Learning by William: Recent Episodes
William Gottemoller
Learning by William is a podcast that explores the wonders in astronomy, physics, history, and the arts. New episodes post every Saturday at 11 AM EST, 10 AM CST.
Subscriptions to listen to exclusive episodes are 49 cents per month. With your subscription, you gain access to all forthcoming "subscriber-only" episodes and prior exclusive episodes. Become a Paid Subscriber: https://anchor.fm/william-gottemoller/subscribe
The launch window is from 7:20 to 7:52 AM EST on December 25th, 2021! Tune in to see live broadcasts of the launch!!!!
We discuss the right to privacy and its basis (Louis Brandeis), the justification for the right, the constitutional basis for abortion in Roe v. Wade, the two arguments regarding abortion (moral and constitutional approaches), along with the doctrines of stare decisis, selective incorporation, the "right to be left alone," substantive due process, equal protection of the laws, and undue burden.
References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_to_Privacy_(article)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights#Selective_versus_total_incorporation
https://www.oyez.org/cases/1991/91-744
https://www.oyez.org/cases/1960/60
https://www.oyez.org/cases/1964/496
https://www.oyez.org/cases/2021/19-1392
https://www.oyez.org/cases/1900-1940/268us652
https://www.oyez.org/cases/2019/17-1618
The Omicron variant has caused considerable panic recently. Having many more mutations, a greater ability to reinfect, and potentially far more transmissibility, Omicron presents humanity with unprecedented danger. However, some recent developments may give us reason to be optimistic, not profoundly worried. In this episode, we present a speech discussing these stories and advocating "cautious optimism."
References:
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://osf.io/f7txy/
Miller, K. (2021, December 09). How Omicron Stacks Up Against the Delta Variant-Including Whether or Not We'll Need a New Vaccine. Retrieved from https://www.prevention.com/health/a38400888/omicron-vs-delta-covid-19-variant-comparison/
Pearson_Epidemics8_Omicron.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hA6Mec2Gq3LGqTEOj35RqSeAb_SmXpbI/view
Person, & Lapid, N. (2021, December 04). Omicron variant may have picked up a piece of common-cold virus. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/omicron-variant-may-have-picked-up-piece-common-cold-virus-2021-12-03/
Regencia, T., Melimopoulos, E., & Ibrahim, A. (2021, December 03). WHO says Omicron detected in 38 countries, no deaths reported. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/3/new-york-becomes-fourth-us-state-to-confirm-omicron-live
Situation Reports Obtained Through: Home - ProMED - ProMED-mail. (2020, December 10). Retrieved from https://promedmail.org/
Update on Omicron. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news/item/28-11-2021-update-on-omicron
Image Obtained Through Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=covid-19&title=Special:MediaSearch&go=Go&type=image
My Profile on Astrobin:
https://www.astrobin.com/users/WilliamGott/
Starburst Galaxy (Taken by the President of our Astronomical Society) - Astrobin
https://www.astrobin.com/gek830/
Astrophotography - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography
Milky Way Image (a Shot I Took) - Astrobin
https://www.astrobin.com/be7t7j/
Apochromatic Lens - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apochromat
Bino-Refractor that is $27,310 - Deep Space Products
https://www.deepspaceproducts.com/product/cff-bino-refractor-160mm-oil-spaced-triplet-apochromat?gclid=CjwKCAjw1JeJBhB9EiwAV612y4Uq1I-9Q1J7o6-K9mAJFySwplVHqsM1z1FI7PLxqDb3_YqAuTLUbxoC0I4QAvD_BwE
Field Flattener - Night Sky Pix
https://nightskypix.com/what-does-a-field-flattener-do/
Petzval Lens - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petzval_lens
Newtonian Reflector - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_telescope
Dolphin Nebula (Diffraction Spikes are Present on Stars) - Astrobin
https://www.astrobin.com/zihlpc/
Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Cassegrain_telescope
Telescope Pier - OPT Telescopes
https://optcorp.com/collections/telescope-piers
Planetarium Software - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium_software
For anyone who wants to hear only the information on the third part of the series on the history of literature, please skip to 5:45. The first 5:44 covers a new format this channel will take in the forthcoming months.
References:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GevT2W-HwTFphiWe_iitjmpteGMTcggQOhuep_Dhcjw/edit?usp=sharing
References:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GevT2W-HwTFphiWe_iitjmpteGMTcggQOhuep_Dhcjw/edit?usp=sharing
References:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GevT2W-HwTFphiWe_iitjmpteGMTcggQOhuep_Dhcjw/edit?usp=sharing
References:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/149eB9PG1d3rLXETpWCBK_YBFQMMVNyXLWXR4h_jLW6U/edit?usp=sharing
References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/149eB9PG1d3rLXETpWCBK_YBFQMMVNyXLWXR4h_jLW6U/edit?usp=sharing
Reference Doc (use to see paintings as I mention them):
https://docs.google.com/document/d/188UiFP_rpZmKeU0Mq-D_OxroE-BB9KtSJPYZbCn0_iY/edit?usp=sharing
I will be taking my first ACT when this episode releases. Wish me luck!
Reference Doc (use to see paintings as I mention them):
https://docs.google.com/document/d/188UiFP_rpZmKeU0Mq-D_OxroE-BB9KtSJPYZbCn0_iY/edit?usp=sharing
References:
Telescope - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope
Refracting (Refractor) Telescope - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_telescope
Reflecting (Reflector) Telescope - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflecting_telescope
Catadioptric Telescope - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catadioptric_system
Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope (extra telescopes that give examples of catadioptric telescopes) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Cassegrain_telescope
Dobsonian Telescope (type of Newtonian telescope) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobsonian_telescope
Telescope Focal Length - starlust
https://starlust.org/telescope-focal-length/
Achromatic Lens - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achromatic_lens
Apochromatic Lens - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apochromat
Gregorian Telescope - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_telescope
Newtonian Telescope - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_telescope
Petzval Field Curvature - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petzval_field_curvature
Comatic Aberration - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_(optics)
Distortion - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion_(optics)
Schmidt Corrector Plate - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt_corrector_plate
Ritchey-Chrétien Telescope - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchey%E2%80%93Chr%C3%A9tien_telescope
Telecompressor (Focal Reducer) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecompressor
Barlow Lens - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlow_lens
Reference Document:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_ukksVRRyYCZpgDqK2myH8ZnGWwgyNeFsWLPpI6Z8mM/edit?usp=sharing
Reference Document:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_ukksVRRyYCZpgDqK2myH8ZnGWwgyNeFsWLPpI6Z8mM/edit?usp=sharing
References:
General Relativity - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity
Field Equations - Warwick Department of Physics
https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/intranet/pendulum/generalrelativity/
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle
Stress-Energy Tensor - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93energy_tensor
Einstein’s Field Equations - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_field_equations
Einstein Tensor - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_tensor
Pseudo-Riemannian Manifold - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Riemannian_manifold
Metric Tensor - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_tensor
Ricci Curvature - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricci_curvature
Metric Tensor in General Relativity - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_tensor_(general_relativity)
Schwarzschild Metric - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric
Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity - SPACE.com
https://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html
Gravitational Lensing - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_lens
Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIGO
Equivalence Principle - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_principle
Gravitational Time Dilation - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation
As this episode is being published on 9/11, let's all take a moment to appreciate our dauntless first responders, many of whom lost their lives fighting terrorism on that wretched day. Let the pulchritudinous unity following the attacks be a symbol for our nation and our world's unending struggle toward unity.
