the health benefits and risks of artificial sweeteners, but also, hokum and Tom foolery.

References

National Cancer Institute. Artificial Sweeteners and Cancer. National Cancer Institute. 10-Aug-2016. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/artificial-sweeteners-fact-sheet
Strawbridge, H.; Artificial Sweeteners: Sugar-free, but at What Cost?. Harvard Health Publishing. 16-Jul-2012. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/artificial-sweeteners-sugar-free-but-at-what-cost-201207165030
Lenoir, M., et. al.; Intense Sweetness Surpasses Cocaine Reward. PLoS One. 01-Aug-2007. 2:8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000698

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If we evolved from monkeys, why are there still monkeys? This is the most common question associated with misunderstandings in the concepts of evolution. So what is evolution? What are the misunderstandings surrounding the subject? How does the whole monkey thing work? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they talk again with synthetic biologist Dr. Sonya Iverson about the misconceptions and mysteries surrounding evolution.

Reference

Darwin, C., Kebler, L.; On the Origin of Species: By Means of Natural Selection. London: J Murray. 1859. http://darwin-online.org.uk/converted/pdf/1861_OriginNY_F382.pdf
Magadum, S., et. al.; Gene Duplication as a Major Force in Evolution. Journal of Genetics. Apr-2013. 92:1 (155 - 161). Doi: https://doi.org/doi:10.1007/s12041-013-0212-8
Cook, L., Saccheri, I.; The Peppered Moth and Industrial Melanism: Evolution of a Natural Selection Case Study. Heredity. 05-Dec-2012. 110 (207 - 212). Doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2012.92
Asfaw, B., et. al.; Australopithecus garhi: A New Species of Early Hominid from Ethiopia. Science. 23-Apr-1999. 284:5414 (629 - 635). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5414.629
Chen, L., et. al.; Identifying and Interpreting Apparent Neanderthal Ancestry in African Individuals. Cell. 30-Jan-2020. 180:4 (677 - 687). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.01.012
Chien, A., et. al.; Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerase from the Extreme Thermophile Thermus Aquaticus. Journal of Bacteriology. Sep-1979. 127:3 (1550 - 1557). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.127.3.1550-1557.1976
Wyckelsma, V., et. al.; Loss of 𝛂-Actin-3 During Human Evolution Provides Superior Cold Resilience and Muscle Heat Generation. American Journal of Human Genetics. 17-Feb-2021. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.01.013
Wang, Z., et. al.; Unique Expression Patterns of Multiple Key Genes Associated with the Evolution of Mammalian Flight. Proceedings in Biological Sciences. 22-May-2014. 281:1783. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3133
González-Recio, O. et. al.; Past, Present, and Future of Epigenetics Applied to Livestock Breeding. Frontiers in Genetics. 28-sep-2015. 6:305. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2015.00305

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The world is on fire. It's a natural cycle. Global warming. Climate Change. What does any of this mean? Why are people worried? Should people be worried? Is it a global threat? A hoax? Who is Judith Curry? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they try to weed out what information is really out there and what science is saying right now about global climate change and why or if it should matter.

References

Petit, J., Raynaud, D.; Forty Years of Ice-Core Records of CO2. Nature. 26-Mar-2020. 579 (505 - 507). https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-020-00809-8/d41586-020-00809-8.pdf
Natural Environment Research Council. Ice Cores and Climate Change. British Antarctic Survey. Mar-2014. https://www.bas.ac.uk/data/our-data/publication/ice-cores-and-climate-change/
Global Climate Change; Climate Change: How Do We Know. NASA. https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/
Global Monitoring Laboratory. Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. NOAA. Accessed 21-Feb-2021. https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/
Lemonick, M.; Climate Heretic: Judith Curry Turns on Her Colleagues. Nature. 01-Nov-2010. Doi: https://doi.org/doi:10.1038/news.2010.577

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This week we're talking about something that's roots go back so far that an entire dungeons and dragons class is based on it. For those of you who don't get the reference, we’re talking Old Norse ancient. The concept became so popular that comic book characters are literally named after the man who westernized the principle. Yet it's so misunderstood that every cop drama has a case involving it, comedies mock it's possibilities, and we place its effects in league with illusionists and magicians. Somehow, though, it may be used in clinical practices as well. So what is it? In a word..Hypnosis, but what does that word truly mean and is it really possible? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we welcome our first M.D. to the podcast, Dr. Brian Wasicek and discuss this fascinating topic.

References

Dingfelder, S.; The First Modern Pyschology Study: Or How Benjamin Franklin Unmasked a Fraud and Demonstrated the Power of the Mind. American Psychological Association. July-2010. 41:7 (30). https://www.apa.org/monitor/2010/07-08/franklin
Esdaile, J.; Mesmerism in India and its Practical Application in Surgery and Medicine. Hartford: Silas Andrus and Son. 1851. https://archive.org/details/63721400R.nlm.nih.gov
Dahlgren, L., et. al.; Differential Effects of Hypnotic Suggestion on Multiple Dimensions of Pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 06-Aug-1995. 10:6 (464 - 470). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0885-3924(95)00055-4
Surman, O., et. al.; Hypnosis in the Treatment of Warts. Archives of General Psychiatry. Mar-1973. 28:3 (439 - 441). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1973.01750330111018

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To early humans, hitting a rock with another rock and seeing what happened constituted learning. Well that, or even hitting another human with a rock to see what happened was learning. Eventually, the Greeks learned the importance of teaching as a tool for the advancement of society. Then it became a tool for the advancement of the rich. Throughout this entire time, though, learning looked nothing like it does today. When did what we know as learning truly start, why is it done the way it is, and is it the best system possible plus what is pedagogy? Joine hosts Shanti and Danny as we explore what learning really means, how it was developed, and what it means to accumulate knowledge in the 21st century.

References

Edgar, D.; Learning Theories and Historical Events Affecting Instructional Design in Education: Recitation Literacy Toward Extraction Literacy Practices. SAGE Open. Oct-01-2012. (1 - 9). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244012462707

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I imagine I'm not the only one whose parents told them not to sit so close to the TV because, “it will rot your brain," or some semblance of that statement. Looking back, though, where would they even get that information from? TV technology changed so rapidly throughout the 80s, 90s, and 2000's I don't see how any scientific evidence could even have existed; let alone long term studies on development. Years later I’ve come to recognize the idea that not everything we tend to believe is backed up by science. So what about this one? Are screens bad? Do they rot your brain or hurt your eyes? More importantly can the all powerful BLUE LIGHT GLASSES! actually help? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss how damaging this technology can be and the legitimacy of blue light blocking glasses.

