A podcast for Indelible, a documentary in progress for the week of April 21, 2019. This podcast includes a clip from an interview with psychiatrist John Leibert, who first appeared in the Indelible story when Carl Harp was interviewed by law enforcement in Snohomish County Jail at 2 AM, in August 1973. Leibert was asked to attend the interview by Lt. Blairicom, who led the investigation regarding the Bellevue Sniper shooting which occurred May 14, 1973. Harp had been held in this jail on other charges, since June 1973.
The last half of the podcast discusses new information about Harp at Folsom prison in 1981. I learned of this last fall but was unsure if it should be disclosed, as it was difficult to tell if it was valid, even though it came from authorities.
A very important legal precedent has been established regarding how the bias of a Judge is determined when they are assigned to a case addressing issues involving law enforcement. Very often a Judge may have close ties to law enforcement officers, or may come from a similar background. They may have been a prosecutor or worked closely with them and may maintain close ties and friendships. Yet, absurdly they feel comfortable claiming they have no bias, when overseeing a case that may challenge the actions of law enforcement.
Until this recent ruling, in the case of Mumia Abu-Jamal who has sat on death row for forty years for a crime he did not commit, (he was convicted and remains in prison because of his political history), such a biased Judge could not be removed.
On January 8, 2019, a court ruled that the denial of Mumia’s right to appeal was unjust because the ruling Judge was biased: because of his relationships with law enforcement:
Link to the transcript for this discussion.
This ruling is very important to ensuring that our courts become a healthy and just forum for justice. For decades now, the courts and law enforcement worked together as a fraternity (women participated). It did not matter if the accusers were themselves compromised or participated in setting up the accused, or were responsible for federal crimes themselves, including capital crimes. They could have confidence that a judge would likely rule against the party they wanted convicted, and would look the other way when it came to their own wrong-doing. And so innocent people spent their lives in prison, including teens, while muderers and rapists wearing uniforms gained promotions and lived out their lives in a kind of freedom.
The vulnerable populations or those who witnessed bad acts by these individuals became terrified as they were targeted and threatened by this corrupt ring of false authorities, including those in courts or who held high political office.
Former inmate’s became informants under threat of re-imprisonment. And they had no doubt any false conviction would succeed as the deeper one goes into learning about the justice system the more one can see the reach of the ring of corruption. The reach goes all the way up...
With the Indelible project such corruption has been clearly observed: in the case of Carl L. Harp, in both his conviction and murder in prison, as well has his undocumented work and training for the military as a teen in poverty. And also in the case of the former kid survivor, Artie DuFur, who sits in Federal Prison today, past the expiration of his sentence which ended in 2016. But also in the details of his criminal case, including the Western Washington Federal Court’s attempt to retract his trial documents illegally from the National Archives and attempt to destroy them once it became known I intended to access them as part of my research.
It also became evident when I filed a FOIA lawsuit to obtain public records from the FBI on Harp, my father, and myself from an interaction I had at Carnegie Mellon University when I served on their faculty. I received a handful of documents on Harp but was denied the rest. And when I went to court to object, the Federal Judge stated he was a friend of the officer in Harp’s criminal case. And that my questioning the FBI or the Harp case proved to him my legal position was invalid. This was an admission of bias. Yet when I filed a motion claiming this, asking for a reassignment, my claim was dismissed by the Chief Justice. This Justice is the boss of the biased judge. He works in the same building. They are colleagues. To find bias in his staff would reflect poorly on his own role.
But with this new ruling such easy dismissals of honest claims of bias, after a Judge admits bias—in open court—stating he has a history and friendship with the very law enforcement being questioned would demand his recusal without argument.
The podcast for Indelible, a documentary in progress for the week of February 20, 2019.
After a long hiatus a podcast on my reasons for my commitment to this project. Why would anyone continue on a project amidst such danger and suffering? I am constantly asked this. And in December I had to seriously ask myself the same question as I came to a point where I really wanted to survive. And I wanted to thrive. Was this ever going to be possible again?
Finally a few days ago after being asked more questions, I had my answer.
Left: Training, Vietnam. Right: Chow hall at DVI, (Duel Vocational Institute), in Tracey, CA.