Long list of references that may be used while listening to the podcast:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_jfIyFZ0nEzQM8AgSKo4ph66bBt6LmSjoGp-6JTMrt4/edit?usp=sharing
Long list of references that may be used while listening to the podcast:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_jfIyFZ0nEzQM8AgSKo4ph66bBt6LmSjoGp-6JTMrt4/edit?usp=sharing
Long list of references that may be used while listening to the podcast:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_jfIyFZ0nEzQM8AgSKo4ph66bBt6LmSjoGp-6JTMrt4/edit?usp=sharing
References:
Intro. To Kinematics - PhysicsHigh
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=198u1x8TBTo
Kinematics in the Oxford Dictionary
https://www.google.com/search?q=kinematics&rlz=1CAZKSY_enUS959US959&oq=kinematics&aqs=chrome.0.69i59j69i57j69i59j0i271j69i60l3j69i65.1067j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
Kinematics - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematics
Direction Cosine - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_cosine
Unit Vector - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_vector
Coordinate Vector - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_vector
Position vs. (and) Displacement - cK-12
https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-2.0/section/2.1/primary/lesson/position-and-displacement-phys
Position Vector - Story of Mathematics
https://www.storyofmathematics.com/position-vector
Holonomic Constraint - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonomic_system
Non-Holonomic Constraint - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-holonomic_system
Kinematic Coupling - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematic_coupling
Cross Product - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_product
Kinematic Pair - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematic_pair
Kinematic Chain - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematic_chain
References:
Relativity (Einstein) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity
Special Relativity - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity
Two Postulates of Special Relativity - Lumen Learning
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/28-1-einsteins-postulates/
Lorentz Transformation - Virginia Tech
https://www1.phys.vt.edu/~takeuchi/relativity/notes/section08.html
Galilean Transformation - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_transformation
Lorentz Factor - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_factor
Time Dilation - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation
Twin Paradox - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_paradox
Length Contraction - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_contraction
Length Contraction - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_contraction
Relativistic Velocity-Addition - OpenStax
https://openstax.org/books/college-physics/pages/28-4-relativistic-addition-of-velocities
Mass-Energy Equivalence - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence
Energy-Momentum Relation - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum_relation
References:
International System of Units - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units
Metric System - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_system
International Bureau on Weights and Measures - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures
Base Unit - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_base_unit
Derived Unit - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_derived_unit
Second - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second
Meter - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre
2019 Redefinition of the Base Units - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_redefinition_of_the_SI_base_units
Ampere - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
Kelvin - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin
Boltzmann Constant - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_constant
Mole - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit)
Amount of Substance - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amount_of_substance
Avogadro Constant - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro_constant
Candela - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candela
Luminous Intensity - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_intensity
References:
Energy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy
Law of Conservation of Energy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy
Isolated System - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_system
Time Translation Symmetry - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry
Noether’s Theorem - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem
Conservative Force - Khan Academy
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-physics/work-and-energy-2/gravitational-potential-energy-and-conservative-forces/v/conservative-forces
Electronvolt - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt
Potential Energy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy
Kinetic Energy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy
Mechanical Energy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_energy
Chemical Energy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_energy
Electrical Energy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energy
Thermal Energy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy
Nuclear Energy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power
Radiant Energy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_energy
References:
Newton’s Laws of Motion - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion
Inertia - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia
Galileo’s Law of Inertia (First Law of Motion) - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/law-of-inertia
Inertial Frame of Reference - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference
Momentum - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum
Variable Mass System and the Second Law of Motion - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-mass_system
Newton’s Laws of Motion - NASA
https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/newtons-laws-of-motion/
Reaction (in association with the third law of motion) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_(physics)
Rigid Body - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid_body
Plasticity (in connection to deformable bodies) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)
Superposition Principle (not quantum superposition) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposition_principle
Shareable link to the document (has all of the mathematical examples that will be discussed in both this episode and the following episode):
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1VfEVBscCPTfoyTDyv4ZRFJYL9Luzyd1UHvjxzz-uwpg/edit?usp=sharing
References:
Derivative - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative
Power Rule - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_rule
All derivative calculations were checked using this website
https://www.derivative-calculator.net/
Product Rule - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_rule
Quotient Rule - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_rule
Chain Rule - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_rule
Integral - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral
Line Integral (AKA a Contour Integral in Complex Analysis) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_integral
All integral calculations were checked using this calculator (can also calculate derivatives, but I was not near the calculator when I was working on the derivative portion of the chapter):
https://www.amazon.com/Texas-Instruments-TI-84-Graphing-Calculator/dp/B00TFYYWQA
Reverse Power Rule - KhanAcademy
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-integration-new/ab-6-8a/e/intro-to-integration
Riemann Integral - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_integral
Fundamental Theorem(s) of Calculus - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_calculus
Differential Equation - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equation
Partial Differential Equation - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_differential_equation
Note: in the episode, William said that e to the power of anything, excluding zero, equals zero. This is obviously not correct, for e^1 ≈ 2.718
Shareable link to the document (has all of the mathematical examples that will be discussed in both this episode and the following episode):
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1VfEVBscCPTfoyTDyv4ZRFJYL9Luzyd1UHvjxzz-uwpg/edit?usp=sharing
References:
Calculus - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus
History of Calculus - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_calculus
Isaac Newton - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton
Infinitesimal - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitesimal
Function - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)
History of the Function - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_function_concept
Limit - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_(mathematics)
One-Sided Limit - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-sided_limit
l'Hôpital’s Rule - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27H%C3%B4pital%27s_rule
Welcome to Learning by William! I am your host, William Gottemoller, and I am happy to join you on your pursuit of knowledge!
References:
Galois Theory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois_theory
Commutative Ring - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_ring
Commutative Algebra - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_algebra
Commutative Property - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_property
Noncommutative Ring - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncommutative_ring
Glossary of Ring Theory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_ring_theory
Field - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics)
Module Fundamentals - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
https://faculty.math.illinois.edu/~r-ash/Algebra/Chapter4.pdf
Linear Transformation (Linear Map) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_map
Vector Space - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space
Scalar - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_(mathematics)
Lattice (Order) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(order)
Lattice (Group) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(group)
Infimum and Supremum - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infimum_and_supremum
Algebra Over a Field - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra_over_a_field
Ring Theory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_theory
Ring - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics)
References:
Abstract Algebra - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra
“Group theory, abstraction, and the 196,883-dimensional monster” - 3Blue1Brown
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mH0oCDa74tE
Axiomatic System - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic_system
Axiom - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom
Pure Mathematics - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_mathematics
Group Theory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory
Group (Algebra) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics)
Main Classes of Groups in Group Theory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory#Main_classes_of_groups
Classification of Finite Simple Groups - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_finite_simple_groups
Finite Group - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_group
Lie-Type Group - Wolfram Mathworld
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Lie-TypeGroup.html
Monster Group - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_group
Monstrous Moonshine - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monstrous_moonshine
J-invariant and Q-expansion - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-invariant#The_q-expansion_and_moonshine
Continuous Symmetry - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_symmetry
Geometric Group Theory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_group_theory
References
Isotropy of Dark Energy - StackExchange
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/196729/is-dark-energy-homogeneous-and-or-isotropic
Quantum Field Theory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory
Energy Density - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density
Casimir Effect - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect
Cosmological Constant Problem - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_constant_problem
Quintessence - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintessence_(physics)