References

Coles-Brennan, C., et. al.; Management of Digital Eye Strain. Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 23-May-2018. 102: 1. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12798
Shantakumari, N., et. al.; Computer Use and Vision-related Problems Among University Students in Ajman, United Arab Emirate. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research. Mar-2014. 4:2 (258 - 263). Doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/2141-9248.129058
Riddell, P., et. al.; The Effect of Colored Lenses on the Visual Evoked Response in Children with Visual Stress. Optometry and Vision Science. May-2006. 84:5 (299 - 305). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.opx.0000216125.83236.af
Palavets, T., et. al.; Blue-Blocking Filters and Digital Eyestrain. Optometry and Vision Science. Jan-2019. 96:1 (48 - 54). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000001318

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The Scientific Method as we understand it today, wasn't developed until well into the 19th century. If you've been listening to the podcast long, you know that witch hunting and spectral evidence are clear indications of that, but somewhat surprisingly, the idea behind the scientific method was described as early as the 4th century BCE. Because of this, Aristotle is considered the inventor of this methodology. So what exactly is it and how do we even know it's working?

References

O’Brian, M.; Analysis: Retractions and Controversies Over Coronavirus Research Show the Scientific Process is Working. PBS News Hour. 09-Jul-2020. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/analysis-retractions-and-controversies-over-coronavirus-research-show-the-scientific-process-is-working

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So many of our discussions to date have revolved around the Pandemic, and it makes sense. This has been the most relevant subject since the start of this podcast. Conversations laced with misinformation, conspiracy theorists pushing their agendas and using the virus as a stepping stool. It's truly been what we started this podcast for. With that being said, let's take one more look at the virus, the pandemic, and the vaccine. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we talk one more time with Dr. Bryan Simons about the COVID-19 Vaccine and look into the future of how its development may change the scientific community forever.

References

Center for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 Vaccinations in the United States. Accessed 08-Jan-2021. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations
Weintrab, K.; Death of Florida Doctor After Receiving COVID-19 Vaccine Under Investigation. USA Today. 06-Jan-2021. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2021/01/06/death-florida-doctor-following-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine-under-investigation-gregory-michael/6574414002/
Pfizer and BioNTech; Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine. FDA Briefing Document. 10-Dec-2020. https://www.fda.gov/media/144245/download
ModernaTX, Inc.; Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine. FDA Briefing Document. 17-Dec-2021. https://www.fda.gov/media/144434/download
CDC COVID-19 Response Team; Allergic Reactions Including Anaphylaxis After Receipt of the First Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine - United States December 14-23, 2020. CDC. 06-Jan-2021. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7002e1.htm
Carter, S.; COVID Vaccines “might not” Work As Well on South African Strain Scientists Warn. CBSNews. 04-Jan-2021. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-vaccine-new-strain-south-africa/
Xie, X., et. al.; Neutralization of N501Y Mutant SARS-CoV-2 by BNT162b2 Vaccine-Elicited Sera. bioRxiv (preprint). 07-Jan-2021. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.07.425740

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Check out the interview with A Better Question: https://youtu.be/acVcmSERh0E

We've talked about the science behind behavioral analysis when we talked about the show Criminal Minds. We've talked about how things are worded and how they're done influencing how we react when we discussed the Science of Influence, but how does all this affect us when it comes to policy making? How does it come into play in say, a pandemic? Have these concepts been used in our society as a whole? Would you be surprised when a podcast like this says absolutely? Would you be surprised if I told you a whole subcommittee was in place for exactly this purpose? What if I said....maybe it's not such a bad thing? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we talk with Jonathan Moses, host of “A Better Question” and discuss the Science of Social Behavior and its role in the Pandemic.

Reference

Segel, B.; A Lie and a Libel: The History of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. 01-Aug-1996. Cahners Business Information Inc. ISBN-13:978-0803292451
Manthey, G.; How Much are Restaurants Contributing to the Spread of COVID-19 in LA County?. ABC7. 25-Nov-2020. https://abc7.com/covid-19-data-restaurants-outdoor-dining/8235279/#:~:text=LOS%20ANGELES%20(KABC)%20%2D%2D%20Despite,to%20data%20from%20L.A.%20County.
Stone, W.; How Do We Stop This Surge? Here’s What Experts Say Could Help. NPR.org. 24-Nov-2020. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/24/937178668/are-more-lockdowns-inevitable-or-can-other-measures-stop-the-surge
Chang, S., et. al.; Mobility Network Models of COVID-19 Explain Inequities and Inform Reopening. Nature. 10-Nov-2020. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2923-3
Zipperer, B., Gould, E.; Unemployment Filing Failures. Economic Policy Institute. 28-Apr-2020. https://www.epi.org/blog/unemployment-filing-failures-new-survey-confirms-that-millions-of-jobless-were-unable-to-file-an-unemployment-insurance-claim/
EPI; Missing Workers The Missing Part of the Unemployment Story. Economic Policy Institute. 07-Jul-2017. https://www.epi.org/publication/missing-workers/
Malik, J.; US 116th Congress Sets New Record for Members with STEM Backgrounds. Cambridge University Press. 12-Feb-2019. https://www.cambridge.org/core

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The past must have been so weird. A comedian once made the observation that a killer's blood at a crime scene used to be something that required a mop, not an evidence bag. How did people even solve crimes in the past? How do they do it now? Why were there monkeys involved? What on earth does it even mean to consider something forensic science? We’re serious about the monkeys. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we talk about some of the science behind solving crimes, some of its earliest forms and how some of the most advanced techniques are being used today.

Additionally, there are some big announcements this week with the launching of the website, patreon, and public facebook group. We look forward to hearing from you all and working to better the podcast in the future.

References

Mar, J.; Police in Ancient Egypt. Ancient History Encyclopedia. 21-Jul-2017. https://www.ancient.eu/article/1104/police-in-ancient-egypt/
Sung, T., McKnight, B.; The Washing Away of Wrongs: Forensic Medicine in Thirteenth-Century Chine (Science, Medicine, and Technology in East Asia. 1247. ISBN: 978-0892648009
Dawson, L., Gannicliffe, C.; Managing the Myths - The CSI Effect in Forensic Science. 07-Nov-2017. Microbiology Society. https://microbiologysociety.org/publication/past-issues/microbiology-in-popular-culture/article/managing-the-myths-the-csi-effect-in-forensic-science.html
Crime Museum; Forensics at the OJ Simpson Trial. CrimeMuseum.org. https://www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/famous-murders/forensic-investigation-of-the-oj-simpson-trial/
Ng, A.; How China Uses Facial Recognition to Control Human Behavior. CNet. 11-Aug-2020. https://www.cnet.com/news/in-china-facial-recognition-public-shaming-and-control-go-hand-in-hand/
Arango, T., Goldman, A., Fuller, T.; To Catch a Killer: A Fake Profile on a DNA Site and a Pristine Sample. New York Times. 27-Aug-2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180502192131/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/27/us/golden-state-killer-case-joseph-deangelo.html
Gilber, G.; A Trial of Witches: A Seventeenth-Century Witchcraft Prosecution. 1997. https://archive.org/details/trialofwitchesse0000geis
Associated Press; Casey Anthony Detectives Missed ‘Suffocation’ Search. USA Today. 25-Nov-2012. https://www.usatoday.com/s

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Every day is a new headline. Vaccine effective. When will we be over COVID. Exploding whale, ok, that last one isn't related. As far as the vaccine. We've talked about it previously, but today we're talking not just about the prospect of a COVID vaccine. We're talking about those that have developed phase 3 data. In this corner, Pfizer. In this corner, Moderna, Astrazeneca, Johnson and Johnson. How does it look? How interesting is it really? Is there a chance we may really see a light at the end of the tunnel? Should we be concerned? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we talk with Dr. Bryan Simons and break down the most recent information about these vaccine trials and where we stand right now.