Two Photos: Left: US Boys in Vietnam Right: Inside DVI correctional facility/prison in Tracy CA, where Artie Ray Dufur spent his early years, prior to escaping for safety, and ending up doing more undocumented work, which also resulted in the Border Incident in 1979.
The podcast for Indelible, a documentary in progress for the week of September 22, 2018. In this quasi-video podcast, (it has hidden images...), the method used to construct a controversial history is discussed.
It has become clear through the research phase of this documentary project that recording a history using traditional techniques can only be counter-productive for any outcome with an authentic reading or a solid place within the historical record. It is too controversial and there is too much of a desire by those who wish to suppress the history to create controlled opposition and various diversions, (propaganda).
Rather than feel I must rail against this fact, I decided to use it as an opportunity to invent a unique method for describing a history that could be used for any historical telling. This has been a difficult road. But I think I am now very close. The path is one that relies on Animism. Do I use this descriptor correctly? I don’t know. I will let you decide.
I do know that we can not currently create histories as we have been doing, especially within our current forms of controlled media. Nor can we continue on using journalistic approaches that show us repeatedly doing so will result in failure and limit access to the very history we are recording. There are too many tools to dissuade such tellings. And attempting to right this wrong only leads to being marginalized with ones metaphorical voice box crushed, (a lament referencing Phil Ochs’ literal silencing by federal agencies).
So please follow along as I put this new toolbox together. It is for all of you.
In this podcast:
Animism is a relation to place. Animism is a system of relationships. Animism in this sense is not symbolic. It is not a metaphor. History can be the recording of relations rather than facts, as expected. Facts are a concept from a materialists perspective. Facts are discrete components. Julian Assange and his fluid metaphor for living in the hybrid-cyber world. The game of Go. The overlay of the numeric grid upon the fluid being of human. The value of voice: language and sound.
I am grateful again for the work of Gordon White, and now the work of Dr. John Reid, whose efforts to bring Animism to the big kids table is a worthy effort.
The ideas I mention in the podcast from the last talk given by Julian Assange prior to having his ability to communicate with the public cut, can be found here:
https://youtu.be/P_m3eO3c5Uw
Description of the images in the opening screen, clockwise from lower left:
1. Shadows on wall in late summer. 2. My left hand on a pillow, turned upside-down prior to it being broken a few weeks later. 3. An Ethiopian opal, whose beauty in this type of opal is because of it being filled with and holding water—yet this beauty is removed when processed to be exchanged for its monetary value. 4. A shadow image just before sundown on the wall unretouched. 5. The letter-form depicts nothing, as words created with them sometimes do.
A podcast for Indelible, the documentary media project in progress for the week of September 2, 2018.
The third in a new series of podcasts for the project which describes similarities, divergences and shared archetypes between characters within the project.
It also looks at:
Archetypes which appear when working on this type of project. Confirmation of facts regarding key subjects in this history. The military and the Manson family. The reusing of crime archetypes by the military and law enforcement. A final discovery which is a door that will remain closed.
I am grateful for the work of Gordon White who I mention in the podcast, and his work on Rune Soup. Also the work of Mike Clellend and his work on owls as archetypes. Both of these efforts are both entertaining and thought provoking.
A podcast for Indelible, a documentary media project in progress for the week of August 8, 2018. This video podcast explores how we as consumers of media can navigate the onslaught of weaponized information provided by an ever-expanding group of condoned news sources, corporations and governments. It is a challenging time to present any historical information or research historical information because the sources can surface in one form, disappear and re-emerge in another. It is like playing whack-a-mole. Data can and will be manipulated even within government data-bases. Authorities who are riled with guilt and shame or beyond guilt and shame will order data deleted or altered. It becomes imperative that we develop methods for navigating these waters and find ways that do not merely give someone else the authority to decide what is truth or what is a fact.
I dedicate this video podcast to my father, Richard L. Lyall, who died 43 yeas ago today, as he was researching facts which are the basis of this project.
These video podcasts are exploring different methods for communicating information given the dangerous landscape we face when merely trying to research a history which is important to document. These methods will continue to evolve. Until the project becomes coherent and complete.
This is the podcast for Indelible, a documentary in progress for the week of July 31, 2018. The first of a new series of podcasts which will focus on more specific issues underlying the Indelible project. This discussion centers around the current trend towards divisiveness: the way unwell authorities achieve this through social media and how it is used to keep human beings from thriving and evolving. There is also a discussion on how prisons fit into this strategy.