Renormalization Theory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization
Matter-Radiation Equality - Oxford Reference
https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100140589
Cosmic Inflation - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)
Magnetic Monopole - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)
Big Bang - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
Dark Energy - COSMOS
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/d/Dark+Energy
Heat Death - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe
References
Cosmological Expansion - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe
Dark Matter - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter
Dark Energy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy
Galaxy Rotation Curve - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_rotation_curve
Virial Theorem - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial_theorem
Lambda-CDM Model - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model
Scale Factor - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_factor_(cosmology)
Annihilation (Particle Physics) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation
“Dark Matter--Hot or Not?” - Phys.org
https://phys.org/news/2016-08-dark-matterhot.html
Hot Dark Matter - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dark_matter
Cold Dark Matter - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_dark_matter
References:
Conservation Law - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/conservation-law
Conservation Law - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_law
Noether’s Theorem - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem
Mass-Energy Equivalence - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_mass-energy
Law of Conservation of Energy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy
Energy-Momentum Equivalence - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum_relation
Law of Conservation of Mass - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_mass
Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_linear_momentum
Angular Momentum (+ its Conservation Law) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentum
Color Charge - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge
SU(3) Group - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU(3)#The_group_SU(3)
Weak Isospin - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_isospin
Law of Conservation of Electric Charge - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_conservation
Color Charge - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge
SU(3) Group - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU(3)#The_group_SU(3)
Weak Isospin - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_isospin
Probability Current - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_current
References:
“Why Girls Beat Boys at School and Lose to Them at the Office” - The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/opinion/sunday/girls-school-confidence.html
“Why Girls Tend to Get Better Grades Than Boys Do” - The Atlantic
https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/09/why-girls-get-better-grades-than-boys-do/380318/
“Girls Make Higher Grades than Boys in All School Subjects, Analysis Finds” - Press Releases, American Psychological Association
https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/04/girls-grades
“Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in School Discipline among U.S. High School Students: 1991-2005” - National Institutes of Health
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678799/
Men are More Competitive Than Women - University of Amsterdam
https://ase.uva.nl/content/news/2019/11/men-are-more-competitive-than-women-in-the-workplace.html?cb
C-Suite Positions - Investopedia
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/c-suite.asp
Women C-Suite Job Proportions - Korn Ferry
https://www.kornferry.com/insights/this-week-in-leadership/women-in-leadership-2019-statistics
LinkedIn Study Reveals Why Men are More Likely Than Women to be Noticed - CNBC
https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/08/linkedin-study-reveals-why-men-are-more-likely-to-get-noticed-by-job-recruiters-than-women.html
LinkedIn Study Results - HRDIVE
https://www.hrdive.com/news/women-are-more-selective-when-job-searching-but-ask-for-fewer-referrals/549962/
Gender Inequality in the Workplace - Frontiers in Psychology
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01400/full
References:
Thermodynamics - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics
Laws of Thermodynamics - KhanAcademy
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-energetics/cellular-energy/a/the-laws-of-thermodynamics
Latent Heat - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_heat
Heat Capacity - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity
Why Does a Ball Bounce Lower? - StackExchange
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/117091/why-does-a-ball-bounce-lower
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics
Closed System - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system#Closed_system
First Law of Thermodynamics - LiveScience
https://www.livescience.com/50881-first-law-thermodynamics.html
Thermodynamics - LiveScience
https://www.livescience.com/50776-thermodynamics.html
Second Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics
Third Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_law_of_thermodynamics
References:
Quantum Chromodynamics - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics
Strong CP (charge-parity) Problem - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_CP_problem
Quark - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark
Origin of the Word “Quark” - ScienceFriday
https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/the-origin-of-the-word-quark/
Eightfold Way (Physics) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eightfold_way_(physics)
Color Charge - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge
Non-Abelian Gauge Theory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-abelian_gauge_theory
Lagrangian Function - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/Lagrangian-function
Yang-Mills Theory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%E2%80%93Mills_theory
Special Unitary Triplet - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_unitary_group#The_group_SU(3)
Asymptotic Freedom - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_freedom
Color Confinement - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_confinement
Direct Photon Production - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_photons
Jet (Physics) and Hadronization - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(particle_physics)
Peccei-Quinn Theory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccei%E2%80%93Quinn_theory
Axion - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion
Edit: in the episode, the Higgs field is referred to as having a “mass of 250 GeV.” This is NOT correct; 250 GeV refers specifically to the energy of an object, as GeV is an energy, not a mass, scale. References: Hierarchy Problem - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problem Hierarchy Problem - Of Particular Significance https://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/the-hierarchy-problem/ Planck Mass - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/P/Planck+Mass Special Unitary Group - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_unitary_group Doublet State (Quantum Mechanics) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublet_state Determinant - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant Unitary Group - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_group Circle Group - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_group Q/A on SU(2) to U(1) Symmetry Breaking - StackExchange https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/370573/su2-to-u1-symmetry-breaking Higgs Mechanism - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_mechanism Coupling Constant - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_constant Coupling Constants of the Fundamental Forces http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Forces/couple.html Fermi’s Constant - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_constant Supersymmetry - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry Electroweak Interaction Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interaction Coleman-Weinberg Mechanism - Scholarpedia http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Coleman-Weinberg_mechanism
When gazing into the deep expanse of the universe and finding the distant quasars and galaxies, we notice a particular feature that is commonplace no matter where we look: the further away the galaxy or deep sky object is, the redder, or the longer wavelength, the object appears; it seems that a galaxy like the Andromeda Galaxy is far less red than a comparable galaxy that is 1.6 billion light years away. This feature was once noticed by the astrophysicist Edwin Hubble, a physicist that will be spoken of frequently in this chapter, who found that this reddening paradigm was more profound the further one looked out into the universe (a galaxy 100 million light years away will appear less “redshifted” than a galaxy 2 billion light years away, even if the two galaxies have the same compositions). This redshifting determined for Hubble that the universe was expanding, and he proved his findings through what is known as the Doppler Effect, which is the phenomenon that creates the redshifting Hubble used to determine that the universe was expanding. In this chapter, we will discuss the Doppler Effect, how it occurs, and what it represents.
References
Classical Doppler Effect - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect
Relativistic Doppler Effect - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_Doppler_effect
Cosmological Redshift - COSMOS
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/c/cosmological+redshift
Cosmological Expansion - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe
Comoving and Proper Distance in Cosmology - David W. Hogg
https://cds.cern.ch/record/387177/files/9905116.pdf
Future of Cosmological Expansion - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe
Heat Death - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe
Fate of the Universe - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe
Entropy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy
Thermodynamic Free Energy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_free_energy
As we, being objects with mass, approach relativistic speeds, our masses continue to increase, and the energy required to propel us continues to increase; once we are near enough to the speed of light, a major mathematical and physical conflict occurs: not only are we now composed of infinite mass, but we also require infinite energy to propel ourselves. Considering the fact that there is not an infinite amount of energy, or mass, for that matter, in the universe, it is reasonable to believe that the speed of light is unattainable for us massive beings. Our travels are limited to short, interstellar neighborhood voyages. Even so, our failure in breaking physics, at least now, raises the question: what does actually travel at the speed of light, or for that matter, what even is the speed of light? In this chapter, we are to discuss the speed of light and the objects it is restricted to.
References:
Speed of Light - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light
Parallax Angle (Seconds of Arc) - NASA JPL
https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/teachers/attachments/parallax.html
Luminiferous Aether - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminiferous_aether
Lorentz Transformation - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_transformation
Caesium Standard - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium_standard
History of Light - Photon terrace
https://photonterrace.net/en/photon/history/
A Very Brief History of Light - M. Suhail Zubairy
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-31903-2_1
Refractive Index - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index
Lorentz Factor - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_factor
Massless Particle - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massless_particle
The atom is most definitely not the smallest particle and most definitely can be broken down into smaller pieces; even the protons and the neutrons that we considered to be fundamental particles in and of themselves can be broken down into smaller particles. In an attempt to open your minds beyond the delusion that the atom cannot be broken down, this chapter is to convey and communicate the building blocks of the building blocks of atoms, which we have alluded to oftentimes in previous chapters but have not covered in-depth. Welcome to the wondrous world of quarks.