References

Pfaender, S., et. al.; LY6E Impairs Coronavirus Fusion and Confers Immune Control of Viral Disease. Nature Microbiology. 23-Jul-2020. 5 (1330 - 1339). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0769-y
Langford, M., et. al.; Deletion of the Syncytin A receptor Ly6e Impairs Syncytiotrophoblast Fusion and Placental Morphogenesis Causing Embryonic Lethality in Mice. Scientific Reports. 02-Mar-2018. 8:3961 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22040-2
FDA; Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting. FDA Briefing Document. 10-Dec-2020. https://www.fda.gov/media/144245/download
Corum, J., Zimmer, C.; How the Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine Works. The New York Times. 12-Dec-2020. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine.html
Takebe, T., et. al.; The Current Status of Drug Discovery and Development as Originated in United STates Academia: The Influence of Industrial and Academic Collaboration on Drug Discovery and Development. Clinical Translational Science. 30-Jul-2018. 11:6 (597 - 606). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.12577

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How many times have we heard Dr. Spock say, “It’s only logical?” Well, is it always only logical? Throughout this podcast we’ve discussed all sorts of scientific information, but what do we do when the information we have isn’t scientific. How does a logical mind deal with illogical information. Fortunately, this is 2020 and illogical information is rampant. In the recent news, we chose The Utah Monolith. Join hosts Shanti and Danny for a light-hearted episode where we discuss how we look at something so bizarre in the news and come to a conclusion that makes sense. Even when that means questioning what seems obvious.

Monolith Image

https://www.mercurynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/monolith.jpg?w=620

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We've all heard it...It's not Rocket Science, or it's not Brain surgery, or my personal favorite it's not Rocket Surgery. Well in this week’s episode, it is Rocket Science and if we're lucky maybe some rocket surgery. But what even is rocket science? Why is it the bar we use for difficulty? The one and only Jordan Slavish joins us to talk about this fascinating topic. He's an educator, rocket enthusiest, and future Discovery Channel star. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss this complex topic and breakdown what makes it so unique, and don’t forget to check out “Rocket Around The Christmas Tree” Dec 3rd at 10 p.m. EST.

https://youtu.be/wpaFltHKSPQ

References

NASA Science. 10 Things: Rockets - We Love Saturn V. NASA Science. 02-Apr-2018. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/382/10-things-rockets-we-love-saturn-v/
Dunbar, B.; Call to Action for the Technical Interchange Meeting. NASA Science. 15-Jun-2018. https://www.nasa.gov/puff

Rocketry Associations

http://www.tripoli.org/
https://www.nar.org/

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Prisoner's dilemma, tragedy of the commons, rock paper scissors, and I'm not making this up, the goat game. All of these can be influenced by game theory. What is game theory? How has it been incredibly influential throughout the 20th century without most of us even realizing what it is? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they discuss Game Theory, what it is, and the method some people employ to stay out of jail.

References

Hardin, G.; The Tragedy of the Commons. Science. 13-Dec-1968. 162: 3859 (1243 - 1248). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.162.3859.1243
Poundstone, W.; Prisoner’s Dilemma. New York: Doubleday. ISBN: 0-385-41580-X.
Johnston, C.; Scientists Find a Winning Strategy for Rock-Paper-Scissors. arsTECHNICA. 01-May-2014. https://arstechnica.com/science/2014/05/win-at-rock-paper-scissors-by-knowing-thy-opponent/
Ippolito, P.; Game Theory in Artificial Intelligence. 19-Sep-2019. Towards data science. https://towardsdatascience.com/game-theory-in-artificial-intelligence-57a7937e1b88

Turing, A.; I. - Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind. 01-Oct-1950. LIX: 236 (433 - 460). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433

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After some harrowing technical difficulties causing significant delays in the release of this week’s episode, we’re back! This week we’re talking about how one might go about creating herd immunity? As well as what it even is? How do we plan to achieve it in the concept of coronavirus? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss what science means when they say herd immunity and why it’s so important in this current atmosphere.

References

Vogel, G.; ‘It’s Been So, So Surreal.’ Critics of Sweden’s Lax Pandemic Policies Face Fierce Backlash. 06-Oct-2020. Science Mag. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/10/it-s-been-so-so-surreal-critics-sweden-s-lax-pandemic-policies-face-fierce-backlash
Anderson, R., et. al.; Vaccination and Herd Immunity to Infectious Diseases. Nature. 28-Nov-1985. 318 (323 - 329).
World Health Organization; Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Herd Immunity, Lockdowns, and COVID-19. World Health Organization Q&A. 15-Oct-2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/herd-immunity-lockdowns-and-covid-19#:~:text=For%20example%2C%20herd%20immunity%20against,the%20threshold%20is%20about%2080%25.

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Robots, A.I., machine learning, and the internet of things; what are they? How are we handling them? Should we be worried about it? Should we be excited? Are we even aware of what’s going on around us as technology develops? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we talk about the Internet of Things and how it is impacting our lives and how it may in the future. .

References

Zulick, J.; Latest Advances and Application in the IoT Technology. Compare The Cloud. https://www.comparethecloud.net/articles/latest-advances-and-applications-in-the-iot-technology/#:~:text=Manufacturing%20and%20Healthcare,development%20to%20supply%20chain%20management.
Holley, P.; Elon Musk’s Nightmarish Warning: A.I. Could Become ‘An Immoral Dictator from Which We Would Never Escape’. The Washington Post. 09-Apr-2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2018/04/06/elon-musks-nightmarish-warning-ai-could-become-an-immortal-dictator-from-which-we-would-never-escape/
Higginbotham, S.; Amazon’s Halo and the Election and IoT. IoT Podcast - Internet of Things. 05-Nov-2020. https://iotpodcast.com/

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So many people are fascinated by the paranormal. Ghost, spirits, monsters, and shadow people I guess; what makes them so interesting? I have to admit, I myself find myself intrigued by the unexplainable. Let's talk about the mysterious, the spooky, and the maybe unexplainable? I know I know we're a day late, but still. It's still kind of Halloween. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we talk about the paranormal and what science can and cannot explain.