I am greatly indebted to Native American John Trudell, (1948-2015), for his insights and greatness of Being.
The image on the right is an ancient tribal ruin in the Orkney Islands in Scotland.
A new podcast episode for Indelible, a documentary in progress for the week of July 7, 2018.
A discussion on methods and groups used in the U.S. to quash dissent through a deadly type of theater, where former inmates served as charismatic leaders and authorities seemed to feel little remorse regarding the loss or destruction of innocent lives.
Discussion includes:
How diversions are created for researchers using online resources and how this has changed how we vet information and find reliable sources of news events. How a type of theater is created to change public perception, and how it has evolved since the 1970's. The three major forms of theater used to quash dissent in the late 1960s and 1970s: Theater to control the perception of dissenting groups. Theater to control the perception of hippies as a personality type. Theater to control the perception of alternative food resources. The use of inmates both in prison and those released as leaders in these efforts. The victims of these efforts, including those in poverty who were merely seen as disposable lives. This includes the former kids targeted and trained with military methods and strategies as young teens. An update on the civil case of one of these kids, still in prison today.
The podcast for Indelible, a documentary media project in progress for the week of July 2, 2018.
This podcast introduces new observations and reveals additional facts:
The media and controlling the messengers: More facts regarding the death of Richard Lyall.
Why RFK Jr’s bold move to ask that his father’s assassination case be reopened is important to this story.
The military and it’s ill-use of the sacred.
Podcast/Field notes for Indelible, a documentary in progress for April 8, 2018.
This episode discusses initial findings after finally accessing the 1979 trial records of one of the former kid survivors last week. This led to a connection to a major drug smuggling incident worth many millions of dollars. It seems to share facts with the investigation undertaken by reporter Gary Webb. Was it this drug smuggling connection that caused the US Federal Court in Seattle to attempt to take control of these trial documents last week? It seems possible.
The podcast for the documentary in progress: Indelible, for the week of April 3, 2018.
A small victory for open government!
In this podcast I discuss a series of events which occurred when I attempted to obtain the 1979 criminal trial transcript of the former kid survivor of dark pool military or mercenary training before the age of 16. He remains in federal prison after the expiration of his sentence. This important sub-story described an effort to keep these criminal court records from the public and even slate them for destruction. The Federal Records Center, part of the National Archives, and the Federal Courts worked together to destroy the records and place obstacles to make it difficult to obtain access to them.
Over a one week period I persisted in my effort to change the status of the documents so they would not be destroyed. Eventually I was successful. But not until I obtained help from an attorney, and the guidance of Diane Roark, the former congressional staffer who served on the House Intelligence Committee for seventeen years, and had oversight over the NSA prior to the Snowden disclosures. And eventually a Seattle Director of the National Archives.
This is an important story to understand.
The podcast for Indelible, a documentary project in progress for the week of March 15, 2018.
This podcast discusses new insights regarding the incident at the US/Canadian border that occurred on May 24, 1979, where one of the kid survivors in the story was the shooter and a custom’s officer was killed.
These insights were gained after interviewing a former Federal Drug Enforcement Inspector who was present after the shooting and was a major witness in the trial of the shooter.
It also discusses the purpose of sharing so much information during the research and production phase.
The Podcast for Indelible a documentary media project in progress for the week of March 8, 2018. This podcast discusses more details in the history of one of the survivor kid’s life, who currently sits in Federal Prison. It also discusses how we choose to demonize one killer and not another. It reflects upon the choice to view ourselves and others as human beings.
The image above is of the wife of the kid survivor, in 1979. It also shows the image of an Ethiopian Opal, whose beauty exists when it has no monetary value, when it is in this raw state, filled with the living substance of water.
The image above clockwise from left to right: Gerald Patrick Hemming, Eugene Hausenfus in flight, Artie Ray Dufur.
The March 3, 2018 podcast for Indelible, the documentary in progress. This podcast considers the use of travel restrictions for those in this project who were involved in what I call dark pool activities, which is work done off the books for the US government involving military personnel. It has been and can be called mercenary work, but since the contracts are allegedly paid by the US and not a third party it seems a misnomer.
This podcast refers to content in a letter I narrated on March 2, 2018. It is on the FB page for Indelible.