References
Fifty Years of Quarks - CERN
https://home.cern/news/news/physics/fifty-years-quarks
Quark - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark
Particle Zoo (1960s) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_zoo
Flavour (Particle Physics) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics)
Quark Model - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_model
Pauli Exclusion Principle
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pauli.html#c2
Spin Classification of Elementary Particles
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/spinc.html
Up Quark - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_quark
Down Quark - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_quark
Strange Quark - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_quark
Charm Quark - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charm_quark
Bottom Quark - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_quark
CP Violation - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_violation
Top Quark - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_quark
References
White Dwarf - COSMOS
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/W/White+Dwarf
White Dwarf - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_dwarf
Electron Degeneracy Pressure - COSMOS
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/E/electron+degeneracy+pressure
Pauli Exclusion Principle and Atomic Energy Levels - Khan Academy
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/atoms-and-electrons/v/atomic-energy-levels
Orbital Energy States - LibreTexts
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/07%3A_Atomic_Structure_and_Periodicity/12.09%3A_Orbital_Shapes_and_Energies
How Long Does it Take for a White Dwarf to Become a Black Dwarf? - Astronomy
https://astronomy.com/news-observing/ask%20astro/2004/12/how%20long%20does%20it%20take%20for%20a%20white%20dwarf%20to%20turn%20into%20a%20black%20dwarf
Core Collapse - COSMOS
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/c/core-collapse
Photodisintegration - COSMOS
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/P/Photodisintegration
Types of Neutron Stars - Wikibooks
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pulsars_and_neutron_stars/Neutron_star_properties
Hypothesized Magnetar Formation Process - European Southern Observatory
https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1415/
Low Mass X-Ray Binary - COSMOS
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/L/Low-mass+X-ray+Binaries
High Mass X-Ray Binary - COSMOS
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/h/High-mass+X-ray+Binaries
Neutron Stars - University of Maryland (touring this school in summer 2021)
https://www.astro.umd.edu/~miller/nstar.html
Quark Star - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_star
Chances are, you have seen the night sky before. Thou looketh to the Heavens: what does thou see? It is likely that one sees a few, or a few thousand, glimmering stars, some shining brighter than others; some orange, red, blue; some massive, some small; some luminous, some dim. It is likely that you have seen at least a somewhat dark night sky sometime in your past life, as I assume most of you have gone camping or hiking or biking, sometimes, or often if you are similar to I, during the night. In the Northern winter, the night sky is bedazzling your eyes with thousands of points of beauty, as it does in the summer. In the Northern winter, the brightest of the stars show their brilliance and luminance to our eyes; Sirius, Regulus, Adhara, Betelgeuse, Rigel, Aldebaran, Procyon, Capella, Bellatrix, Alnitak, Alnilam, and Mintaka all showcase their complexion during these months. In the Northern summer, the Milky Way, the dense band of stars that appears to us as a glimmering wave of milk, conveys its own particular brilliance. In the Northern summer, the brilliantly-lit Deneb, Vega, Altair, Antares, Arcturus, Sadr, and the great stars of Sagittarius and Ursa Major dominate our vision. Upon seeing this prodigious assemblage of nuclear fusion, our brains begin to fail to understand the immensity of the universe in which we live. Even when gazing upon the meager 3,000 visible stars in our night sky, we are humbled by the formidable collection which exists above our heads. This episode and the subsequent episode delves deep into the great stellar immensities lying below our noses.
References
Main Sequence Star - Space.com
https://www.space.com/22437-main-sequence-stars.html
Main Sequence - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_sequence
Asymptotic Giant Branch - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch
Hypergiant Star - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergiant
As I was interested in the topic of supersymmetry, I decided to add it to the list of chapter nodes, this one being chapter 26. As I assume is known, today, the concept that is to be understood is the concept of supersymmetry and its role in physics, astronomy, and quantum mechanics.
References
Supersymmetry - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry
Bosonic Quantum States - StackExchange
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/59929/what-prevents-bosons-from-occupying-the-same-location
Supersymmetry - CERN
https://home.cern/science/physics/supersymmetry
Fermion - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion
Boson - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson
Anthropic Principle - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic_principle
Attempting to Observe Superpartners at CERN - uchicago news
https://news.uchicago.edu/story/search-lifetime-supersymmetric-particles-cern
In this episode, we will be covering Hilbert Space and its importance in quantum mechanics. Please cut me some slack because this topic combines abstract algebra with advanced calculus, both of which I do not know. The history of Hilbert Space and the application of it into quantum mechanics should be simple, but its application and derivation surrounding mathematics will likely stump me; I know the English language, but not integrals and multivariable vector calculus. But anyways, let’s explore the foundation of something I do not understand and the foundation of quantum mechanics, Hilbert space.
References:
Hilbert Space - Quantiki
https://www.quantiki.org/wiki/hilbert-spaces
Hilbert Space - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_space
Vector Calculus - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus
Euclidean Space - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/Euclidean-space
Vector Calculus
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vecal.html
Quick Hilbert Space Video - Physics World
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zASzj4DkZXY
Hilbert Space - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/Hilbert-space
Functional Analysis - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/functional-analysis-mathematics
Vector Fields - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_field
Probability Density Function - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_function
From where did we originate? How did we develop highly organized societies and civilizations? From what species did we diverge? What made humans different from their ape relatives and ancestors? What traits about humans are most unique and invigorating? These questions, and many more, will be answered in today’s episode, where we explore the birth of our genus, homo, and the birth of our species, the homo sapien.
References
Homo sapien - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human
Australopithecines - ScienceDirect
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128026526000104
Hominidae - PBS
https://nhpbs.org/wild/hominidae.asp
Human Evolution - Smithsonian
https://humanorigins.si.edu/education/introduction-human-evolution
Origin of the Primate Order
https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/earlyprimates/early_2.htm
Origin of the Homo sapien - The Royal Society
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2015.0237
Where the Homo sapien Originated - Australian Museum
https://australian.museum/learn/science/human-evolution/when-and-where-did-our-species-originate/
Notable Traits Unique to Humans - LiveScience
https://www.livescience.com/15689-evolution-human-special-species.html
Neolithic Revolution - History
https://www.history.com/topics/pre-history/neolithic-revolution
Homosexuality Activities in Other Animals - BBC Earth
http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150206-are-there-any-homosexual-animals
In April of 2019, scientists and radio astronomers around the world came together to share the world’s first image of a black hole. In a stunning polynational consortium, radio astronomers from 20 different countries utilized their radio telescopes to image the black hole in the center of Messier 87, the largest object on the entire Messier catalogue of 110 objects. This consortium used many of the world’s most prestigious telescopes, along with atomic clocks, two custom built supercomputers (think about that custom built computer at your friend’s house and multiply that by 150,000), and several new computational techniques in image acquisition, to take this incredible image of the black hole. Messier 87 itself is black, but is lit up by an intense glow of radiation that surrounds it; when I see this, I think about a star being engulfed by this enormous black hole. The astronomers were able to image the radio waves emanating from this source and capture the black hole itself, specifically the ultra-dark, round source existing in the middle of the image. This image is often considered among the most important images ever taken, excluding, potentially, the first Hubble deep field and pale blue dot.
References:
Humans Could Enter a Black Hole ‘Safely’ - ScienceAlert
https://www.sciencealert.com/what-would-happen-if-a-human-tried-to-enter-a-black-hole-to-study-it
Black Hole - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole
Idealization (Science Philosophy) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealization_(science_philosophy)
Point Particle - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_particle#Point_mass
Black Hole - Cosmos
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/b/black+hole
Singularity - Physics of the Universe
https://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_blackholes_singularities.html
Black Hole Information Paradox - Space.com
https://www.space.com/black-hole-information-paradox-mystery.html
String Theory - LIVESCIENCE
https://www.livescience.com/65033-what-is-string-theory.html
Nearing the End of the Information Paradox - Quantamagazine
https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-black-hole-information-paradox-comes-to-an-end-20201029/
After conducting numerous episodes of astrophysics and quantum mechanics, I feel that I am finally dipping my toes into the ocean of physics that exists right below my nose. I feel that I am finally able to explain, though with a rudimentary understanding of the topic, the pillars of quantum mechanics. I thought I would make this episode to humble myself and prove to myself that I do not, at all, have even a rudimentary understanding of the wild west of astrophysics: quantum mechanics. Even so, in our relentless pursuit of knowledge and understanding, we stumble upon the greatness of quantum entanglement, a tremendous topic that humbles and horrifies the human brain.
