Immanuel Fellowship is a diverse community of disciples learning to follow Jesus in all of life. Our mission is to make disciples of Jesus who are formed deeply so they can live fully. Join us on Sundays at Armatage Elementary in Minneapolis.
The great Gift of Righteousness -The Gospel begins with the Gift of Righteousness -This is a Gift that is needed by everyone -This is a Gift that has been purchased by the blood of Jesus -We can now go before God in full confidence, in complete right standing before our God Some of the passages we are going to be looking at including Romans 3:27-31 are... I Peter 1:18-19, Romans 5:9, Hebrews 10:19-20...22-23, Hebrews 4:16, Revelation 7:9...13-15...12:10-12, Hebrews 10:29, Romans 1:17
In this session we look at Romans 2:1 through Romans 3:20. Like last time, we continue to look at the “bad news” that characterizes the first three chapters of Romans. We see that these chapters describe three categories of people….those who are noticeably enslaved to sin, the moralist, and the religious person. Everyone falls into one of these categories. We see in these chapters that all of us are found unrighteous and all of us face the consequences of sin. This section of Romans prepares us for the “Good News” that we begin to look at in our next session.
Today’s passage is Romans 1:18-32. This begins a section in Romans that goes through to the middle of chapter 3. We might call this section “The Bad News.” In this passage, we see how sin leads to more sin. In fact, it is like a giant mudslide or avalanche. Sin, and its consequences, get worse and worse, and faster and faster. All people, all of society, and every institution man creates follow this pattern, more or less. And apart from God’s intervention with the Gospel, the message is bleak and scary. Why talk so much about the bad news? Because it provides a contrast to when we get to the Good News! It makes us appreciate and see so much clearer the Good News!
Today we look at Romans 1:1-17. Paul gives us an introduction to the book in these verses. Especially important are verses 16-17 where we see what might be considered the theme of the book. The Righteousness of God is being revealed through the Gospel! We also introduce three keys words or truths that will be expanded throughout the book of Romans: the Gospel, the Righteousness of God, and faith.
We begin a new series today on the book of Romans. In this session we will do a brief overview of the New Testament. This is important because we need to understand the concerns brought up in the book of Romans concerning the Jews and Gentiles. This was a major issue for the early Church, but it also has many ramifications for us today.
One of the foundations for seeing the church become like the one God has destined us for is embracing a Biblical view that sees the church as a community. In this message we talk about Koinonia, the Greek word often translated as fellowship or community. The early church in Jerusalem was devoted to koinonia and therefore was filled with life, joy, and spiritual power. The result was that many people were added to the church. Being a community or koinonia is a necessary first step for us to be the church God has called us to be.
This is the introduction to a new series entitled “The Glorious Church.” Ephesians 5:27 describes God’s plan for the Church. “That He would present to Himself the church in all her glory….having no spot or wrinkle or any such thing; but that she would be holy and blameless.” The Church today certainly isn’t near to where God has destined her. In this series, we will look at what the Church should look like, and then examine how we will get there. And yes, there is a cost to being the Church God has called us to be!
We conclude our series in this session with an overview of all that we have talked about in the past 15 sessions. We have covered a lot in detail and it can be easy to forget the bigger picture. This overview should convince us, and motivate us, that in light of all that God has prepared for us (see I Corinthians 2:9), we have been called to a very important work here in our lifetime! If you'd like to know more about Eternal Life, Mike has written a book, Words of Eternal Life, which can be ordered on Kindle or in paperback below. English: https://www.amazon.com/Words-Eternal-... Spanish https://www.amazon.com/Palabras-Etern... French https://www.amazon.com/Paroles-Vie-Et...
Today we look at how we live our lives here on earth in light of all that God has prepared for us. We are told in I Corinthians 3 that we are to be careful how we build because all our deeds and works will be tested and judged by fire. Are we building with gold, silver, and precious stones….or are we building with wood, straw, and hay? Are we storing up treasure here on earth, or are we stored up treasure in heaven. These are hard questions we must ask ourselves! If you'd like to know more about Eternal Life, Mike has written a book, Words of Eternal Life, which can be ordered on Kindle or in paperback below. English: https://www.amazon.com/Words-Eternal-... Spanish https://www.amazon.com/Palabras-Etern... French https://www.amazon.com/Paroles-Vie-Et...