This is an addendum to the earlier podcast for Indelible, the documentary in progress for the week of February 15, 2018.
I wanted to do a short update, after seeing an article about the identity of the shooter in the Florida mass shooting on Valentine’s Day, 2018.
A podcast for Idelible, a documentary in progress for the week of February 15, 2018.
This podcast discloses further research regarding the kids illegally trained as mercenaries in the same area of California in the 1960’s and a connection to US government’s efforts to disrupt food co-ops in the 1970’s.
What is the connection to training kids with AR-15s or AK-47s or any assault rifle and access to inexpensive healthy food? It’s odd isn’t it?
Here is a link to a history on the Bay Area food co-ops during the 1970’s.
Below are two screen captures from an article mentioning Carl L. Harp’s collective (The Anarchist Black Dragon), and the Food Co-op Wars of the 1970’s, which I discuss in the podcast.
A short podcast for Indelible, a documentary in progress, for the week of December 17, 2017. Published in 1980, in the Anarchist Black Dragon, produced by Carl L. Harp and John H. Bosch in Walla Walla state prison in Washington state, during the years 1978-1980 . This electronic voice version of Harp's poem was created in 2016, for one of Harp’s friends.
The text above is from a letter I received from the survivor regarding his training.
This is the podcast for Indelible, a documentary in progress for the week of November 5, 2017.
Concerns regarding one of the surviving “kids”, targeted for training as a mercenary. How kids are identified in public schools prior to being approached for training. A call for support for this survivor.
This is the Podcast for Indelible, a documentary in progress for the week of September 10, 2017. After a two month hiatus recovering from injuries, I return to discuss the project from a fresh perspective. Topics tonight include the "family" of federal agencies, courts, and prisons and how to view these within the context of ethics and risk.
note: the image on the Page for this podcast on nfold, is a drawing by Picasso.
This is the podcast for Indelible, the documentary in progress for the week of July 9, 2017. Welcoming the authorities into the circle.
This is the podcast for June 14, 2017 for the documentary in progress, Indelible: From within a Homeland without Security.
What does it mean to not cooperate, or to think coherently, when you stand before a court of law?
This is the podcast for the documentary in progress, Indelible, for the week of June 2, 2017. Please note that I say "defense attorney" referring to the FBI's attorney. That is a misspeaking. He is the defendant in the case, (I am the Plaintiff). I meant to say defendant. This podcast addresses an update on the FOIA lawsuit against the FBI, my previously unknown experience with someone identified as being associated with TigerSwan, and the power of nature.
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This is a podcast for Indelible, the documentary in progress for the week of may 11, 2017. In this podcast I provide an important update about the FOIA (Freedom of Information Act), request for documents related to the documentary and the resulting FOIA lawsuit against the FBI.
The drawing above was taken from a silly old news reel, on a military installation I mention in the podcast.
This is the podcast for Indelible, a documentary in progress for the week of May 2, 2017. In this podcast I provide an update of the FOIA (Freedom of Information Act) lawsuit against the FBI and new information I discovered regarding Harp's early years, before the sniper charges.
You can watch a video of the panel I described here.
I also want to mention that those accused of the Boston marathon bombing, had a similar history with the US government, prior to being charged with the crime. Here is an interview with an investigative journalist on that story.
The podcast for Indelible, a documentary in progress for the week of March 6, 2017.
This podcast discusses a major change in the structure of the project. It addresses a shift in my understanding of the project because of my experiences witnessing events at Standing Rock, my perspective because of my European descent, and why I changed the structure of the project.
This is the podcast for Indelible, a documentary film in progress for the week of December 24, 2016.
In this podcast I discuss the status of the project and the role of law enforcement, the courts and lawyers.
In the podcast I mention the images of Carl:
This is the podcast for Indelible, the documentary in progress for the week of December 2, 2016.
An update on research regarding the targeting of young kids in poverty, (including Harp), for mercenary training, gun running and fighting in Vietnam and Guatemala, as well as other undeclared wars. Also how the actions of those who participated in targeting and training these kids was not indicative of most of our US Vets, as witnessed by the events at Standing Rock, ND this month.
This is the podcast for Indelible, the documentary film in progress for the week of November 4, 2016.
This podcast reviews the fourth installment of Carl Harp's FBI file, obtained through a Freedom of Information Act request. It is fairly brief but has some key documents related to Harp's criminal charges, as well has his concern regarding his safety. There are also several documents showing how the FBI gathered information.