References
Quantum Entanglement - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement
Quantum Superposition - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition
Superposition - The Physics of the Universe
https://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_quantum_superposition.html
EPR Paradox - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPR_paradox
Superdeterminism - frontiers in Physics
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2020.00139/full
Principle of Locality - Quantum Physics Lady
http://www.quantumphysicslady.org/glossary/locality/
Bell’s Theorem - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bell-theorem/
Photon Split - Scientific American
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/photons-meet-with-three-split/
Billions of Quantum Entangled Particles Found in Strange Mineral - ScienceDaily
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/01/200116144105.htm
“Everything is Entangled” - Cornell University
https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.1584
Are all particles in the universe quantum-entangled, since they all emerged from a single entity? - Quora
https://www.quora.com/Are-all-particles-in-the-universe-quantum-entangled-since-they-all-emerged-from-a-single-entity
For hundreds of thousands of years, humans have stared up at their night sky in spectacular wonder; lined with thousands of stars, some bright, some faint, and 5 particular wanderers we now know as planets, our human ancestors found great indulgence in the night sky. With the beautiful beams of light shining through the night, there exists another, less luminous band of haze that appears throughout the northern summer and a very faint band that appears throughout the northern winter. This diffuse and branching pattern of haze in the night sky came to be referred to in the western world as the Milky Way, whose name derived from a Greek myth about the Goddess Hera who sprayed milk, in meaning the haze of the Milky Way, throughout the night sky. In this episode, we shall discuss some of the many classifications of galaxies.
References
Spiral Galaxy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_galaxy
Origin of Spiral Galaxies - ThoughtCo
https://www.thoughtco.com/spiral-galaxies-3072049
Barred Spiral Galaxy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barred_spiral_galaxy
Super Luminous Spiral Galaxy - The Astrophysical Journal
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/0004-637X/817/2/109
Ring Galaxy - Universe Today
https://www.universetoday.com/30697/ring-galaxy/
Elliptical Galaxy - Cosmos
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/E/elliptical+galaxy
Shell Galaxy - Astronomy and Astrophysics
https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2019/10/aa35968-19/aa35968-19.html
Interacting Galaxies - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacting_galaxy
Peculiar Galaxy - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peculiar_galaxy
Dwarf Galaxy
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/D/dwarf+galaxy
In the 21st century, scientists, notably physicists and astronomers, have made exceptional discoveries and exceptional advancements in the field of science. From the discovery of the Higgs Boson to the discovery of the neutrino and a new state of matter, astronomers and physicists alike have made important and outstanding contributions to the scientific development of our society in this century. It seems to me that these incredible discoveries often go overlooked; we are so caught up in our screens and our crises that we forget to realize the intense and exceptional development occurring right under our noses.
References:
UChicago Undergrads Discover Bright Lensed Galaxy in Early Universe - uchicago news
https://news.uchicago.edu/story/uchicago-undergrads-discover-bright-lensed-galaxy-early-universe
Exo-Jupiter That is 10x Less Massive - CBS News
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/astronomers-discover-super-puff-gas-giant-exoplanet-wasp-107b-jupiter/
Astronomers Find Fastest Spinning Magnetar yet - Astronomy
https://astronomy.com/news/2021/01/astronomers-find-the-youngest-fastest-spinning-magnetar-yet
Astronomers Closer to Entering the Realm of Gravitational Waves, Gravitons - Space.com
https://www.space.com/astronomers-chasing-cosmic-secrets-with-pulsars
Astronomers Find Radio Galaxies 62x Larger Than the Milky Way - Mashable
https://in.mashable.com/science/19722/astronomers-discover-two-new-giant-radio-galaxies-that-are-62-times-larger-than-the-milky-way
Physicists Figure Novel Method to Extract Energy From Black Holes - SCI-NEWS
https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=301953#:~
Red Dwarf Sunlight Used to Grow Photosynthesizing chlorogloeopsis thermalis - Astronomy
https://astronomy.com/news/2021/01/red-dwarf-starlight-used-to-grow-photosynthesizing-bacteria
Gravitational Lensing - Australian Academy of Science
https://www.science.org.au/curious/space-time/gravitational-lensing
Last episode, we discussed the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics. The episode got quite deep and interesting, as we delved deeper into some of the more complex topics that plague the great scientific minds of our generation. We made typical mechanical physics, often regarded as one of the most difficult high school classes that exists, look like a child's play. Quantum mechanics is, without a doubt, a heavy topic. The difficulty and uncertainty that exists with quantum mechanics is not isolated merely to quantum mechanics; there exists many other scientific paradigms and phenomena that plague scientific minds and force innovation. In this episode, we will explore yet another aspect of quantum mechanics, this time particle physics. Even with all that exists in the Copenhagen Interpretation and quantum field theory, there is still far more to be learned surrounding quantum mechanics. We have only begun to dip our smallest toe on the surface, but now we shall bring that toe a little deeper, as we begin to explore another aspect of physics, specifically particle physics, and the model that defines this particular field of physics. In this episode, we will explore the Standard Model of particle physics.
References
Standard Model of Particle Physics - CERN
https://home.cern/science/physics/standard-model
Standard Model - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model
Gauge Theory - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/gauge-theory
Strong Nuclear Force - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/strong-force
Weak Nuclear Force - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/weak-force
Electromagnetic Force - Bozeman Science
https://www.youtube.com/watch/NcnZ2AigrCs
Electromagnetic Force - Energy Education
https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Electromagnetic_force
Types of Hadrons - CheggStudy
https://www.chegg.com/learn/physics/introduction-to-physics/hadrons
Physics has always existed as the horrible and confusing class that high school teenagers have to fight to survive through. It has existed as a unanimously difficult class with much room for confusion. Through my own experiences, I have observed that teenagers generally hate physics; they take the class for the credit it provides, but they often gain nothing from the class. Many go on to fail their physics classes, whether it is an AP class or a normal class. In this episode, we will look into the main interpretation comprising quantum mechanics, the Copenhagen Interpretation, and we will look into how all of it works. Brace yourselves as we attempt to understand one of the only indeterminist (not having cause) scientific concepts in existence, a concept that fundamentally rejects our natural understanding of patterns.
If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, please email me using the address provided: learningbywilliam@gmail.com
Reference:
Copenhagen Interpretation - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/
Copenhagen Interpretation - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation
Bohr's Correspondence Principle - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_principle
Indeterminism in Quantum Mechanics - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminism
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle
Old Quantum Theory - University of California - Riverside
https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/spin/node3.html
Principle of Complementarity - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarity_(physics)
Wave Function Collapse - StackExchange
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/35328/why-does-observation-collapse-the-wave-function
Superposition - WhatIs.com
https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/superposition
Various Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics
Universal Darwinism - Cambridge University Press
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/nature-of-life/universal-darwinism/0939B49903C60A59B57DC5C007415ECF
The 20th century was plagued with conflict, disease, and terror, but at the same time, the 20th century flourished with growth. Whether it was the vast increase in population, the development of vaccines and antibiotics, the overthrowal of fascism and communism, or the acceleration to space, the 20th century experienced a level of growth unheard of in previous centuries. Almost all of this growth can be attributed to the sciences, as new discoveries and advancements in the scientific and technological worlds allowed for the growth the 20th century was known by to have flourished. As we continue on in the 21st century, another century in which growth shall dominate our experiences, we mustn’t forget the scientists who fought the conflict, disease, terror, and most of all, authoritarianism in their pursuit of knowledge and discovery. We mustn’t forget the scientists who stood by their science even when Joseph Stalin threatened their execution, even continuing on in the pursuit of scientific advancement until Stalin purposefully and slowly starved them to death, who pushed hard against the very nuclear weapons he designed while two tyrannical governments fought against one another for the most warheads. In this episode, we will discuss two scientists, Nikolai Vavilov, J Robert Oppenheimer two of the many scientists who fought against war and authoritarianism while pursuing knowledge from which all humans could benefit.
If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, please email me using the address provided: learningbywilliam@gmail.com
Yes, ununbiquium does not exist. I made the element up as a satirical node towards the heaviest elements known as of yet- Ununilium, Unununium, Ununbium, Ununtrium, Ununquadium, Ununpentium, Ununhexium, and Ununseptium.