References

Stierwalt, S.; 6 Possible Scientific Reasons for Ghosts. Quick and Dirty Tips. 30-Oct-2018. https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/science/6-possible-scientific-reasons-for-ghosts?utm_source=sciam&utm_campaign=sciam
Empting, L.; Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Syndrome Features of Mold and Mycotoxin Exposure. Oct-2009. 25:9-10 (577 - 581). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233709348393
Costa, R.; Dopamine Neurons Drive Fear Extinction Learning by Signaling the Omission of Expected Aversive Outcomes. eLife. 13-Nov-2018. Doi: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38818
Jalal, B.; The Neuropharmacology of Sleep Paralysis Hallucinations: Serotonin 2A Activation and a Novel Therapeutic Drug. Psychopharmacology. 05-Oct-2018. 235 (3083 - 3091). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-5042-1
Brooks, P., et. al.; Identification of the Transmitter and Receptor Mechanisms Responsible for REM Sleep Paralysis. 18-Jul-2012. 32:29 (9785 -9795). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0482-12.2012

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To date, we've talked about all sorts of wonders associated with Science. We've discussed cutting edge testing and where things are possible and where they aren't. But what about what I said back in the intro? What about the liars? What about the mistakes? It's not always full visible spectrum light arcs and narwal like horses. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we talk about When Science Goes Sideways.

References

Kolata, G.; He Promised to Restore Damaged Hearts. Harvard Says His Lab Fabricated Research. New York Times. 29-Oct-2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/29/health/dr-piero-anversa-harvard-retraction.html
Schneider, L.; Gregg Semenza: Real Nobel Prize and Unreal Research Data. For Better Science. 07-Oct-2020. https://forbetterscience.com/2020/10/07/gregg-semenza-real-nobel-prize-and-unreal-research-data/
Petrova, V., et. al.; The Hypoxic Tumour Microenvironment. Oncogenesis. 24-Jan-2018. 7:10. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41389-017-0011-9
Ryan, H., Girioon, L., Glover, S.; ‘You Want A Description of Hell?’ Oxycontin’s 12-Hour Problem. Los Angeles Times. 05-May-2016. https://www.latimes.com/projects/oxycontin-part1/
CDC; The Drug Overdose Epidemic: Behind the Numbers. CDC. Last reviewed 19-Mar-2020. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/index.html

Sherman, N.; Purdue Pharma to Plead Guilty in $8bn Opioid Settlement. BBC News. 22-Oct-2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-54636002

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What is EMF? How is it related to 5G? Can they cause cancer? Can they cause hallucinations? Can they give you the coronavirus? These are all the questions being asked about the electromagnetic spectrum. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we dig into the fantastic world of light, how it relates to these concepts, and whether we should be concerned about the growing 5G drive.

References

Cronin, T., et., al.; Photoreception and Vision in the Ultraviolet. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2016. 219: (2790 - 2801). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.128769

Ebert, J., et. al.; Behavioral Examination of the Infrared Sensitivity of Rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox). Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 20-Jun-2006. 192: (941 - 947). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-006-0131-8

Verma, H., et. al.; Intelligent Cell Phone Detector System at 4G Bands of Frequencies. Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering. Mar-2017. 12:2 (55 - 59). Doi: https://doi.org/10.9790/2834-1202035559

Horvath, H.; Atmospheric Light Absorption - A Review. Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics. Feb-1993. 27:3 (293 - 317). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(93)90104-7

Kricker, A., et. al.; Sun Exposure and Non-Melanocytic Skin Cancer. Cancer Causes and Control. Jul-1994. 5: (367 - 392). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01804988

Schans, G., et. al.; DNA Strand Break and Rejoining in Cultured Human Fibroblasts Exposed to Fast Neutrons or Gamma Rays. International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine. 02-Mar-1983. 44:1 (75 - 85). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09553008314550881

Cirino, E.; Should You Be Worried About EMF Exposure. Healthline. Updated 08-Mar-2019. https://www.healthline.com/health/emf#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20latest%20research,EMF%20frequency%20is%20very%20low.

American Cancer Society Medical and Editorial Content Team. Radiofrequency (RF) Radiation. American Cancer Society. Updated 01-Jun-2020. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/radiation-exposure/radiofrequency-radiation.html

Raj, T.; Infrasound: What is it and How Can I Wield It?. Sound and Interaction (UTS Arts and Social Sciences). 2012. https://soundinteractionspring2012.wordpress.com/terence/

Reuters Staff. False Claim: Meter Reading Proves 5G Masts Emit Toxic Levels of Radiation. Reuters.com. 08-Apr-2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-5g-masts-radiat

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In this age of instant information and social media, influencers seem to be a dime a dozen, but what does it mean to be influential? More importantly, can we truly break down the concepts that make someone capable of influencing others in an attempt to mimic them? Is there legitimate science behind these concepts, or is it all just witchy space lizard mind-control nonsense? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they dig into the mystery behind the Science of Influence.

References

Cialdini, R., Martin, S.; Secrets from the Science of Persuasion. Influence at Work. 2020. https://www.influenceatwork.com/principles-of-persuasion/

Harvard Business Review; The Uses (And Abuses) of Influence. Harvard Business Review. Jul-Aug 2013. https://hbr.org/2013/07/the-uses-and-abuses-of-influence

Goldstein, N., et. al.; Reciprocity by Proxy: A Novel Influence Strategy for Stimulating Cooperation. Administrative Science Quarterly (Sage Journals). 18-Jan-2012. 56:3 (441 - 473). https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839211435904

Park, H., et. al.; The Impact of Resource Scarcity on Price - Quality Judgments. Journal of Consumer Research. 24-Jun-2019. 46:6 (1110 - 1124). https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucz031

Mojtahedi, D., et. al.; Intelligence, Authority and Blame Conformity: Co-witness Influence is Moderated by the Perceived Competence of the Information Source. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology. 11-Dec-2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-019-09361-2

Šerić, M., et. al.; How Can Perceived Consistency in Marketing Communications Influence Customer-Brand Relationship Outcomes. European Management Journal. Apr-2020. 38:2 (335 - 343). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2019.08.011

Bradley, S.W., et. al.; Experimental Evidence of Observed Social Media Status Cues on Perceived Likability. Psychology of Popular Media Culture. 2019. 8:1 (41 - 51). https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000164

Rodriguez-Santiago, M., et. al.; Behavioral Traits That Define Social Dominance are the Same That Reduce Social Influence in a Consensus Task. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 04-Aug-2020. 117:31 (18566 - 18573). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000158117

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Cannabidiol, better known as CBD, is touted as a treatment for nearly everything. A wonder drug. This amazing, life saving molecule that "the man" is trying to keep under wraps. What is it really? Does it truly treat anything? Are online sources just selling you snake oil? Is there any point to taking it and does the government even allow you to? So many questions. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they try to answer as many of them as possible in this mind altering episode of Breaking Bad Science.