In this life we all pass through various trials, disappointments, times of confusion, and even suffering. In this message we take a look at an inside view of how people like Abraham, Moses, and others viewed the difficulties they passed through. We focus on the insights found in Hebrews 11. We see that their truest desire was for a city, a heavenly city, whose architect and builder is God. It was that vision of that future city that kept them going and enabled them to do the things they were called to do in this life. We, too, must have that view of the New Heaven and the New Earth (or the New Jerusalem) before us. We must see ourselves as pilgrims and strangers in this land. If you'd like to know more about Eternal Life, Mike has written a book, Words of Eternal Life, which can be ordered on Kindle or in paperback below. English: https://www.amazon.com/Words-Eternal-... Spanish https://www.amazon.com/Palabras-Etern... French https://www.amazon.com/Paroles-Vie-Et...
Have you ever wondered what we will be doing for all of eternity? We are not told all the details, but we can see from the Scriptures that the New Earth/New Heaven will be filled with activity and enjoyment. Being bored certainly will not happen. This future world where we live forever will be far supported in every way over this present world. As we are told in I Corinthians 2:9…..we cannot even begin to imagine or comprehend all that God has prepared for us. If you'd like to know more about Eternal Life, Mike has written a book, Words of Eternal Life, which can be ordered on Kindle or in paperback below. English: https://www.amazon.com/Words-Eternal-... Spanish https://www.amazon.com/Palabras-Etern... French https://www.amazon.com/Paroles-Vie-Et...
Jesus often talked about the age that is to come later, especially in His parables. One such parable is the Parable of the Dinner found in Luke 14:16-24. We see that two things stand out from the beginning of the parable. First, God is preparing a very big dinner, which of course, speaks of the lavish feast with abundance in the next life. The second is that He is inviting many to this Dinner. In this message we dig deeper into this parable for insights into what is next, as well as how necessary it is for us to be ready. If you'd like to know more about Eternal Life, Mike has written a book, Words of Eternal Life, which can be ordered on Kindle or in paperback below. English: https://www.amazon.com/Words-Eternal-... Spanish https://www.amazon.com/Palabras-Etern... French https://www.amazon.com/Paroles-Vie-Et...
In this message we look at what happens after death during the time between the resurrection of Jesus and His second coming. More specifically, we look at what the Scriptures say about what we can expect heaven will be like. We answer questions such as will we recognize one another, can we see what is going on here on earth, and what we will be doing. We also take a quick look at what Hades will be like. For the book Mike mentions, here are the links: English: https://www.amazon.com/Words-Eternal-... Spanish https://www.amazon.com/Palabras-Etern... French https://www.amazon.com/Paroles-Vie-Et...
THE LIGHT HAS COME
The pandemic has made our hearts ache, like few other experiences, for light and life. “When will things return to normal?” became our repeated refrain. Yet, the Gospel of John reveals that God’s light does not make things normal. It makes them new. Darkness may surround us in way analogous to God’s people wandering through the wilderness, but the LORD was leading them somewhere. This Christmas, we remember the LORD is leading us too. The light has come.
THE LIGHT HAS COME
The pandemic has made our hearts ache, like few other experiences, for light and life. “When will things return to normal?” became our repeated refrain. Yet, the Gospel of John reveals that God’s light does not make things normal. It makes them new. Darkness may surround us in way analogous to God’s people wandering through the wilderness, but the LORD was leading them somewhere. This Christmas, we remember the LORD is leading us too. The light has come.
THE LIGHT HAS COME
The pandemic has made our hearts ache, like few other experiences, for light and life. “When will things return to normal?” became our repeated refrain. Yet, the Gospel of John reveals that God’s light does not make things normal. It makes them new. Darkness may surround us in way analogous to God’s people wandering through the wilderness, but the LORD was leading them somewhere. This Christmas, we remember the LORD is leading us too. The light has come.
In the final week of a series on The Gospel-Centered Life, Pastor Trent preaches on conflict. Is there a more striking area of needed growth for Minnesotans?! This sermon draws insight from "James the Wise." In chapters 3-4 of James' letter, we see the fruit, the root, and the harvest of gospel conflict.