The main elements that comprise the human body are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. These 6 elements form a word that you may have heard in your biology class, CHNOPS. CHNOPS stands for those six elements that comprise the vast majority of one’s mass. The most important, even though all these elements are essential specifically to human life, are four specific elements: these elements are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. Hydrogen has an atomic number of 1, carbon an atomic number of 6, nitrogen an atomic number of 7, and oxygen an atomic number of 8. Without even a single one of these elements, we would not exist, at least not in the form we exist in as of now. These elements are essential to our existence itself. Now we all know that all stars originally fuse hydrogen into helium, leaving two abundant, obviously existing elements in the universe. The question is, though, what about nitrogen? What about oxygen and carbon? How is it possible, while all the stars are fusing hydrogen into helium, that we have carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur? In this episode, we shall delve into the beautiful science that is supernovae, the most powerful explosions in the universe (yes, including the Big Bang, because the Big Bang was an expansion, not an explosion, contrary to contemporary and popular thought).
If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, please email me using the address provided: learningbywilliam@gmail.com
References
How Stars Become Red Giants
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/astronomy/chapter/evolution-from-the-main-sequence-to-red-giants/
Is Iron Fusion Possible?
http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast122/lectures/lec18.html
How a Supernova Occurs
https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/supernova/en/
Supernova Nucleosynthesis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis
p-, r-, and s- Processes in Supernova Nucleosynthesis
https://www.pnas.org/content/110/43/17241
r-Process in Supernova Nucleosynthesis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-process
s-Process in Supernova Nucleosynthesis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-process
p-Process in Supernova Nucleosynthesis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-process
In the 10,000-12,000 years since humans invented agriculture and settled down, autocracy, theocracy, aristocracy, and fascism have dominated civilizations. From the Greeks to the Romans to the French to the English to the Germans, a line of religious, spiritual, lineal, and political dictatorship occurred for the millennia. Only recently have we begun forcing out of the grips of control in order to achieve global democracy. In the thousands of years we have lived in civilizations, we have only begun to see the light at the end of the tunnel- the light of democracy is finally starting to shine upon us. In the many years of European, Asian, and Middle Eastern dictatorial rule, the greatest rebellions were inspired by the scientists; they were the ones who promoted new ideas and used their new understandings to take down dictators and forever alter religions. The scientists were the ones who risked their own execution while in the human pursuit of truth, who rebelled against the Catholic Church to promote heliocentrism, the correct science of the solar system, and who figured out processes that directly contradicted contemporary theistic belief yet still promoted them as fact. In this episode, we will cover 3 notable scientists whose advancements of science forced them into rebellion against the European Aristocracies and, most notably, the Catholic Church of Europe.
If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, please email me using the address provided: learningbywilliam@gmail.com
References:
Galileo Galilei - A Biography by Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galileo-Galilei
Galileo Galilei - General Information
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei
Encyclopedia - Cecco d’Ascoli
https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/c/cecco_dascoli.html
Very General Information on Cecco d’Ascoli
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecco_d%27Ascoli
Acerba - Cecco d’Ascoli
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerba_(book)
Science and the Catholic Church - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church
Conflict Thesis Between Science and Religion - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_thesis
Giordano Bruno
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_Bruno
Galileo’s Ship
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo%27s_ship
Galileo Galilei - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/
For the last year we have dealt with an oppressive pandemic that has forever altered our way of life. Typical work settings have evolved from offices to living rooms, typical five day school settings have become zoom calls, typical travel to other countries for vacations or jobs has become non-existent, and nearly 2 million people who have brothers, sisters, parents, children; who experienced love and hate, anger and excitement, fear and confidence, discomfort and pleasure, hunger and thirst, dreams and goals, have died from a deadly virus that continues to militate against us. In our struggle and obscurity, we have pursued a vaccine that we believe will save us from the oppression- the death, destruction, economic turmoil, and mental health collapse resulting from this virus could cede with one shot. Unfortunately, when it comes to creating vaccines, evolution does not help us. With rapidly reproducing viruses, mutations can be common, some of which are pointless, others of which are detrimental to the virus itself, and others of which make the viruses more infectious. As unfortunate as it is, a similar thing has happened to the virus we are currently living through, COVID-19. A new strain, officially known as VUI, which stands for “variant under investigation,” dash 202012/01, which stands for the first variant of COVID-19 under investigation in December of 2020, is ravaging Europe.
If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, please email me using the address provided: learningbywilliam@gmail.com
References:
Information on the New Strain of Coronavirus (COVID-19)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VUI_%E2%80%93_202012/01
SARS-CoV-2 Variant - World Health Organization
https://www.who.int/csr/don/21-december-2020-sars-cov2-variant-united-kingdom/en/
How do Viruses Mutate? Yale School of Medicine
https://medicine.yale.edu/coved/modules/virus/evolution/
How SARS-CoV-2 Infects Cells
https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Spike-Proteins.aspx
Viruses and Evolution by Natural Selection
https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/viruses-and-evolution
RNA Viruses
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/rna-viruses
A Second New COVID-19 Strain! - Fox 2 Detroit
https://www.fox2detroit.com/news/uk-health-officials-announce-2nd-new-covid-19-strain
New COVID-19 Strain Arriving From South Africa - Aljazeera
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/23/uk-to-widen-covid-lockdowns-as-new-strain-from-south-africa-found
5 out of the 7 extraterrestrial planets in our solar system were discovered by the same man; his name was Galileo Galilei. In 1609, after hearing about Hans Lippershey’s Dutch Perspective Glasses, Galileo designed his own telescope.. In only a few days, without ever having seen one. This telescope was orders of magnitude better than Lippershey’s patented telescope, and allowed him to explore the cosmos in a way unheard of before. He discovered Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, all with that same telescope he had recently built. As time progressed forwards, the telescopes we used progressed as well. We went from the small 30x magnification telescope of the Galilean age to the massive, 30 meter aperture observatories that could magnify objects orders of magnitude more than Galileo’s. The telescope is, without a doubt, the most important scientific invention that has ever existed; with it, Galileo discovered four planets and Jupiter’s moons, William Herschel discovered Uranus and formulated the Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, Charles Messier detailed 110 large deep sky objects in a catalogue known as the Messier Catalogue, Edwin Hubble discovered the Hubble Constant (~70 km/s per megaparsec), Gerard Kuiper discovered the CO2 content on Mars and the icy rings of Saturn, and how Carl Sagan learned the riches of the cosmos and sought to communicate it to all corners of the earth. While telescopes are the greatest piece of technology humans have ever created, it is not practical for everything. There are some events that are so incredible and obvious that we can see them with our naked eyes, with nothing but our eyes and a passion for the night sky. December 21st is one of those times, as Jupiter and Saturn will come within .1 degrees of each other in the night sky in what is known as the Great Conjunction, forming a superstar that has not been visible to humans since 1226.
If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, please email me using the address provided: learningbywilliam@gmail.com
References:
Inventors and Developers of the Telescope
https://www.space.com/21950-who-invented-the-telescope.html
Galileo Galilei- Information
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei
Great Conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_conjunction
Conjunctions in Astronomy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)
Ecliptic Coordinate System - Celestial Sphere in Astronomy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic_coordinate_system
The Star of Bethlehem and its Theoretical Relation to the Great Conjunction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem
EDIT: A correction has been made to the number of planets Galileo discovered. In thee description and in the podcast, it was said that Galileo discovered four planets- Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, but Galileo actually discovered five- includes Mercury.
The human population has increased dramatically in the last two centuries. Since the Industrial Revolution, 200 years ago, our population has increased from around one billion to nearly eight billion. There are many reasons as to why our population is growing at such a rapid rate; this growth can be attributed to improved healthcare, industrialization, among many other factors. For humans, our growth can be measured by a theorized model of population growth known as the demographic transition model. This theory works very well for human populations, but what about the natural populations you clicked on this video to learn about? When it comes to biological population patterns, we need a whole new set of science, and a whole new set of biological terminology, to explain it. Let’s learn about population patterns in the natural world.