References

Morgensen, J.; Sorry Hipsters. CBD Will Not Solve All Your Problems. Mother Jones. Dec-2018. https://www.motherjones.com/food/2018/11/sorry-hipsters-cbd-will-not-solve-all-your-problems/

Comer. J.; H.R.5485 - Hemp Farming Act of 2018. 115th Congress. 12-Apr-2018. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/5485

Jelliffe, J., et. al.; CBD Hemp Production Costs and Returns for Connecticut Farmers in 2020. Zwick Center for Food and Resource Policy Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics - University of Connecticut. Feb-2020. https://are.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2327/2020/02/ZwickOR66_Feb25.pdf

Atakan, Z.; Cannabis, A Complex Plant: Different Compounds and Different Effects on Individuals. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology. 5-Sep-2012. 2:6 (241 - 254). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125312457586

Bonn-Miller, M., et. al.; Labeling Accuracy of Cannabidiol Extracts Sold Online. Journal of the American Medical Association. 07-Nov-2017. 318:17 (1708 - 1709). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.11909

Consroe, P., et. al.; Assay of Plasma Cannabidiol by Capillary Gas Chromatorgraphy/Ion Trap Mass Spectroscopy Following High-Dose Repeated Daily Oral Administration in Humans. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. Nov-1991. 40:3 (517 - 522). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(91)90357-8

Grinspoon, P.; Cannabidiol (CBD) - What We Know and What We Don’t. Harvard Health Publishing - Harvard Medical School. 24-Aug-2018. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-2018082414476

Devinsky, O., et. al.; Effects of Cannabidiol on Drop Seizures in the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 17-May-2018. 378:20 (1888 - 1897). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1714631

ElBatsh, M., et. al.; Anxiogenic-Like Effects of Chronic Cannabidiol Administration in Rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 15-Nov-2011. 221:2 (239 - 247). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2566-z

Aviello, G., et. al.; Chemopreventative Effect of the Non-Psychotropic Phytocannabinoid Cannabidiol on Experimental Colon Cancer. Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin). 10-Jan-2012. 90:8 (925 - 934). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-011-0856-x

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We've talked about genetic engineering before, but when we hit on Dr. He Jiankui and his genetically modified infants, we may have missed something. After talking with a few people it seemed we needed an update to Episode 4 - Genetic Engineering. Ethical questions involve us all, and understanding where science stands on these issues is more important now than possibly ever before. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we welcome someone who’s been featured in Popular Mechanic magazine, participated in multiple extreme sports, founded the non-profit organization Crossing Lines, oh and she holds a Doctorate in Cell and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Dr. Sonya Iverson. Tune in as we all discuss the ethics and questions surrounding this mysterious testing.

References

Zhou, M., et. al.; CCR5 is a Suppressor for Cortical Plasticity and Hippocampal Learning and Memory. eLife Neuroscience. 20-Dec-2016. Doi: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20985.001

Le Page, M.; CRISPR Babies: More Details on the Experiment that Shocked the World. NewScientist. 28-Nov-2018. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2186911-crispr-babies-more-details-on-the-experiment-that-shocked-the-world/

Regalado, A.; China’s CRISPR Twins Might Have Had Their Brains Inadvertently Enhanced. MIT Technology Review. 21-Feb-2019. https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/21/137309/the-crispr-twins-had-their-brains-altered/

Regalado, A.; China’s CRISPR Babies; Read Exclusive Excerpts from the Unseen Original Research. MIT Technology Review. 03-Dec-2019. https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/12/03/131752/chinas-crispr-babies-read-exclusive-excerpts-he-jiankui-paper/#:~:text=Here%2C%20the%20researchers%20describe%20the,gene%20had%20indeed%20taken%20hold.

Philipkoski, K.; Chopsticks for Better Cloning. Wired. 23-May-2005. https://www.wired.com/2005/05/chopsticks-for-better-cloning/

Mayell, H.; Genghis Khan a Prolific Lover, DNA Data Implies. National Geographic. 14-Feb-2003. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/2/mongolia-genghis-khan-dna/#:~:text=An%20international%20group%20of%20geneticists,16%20million%20descendants%20living%20today.

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With so many companies developing vaccines for the coronavirus the media is a frenzy with information, but what does any of it mean? We talked in the past about the development of the vaccine and started to get a sense of what might be different as far as information with the Russian development. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we bring back special guest Dr. Bryan Simons to discuss what may be the most important episode of this podcast to date. A real-time analysis of the research conducted in Russia, the data that’s been released, and what it truly means.

References

Logunov, D., et. al.; Safety and Immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 Vector-Based Heterologous Prime-Boost COVID-19 Vaccine in Two Formulations: Two Open, Non-randomised Phase ½ Studies from Russia. The Lancet. 04-Sep-2020. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31866-3

Bucci, E.; Note of Concern: Open Letter to DY Logunov et. al.,. Cattivi Scienziati. 07-Sep-2020. https://cattiviscienziati.com/2020/09/07/note-of-concern/

Parodi, E.; Scientists from 5 Countries Question Accuracy of Russia Coronavirus Vaccine Data. 15-Sep-2020. Global News Canada. https://globalnews.ca/news/7335548/russia-coronavirus-vaccine-lancet/

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What makes a good model? Is it grace? Beauty? or just a really great set of data? What happens when your data goes wrong. What is overfitting data and how does it affect your results? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss Data Modeling, Overfitting/Underfitting Data, the Dunning-Kruger effect, Tom Cruise, and Underwater Basket weaving.

Nothing to reference, but here’s this

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_basket_weaving

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect

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Recently, the US released an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the use of convalescent plasma in the treatment of COVID-19. What is an EUA? What does it mean? Is it something the population should be concerned about? Does this mean we should be using it on all patients who are attempting to recover from the virus? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss the importance of this treatment, whether it holds promise and try to make sense of the political landscape surrounding this treatment.

References

Luke, T., et. al.; Meta-analysis: Convalescent Blood Products for Spanish Influenza Pneumonia: A Future H5N1 Treatment?. Annals of Internal Medicine. 17-Oct-2006. 145:8 (599-609). Doi: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00139

Chippaux, J., et. al.; Production and Use of Snake Antivenin. Handbook of Natural Toxins (Volume 5 Reptile Venoms and Toxins). 03-Mar-1992. 5 (529 - 555). https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.598.1709&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Nellis, R.; Mayo Finds Convalescent Plasma Safe for Diverse Patients With COVID-19. Mayo Clinic. 18-Jun-2020. https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-finds-convalescent-plasma-safe-for-diverse-patients-with-covid-19/

VanArsdel, P.; Allergic Reactions to Penicillin. Journal of the American Medical Association. 18-Jan-1965. 191:3 (238 - 239). Doi: https://10.0.3.233/jama.1965.03080030082012

Perrone, G., et. al.; Penicillium Species and Their Associated Mycotoxins. Mycotoxigenic Fungi. 07-Dec-2016. (107 - 119) Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6707-0_5

Mayo Clinic. Convalescent Plasma Therapy. Patient Care and Health information: Tests and Procedures. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/convalescent-plasma-therapy/about/pac-20486440

Siripanthong, B., et. al.; Recognizing COVID-19-Related Myocarditis: The Possible Pathophysiology and Proposed Guideline for Diagnosis and Management. Heart Rhythm Society Cardiac Electrophysiology Society. Sep-2020. 17:9 (1463 - 1471). Doi: https://10.0.3.248/j.hrthm.2020.05.001

Ruuskanen, O., et. al.; Viral Pneumonia. The Lancet. 15-Apr-2011. 377:9773 (1264 - 1275). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61459-6

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Treating disease will always be more profitable. There’s no doubt that from a financial perspective a company makes more money treating a disease over the lifetime of the patient than they ever will by curing that same disease. So why do cures still get developed? Why did we eradicate smallpox and cure Hepatitis C? Is there some reason why the all powerful Big Pharma wasn’t able to block these cures from ever being developed? Would they try? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we discuss how Big Pharma influences and is, in turn, influenced by innovation and what that means for potential disease cures.

References

Soriano, V., et. al.; Hepatitis C Cure with Antiviral Therapy - Benefits Beyond the Liver. Antiviral Therapy. 25-Jun-2015. 21 (1 - 8). Doi. https://doi.org/10.3851/imp2975

Breman, J.G., Arite, I.; The Confirmation and Maintenance of Smallpox Eradication. World Health Organization, Geneva Switzerland. 1980. No. WHO/SE/80.156.

Henderson, D.; Polio Eradication from the Western Hemisphere. Annual Review of Public Health. Pan-American Health Organization. 1992. 13: (239 - 252).

Packer, M.; It’s Official! Curing Patients is Bad for Business. MedPageToday. 18-Apr-2018. https://www.medpagetoday.com/blogs/revolutionandrevelation/72407

Ledford, H.; FDA Advisors Back Gene Therapy for Rare form of Blindness. Nature. 19-Oct-2017. 550: 314. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2017.22819

Jung, E., et. al.; Do Large Pharma Companies Provide Drug Development Innovation? Our Analysis Say No. StatNews. 10-Dec-2019. https://www.statnews.com/2019/12/10/large-pharma-companies-provide-little-new-drug-development-innovation/

Compton, K.; Big Pharma and Medical Device Manufacturers. DrugWatch. 19-Aug-2020. https://www.drugwatch.com/manufacturers/

Lupkin, S.; A Decade Marked by Outrage Over Drug Prices. 31-Dec-2019. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/12/31/792617538/a-decade-marked-by-outrage-over-drug-prices

Musk, E.; All Our Patent Are Belong to You. Tesla. 12-Jun-2014. https://www.tesla.com/blog/all-our-patent-are-belong-you

Strickler, L.; Purdue Pharma Offers as Much as $12 Billion to Settle Opioid Suits. NBCNews. 27-Aug-2019. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/purdue-pharma-offers-10-12-billion-settle-opioid-claims-n1046526

Survival Rates of Prostate Cancer. American Cancer Society. 09-Jan-2020. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html

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With Russia’s announcement and subsequent walking back of their comments on development of a COVID vaccine, the world is left to question how we know a vaccine is ready. The data can be complicated and difficult to find. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we talk with Dr. Bryan Simons about clinical trials, what they are, how they work, and where we stand with the COVID-19 vaccine currently.

References

Lowe, D.; In the Pipeline. Science Magazine. Science Translational Medicine. https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/

Description (Phase). U.S. National Library of Medicine. Clinicaltrials.gov. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/help/glossary/phase

Fatima, K., Syed, N.; Dengvaxia Controversy: Impact on Vaccine Hesitancy. Journal of Global Health. 31-Oct-2018. 8:2. Doi: 10.7189/jogh.08-020312

Folegatti, P., et. al.; Safety and Immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2: A Preliminary Report of a Phase 1/2, Single-Blind, Randomised Controlled Trial. The Lancet. 20-Jul-2020. 396:10249 (467 - 478). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31604-4

Jackson, L., et. al.; An mRNA Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 - Preliminary Report. New England Journal of Medicine. 14-Jul-2020. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2022483

Not reviewed as of 23-Aug-2020

Keech, C., et. al.; First-in-Human Trial of a SARS CoV 2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine. MedRxiv. Not Yet Reviewed. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.05.20168435

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Who are Shanti and Danny? What is the true motivation behind Breaking Bad Science? Who on Earth is Melvin? Join us as we discuss who we are, why we’re here, and our own individual paths that lead us to creating this podcast as well as a little glimpse into what we hope the future holds as we try to grow this endeavor.

Reference

Yea, we did technically refer to a study that we were pretty sure existed, so we had to find it...You’re welcome.

Hollier, R.; Physical Attractiveness Bias in the Legal System, The Law Project. Mar-2017. https://www.thelawproject.com.au/insights/attractiveness-bias-in-the-legal-system#:~:text=Physical%20Attractiveness%20had%20a%20significant,a%20maximum%20increase%20of%20304.88%25.

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How tiny can we make things, really? What is lithography and what types of products can we produce with it? Special guest Marshall Overcast, an expert in the field, joins us to talk micrometer and nanometer scales, what’s possible and what might the future look like. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as we talk with an expert in the realm of the tiny and learn what is and isn’t possible in the context of microchipping.

References

Iddan, G., Meron, G., Glukhovsky, A., Swain, P.; Wireless Capsule Endoscopy. Nature. 25-May-2000. 405: 417. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/35013140

Dittrich, P., Manz, A.; Lab-on-a-chip: Microfluidics in Drug Discovery. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 01-Mar-2006. 5 (210 - 218). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1985

Church, G., Gao, Y., Kosuri, S.; Next-Generation Digital Information Storage in DNA. Science. 28-Sep-2012. 337: 6102 (1628). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226355

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Can comparing one’s weight to that of a duck determine if someone is a witch? Probably not, but the logic of Monty Python sure seems sound. Does an expensive cabinet mean a company is trafficking children? Some people sure think so... What is a leap in logic, and how does it impact our ability to search for the truth? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they talk about logic leaps, Wayfair, and lunacy as they break down this conspiracy to its roots and see what’s really there.

References

Sardarizadeh, S.; Wayfair: The False Conspiracy About a Furniture Firm and Child Trafficking. BBC News. 15-Jul-2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-53416247

Robinson, K.; How an Arizona Couple Helped Fuel a Wayfair Sex Trafficking Conspiracy Theory. USA Today. 16-Jul-2020. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/07/16/wayfair-human-trafficking-conspiracy-arizona-couple-spread-instagram-rumors/5449777002/

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Here from the scientific half of Breaking Bad Science the analysis of the recent America's Frontline Doctor's Video. It may not be everything you think it is.

References
Prince, G.; Persistent Hiccups as an Atypical Presenting Complaint of COVID-19.American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Jul-2020. 38:7. Doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.045

Immanuel, S.; Deliverance from Spirit Husbands and Spirit Wives (Incubus and Succubus). YouTube. 02-Mar-2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=169&v=CJrJG9xymts&feature=emb_title

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What happens when you combine the volatility of the internet with an off-hand comment designed to stop drug addicts from flushing their evidence. The answer? Meth-gators. What on Earth is a Meth-gator? Is this a true phenomenon or the internet running wild? More importantly, why is it worth talking about here? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they talk about meth, gators, the police, and some weird testing on monkeys on this light-hearted episode of Breaking Bad Science.

References

Rosenblatt, K.; Meth-gators: Tennessee Police Warn Flushing Drugs Could Create Hyper-Aggressive Alligators. NBC News. 16-Jul-2019. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/tennessee-police-warn-locals-not-flush-drugs-fear-meth-gators-n1030291

Diochot, S. et. al.; Black Mamba Venom Peptides Target Acid-Sensing Ion Channels to Abolish Pain. Nature. 03-Oct-2012. 490 (552 - 555). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11494

BBC News; Drug-Addicted Python Rehabilitated by Australian Prisoners. BBC News Australia. 12-Apr-2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-39550815

Pei, Z., Zhang, X.; Methamphetamine Intoxication in a Dog: Case Report. BioMed Central Veterinary Research. 24-Jun2014. 10:139. Doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-139

Tierney, A.; The Evolution of Learned and Innate Behavior: Contributions from Genetics and Neurobiology to a Theory of Behavioral Evolution. Animal Learning and Behavior. Dec-1986. 14: (339 - 348).

Golden, S., et. al.; Compulsive Addition-Like Aggressive Behavior in Mice. Biological Psychiatry. 15-Aug-2017. 82: 4 (239 - 248). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.004

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COVID-19 has taken over our social network feeds again, but this time it’s deeply laced with politics. Wearing a mask, social distancing, and reopening the economy has somehow become a democrat versus republican talking point rather than a discussion on what is best for the world. Can science tell us who’s right, if masks work, or if we need to hide in our basement? More importantly, does it matter? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they discuss the talking points, what we know, and how the peer review system may be worse off than we thought.

References

This first entry is left as a reference so that people can see what I used. Please keep in mind this document is intended to be misleading and references unpublished and data that has not been peer reviewed.

Swiss Policy Research. Facts about Covid-19. July 2020. https://swprs.org/a-swiss-doctor-on-covid-19/?fbclid=IwAR2_UQ87wvy8H949zkp5VUAEMsdA2z30Nf2Ffx3Nx849tSnHm522lJEIAPY

Vaughan, J., et. al.; Evaluation of Materials Used for Bedding Encasement: Effect of Pore Size in Blocking Cat and Dust Mite Allergen. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. February 1999. 103:2 (227 - 231). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70495-1

Dbouk, T., Drakakis, D.; On Coughing and Airborne Droplet Transmission to Humans. Physics of Fluids. 01-May-2020. 32:5. Doi: 10.1063/5.0011960

CDC Situation Report -
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html

WHO Situation Report -

https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports

Grinberg, M., et. al.; Bacterial Survival in Microscopic Surface Wetness. eLIFE. 15-Oct-2019. 8. Doi: 10.7554/eLife.48508

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It’s all too common in the United States to view those who aren’t successful as simply too weak to handle life. This view is even more harsh for those who suffer from mental illness. Ancient stigmas passed down through generations convince us that life is just difficult and you either handle it or you don’t. Unfortunately for those people who suffer from a mental illness, their struggle isn’t the same as everyone else’s. Their own biology can actually prevent them from performing actions we take for granted every day. These diseases can sometimes respond very well to treatment, but only if those affected understand it’s ok to seek help. Creating an environment where seeking help is not only acceptable but encouraged is a key part of removing the age old stigma of mental illness. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they talk with special guest Erika Postma about where we stand as a society and how to move forward in the battle for a better world for the mentally ill on this heavy episode of Breaking Bad Science.

Suicide Hotline: 1-800-273-8255

Crisis counselor Text number: 741741

References

American Psychiatric Society; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). 2019.

Rössler, W. The Stigma of Mental Disorders: A Millennia-long History of Social Exclusion and Prejudices. EMBO. 28-Jul-2016. 17:9 (1250 - 1253). Doi: 10.15252/embr.201643041

Faria, M.; Violence, Mental Illness, and the Brain - A Brief History of Psychosurgery: Part 1 - From Trephination to Lobotomy. Surgical Neurology International. 05-Apr-2013. 4:49. Doi: 10.4103/2152-7806.110146

Nestler, E., et. al.; Epigenetic Basis of Mental Illness. Neuroscientist. 08-Oct-2015. 22:5 (447 - 463). Doi: 10.1177/1073858415608147

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We’ve discussed the impact that diets can have on epigenetics and the body. How does that relate to epilepsy, diabetes, and weight loss? Can ketogenic diets have an impact on any or all of these? What is the point of these types of diets and can we definitively say scientifically that they can help you lose weight? Join hosts Shanti and Danny and find out on this knowledge expanding episode of Breaking Bad Science.

References

Mawer, R.; The Ketogenic Diet: A Detailed Beginner’s Guide to Keto. Healthline.com. 30-Jul-2018. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/ketogenic-diet-101

Westman, E., et.al.; Effect of 6-month Adherence to a Very Low Carbohydrate Diet Program. American Journal of Medicine. Jul-2002. 113:1 (30 - 36). Doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01129-4

Johnstone, A., et. al.; Effects of a High-Protein Ketogenic Diet on Hunger, Appetite, and Weight Loss in Obese Men Feeding Ad Libitum. Jan-2008. 87:1 (44 - 55). Doi: 10.1093/ajcn/87.1.44

Cooper, M., et. al.; A Ketogenic Diet Reduces Metabolic Syndrome-Induced Allodynia and Promotes Peripheral Nerve Growth in Mice. Experimental Neurology. 17-May-2018. 306: (149 - 157). Doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.011

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Can the mind survive when the body no longer does? Will we find a way to stop the aging process? What are transhumanism, epigenetics, digital immortality, and adrenochrome? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they look into what these terms mean even if Danny does pronounce adrenochrome without the R..., where the science behind this is, and what the future may look like in a little more futuristic version of Breaking Bad Science.

References

Xu, X., Gupta, N.; Artificial Neural Network Approach to Predict the Elastic Modulus from Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Results. Advanced Theory and Simulations. 07-Jan-2019. 2:4. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/adts.201800131

Fraga, M., et. al.; Epigenetic Differences Arise During the Lifetime of Monozygotic Twins. PNAS 26-Jul-2005. 102:30 (10604 - 10609). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500398102

Conboy, I., et. al.; Rejuvenation of Aged Progenitor Cells by Exposure to a Young Systemic Environment. Nature. 17-Feb-2005. 433 (760 - 764). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03260

Fahy, G., et. al.; Reversal of Epigenetic Aging and Immunosenescent Trends in Humans. Aging Cell. 08-Sep-19. 18:6. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13028

Kretschmer, T., Cabra, L.; De Beers and Beyond: The History of the International Diamond Cartel. 1998. London Business School. http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~lcabral/teaching/debeers3.pdf

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Is Gattaca becoming reality? Can tobacco be a night light? Is there any chance Danny can pronounce He Jiankui correctly? Some of these are certainly more likely than others. While genetic engineering continues to take hold of the forefront of scientific and medical advancement, it is becoming more and more important for everyone to understand the implications. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they discuss what genetic engineering is, where it started, it’s perception, what the future may hold for this technology, and what that can mean for you on the next episode of Breaking Bad Science.

Rabin, R.C., et. al..; Two Huge Covid-19 Studies are Retracted After Scientists Sound Alarms. New York Times. 04-Jun-2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/04/health/coronavirus-hydroxychloroquine.html

Joseph, A., Lancet, New England Journal Retract Covid-19 Studies, Including One That Raised Safety Concerns About Malaria Drugs. Stat News Health. 04-June-2020. https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/04/lancet-retracts-major-covid-19-paper-that-raised-safety-concerns-about-malaria-drugs/

Lorsey, J., et. al.., Carter, M.; Transgenic Pollen Harms Monarch Larvae. Nature. 399: 214. 20-May-1999. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/20338

Sears, M., et. al..; Impact of Bt Corn Pollen on Monarch Butterfly Populations: A Risk Assessment. PNAS. 98:21 (11937 - 11942). 09-Oct-2001. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.211329998

Beyer, P., et. al..; Golden Rice: Introducing the 𝞫-Carotene Biosynthesis Pathway Into Rice Endosperm by Genetic Engineering to Defeat Vitamin A Deficiency. The Journal of Nutrition. 132:3 (506S - 510S). 01-Mar-2002. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.3.506S

Funke, T., et. al..; Molecular Basis for the Herbicide Resistance of Roundup Ready Crops. PNAS. 103:35 (13010 - 13015). 29-Aug-2006. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603638103

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Cohen, J.; Did CRISPR Help-or Harm-the First-Ever Gene-Edited Babies. Science Magazine. 01-Aug-2019. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/08/did-crispr-help-or-harm-first-ever-gene-edited-babies

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As ice cream sales increase, so does the rate of shark attacks! Correlation of evidence is the practice scientists use to develop an understanding of causation, but would you believe that one of the worst mistakes we scientists make is being convinced that correlation implies causation. Sometimes two things that correlate have no direct link to each other at all. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they discuss the differences between correlation and causation and how to interpret them.

Stephanie; Spurious Correlation: Examples from Real Life and the News. Statistics How To. 03-Mar-2016. https://www.statisticshowto.com/spurious-correlation/

Walters, J.; Nutrition experts alarmed by nonprofit downplaying role of junk food in obesity. The Guardian. 11-Aug-2015. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/aug/11/obesity-junk-food-exercise-global-energy-balance-network-coca-cola

Ashmead, R. and Slud, E. Small area model diagnostics and validation with applications to the Voting Rights Act Section 203, Proceedings of Survey Research Methods Section, American Statistical Association, Alexandria, VA. 2017. http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2017/files/593899.pdf

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The Asian giant hornet showed up in the media and spread like wildfire. We talk about what it is, why it's confused with the Asian hornet and how did that cause such a convoluted story? Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they discuss these creatures, what they are, why there was so much confusion around them, and what the general population needs to do about them.

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Animal and Plant Health inspection Service. New Pest Response Guidelines Vespa Mandarinia Asian Giant Hornet. US Department of Agriculture. 10-Feb-2020.
Japanese Ministry of Health and Labor. Bee Sting and Fatal Accident. 28-Nov-2019.
Schmidt, J.O., Yamane, S., Matsuura, M., Starr, C.K.; Hornet Venoms: Lethalities and Lethal Capacities. Toxicon. 1986. 24:9 (950 - 954). DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(86)90096-6
Lioy, S., Bianchi, E., Biglia, A., Bessone, M., Laurino, D., Porporato, M., Viability of Thermal Imaging in Detecting Nests of the Invasive Hornet Vespa Velutina. Insect Science. 03-Feb-2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7917.12760
Tan, K., Dong, S., Li, X., Liu, X., Wang, C., Li, J., Nieh, J.;Honey Bee Inhibitory Signaling is Tuned to Threat Severity and Can Act as a Colony Alarm Signal. PLOS Biology. 25-Mar-2016. 14:3 doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002423
Ruzycki, J., Beauchamp, D., Yule, D.; Effects of Introduced Lake Trout on Native Cutthroat Trout in Yellowstone Lake. Ecological Applications. 01-Feb-2003. 13:1 doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0023:EOILTO]2.0.CO;2
Weinberger, H.; What You Should Know About Washington's Murder Hornets. Environment. 06-May-2020. https://crosscut.com/2020/05/what-you-should-know-about-washingtons-murder-hornets

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Hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19 had a quick rise and fall of prominence in the media in early 2020. Scientists started their research and pushed to move what we know about the virus and this treatment as fast as possible. While there's nothing wrong with the concept, the access to this information led to mass confusion and conclusions that somehow seemed to be polar opposites confounded by political biases. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they break down how this research came out and what led to the confusion associated with this treatment.

References
Gbinigie, K., Frie, K.; Should Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine be Used to Treat COVID-19? A Rapid Review. British Journal of General Practice. 07-Apr-2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpopen20X101069

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Breaking Bad Science is about assessing the state of scientific literature and the downfall of the peer review system in a very real and relatable manner. As the spread of misinformation continues, helped along by social media, it's become harder to find the truth. Join hosts Shanti and Danny as they learn, grow, and push scientific understanding into the 21st century.

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