In the eighth week of a series on The Gospel-Centered Life, Pastor Trent tells the setting, climax, and ending of the book of Genesis. It's a great saga of hurt, confusion, and forgiveness. At the finale, Joseph offers to his own brothers the lesson of his life: what God is doing surpasses what people have done.
In the seventh week of a series on The Gospel-Centered Life, Kaylin Miranda teaches from Isaiah 6 about living on mission. In this chapter, we see four insights straight from the throne room of God. The prophet is transformed by the gospel (inward) and then sent on mission (outward). Isaiah's atonement led directly to his assignment.
In the sixth week of a series on The Gospel-Centered Life, Rob Lord teaches from 1 Thessalonians about idolatry. One theologian calls the human heart a "factory of idols." So... What are idols? How do idols affect us? What does the gospel call us to do?
In the fifth week of a series on The Gospel-Centered Life, we study Naaman the Leper from 2 Kings 5:1-27. When it comes to the word "repentance," most of us tend to recoil. Pastor Trent shows how the story of Naaman offers a redefinition of repentance that leads to restoration and joy.
In the fourth week of a series on The Gospel-Centered Life, Pastor Trent preaches about the purpose of the law. If Christ can unite sinners to God, then surely He can align saints with God. The gospel is the power for joyful obedience. The love of God frees us to delight in the law of God.
In the third week of a series on The Gospel-Centered Life, Pastor Trent preaches about developing a habit of faith. In order to grow in the gospel, we must continue to believe the gospel. The death and resurrection of Jesus is not the starting point but the path of the Christian life.
Pastor Trent sits down for a conversation with Kaylin Miranda and Laura Senske to talk about spiritual leadership. In this first conversation, they talk about healthy group dynamics, share past experiences of The Gospel-Centered Life, and reflect on how to create safety within a community.
The way you hide what you lack is the hold tighter to what you’ve got. Pastor Trent teaches Mark 10, challenging the church to honestly bring our needs to the Lord Jesus. Because of the cross, God sees and meets our lack with the fullness of his love.
Pastor Trent starts a nine-week study of "The Gospel-Centered Life." The life of the Apostle Paul shows us three movements of fresh faith that are needed to keep the gospel central. Only fresh faith can prevent gospel drift.
Pastor Trent teaches Romans 12:1-2 showing how the mercy of God matters to spiritual formation. In Christ, God offers an "all of me" kind of mercy that goes to work transforming our ability to love with heart, soul, mind, and strength. If you want to grow into gospel maturity, you need and "all of me" spirituality.
If we want to grow toward gospel maturity, we need an “all of life” spirituality. Pastor Trent unpacks one essential piece of maturity this week. Our horizon is to live all of life with a sense of God’s presence.
If you want to know God deeply, you must learn to relate to the Trinity. One of the sure signs of gospel maturity is firsthand knowledge of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Pastor Trent explains how the gospel reveals "all of God" by offering to us a relationship with the Trinity.
This passage is full of irony. Although he is captive, Jesus has not lost control. Throughout the trial of Jesus, Mark shows us that it’s really the other characters who are under examination. They are testing Jesus, but in the process he is turning them inside out.
The faithfulness of Jesus in the final moments of his life and the crucifixion are dazzling. The darker the scene the brighter King Jesus shines. In this episode, Pastor Trent highlights the faithfulness of Jesus in prayer, persecution, and prophecy.
The disciples have come to the beginning of the end. One thing is clear as they sit at the King's Table for their last meal: Jesus knows their hearts. Bishop Dan Moose shows us how the anointing, the betrayal, the denial, and the scattering are all connected. Through them the Lord still questions us, "What is in your heart?"
What will put the world to rights? Some say kindness. Some say justice. Other say big or little government. On the road to the cross, King Jesus aims to help his followers see nothing less than the Great Reversal is needed. His Kingdom is inside-out and upside-down from what we have come to expect. The glorious king has come as the suffering servant. Only the cross will put the world to rights.
What will put the world to rights? Some say kindness. Some say justice. Other say big or little government. On the road to the cross, King Jesus aims to help his followers see nothing less than the Great Reversal is needed. His Kingdom is inside-out and upside-down from what we have come to expect. The glorious king has come as the suffering servant. Only the cross will put the world to rights.
After telling his original disciples about the cross, Jesus asks them to follow him there! To take up their own cross. To lose their own lives. This is all too much for them, and feels too much for us. How could we ever follow the way crucified King? Pastor Trent teaches from Mark 9 about the how "transfiguration" strengthens Jesus (and us) for the road to he cross.
In this Easter sermon, Pastor Trent explores the key turning point in The Gospel According to Mark. In order have spiritual life, Jesus teaches you have to stop trying to gain, stop working to earn, stop attempting to offer something “in return for your soul.” To have what is truly life, you must be willing to lose all you consider "life."
• The Big Idea: In Jesus, we have not just good teacher, but the divine leader we need. Sometimes you can’t be told, you must be led.
• The Problem: We like the disciples are slow to understand, and we need multi-stage healing. What hope do we have to ever “get” the gospel Jesus?
• The Proposition: Because Jesus is King of kings, we can learn by following the leader.
The connection between your heart and your habits matters deeply to Jesus. He confronts the religious leaders of his day saying, "It’s not what you eat, but what you express that stains you." Out of the human heart comes uncleanness, but out of the divine heart of Jesus’ comes purity — whatever he touches becomes the same. This is the King’s Heart!
What do wind, waves, evil spirits, disease, and death have to do with one another? In this section of Mark, the gospel writer is stringing together stories to make a statement about Jesus' identity. Jesus is the Christ, the long awaited King with ALL authority in every sphere of existence. When Christ enters chaos, all is made well.
In this second part of the Principle of Measurement, we look at how God gives even more to those who have, and for those who do not have even what they have is taken away. What does this mean? And more importantly, how does that affect me? We will see that although this may seem strange to us, it really makes a lot of sense if we look at this more carefully.
What do wind, waves, evil spirits, disease, and death have to do with one another? In this section of Mark, the gospel writer is stringing together stories to make a statement about Jesus' identity. Jesus is the Christ, the long awaited King with ALL authority in every sphere of existence. When Christ enters chaos, all is made well.
God has given us certain “life principles” by which we are to live our lives by if we want to experience the abundance of the Christian life. One such principle is what we might call the principle of measurement. Jesus said on several occasions that by our standard of measure it shall be measured to us in return. This can be applied to many aspects of our lives, including how we treat others and how we give. Embracing this principle can change our lives!
SHOW LESS
In this chapter of Mark's Gospel, King Jesus unveils the secret, the seed, and the surprise of the Kingdom of God. Many in his day and many in ours "hear but do not understand." And so, the Lord Jesus speaks today: “Listen up!”
In this section of the Gospel of Mark, the power of King Jesus is on display and calling for a response. When it comes to responding to Jesus, there are only two options — reject him or receive him. Pastor Trent teaches through the varied ways to reject Jesus in this passage: control, censure, or contain.
This is the last of three messages about walking in humility. In this message we look at the need for living a life of repentance....that is, we do not excuse even the smallest of sins. Rather, we take every bit of pride, being judgmental, greed, etc to the Lord. We will see that such a way of living will bring times of refreshing from the presence of the Lord (Acts 3:19).
In this sermon, Pastor Trent helps unpack how the early critics of Jesus questioned his forgiveness, his fellowship, his fasting, and his faithfulness to God's law. In the end, King Jesus turns the questions back upon his critics.
Some of us experience the Christian life like music “stuck in your head.” Pastor Trent explains that we need to understand the pattern of the music in order to enjoy the sound of it. To leave, find, and follow is the pattern of the Christian life.
In this message we continue to talk about humility. But we see that to truly walk in humility, we must have a Biblical understanding of the sinfulness of man. This truth, or doctrine, is not something that should be depressing. Actually, this truth brings freedom. We no longer have to keep up the deception of being who we are not..... which leads to pride. When we understand our sinfulness, we set ourselves up for receiving God’s grace.
Who is the Real Jesus? What was He really like? In this episode, Pastor Trent teaches about “the beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ.” It is the announcement that God has come — the King is here.
One thing in life is certain. We will have storms on this lifetime. We will look at a couple of times when Jesus and His disciples encountered storms. What did Jesus want to teach them about storms? We will see that among other things that God is wanting to take us to a new level of trust.
As we look ahead to the year 2021, and really for the foreseeable future, the one thing we can probably count on is uncertainty. Uncertainty is forcing us to learn to trust the Lord at a new level. That is good. God does not want us to be floundering or fighting uncertainty but He is wanting us to learn to live and thrive with uncertainty. We also talk about the need to focus on God’s purposes and goals, rather than our own. That’s because His purposes will be established in spite of the uncertainty of today’s world.
We often talk about all the Old Testament prophecies concerning the birth, life, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. But there are also many Old Testament prophecies concerning the people of God... some amazing things spoken to us who are living after the time of Jesus. In this message we look at just a few of these prophetic words given to us in the book of Isaiah. These will encourage and motivate us for the destiny God has for us.
What is the best offense for spiritual battle? How about the best defense? In this episode of the Blueprint Series, Pastor Trent teaches from Ephesians 6:10-20 and Isaiah 59:12-19 about the "helmet of salvation" and the "sword of the Spirit."
In this episode, Pastor Trent reflects on the call to STAND in spiritual battle by taking up the shield of faith. This sermon continues the study of the armor of God and emphasizes the gospel truth that Christians have authority in spiritual conflict.
In this episode of the Blueprint sermon series, Pastor Trent considers the armor of God. Ephesians challenges the church to put on the belt of truth and stand in the midst of spiritual battle.
What is the biblical truth that this cultural moment is showing us? Creation is in conflict. We live in the middle of a spiritual battle that is misunderstood by many and missed by others. In this sermon, Pastor Trent unpacks the real conflict we face.
Let’s work it out. On Father’s Day, Pastor Trent considers the Apostle Paul’s words to children and parents. This is the first of three key areas of life in which the gospel brings new life — new ways of living that need not merely one work out but continual exercise for us to be God’s blueprint.
Moments of transition are often illuminated by contemplation. It is the link that pulls the pieces of life together, and helps us see the whole. In this message, Pastor Trent teaches the key transition in chapter 5 of Ephesians, which links all that has been written before with the practical help that follows.
There is an inseparable connection between actions and consequences. Minneapolis now stands as a case study in this truth. Will justice come?Does what you do matter for what becomes of you? Pastor Trent teaches from Ephesians 5 about actions, consequences, identity, and imitating God. For the church... it's time to shine.
Many of us have wondered, "How should I respond to George Floyd's death?" In this special episode, Pastor Trent reflects on Ecclesiastes 3:1-11, and urges the church to pray, protest, and prepare for the work ahead. God has called us together as a church for this reason, and the rebuilding work ahead in our city.
Have you ever found change to be difficult? This week Pastor Trent continues talking about change in our series on Ephesians. The blueprint church lives as a new creation in Christ by putting off old habits and putting on new character. Practically, this means a "change of clothes" in matters honesty, anger, speech, and forgiveness.
Why does the church so closely resemble the rest of the country? It all comes down to expectations. Pastor Trent shows us in this episode that God's blueprint for the church is an expectation of maturation.
In this episode of The Blueprint, Pastor Trent shows us the where, why, who, and what of the church's calling. God's design for Christians is that diversity in unity would lead to maturity.
In this episode of The Blueprint, Pastor Trent brings us to the midpoint of the letter to the Ephesians. After two verbose chapters of redemption and reconciliation in Christ, the Apostle Paul bows his knees to pray for the Church -- not that big things would done "out there" but that power would be at work "in here" for the church.
When fear rises in the face of suffering, when difficulty comes in the Christian life, when challenges arise in gospel ministry… We need coaches like the Apostle Paul help us to “not lose heart.” In this sermon, Pastor Trent unpacks three reasons to not lose heart.
From the introduction to Ephesians, Pastor Trent summarizes the letter as whole and shows God's plan to "sum up" all things in Christ. In the Lord Jesus, God the Father has put on the table his plan to unite all things in King Jesus. This is the only hope for our fallen and fragmented world.
What should be made of this fishy tale? The story of Jonah has been the subject of scientific skepticism, moral derision, and simplistic application through the ages. In reflection on the epic of Jonah, Pastor Trent offers four lessons in compassion and the portrait of Jonah as a true prophet of the Lord God.
In the final chapter of Jonah, the Lord appoints all things necessary to provoke Jonah to honesty. The radical mercy of God is beyond what the prophet can stomach. Pastor Trent helps us see that the compassion of the Lord God is strong enough to weather critique, complaint, and coldness.
In this sermon, Pastor Trent asks, “Can God... does God change His mind?” As widespread praise breaks out in Nineveh, Jonah makes an angry protest against the character of the Lord. Chapters 3 and 4 make room for age old questions and make clear biblical truth: God is unchanging, but he changes his mind. In contrast to fallen human authorities, God is wonderfully dynamic, present, and benevolent in his sovereignty.
"Revival" means different things to different people, but what did it mean in Nineveh? The people of Nineveh from the "least to the greatest" turned from their evil ways to fear the Lord. In this sermon, Pastor Trent defines revival, describes its effects, and challenges us to desire that the living God would visit us with surprising mercy.
In chapter two, Jonah sinks "down, down, down" to the bottom of sea. The runaway prophet is as good as dead. He has reached the point of no return. But because God’s mercy is more, new life is possible for Jonah -- and for us.
In the first chapter of Jonah, the runaway prophet tries to flees the presence of the Lord by catching a ship to Tarshish. Pastor Trent opens the epic of Jonah and shares how the gospel is good news for those of us who have run from God.
What opens the door to a gospel ripple effect? In this final message in the Ripple Effect series, Pastor Trent encourages us to pray. Through the cross, Jesus Christ grants us "access" to God in prayer! And yet, there is nothing that shows our inattention toward God like prayer. We need grace and guidance to learn how to "continue steadfastly in prayer" (Colossians 4:2).
Our guest, Pastor Charles Shannon of the Mission Church, continues the Ripple Effect series in this message by teaching through Isaiah 1:1-20. People often point to a poor track record of Christians that they know and Christianity historically. Which means for gospel to have a Ripple Effect among us, Christians must have lives characterized by love and compassion. In the words of Isaiah the Prophet, we must, "Cease to do evil and learn to do good."
It doesn't take long to learn that in life, and especially life in the Kingdom of God, relationships matter. A gospel Ripple Effect hinges on the relational method that Jesus taught his disciples: Redemption came TO you that it might continue THROUGH you. In this sermon, Pastor Trent encourages us to love our neighbors and ask, "Whom has God put in the path of my life?" Redemption travels through relationships.
In this message, Pastor Trent talks about mission and motivation. King Jesus is True Vine who offers us bonafide not bootleg power since he alone is the source of cleansing, life, and joy. In order to sustain a gospel ripple effect, we must embrace the right motivation for mission.
Over the past few messages, Pastor Trent laid out the 1st step toward a gospel Ripple Effect. We must understand and embrace the risen King Jesus. He is the messiah, substitute, and restorer that the world needs! In this sermon, Trent examines the 2nd step toward a gospel Ripple effect -- To understand that God is on a mission and embrace that you and I are the plan for furthering it.
If dominion is the experience of God's rule, then dynasty signals the expectation of the King's return. In this episode, Pastor Trent reminds Christians of their destiny to reign with King Jesus. Because of the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus, Christians are not destined to slavery but welcomed as sons and daughters in the royal family.
The power of God dwelling among us creates a domain. And, since the power of King Jesus is above all -- the domain of King Jesus is over all. In this episode, Pastor Trent teaches about life in the Kingdom of God of Among Us, the place were Christians are full-time students of, ambassadors for, and family with their King.
How will God communicate his rightful rule over all? By his very presence dwelling among us. When Jesus announced, "the Kingdom of God is at hand," it was a declaration of God dwelling with man. The Kingdom was here because the King himself had come! The Kingdom belongs to those who who want to be with King.
Have you ever wondered what exactly is the Kingdom of God? This constant theme of Jesus' teaching and ministry is confusing to many. In this episode, Pastor Trent distills what the New Testament says about the Kingdom and shows how central it is to the Scriptures as a whole.
From first century until now, the best and most powerful moments of the Church have been marked by diversity in unity on mission. Sadly, the American church is one of the most segregated institutions on the planet. Our mission therefore is to multiply diverse communities of disciples who live for the good of the city to the glory of God.
We believe something radical. That God is not theoretical. That true is not unknowable. That the creator is not distant and absent. But rather, that the living God is present -- actively advancing his kingdom in our neighborhoods. So we dream... What if scores and scores of people in South Minneapolis were woke to the presence and power of King Jesus? What if many were vitally connected to Christ and radiating with his grace and truth? What if you were "alive to God" in every area of life? What would not be possible then?