If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, please email me using the address provided: learningbywilliam@gmail.com
World Population Growth Throughout Human History
https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth
The Demographic Transition Model (VERY USEFUL IF YOU ARE CURRENTLY TAKING AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OR AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE)
https://www.intelligenteconomist.com/demographic-transition-model/
Mathematical Function of (f(x)) Logistic Growth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_function
Logistic Growth in Biology
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/45%3A_Population_and_Community_Ecology/45.2%3A_Environmental_Limits_to_Population_Growth/45.2B%3A_Logistic_Population_Growth
Carrying Capacities
https://www.cmu.edu/steinbrenner/programs/fellows/index.html
Overshoot in Biology
http://peakoilbarrel.com/carrying-capacity-overshoot-and-species-extinction
Die-Off in Biology
https://www.yourdictionary.com/die-off
Dynamics of Predation and Population Patterns
https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/dynamics-of-predation-13229468
R- and K-Selection
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/options/option-c-ecology-and-conser/c5-population-ecology/r--k-strategies.html
The great astronomer Carl Sagan once spoke for wanderers across all borders, ethnicities, races, and religions, when he said. “We were wanderers from the beginning. We were bounded only by the earth, and the ocean, and the sky. The frontier was everywhere.” Humanity’s addiction with exploration and wonder is intrinsically tied to our nature. Our dauntless exploration is a testament to our nature; to survive, we must explore new worlds. When the drought was prolonged, or when the food was scarce, we moved on. We wandered throughout our terrestrial planet, searching for survival. We were hunters and foragers, explorers of the unknowns. We were voyagers, adventurers in the mountains and on the oceans. As we grew more advanced, we began voyaging the seas. We wandered across the Atlantic Ocean, we explored the Western Pacific, we circumnavigated Africa, and we ventured throughout the Americas. Many of our great explorers, like Ferdinand Magellan, Zheng He, Marco Polo, Henry the Navigator and John Cabot explored worlds we once did not know existed. We continued on in our advancement, and eventually reached space. We indulged in a new chapter of human existence; we were now a part of the cosmos, rather than a part of the planet. Now that we are advanced enough to look at and explore the heavens, we wonder if we are really alone. The universe is exponentially larger than we had previously known, and exponentially more divine and incredible. Even through all our intense exploration and search, we have yet to find any evidence of intelligent extraterrestrial existence. In a universe so vast and massive, it is daunting to imagine the prospect of loneliness within the universe. Arthur C. Clark spoke of humanity’s desperate urge for a cosmic partner when he said, “Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the Universe or we are not. Both are equally terrifying.” Our desperate search for extraterrestrial life can be potentially well represented by the Fermi Paradox and the Great Filter.
If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, please email me using the address provided below:
learningbywilliam@gmail.com
References:
Information on the Fermi Paradox - Enrico Fermi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_paradox
Information on the Drake Equation - Dr. Frank Drake
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_equation
Information on the Great Filter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Filter
We Are Wanderers - A Profound (And Edited) Speech by Carl Sagan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uA5XuOIilYc
In Arecibo, Puerto Rico lies a great radio telescope. For 53 years, the Arecibo observatory had been the largest radio telescope on the planet, and was the largest operational radio telescope in the world for all but 10 months of its existence. Constructed in 1963, the impressively massive 305 meter (1000 foot) radio telescope helped stage significant advances in the astronomical sciences. Arecibo remained the prime telescope of the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) and METI (Messaging to Extraterrestrial Intelligence) projects, both initially formulated by NASA but later formed into a nonprofit organization. The Arecibo Observatory, without a doubt, is the most famous radio telescope on the planet, having been featured in popular novels like Contact by Carl Sagan (which is my favorite book, by the way) and in popular movies like Contact (again, by Carl Sagan, and again, also my favorite movie) and James Bond, and in popular TV shows like The X-Files. The Arecibo Observatory lives in fame for its astonishing contributions to the advancement of the astronomical sciences, but it appears that all great things come to an end.
If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, email me using the address provided below:
learningbywilliam@gmail.com
References:
Information About the Arecibo Radio Telescope
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory
News Article Detailing the Planned Demolition of the Arecibo
https://www.space.com/arecibo-observatory-radio-telescope-to-be-destroyed
NYT Article on the Arecibo Observatory - for all my New York Times Lovers
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/19/science/arecibo-observatory.html
Detailing the Arecibo Message
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecibo_message
Article on Damage That Occurred Earlier in the Year at Arecibo
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03270-9
When the great Greek astronomer Claudius Ptolemy gazed at the heavens, he felt the particular curiosity many of us have come to know. He was exceptionally curious as to what caused the stars, the sun, the moon, and the planets to seem to rotate around Earth every night and day. This caused him to formulate the Ptolemaic Model of the Universe, otherwise known as the geocentric model of the universe. The geocentric model comprises our planet, Earth, in the center surrounded by the rotating heavens known as the celestial sphere. Everything, including the distant stars and planets, the sun, the other planets in the solar system, and everything else, revolved around planet Earth. The rotation of the heavenly bodies around Earth were said to be perfect circles in the Ptolemaic Model, but the problem with that was that the observational evidence didn’t align with the hypothesis. Ptolemy began watching how the sun, the moon, and the planets, at least from Earth, didn’t seem to be traveling in perfect circles. Observations made on planets perplexed him; some planets were seen to be reversing their course on some nights, and then resuming their course later on. In revising his model, he described what are known as epicycles and deferents. The epicycle is a small intermediate orbit whose center moves around the circumference of a larger orbit. This, of course, was wrong. With the heliocentric model, we now know that the apparent reverse motion of some of the sun, the moon, and the planets is a result of what is known as retrograde motion. In this episode, we will learn about what retrograde motion is and how it works.
If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, email me using the address provided below
learningbywilliam@gmail.com
References
Ptolemaic Model of the Universe
https://socratic.org/questions/how-did-ptolemy-s-model-account-for-retrograde-motion
Ptolemaic Model of the Universe
https://www.britannica.com/science/Ptolemaic-system
Apparent Retrograde Motion + Great Animation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_retrograde_motion
Retrograde Motion
https://people.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/retrograde.htm
Retrograde Motion
https://earthsky.org/space/what-is-retrograde-motion
Astronomy is a very humbling experience. Throughout the entire existence of humanity we have looked up at the night sky and the heavens with an everlasting wonder. We always wondered if someone else could be looking right back at us as we were looking towards them. It is the forefront of the human species to be curious, to question, to wonder, and to explore. Our search for answers on if we are one of only or one of many in the universe is no different from our own natural curiosities. As we have looked more thoroughly into the cosmos, we have begun to see that the water on Earth is not one, but one of many planets and moons to have liquid water. Even from within our own solar system, there are planets and many moons that are known to or may possibly have liquid water or liquid lakes on or under their surfaces. Let’s explore the great possible water worlds of Mars, Ganymede, Enceladus, Europa, Titan, Callisto, Ceres, Dione, Mimas, Triton, and, of course, Earth
If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, email me using the address provided below:
learningbywilliam@gmail.com
References:
Water Worlds in our Solar System
https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/a14555/water-worlds-in-our-solar-system/
Mars - In Depth
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/solar-system/mars/
Earth - In Depth
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/earth/overview/
Ceres - In Depth
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/ceres/overview/
Ganymede - In Depth
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth/
Ganymede’s Massive Subsurface Ocean
https://www.space.com/28807-jupiter-moon-ganymede-salty-ocean.html
Enceladus - In Depth
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/enceladus/in-depth/
Titan - In Depth
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/titan/overview/
Callisto - In Depth
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/callisto/in-depth/
Europa - In Depth
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/
Dione - In Depth
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/dione/in-depth/
Mimas - In Depth
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/mimas/in-depth/
Triton - In Depth
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/neptune-moons/triton/in-depth/
For centuries, humans looked up at the brightest planet in our night sky and thought, “could someone be looking back at us?” Venus was always considered to be Earth’s twin sister; the two planets hold alike similar orbits, they are both within the general habitable zone of the Sun, they are both similar in size, mass, and of course gravity; wouldn’t it make sense that under those vibrant orange clouds, there would be another species of extraterrestrials. This is how we thought all the way until the 1960s, when the great planetary astronomer Carl Sagan discovered an immense greenhouse effect occurring on Venus. For the moment, our dreams of a great planetary partner world brimming with extraterrestrial life were diminished; still, there is a great phrase that goes as such: “there is always a way around everything.” It is possible that we may or may not have found how a hypothesized extraterrestrial found a way around Venus’s hellish conditions.