This is the podcast for Indelible, the documentary in progress for the week of October 12, 2016.
I finally had a chance to review the third installment of Harp's alleged FBI file, provided in response to a Freedom of Information Act request.
The image above is from these documents. It is the earliest photo I have ever seen of Harp. It was from an information sheet the FBI obtained, around 1973. It clearly is a much earlier photograph and the haircut is very military. For some reason this seemed perfect, given the content of the documents.
This is the podcast for the week of October 6, 2016, for Indelible, an experimental documentary film in progress.
Considering the depth of experience for a moment in time. A monentary expression after a few weeks of turmoil. I have been unable to review the last installment I received of FBI documents from Harp's file for technical reasons. There has also been much going on. New information providing new but difficult insights. Some of it challenging every fiber in my being and what I have understood to be true.
This is the podcast for Indelible: The Love & Rage of Carl L. Harp, a documentary in progress for the week of September 16, 2016. Father Beh was a witness at Walla Walla State Penitentiary during the years 1979 through 1981. He marked the injuries of prisoners on a wall that authorities hoped would remain blank. He was trusted by the prisoners and hated by the guards. He stood up to the corrupt in authority and no matter how uncomfortable this became for him, he persevered. In doing so he instigated a small change which would last forever. He changed the course of history, even though his actions remained invisible in the historical record. But the historical record doesn't matter any more. We all know it's based on manufactured consent and only provides a temporary voice. History, true history can only be compiled from the many voices of those who stood in time. Especially those who are omitted from the historical record.
For those who remember Father Beh, this is for you. For those who are only a memory, you are not forgotten.
I said in the podcast that I would include this song by David Gilmore, written in 1987. Because sometimes it is worth not turning away no matter how painful it may become to stand as a witness.
https://youtu.be/ojf18wT_Xtk
This is the podcast for Indelible: The Love & Rage of Carl L. Harp, a documentary in progress, for the week of September 5, 2016.
Carl Harp was murdered in his prison cell thirty-five years ago, on September 5, 1981. I dedicate this podcast to the memory of Carl L. Harp and the creative work he tried to achieve in the last years of his life.
This podcast discusses the second installment of documents from the FBI, which were to contain Carl Harp's FBI file, which I received via FedEx last week.
If you have any questions about the FBI documents or want copies of what I have mentioned please feel free to reach out to me via the FB page for Indelible, or the email address on my contact page here on nFold, ( foldology AT nFold DOT net ). I am leaving out specific names in case people the documents mention would prefer to not be named publicly. If I include them in the film's narrative, I will ask their permission prior to using their name.
If you plan on playing the podcast from this site, (nfold), then choose the Download button below, if you are using an Apple mobile device. It just opens the player in a new window directly. I prefer to choose iTunes, which is linked below as well.
The podcast for the documentary film Indelible: The Love & Rage of Carl L. Harp, for the Week of August 1, 2016 | A review of the first documents received from Carl L. Harp's FBI file, after two years of waiting.
I requested Harp's FBI file in July 2014. This is the first of a sequence of monthly releases I am supposed to be receiving until all the documents are produced. It took suing the FBI and then getting the help of two attorneys, to start this release. I do not know if they ever would have been released otherwise.
The podcast for Indelible, the documentary in progress for the week of July 23, 2016.
Is there ever a way to recover history? If emotion is the only truthful gauge of any event then it may be important how one feels about a series of facts. You have to be able to keep your heart open in order to feel what is true. It's a tool. And when things become too unsettling, you must look to beauty for replenishment. Can it be that beauty is also that which creates a resonance among facts? That which reveals what is truth? I think this is possible.
This podcast discusses betrayal defined within the context of Carl Harp's history. It also brings up new questions regarding the omission of details on Harp's criminal information sheet and questions about Harp's conviction and his relationship to his second wife, Jamie.
Here are links to the two information sheets discussed:
Information Sheet 1
Information Sheet 2
The podcast for Indelible, the documentary in progress for the week of July 16, 2016. These past two weeks have been full of struggle. Two roads have coincided. It might even be more than two. It began Friday night with a soft knock on the door at eight PM.
This is the podcast for the documentary film in progress, Indelible, for the week of July 4, 2016.
Carl L. Harp believed in chaos, but what did that mean? How Harp's unwillingness to fit within named groups was seen as dangerous to those with the authority to name.
Chaos can take many forms. It may be an unexpected storm in the middle of the sea. Or a riot in Paris. But in our familiar society it is that which is feared; that which exists outside of the restraints of order; the order which is desired and maintained through various systems of social control. One might be controlled through fear as the sociopath knows. One might be controlled through hunger, as the tyrant knows. Or one might be controlled through physical discomfort as the torturer knows.
Our communication systems have also brought us other methods of control.
The media brings us streams of images and words bundled into cohesive forms. These forms are like a modern day hieroglyph. Where a simple iconic symbol might carry with it to the reader, a complex narrative.
Before social media and streaming video these word clusters traveled to us more slowly. In order to encounter the stream we had to turn on the TV set, the receiver—which after a while allowed us to receive the stream. It was a clumsy stream where advertisements were still silly skits. And after our time for viewing was over, we turned the stream off. And the house was silent once more.
There were also other streams: the lyrics in music were introduced through transmissions from radio stations, then made personal through recordings on objects, which you purchased, slowly, as your budget would allow. Other word clusters came through newspaper or magazine headlines, which you encountered once a day, at most. But the media of today is much more present in its immediacy. And it is always attached to us through our ubiquitous computing devices, like smart phones and tablets. The empty time between word clusters and wordless communication is much smaller.
The weekly podcast for Indelible, a documentary film in progress, for the week of June 26, 2016. Reflecting on the lines between poverty, wealth and freedom in the United States through the history of Outlaw, Butch Cassidy. These boundaries directly impacted the life of Carl L. Harp, and early on before he ever had an issue with law enforcement, he referred to the idealized West.
The podcast also includes an update on the case status regarding the FBI records of Carl L. Harp.
Image: The Outlaw, Butch Cassidy.
Outlaws, a poem by Carl L. Harp's former cellmate, and co-founder of the Anarchist Black Dragon, John H. Bosch.
This is the podcast for the week of June 5, 2016, for the documentary film in progress, Indelible: The Love & Rage of Carl Harp. A discussion on nutrition in prison and poverty; how a sequence comes about in the film; what I have learned about endurance and resilience from Harp; and lastly an update from the FBI regarding the FOIA case: there has been a response from their attorney.
A special small podcast for May 30, 2016, for the documentary in progress, Indelible. A discussion on the importance of the audible voice and memory, including historical memory within the context of Carl L. Harp's history, or the telling of his-story. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/indelible-from-within-a-homeland-without-security/id1104809634?i=1000416805652 https://nfold.net/indelible
The weekly podcast for Indelible, for the week of May 28, 2016. This week's podcast discusses new details regarding the structure and creation of Youth Correctional Facilities in California which impacted wards, including Carl Harp and George Jackson. It also discusses a new initiative being considered to force medicate U.S. Vets with PTSD.
This is the weekly podcast for Indelible: The Love and Rage of Carl L. Harp, a forthcoming documentary film. The objects and acts of violence (considered beautiful by those who have engaged) are part of our world. They live along side us, yet we tend to not see them unless we must.
The weekly podcast for Indelible, a documentary in progress for the week of May 15, 2016. A discussion on the role of giver and taker in the context of State controlled services for basic human needs. Also new information regarding the 1979 takeover at Walla Walla State Penitentiary by Carl L. Harp and his cellmates, in order to raise awareness of prison conditions.
The podcast for Indelible, the documentary in progress for the week of May 1, 2016. A discussion about youth correctional facilities in Ione and Tracy California in the 1960s, and links between these facilities with "dark pool fighting", (mercenary fighting), in Guatamala and Vietnam. Also a discussion about the history of the Food Co-op wars of the 1970s. These events are interwoven with Carl L. Harp's history.
Addendum: June 13, 2016
Reporter Jeremy Scahill just posted that the alleged shooter from the June 11, 2015 Orlando mass shooting had a background working for a mercenary firm in the United States, GS4. Why is it that all the alleged shooters in these acts of public violence have a background working for mercenary firms? In Harp's case he was falsely targeted as the shooter, he was framed, he was a useful scapegoat. How many others in these cases were similarly set up? Why is this occurring? Why has it been occurring for decades?