If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, email me using the address listed below:
learningbywilliam@gmail.com
References:
Carl Sagan’s Discovery of the Hellish Conditions on Venus
https://mashable.com/article/venus-life-theory-carl-sagan/
Current CO2 Prevalence in Earth’s Atmosphere
https://www.co2.earth/
Doubts and Controversy Surrounding This Discovery
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/venus-phosphine-possible-sign-life-doubts-how-science-works
Conflicting Evidence Detailed by the Discoverer Herself
https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/10/31/1011487/not-finding-life-on-venus-disappointing-good-science-phosphine-biosignature/
What is Phosphine?
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Phosphine
Discovery of Phosphine on Venus:
https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2009/2009.06499.pdf
Discovery of Glycine on Venus:
https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.06211
PBS Space Time Video (this video motivated me to learn more about this, and eventually, because I felt there was more that could be said, to make an episode surrounding it for myself)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNdy-LJWNQs
What Phosphine is
https://scitechdaily.com/what-is-phosphine-and-why-does-it-point-to-extra-terrestrial-life-floating-in-the-clouds-of-venus/
Carl Sagan Research Paper Detailing Theoretical Life on Venus
https://www.nature.com/articles/2151259a0
Wikipedia Page Detailing “Life on Venus”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Venus
Has there ever been a math problem, or a confusing word in a book that has confused you? Have you ever become extremely frustrated by the fact that you have no idea what you are trying to solve? Has this difficult math problem or hard-to-cypher word been on a test? After putting in all your effort into thinking about what the answer may be, have you come up short? Did you say “there must be no answer to this question. This question is a paradox?” Well, if your math question is related to the Schrodinger’s Cat thought experiment, you are probably right. Brace yourselves as I attempt to understand, answer, and explain the Schrodinger’s Cat thought experiment and its various interpretations.
If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, email me using the address provided below:
learningbywilliam@gmail.com
References:
Schrodinger's Cat Thought Experiment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat
Physicist: Erwin Schrodinger
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger
Schrodinger's Wave Function
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation
Copenhagen Interpretation - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/
Superposition: an Overview https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/superposition#:~:text=Superposition%20is%20the%20ability%20of,the%20English%20physicist%2C%20Thomas%20Young.
Collapse of the Wave Function in Quantum Systems
http://www.quantumphysicslady.org/glossary/collapse-of-the-wave-function/
Debunking Arguments Against the Many-Worlds Interpretation - Sean Carroll
https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2015/02/19/the-wrong-objections-to-the-many-worlds-interpretation-of-quantum-mechanics
The Quantum Suicide Machine and Quantum Immortality
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_suicide_and_immortality
Why the Many-Worlds Interpretation is Probably Correct - Sean Carroll
https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2014/06/30/why-the-many-worlds-formulation-of-quantum-mechanics-is-probably-correct/
Great video to help summarize many-worlds by the fellow YouTuber, Veritasium
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTXTPe3wahc
schrodinger, erwin schrodinger, schrodinger's cat, thought experiment, schrodinger's cat thought experiment, quantum physics, quantum, quantum mechanics, quantum immortality, copenhagen interpretation, immortality, wave function, schrodinger's wave function, schrodinger's wave equation, quantum suicide, uranium, cyanide, geiger counter, dead and alive, superposition, quantum decoherence, quantum superposition, many worlds interpretation, MWI, multiverse theory, multiverse, decoherence, newtonian physics, newton, newton's second law, educational, education, science, advanced physics, advanced, learning by william
The future of humanity is far more uncertain than the future of earth. Earth, being an inanimate object, can be predicted quite easily by the laws of the universe. With conscious and volatile beings like humans, attempting to predict exactly what will happen in their future is almost completely impossible. Though, of course being curious, wondrous human beings, we love to attempt at predicting that future. In this episode, we will delve into a few of the many possible futures we may have this century.
If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, email me using the address below:
learningbywilliam@gmail.com
References (I wasn't planning on using Wiki, sorry):
https://nickbostrom.com/papers/future.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk#:~:text=A%20survey%20of%20AI%20experts,extinction%20by%20superintelligence%20by%202100.
https://foresight.org/policy/brief2.php#:~:text=The%20long%2Dterm%20goal%20of,cells%20at%20the%20molecular%20level.
https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/12/10/improvements-ahead-how-humans-and-ai-might-evolve-together-in-the-next-decade/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2045_Initiative
https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-immortality-financiers-the-billionaires-who-want-to-live-forever
https://climateactiontracker.org/global/temperatures/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2958330/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_in_artificial_intelligence
https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/high-tech-gadgets/technological-singularity.htm
https://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/reaching-singularity-may-be-humanitys-greatest-and-last-accomplishment-180974528/
For the third episode of Learning by William, we delve into theories comprising the biological law of evolution. The main theory is, of course, Darwinian Evolution (or Evolution by Natural Selection). In this episode, you will learn about the process of natural selection, along with real-life examples that could apply to you; additionally, you will learn about the process of sexual selection and how it applies to human mating rituals. Thank you all for listening to the third episode of the "Learning by William" podcast! I hope you all enjoy!
If you have any questions, comments, critiques, or if you want to talk to me, please do email me using the address below:
learningbywilliam@gmail.com
Websites Used for Research:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11270-008-9925-3 (third law of biology)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/prokaryote
https://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Life/first_life.html
https://www.livescience.com/474-controversy-evolution-works.html
http://www.mothscount.org/text/63/peppered_moth_and_natural_selection.html
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6731601/
https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/hemoglobin-and-functions-of-iron
https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/sexual-selection-13255240/
https://sciencing.com/peacocks-mate-4565678.html
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2017.1320
This episode we will immerse ourselves in the science surrounding the origin of the solar system, the origin of Earth, and the origin of life. We will discuss theories surrounding the creation of the solar system, possible large impact events that could have created the moon, the accretion of Earth, and theories surrounding the origin of life on our planet. Thank you all for listening to the second episode of the "Learning by William" podcast! I hope you all enjoy, and have a good morning, good afternoon, good evening, and goodnight.
If you have any questions, comments, critiques, or if you want to talk to me, please do email me using the address below:
learningbywilliam@gmail.com
Websites Used for Research:
http://www.astro.umass.edu/~myun/teaching/a100_old/solarnebulartheory.html
https://astronomy.com/news/2019/05/giant-impact-hypothesis-an-evolving-legacy-of-apollo
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/evolution-of-earth/
https://forces.si.edu/atmosphere/02_02_01.html
https://www.teachastronomy.com/textbook/How-Planetary-Systems-Form/Accretion-and-Solar-System-Bodies/
https://www.livescience.com/1804-greatest-mysteries-life-arise-earth.html
https://www.britannica.com/science/abiogenesis
https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/scientists-finish-a-53-year-old-classic-experiment-on-the-origins-of-life
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/173/3995/417
In the first episode of this science podcast, we will delve into the most-important question ever asked: how did it all begin? In this episode we will discuss various theories surrounding the origin of the universe, potential causes for this origin, the eventual death of our universe, and theories surrounding this eventual death. On top of this, you will learn some reasons as to why scientists know how our universe began, and how scientists can map how our universe may "end." Thank you for listening to the first episode of "Learning by William" and I hope you all enjoy! Have a good morning, evening, night, and day.
If you have any questions, comments, or corrections for this podcast, you can email me through the email listed below:
learningbywilliam@gmail.com
Websites/Books Used for Research:
https://www.space.com/25126-big-bang-theory.html
https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang
http://www.ctc.cam.ac.uk/outreach/origins/inflation_zero.php
https://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/astronomy-terms/big-bang-theory
https://phys.org/news/2015-12-big-theory.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pobcjRAX3o
http://cosmology.berkeley.edu/Education/CosmologyEssays/The_Cosmic_Microwave_Background.html
https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/what-caused-the-big-bang/
https://phys.org/news/2015-02-big-quantum-equation-universe.html
A Brief History of Time - Stephen Hawking; P. 46-47
https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy