Talking Climate Change with Yash Negi: Recent Episodes

Yash Negi

My name is Yash Negi, I am a CSE student. I am studying on climate change from 2018 and I have decided to come with my own podcast channel on climate change which is "Talking Climate Change with Yash Negi." This podcast is very different from the other podcast as you will hear only me telling you about each and every single topic associated with climate change. You can follow me on Twitter for daily climate change news, and you can give me suggestions to improve my podcast on the email ID given below. Along with the podcast I do have my website in which I post my blogs on climate change and technology.Twitter: https://twitter.com/realyashnegiEmail: yashnegi@climatology.inWebsite: climatology.in

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The article highlights that while the increasing demand from AI data centers is significantly escalating electricity consumption and raising prices, there is also optimism that AI can provide substantial benefits to the grid. These potential advantages include improving forecasting of supply and demand, enhancing operational efficiency, and accelerating the planning and integration of new power sources, especially renewables.

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In this episode of Talking Climate Change with Yash Negi, I sit down with Hardik Siroha, AEE cum Sub-Regional Officer at the Haryana State Pollution Control Board, to explore the complex realities of enforcing environmental laws in India. From the challenges of regulating MSMEs to innovative biomass fuel solutions, circular economy initiatives, and India’s role in global climate diplomacy, Hardik shares candid insights drawn from years on the ground.

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NISAR satellite, a joint mission between NASA and India’s space agency, recently launched to monitor Earth's surface with unprecedented precision. This advanced radar system, detailed as the most sophisticated NASA has ever deployed, will track minuscule changes in land and ice regions, measuring shifts as slight as a centimeter.

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The article explains that various factors, including El Niño, reduced cloud cover, weaker winds, and altered ocean currents, contributed to these events, illustrating the intensifying impact of climate change. The author also points out the devastating consequences for human livelihoods and marine life, emphasizing the urgency of understanding these complex changes.

Record-Smashing Heat in the World’s Oceans, Explained

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-26/what-is-el-nino-and-how-does-it-impact-weather-around-the-world-quicktake?sref=XCtcbqbo

https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/global-climate-202506#:~:text=June%202025%20had%20the%20third,and%20June%202024%20(warmest).

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The article published in NY Times by Ferris Jabr explores a bold geoengineering initiative to protect the Great Barrier Reef from rising ocean temperatures. Researchers are experimenting with creating fog and brightening clouds using specialized ships to cool and shade the waters where corals reside, thereby reducing the stress that leads to coral bleaching.

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The article emphasizes that these increases are particularly noticeable in remote forests, suggesting a direct link to climate shifts rather than human activity, and notes that simultaneous large fires strain firefighting resources globally. Finally, it touches on how policy and budget cuts can worsen these climate-driven fire trends.

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The provided text explores the significant challenges in preventing flash flood disasters globally, highlighting their reputation as the "hardest kind to prevent" due to difficulties in accurate prediction and warning system implementation. It examines cases of ineffective warning systems, such as those in Texas and Valencia, Spain, where lack of funding or delayed activation led to numerous fatalities. Conversely, the source acknowledges Japan's relative success in mitigating flood deaths through advanced infrastructure and technology, yet also notes emerging issues like public complacency despite effective warnings. The text further discusses efforts in developing countries like Bangladesh, Uganda, and Nepal to improve early warning systems, underscoring ongoing challenges such as false alarms, communication barriers, and the destructive power of floods on monitoring equipment. Ultimately, the piece concludes that many current disaster responses are reactive and based on past events, a strategy deemed insufficient given the increasing intensity and frequency of floods driven by climate change.

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In this episode of Talking Climate Change with Yash Negi, we sit down with Jim Boyle, CEO of Sustainability Roundtable Inc. to explore how corporate sustainability is evolving from a leadership-driven initiative to a deeply embedded culture. Jim shares powerful insights on strategy management, renewable energy procurement, and incentive alignment across organizations. We discuss real-world examples like Bloomberg's 82 sustainability initiatives and how even small teams can ignite transformational change. Tune in for a masterclass on how structure, governance, and culture together drive a cleaner, more resilient future.

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Ernie Miller is the CEO of Verde Clean Fuels, a company focused on creating cleaner gasoline for everyday use. With more than 25 years of experience in the commodity-driven energy sector, Ernie is a forward-thinking leader championing cleaner fuel alternatives as the world moves towards net zero.

At Verde Clean Fuels, Ernie is leading efforts to commercialize its syngas-to-gasoline technology, which converts diverse feedstocks - such as natural gas and biomass - into fully finished liquid fuels that require no additional refining.

Under Ernie's leadership, the company aims to deliver low-cost, fully renewable, carbon negative gasoline, offering a practical and scalable solution to help decarbonize the transportation sector.

Prior to joining Verde Clean Fuels, Ernie held senior finance roles at several energy companies, including Rodeo Resources and Calpine. His career spans work across North America, South America and West Africa, where he has built a strong track record of scaling businesses and driving strategic transformation.

https://www.verdecleanfuels.com/

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Since 2008, the sector has made progress in improving energy efficiency through measures such as slow steaming and the use of larger vessels. However, there is still considerable potential for further reducing energy costs. Technologies that are already commercially available, such as improved hull design and waste heat recovery systems, could lead to significant reductions in fuel consumption and overall expenses.

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Political shifts, particularly the resurgence of pro-fossil fuel policies in the U.S., are significantly changing Wall Street's approach to energy finance. Once committed to net-zero goals, central U.S. banks are now reconsidering their restrictions on controversial fossil fuel projects and are interested in high-carbon assets. This change is driven by perceived financial risks associated with green initiatives and the potential for increased profits in traditional energy. As a result, some banks are withdrawing from climate finance alliances.

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The International Energy Agency's Global Energy Review 2025 offers a comprehensive analysis of 2024 energy trends across all fuels, technologies, and major regions. The report highlights a faster-than-average growth in global energy demand, primarily driven by electricity consumption due to factors like cooling needs and digitalization.

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The International Energy Agency's report titled "Electricity 2025" analyzes and forecasts global electricity trends, demand, supply, and carbon emissions up to the year 2027. It examines factors such as increasing electrification, the expansion of power systems, and the growing role of renewable energy, while also assessing grid reliability and security. The report highlights specific situations in various countries, including China's rising electricity demand and the growth of data centers, India's management of peak load, and the challenges faced by energy-intensive industries in Europe.

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A report from the World Meteorological Organization confirms that the past decade has been the hottest on record, with 2024 marking the warmest year to date, exceeding 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels for the first time. This unprecedented warming is attributed to rising concentrations of greenhouse gases, which have reached levels not seen in hundreds of thousands to millions of years. These changes are contributing to extreme weather events, as well as record-high ocean temperatures and sea levels.

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Breakthrough Energy, the climate-focused organization founded by Bill Gates, is significantly reducing its staff and operations, particularly in areas related to policy and partnerships. This restructuring is a response to the political climate under the Trump administration, which has led to a perceived decrease in opportunities for influencing policy. As a result, Gates's efforts will now focus on providing direct support to clean energy companies through his Catalyst program, Ventures, and Fellows.

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The article discusses the conflict between preserving biodiversity and the urgent need for decarbonization. It argues that strictly prioritizing biodiversity protection can impede the development of renewable energy infrastructure, which is vital for combating climate change—a key factor in species extinction. The author suggests that our current perspective on biodiversity tends to be aesthetic and may hinder essential progress toward a low-carbon future.

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The global battery market is undergoing rapid growth and transformation, driven by increasing electric vehicle adoption and declining battery prices. China currently dominates battery production, benefiting from manufacturing experience, supply chain integration, and a focus on LFP technology. However, other regions, including Europe and the United States, are actively expanding their battery manufacturing capabilities in response to security concerns and the desire for more localized supply chains.

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Ocean plankton, the foundation of the marine food web, are under pressure from climate change. A new NASA satellite, PACE, offers unprecedented detail on phytoplankton diversity, revealing how warming temperatures disrupt their populations. Ocean deserts are expanding, while coastal blooms are becoming more frequent and harmful, with some creating toxins that devastate marine life and local economies. Researchers combine satellite data with microscopic plankton analysis to understand these changes and comprehensively predict future scenarios.

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China faces challenges in meeting its climate goals due to a reliance on energy-intensive industries and shifts in how energy consumption is measured. The country's five-year plans, which include targets for reducing energy and carbon intensity, are at risk of not being met, requiring a significant emissions drop in 2025. Economic pressures and overcapacity in sectors like solar panels have further complicated these efforts. China may need to implement more aggressive strategies and reassess its economic priorities to achieve its long-term emissions targets.

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Hey listeners! Over the past few episodes, I’ve been experimenting with AI-generated conversations to explore climate topics in new ways. If you have any feedback—whether you loved it or think there’s room for improvement—I’d love to hear from you! Feel free to email me. Your input matters and will help shape future episodes. Thanks for being part of this journey.

The Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA), a major climate-finance group, contemplates significant changes to its operational framework following notable member departures. These potential adjustments include possibly abandoning the commitment to align portfolios with the 1.5 Celsius warming limit.

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Hey listeners! Over the past few episodes, I’ve been experimenting with AI-generated conversations to explore climate topics in new ways. If you have any feedback—whether you loved it or think there’s room for improvement—I’d love to hear from you! Feel free to email me. Your input matters and will help shape future episodes. Thanks for being part of this journey.

A new report from the IEA forecasts a notable increase in global electricity demand through 2027, averaging approximately 4% annually. This surge is driven by factors such as industrial expansion, heightened air conditioning usage, the electrification of transportation, and the rapid growth of data centers, with emerging economies like China taking the lead. To meet this rising demand, low-emission energy sources, particularly solar and nuclear, are anticipated to play a crucial role. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is expected to be especially significant in regions including the EU, China, the US, and India. The report also underscores the challenges to grid resilience posed by extreme weather events and increasing volatility in electricity prices.

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Hey listeners! Over the past few episodes, I’ve been experimenting with AI-generated conversations to explore climate topics in new ways. If you have any feedback—whether you loved it or think there’s room for improvement—I’d love to hear from you! Feel free to email me. Your input matters and will help shape future episodes. Thanks for being part of this journey.

Chestnut Carbon, a startup supported by Microsoft, has secured $160 million to expand its efforts in forest carbon removal. The company aims to tackle the credibility issues in the nature-based carbon credit market by acquiring degraded farmland and planting trees. Their approach includes rigorous monitoring and assessment to ensure high-quality carbon removal.

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Hey listeners! Over the past few episodes, I’ve been experimenting with AI-generated conversations to explore climate topics in new ways. If you have any feedback—whether you loved it or think there’s room for improvement—I’d love to hear from you! Feel free to email me. Your input matters and will help shape future episodes. Thanks for being part of this journey.

The article from IEA dives into the financing hurdles impeding renewable energy growth in Kenya and Senegal, highlighting how high capital costs hinder project bankability. It explains that African governments face steep debt servicing and limited domestic savings, complicating efforts to double annual energy investments by 2030.

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Hey listeners! Over the past few episodes, I’ve been experimenting with AI-generated conversations to explore climate topics in new ways. If you have any feedback—whether you loved it or think there’s room for improvement—I’d love to hear from you! Feel free to email me. Your input matters and will help shape future episodes. Thanks for being part of this journey!

The UK announced an ambitious plan to reduce CO2 emissions by at least 81% by 2035, positioning itself as a climate leader despite facing domestic criticism over airport expansion and fossil fuel projects. This action contrasts with growing global climate skepticism, exemplified by the potential US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement under President Trump and challenges from climate-skeptic parties in the EU.

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Hey listeners! Over the past few episodes, I’ve been experimenting with AI-generated conversations to explore climate topics in new ways. If you have any feedback—whether you loved it or think there’s room for improvement—I’d love to hear from you! Feel free to email me. Your input matters and will help shape future episodes. Thanks for being part of this journey!

DeepSeek's highly efficient AI chatbot has significantly impacted the energy sector's growth projections. Companies across the energy industry, from pipeline operators to nuclear power producers, had anticipated a massive increase in energy demand driven by AI's data center needs. DeepSeek's technology, however, drastically reduces this energy consumption, leading to a sharp decline in the value of companies invested in this projected boom.

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This report from The Washington Post, published December 20, 2024, examines the accelerating sea-level rise along the U.S. Southeast coast using the Fort Pulaski tide gauge in Georgia as a case study. Ninety years of data from this gauge, and others across the region, reveal a rate of increase exceeding most climate model predictions. Multiple factors contribute, including melting ice sheets, land subsidence, and warming ocean waters. The consequences are already impacting coastal communities through increased flooding and infrastructure damage, foreshadowing a broader global crisis. The report uses charts, maps, and images to illustrate the data and its implications.

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President Biden announced a new, ambitious goal to reduce U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by 61-66% by 2035, a target significantly more aggressive than his previous goal. Despite this announcement, experts express concern about the nation's current trajectory and the likelihood of achieving this goal, particularly considering President-elect Trump's plans to reverse climate-friendly policies.

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The Biden administration has approved a California waiver that allows the state to implement a ban on new gasoline-powered car sales by 2035. This decision affects California and 11 other states and represents a significant climate policy initiative. However, there are expectations that the incoming Trump administration may reverse this decision, which could lead to a potential legal battle.

The waiver is based on the Clean Air Act of 1970, which allows California to set stricter emission standards than those mandated by the federal government. Automakers have expressed concerns regarding the feasibility of meeting California's stringent regulations and the potential impact on the market. Meanwhile, opponents of the policy argue that it restricts consumer choice.

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The IEA's Energy Technology Perspectives 2024 report analyzes the global clean energy transition, examining the manufacturing and trade of key technologies like electric vehicles and solar panels. The report investigates the impact of policies, investment, and trade on the development of these technologies, as well as the associated materials and chemicals. It also explores potential opportunities for emerging markets, including Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa, to establish and expand clean energy manufacturing. Furthermore, the report discusses the implications of the clean energy transition for international shipping, focusing on the need for a shift to low-emission fuels, the evolving role of port infrastructure, and the potential risks to supply chains.

Note: This is the first time I am trying something new with my podcast, I hope you liked it and suggestions are always welcome. Have a great day.

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How do oceans prevent our planet from becoming a fiery wasteland? Find out in this captivating episode of Talking Climate Change with Yash Negi, where I uncover the pivotal role oceans play in regulating Earth's climate. You'll learn how these vast bodies of water absorb 90% of the excess heat from human-induced greenhouse gas emissions and the vital processes involved in the global carbon cycle. Discover the intricacies of the solubility pump and the biological pump, both critical in sequestering CO2 and supporting marine ecosystems.

But the story doesn't end there. I'll also explore how ocean currents like the Gulf Stream and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current redistribute heat from the equator to the poles, balancing temperatures and influencing global weather patterns. Learn about the changes in sea levels, ocean circulation, and the populations of essential marine species like phytoplankton, caused by rising global temperatures. Despite their monumental importance, oceans have been overlooked in climate discussions—tune in to understand why they must be at the forefront of our fight against climate change.

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What if I told you that half the world could be facing severe water stress by 2025? Join us on this eye-opening episode of Talking Climate Change with Yash Negi as we confront the alarming reality of our global water crisis. With over 2.2 billion people struggling to access safe drinking water and more than 3.5 billion lacking basic sanitation, we uncover the staggering statistics and delve into the social, economic, and health ramifications of this critical issue. From India's groundwater depletion to sub-Saharan Africa's sanitation struggles and Flint, Michigan's infrastructure failures, our exploration goes deep into the heart of the crisis. We also highlight the often-overlooked burdens on women and girls, who spend billions of hours annually collecting water, and the escalating conflicts over shared water resources.

But there is hope. Listen in as we discuss innovative solutions and global initiatives poised to combat water scarcity. From the potential of desalination and wastewater reuse to the critical need for improved water infrastructure and management, we explore how these methods can alleviate our reliance on freshwater. This episode is not just a deep dive into the problems but a call to action. By understanding the critical importance of water and the steps we can take to protect this invaluable resource, we can collectively work towards a sustainable future. Don’t miss this vital conversation that underscores the urgency and the potential solutions to one of our most pressing global challenges.

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What if our oceans were turning into acid baths, threatening the very foundation of marine life? In this episode of "Talking Climate Change with Yash Negi," we explore the alarming phenomenon of ocean acidification, often referred to as the "other CO2 problem." You’ll learn how increased carbon dioxide emissions are fundamentally altering the chemistry of our oceans, leading to a 30% rise in acidity since the industrial revolution. We break down the science of how CO2 dissolves in seawater, forming carbonic acid and triggering a cascade of chemical reactions that decrease the availability of essential carbonate ions. This shift, though seemingly minor on the pH scale, has set the stage for a crisis not seen in at least 300 million years.

Join us as we delve into the far-reaching implications of this acidification on marine ecosystems. From the microscopic phytoplankton that produce half of the world's oxygen to the economically vital shellfish industry, we unravel how this chemical shift is disrupting marine life. Discover the cascading effects from the foundational zooplankton to the majestic coral reefs, often termed the "rainforests of the sea." Hear about real-world impacts, such as the 70-80% decline in oyster larvae production reported by hatcheries in Oregon. This episode underscores the urgency of tackling ocean acidification, highlighting not just the ecological consequences but also the significant economic ramifications.

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What if cities around the world could become beacons of climate action and sustainability? That's exactly what we're uncovering in this episode of "Talking Climate Change with Yash Negi." I promise you'll come away inspired by the transformative strides made by Copenhagen, Freiburg, and San Francisco. From Copenhagen's ambitious quest for carbon neutrality by 2025, to Freiburg's complete transition to renewable energy, and San Francisco's impressive zero waste goal by 2030, we showcase how urban centers are leading the charge against climate change with innovative and practical solutions.

We also spotlight corporate giants who are setting new standards in environmental sustainability. Discover how Patagonia's commitment to eco-friendly practices and Tesla's revolutionary electric vehicles are reshaping industries. Unilever's pioneering sustainable sourcing and Microsoft's bold carbon-negative pledge by 2030 underscore the pivotal role of businesses in driving climate action. Listen to an inspiring clip from Microsoft CEO, Satya Nadella, on the company's groundbreaking goals and commitment to a greener future. This episode is packed with real-world examples of how collective efforts are making a tangible difference in the fight against climate change.

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Can our planet's most threatened ecosystems survive the growing impacts of climate change? Join me, Yashnagy, as we explore the sobering reality of our world's most vulnerable environments. From the shrinking ice habitats in the Arctic affecting polar bears to the dying coral reefs in the tropics, and from the deforestation of the Amazon rainforest to the plight of high-altitude species like the pika, we weave through the interconnectedness of these ecosystems. This episode paints a vivid picture of the challenges that our natural world faces and emphasizes the urgent need for collective action to safeguard these precious habitats.

But there's hope on the horizon. We also spotlight incredible stories of resilience and innovation, like the ambitious reforestation efforts in China's Loess Plateau and the creation of vital wildlife corridors in North America through the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative. In the face of adversity, nature and human ingenuity are showing us the way forward. Learn about groundbreaking techniques like coral gardening and discover how individual actions can significantly contribute to conservation efforts. Be inspired by our capacity for change and understand the pivotal role each of us plays in shaping a sustainable future for all life on Earth.

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What if our love affair with plastic has created a monster we can no longer control? Join us on "Talking Climate Change with Yashnagy" as we unravel the complex history of plastic, from its noble beginnings with John Wesley Hyatt's celluloid invention in 1869 to its pivotal role post-World War II and the creation of the ubiquitous PET bottle in 1973. We'll expose the environmental havoc wreaked by plastic waste, spotlighting the colossal Great Pacific Garbage Patch and the silent invasion of microplastics in our ecosystems and bodies. Discover the intricate challenges of recycling in a world grappling with China's pivotal 2018 plastic waste import ban and contemplate the grave implications of plastic's contribution to greenhouse gases.

In our reflective chapter, "Shaping Tomorrow," we challenge listeners to rethink their relationship with plastic in a world where we hold the power to determine the future of the Plastic Age. Unlike the Stone or Bronze Age, this is an era where our choices matter more than ever. Can grassroots movements and single-use plastic bans steer us away from a plastic-choked planet? As we stand at this critical juncture, your decisions today are the threads weaving the fabric of our collective future. Tune in to explore these urgent topics and discover how your actions can help shape a cleaner, more sustainable world. Stay curious, stay engaged, and remember the profound impact of our collective effort.

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Can green hydrogen truly reshape our energy future? Join me, I explore this groundbreaking zero-emission fuel that's capturing the imagination of scientists, policymakers, and industry leaders alike. From its production through electrolysis using renewable energy to its potential to decarbonize heavy industry and long-haul transportation, green hydrogen stands as a beacon of hope in our fight against climate change. We'll also delve into its versatile roles as an energy carrier and storage solution, and spotlight the recent technological advancements and cost reductions that make green hydrogen more accessible than ever. Plus, get inspired by real-world projects leading the charge in this green revolution.

But the journey doesn't stop at understanding green hydrogen. The second chapter amplifies the power of individual and collective action in combating climate change. I'll discuss practical ways to advocate for clean energy policies, make sustainable choices in our lives, and raise awareness about the climate crisis. Each of us has a crucial role to play, and together, we can build a greener future. Thank you for tuning into Talking Climate Change with Yash Negi. If you found this episode enlightening, help us spread the word by following and sharing with your friends. Your support is invaluable in our quest for a sustainable world. Until next time, this is Yash Negi signing off.

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What if the climate changes we're seeing are just the beginning? Join me, Yash Negi, as we kick off Season 2 of Talking Climate Change after a three-year hiatus. In this reintroduction episode, we explore everything from the newest scientific discoveries to groundbreaking technological advancements aimed at combating climate change. If you've noticed shifts in your local environment or have new questions about climate science, this episode is your gateway to understanding the complexities and finding actionable solutions.

I’m eager to hear what’s on your mind as we unpack a world that's constantly evolving under the pressure of climate change. Expect to hear from new guest experts who will share their invaluable insights and answer your burning questions. Whether you're a long-time listener or just discovering us, your perspectives are vital. Thank you for your patience and support. Together, let’s continue these crucial conversations on Talking Climate Change with Yash Negi!

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Season 1 has been officially ended on a positive note and it couldn't be possible without you all who are listening to my podcast since the starting and who have joined later but continued their support towards my podcast. I was very emotional when I recorded it and the reason is "You Deserved It." I want you all to provide me feedbacks on the email id given below and who have access to Apple Podcast please leave some review there also. Your support means everything to me. I don't have enough words left to say how grateful I am to my audience.
Thank You United States, India, Germany, Australia, United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, Spain, Italy, France.
You can follow me on twitter where I started to post my audio tweets about "Climate Change", I hope you will like that too.

Email: yashnegi@climatology.in
Twitter: @realyashnegi

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In this episode of the podcast, I have explained "Arctic Refugee Drilling" and President Biden's decision about it which came few days ago. This is the last episode of "Season 1" and I have planned something very important for the next season for audience like you. Stay Tuned!

Additional Info:In 1989, the Exxon Valdez spilled 11 million gallons of oil into Alaska’s Prince William Sound. Exxon spent $2 billion trying to clean up and recovered less than 7 percent of the oil spilled.
In 2010, the BP Deepwater Horizon blowout spilled up to 200 million barrels into the Gulf of Mexico. Of that, only about 8 percent was recovered or burned off. Extreme conditions—including icy waves that reach 50 feet—make response in the event of an Arctic spill even more difficult. The nearest response stations to Arctic drilling sites are located thousands of miles away. For decades, Murkowski and other Alaska politicians have seen the refuge as an extension of Prudhoe Bay, the nation’s largest oil field and the state’s aging cash cow, which has been in steady decline since 1988. In 2017, Murkowski’s daughter, Senator Lisa Murkowski (R-AK), managed to slip a provision mandating two ANWR lease sales of at least 400,000 acres each into the massive federal tax cut bill. She and the Trump Administration estimated that the oil field might ultimately generate $100 billion in revenue for the federal treasury. The financial challenges to drilling anywhere in the Arctic stem from the physical challenges—and those are increasing, thanks to fossil fuels themselves. The Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet, turning rock-hard frozen permafrost into a land of lakes, sinkholes, and boggy peat in the summer. Last June, after weeks of record high temperatures that hit over 100 degrees Fahrenheit, a giant diesel fuel tank in the Siberian city of Norilsk sank into the tundra and ruptured, spilling 21,000 metric tons (157,500 barrels) of fuel—nearly half the amount spilled by the Exxon Valdez tanker off Alaska in 1989—and creating the largest spill in modern Russian history.
Arctic’s abundant wildlife would be impacted by offshore drilling and a potential oil spill in the Arctic. Polar bears spend so much of their lives on the sea ice of the Arctic Ocean that they’re actually classified as marine mammals. They’re talented swimmers and spend more than half their time hunting for food—mainly seals. Walruses—and their unmistakable white tusks—are a mainstay of Arctic marine life. Belugas, the bright white whales of the Arctic, sit at the top of the food chain and play a crucial role in the ocean by distributing nutrients to phytoplankton. Ringed, ribbon, spotted, and bearded seals are collectively known as the “ice seals” and live on sea ice in the Arctic for at least part of the year. Expansion of oil and gas drilling in their habitat could be extremely damaging.

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Email: yashnegi@climatology.in
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In this episode of the podcast, I have explained “El Niño and La Niña.”

Additional Info:El Nino means Little Boy, or Christ Child in Spanish. South American fishermen first noticed periods of unusually warm water in the Pacific Ocean in the 1600s. The full name they used was El Nino de Navidad, because El Nino typically peaks around December. El Niño episodes feature an equatorwardshifted, stronger-than-normal jet stream and wetter-than-average conditions across the southern part of the United States, and less storminess and milder-than-average conditions across the North. La Nina means Little Girl in Spanish. La Nina is also sometimes called El Viejo, anti-El Nino, or simply "a cold event." La Nina has the opposite effect of El Nino. During La Nina events, trade winds are even stronger than usual, pushing more warm water toward Asia. Off the west coast of the Americas, upwelling increases, bringing cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface.During La Nina, waters off the Pacific coast are colder and contain more nutrients than usual. This environment supports more marine life and attracts more cold-water species, like squid and salmon, to places like the California coast. El Nino also has a strong effect on marine life off the Pacific coast. During normal conditions, upwelling brings water from the depths to the surface; this water is cold and nutrient rich. During El Nino, upwelling weakens or stops altogether. Without the nutrients from the deep, there are fewer phytoplankton off the coast. This affects fish that eat phytoplankton and, in turn, affects everything that eats fish. The warmer waters can also bring tropical species, like yellowtail and albacore tuna, into areas that are normally too cold. The resulting impacts of El Niño are felt worldwide including widespread droughts, floods, and decimated fisheries. South American equatorial regions are hit especially hard due to decreased upwelling. This causes the marine food web to collapse from lack of nutrients, resulting in massive disruptions to crucial ecosystems off Peru. The strongest signal of ENSO impacts is in the areas closest to the equatorial Pacific, El Niño and La Niña are such powerful forces that they can shift seasonal temperature and precipitation patterns around the globe. These shifts, known as teleconnections, occur via the effects of tropical sea-surface temperatures on the upper atmosphere. Under non-El Nin˜ o conditions, a pool of warm water is usually located in the western equatorial Pacific. It provides moisture to the atmosphere through evaporative processes which lead to the formation of convective activity and rain-producing cloud systems in that region. Twitter: https://twitter.com/realyashnegi
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Email: yashnegi@climatology.in
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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about the key points and the summary of the book "How To Avoid a Climate Disaster by Bill Gates."

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In this episode of the podcast, I talked about the “Climate Summit” which happened last week on Thursday. Four years after President Donald Trump began to pullthe US out of the landmark Paris climate agreement, President Joe Biden and his top officials are reengaging with world leaders and making aggressive commitments to cut greenhouse gas emissions. The Biden administration has an unequivocal messageat the two-day Leaders Summit on Climate this week: America is back.

Additional Info:The biggest news out of the virtual eventwas the commitments various countries made to reduce their emissions. At the top, Biden formally pledged America would cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 50 to 52 percent relative to 2005 levels by 2030 — the most ambitious target the US has set to date. The message from Biden and US climate envoy John Kerry throughout the two days was that the US cannot do this alone. Historically, the US is the biggest emitter of carbon, and America is currently the second-largest greenhouse gas emitter, after China. Targets announced by other nations were more modest. The big pledge from Chinese President Xi Jinping is to reduce coal consumption between 2026 and 2030. But Xi’s announcement was short on specifics, and China’s overall targets — hitting peak carbon emissions by 2030 before getting to net-zero emissions by 2060 — remained unchanged. The effects of climate change can be expected to shave 11 percent to 14 percent off global economic output by 2050 compared with growth levels without climate change, according to a report from Swiss Re. If countries succeed at holding average global temperature increases to less than two degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels — the goal set by the 2015 Paris accord, an agreement among nations to fight climate change — economic losses by midcentury would be marginal, according to Swiss Re. The company found that most countries’ economies would be no more than 5% smaller than would otherwise be the case. But current emission levels are far from those targets. Global temperatures are likely to increase as much 2.6 degrees by 2050 based on current trajectories, Swiss Re reported. The United States endorses Race To Zero, a global campaign for net-zero targets from businesses, cities, and regions, and will work to seek additional U.S participants. The United States also announced an intent to commission analysis of the emission reduction potential from subnational leadership worldwide and to work with national and subnational partners globally to achieve this potential.

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Earth Day is celebrated all over the world on 22 April 2020. This day is founded by American Senator Gaylard Nelson. Gaylard Nelson, first, drew America’s attention to the environmental side effects caused by American industrial development. Earth Day aims to “build the world’s largest environmental movement to drive transformative change for people and the planet.” The movement’s mission is “to diversify, educate and activate the environmental movement worldwide.” The year 2021 marks Earth Day’s 51st anniversary. Each year, this day is assigned a different theme or area of focus; this year’s theme is “Restore Our Earth.”
Every country on this planet at some point was under lockdown for many months, and nature found a way to let Earth regain its lost wealth, during this period. No one was sure that there would be a day when they would see, at least in this lifetime, nature recovering after a fallow due to excessive pollution. But the lockdown had turned the tables. Not just the skyline became clearer with each passing day, the rivers were visibly purer, and the once-endangered flora and fauna came back to life.

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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about “Climate Models.” Climate models are an important tool for scientists to understand the complexities of Earth’s climate. These computer simulations incorporate both theory and direct observations of the past and present in order to project climate into the future. Because of this synthesizing role, and because their output takes the recognizable shape of maps, these models lay an important foundation for political action on climate change.

Additional Info:Climate models can be tested through forecasts based on initial conditions. Climate models are closely related to the models that are used routinely for numerical weather prediction, and increasingly for extended range forecasting on seasonal to interannual time scales.With Earth’s climate as their subject, these models have taken on an enormous challenge. Although climate is often thought of as just an average temperature or is confused with the weather of a single season, climate is generally defined as the average state of weather over a period of years at a given location. This includes the mean values and ranges of variables such as wind, temperature, precipitation, humidity, cloudiness, pressure, visibility and air quality. These variables are strongly connected to the rest of the natural world, meaning that climate also involves other aspects of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface and ice (the cryosphere). Therefore, climate is not a single thing, but instead a sprawling system of many processes that interact with each other in complicated ways. This system is affected by external factors, like radiation from the sun, volcanic eruptions, and changes in Earth’s orbit. The climate system also influences, and is influenced by, other natural processes like evaporation and photosynthesis. Consequently, climate models grow increasingly complex as they more accurately reflect these intricacies. Sophisticated models, like Coupled General Circulation Models, combine many processes to portray the entire climate system. The most important components of these models are the atmosphere (including air temperature, moisture and precipitation levels, and storms); the oceans (measurements such as ocean temperature, salinity levels, and circulation patterns); terrestrial processes(including carbon absorption, forests, and storage of soil moisture); and the cryosphere (both sea ice and glaciers on land). A successful climate model must not only accurately represent all of these individual components, but also show how they interact with each other. The obtained best-fit climate sensitivity estimates differ for various reasons from other estimates that were derived with alternative methods. Such alternative methods include, for example, regression estimates that use a global energy balance equation around the year of atmospheric CO2 doubling or the analysis of slab ocean equilibrium warmings. The resulting differences in climate sensitivity estimates can be partially explained by the non-time constant effective climate sensitivities in many of the AOGCM runs. Furthermore, tuning results of a simple climate model will be affected by the model structure, although simple, and other default parameter settings that affect the simple model transient response.

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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about "World Water Day", which is celebrated on 22nd March each year. World Water Day, 22 March 2021, is about what water means to people, its true value and how we can better protect this vital resource.

Additional Info:A staggering 784 million people live without basic access to clean water. That’s roughly 1 in 10 people on earth. For every $1 invested in safe water and sanitation, a yield of $5 to $28 USD is returned in increased economic activity and reduced health care costs. Climate change is also drastically affecting our water systems worsening existing water problems. In many parts of the world, human demands for water have outstripped the sustainably available supply. We know the value of water when we don't have access to it. In addition to water supply challenges, we also have water quality challenges. More quantity of wastewater is released back into the environment without any treatment which causes severe health hazards both for people and ecosystems. Water has become such an essential commodity that we have witnessed water wars between states in the process of sharing of river waters.
Access to safe water stimulates the economy for the long-term. India is facing a fresh water crisis. India has just 4% of the world’s fresh water — but 16% of the global population. The total potential area to be brought under the micro irrigation (drip and sprinkler) in India is 42.2 million hectare of land, however only 3.9 million hectare of land or 9.2% of the potential is currently under micro irrigation. Across India as a whole, it is estimated that women spend 150 million work days every year fetching and carrying, equivalent to a national loss of income of INR 10 billion/ 160 million USD.
The problem is huge, but it is not unsolvable. For over 40 years, Lifewater donors have helped millions of people get safe water and practice life-saving healthy habits. Every year, the number of people worldwide without safe water is reduced. The water crisis is retreating. We can solve this crisis in our lifetime, and we expect to. Still, there is still a long way to go.

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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about “Polar Vortex” and Professor Darryn Waugh investigation on how polar vortices interact with the rest of the atmosphere, and the ways in which they can impact our weather.

Additional Info:The strong circumpolar westerlies that define the stratospheric polar vortex maximize at around 60o latitude, from just above the tropopause (~100 hPa) into the mesosphere (above 1 hPa). The stratospheric vortex can also be defined by the coherent region of low geopotential height that is enclosed by the westerlies. The stratospheric polar vortex appears each winter as a consequence of the large-scale temperature gradients between mid-latitudes and the pole. It forms in fall when there is no solar heating in polar regions, strengthens during winter, and then breaks down as sunlight returns to the polar regions in spring, and the high latitude winds become weak easterlies. Every now and then, about every two winters, there is a strong warming of the stratosphere due to warmer air flowing in. Greenland and the North Atlantic, for example, are said to throw the vortex particularly out of balance with their warmth. The polar vortex stumbles — or rather squiggles — and air currents can assert themselves more frequently. This split causes temperatures in the stratosphere to rise by 60 to 80 degrees Celsius within a very short time. To put it more graphically, you can imagine a flying circle of pizza dough that is jerking through the air out of shape. In the worst case, the pizza (the vortex!) loses its shape completely or even splits. Then there is a lot of whirling up there, which also has an effect on the entire Northern Hemisphere: Arctic air provides for icy temperatures. This is exactly what happened on January 5, 2021, and will probably hit us again soon. Forecasters say we can expect the cold snap in mid to late January, and it could last in spurts into February. Again, key word: could.
The chemistry of the Antarctic polar vortex has created severe ozone depletion. The nitric acid in polar stratospheric clouds reacts with chlorofluorocarbons to form chlorine, which catalyzes the photochemical destruction of ozone. Chlorine concentrations build up during the polar winter, and the consequent ozone destruction is greatest when the sunlight returns in spring. These clouds can only form at temperatures below about −80 °C (−112 °F). Accordingly, the seasonal reduction of ozone levels over the Arctic is usually characterized as an "ozone dent", whereas the more severe ozone depletion over the Antarctic is considered an "ozone hole". That said, chemical ozone destruction in the 2011 Arctic polar vortex attained, for the first time, a level clearly identifiable as an Arctic "ozone hole".

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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about “Fossil Fuels.”
Topics:

Fossil Fuels
Origin
Examples of Fossil Fuels
Disadvantage of Fossil Fuels
Environmental Effects
Hydraulic Fracturing
8 reasons why we need to phase out Fossil Fuel Industry
Co2 emissions due to fuel combustion
Applications for Hydrogen

Additional Info:Decomposing plants and other organisms, buried beneath layers of sediment and rock, have taken millennia to become the carbon-rich deposits we now call fossil fuels. These non-renewable fuels, which include coal, oil, and natural gas, supply about 80% of the world’s energy. They provide electricity, heat, and transportation, while also feeding the processes that make a huge range of products, from steel to plastics. When fossil fuels are burned, they release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which in turn trap heat in our atmosphere, making them the primary contributors to global warming and climate change. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, the burning of fossil fuels was responsible for 76% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 2016. These gases contribute to the greenhouse effect and could lead to potentially catastrophic changes in the Earth’s climate. Technologies such as CCS may help reduce the greenhouse gas emissions generated by fossil fuels, and nuclear energy can be a zero-carbon alternative for electricity generation. But other, more sustainable and less risky solutions exist: energy efficiency and renewable energy. An odorless gas composed primarily of methane, natural gas often lies in deposits that, like those for coal and oil, formed millions of years ago from decaying plant matter and organisms. Both natural gas and oil production have surged in the U.S. over the past two decades because of advances in the drilling technique most people know as fracking. Without energy, people will be deprived of heating, cooling, and light in their homes and workplaces. They would not have access to television and the internet.

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In this episode of the podcast, I have discussed about "Microclimate."

Additional Info:Microclimate is the suite of climatic conditions measured in localized areas near the earth's surface. These environmental variables—which include temperature, light, wind speed, and moisture—provide meaningful indicators for habitat selection and other ecological activities.
The most striking characteristic of the urban microclimate is the Urban Heat Island (UHI). The UHI effect causes the temperature to be warmer in the city center than in the surrounding area. The difference in temperature can reach several degrees for large conurbations under certain weather conditions. Even though the effects of the UHI phenomenon are usually not catastrophic for megacities they can nevertheless intensify heat-related stress, especially at night during heat waves, and can lead to tragic consequences for public health. The UHI phenomenon has been extensively investigated during the last decades and is quite well reproduced in models. Across a permaculture site, there are few things that are uniform. With biodiversity and the maximization of edge key principles in permaculture gardening, you site is unlikely to look very uniform, not to mention that each individual plant grows in its own unique way. But also, your site is unlikely to feel uniform. Across a single location, there can be a significant number of different microclimates. These microclimates have different atmospheric conditions from the areas they are next to, with variations in temperature, light and water all likely to be present. The shape of the land is a significant influence on microclimates. While on a large scale, weather systems have a certain predictability (related to the rotation of the earth and the interplay between ocean and land), these patterns can get disrupted at the local level by topographical features such as aspect and slope.
Aspect refers to the direction that a slope faces. This will determine how much solar radiation it receives, which in turn impacts upon temperature and shading. The composition of the soil affects microclimates primarily through how much water it retains or which evaporates from it. A soil that has a large proportion of clay retains more moisture than one that is predominantly sand. The degree to which a soil retains moisture affects the humidity and temperature of the air above it. After heavy rains, the soil can contain a lot of water and modify microclimates much like a body of water such as a lake. It is not just the moisture level within the soil that can affect a microclimate, the water stored on the surface of the land is also important. The vegetation on a permaculture site interacts with the soil and water to affect the microclimate. Your house can impact upon microclimates by absorbing heat during the day and releasing it at night, by deflecting wind and creating sheltered spots, and reflecting sunlight. Microclimates are dynamic things. As your site changes through maturation of planting, siting of artificial structures, and even contouring of the land, so the microclimates will alter.

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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about “Texas Power Outage” which led millions of people without electricity.

Additional Info:El Paso, Texas, which is on a different grid than the rest of the state, largely kept its power on despite seeing the same bone-chilling temperatures. About 3,000 electricity customers had an outage lasting less than five minutes, CBS affiliate KDBC-TV reported. And while the Great Plains and Midwest also saw rolling blackouts, they were far smaller than in Texas, in part because the grid in the Midwest was able to pull electricity from a grid in the East, according to the American Council on Renewable Energy.
"There have been arguments that fossil fuels are necessary for resilience. I think this shows that that's an argument that needs to be interrogated," said McNamara of the Union of Concerned Scientists. She is one of many energy experts who are advocating for more distributed power generation as a way to hedge against inevitable extreme weather events.According to Rich Sorkin, founder and chief executive of Jupiter Intelligence, a company that helps governments and companies manage climate change risks, the power industry is not well-prepared for the extremes it faces and therefore has a lot of work to do to be more resilient to what climate change could bring. The power sector is better prepared for extreme events in parts of Europe, New York, Florida and Hawaii, Sorkin said, “and very, very far behind where it needs to be pretty much everywhere .” “It’s the same dynamic whether we’re talking about fire in California and Spain, heat in Dubai and Phoenix, flooding in Florida and Tokyo, cold, wind and flooding in Texas, etc., etc. The vast majority of these places are livable with sufficient planning and investment for quite some time,” Sorkin said via email.“Without that planning and investment, a hellscape will be upon us.”
In a future likely to feature more destructive storms potentially causing more damage to infrastructure, some power outages are inevitable, experts warn. Rather than relying on centralized large power plants, they advocate investing in backup power in the form of battery storage run by utilities and individual homes. In such a scenario, if a central power plant stops operating, each neighborhood or block could have a source of power and heat for emergencies.
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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about “Uttarakhand glacier burst” which occurred on Sunday 7th February 2021.

Additional Info:
Two persons were rescued while 168 are still missing following the glacier burst in Chamoli, District Magistrate Swati Bhadoriya on Friday said. Earlier on Thursday, the rescue operation was temporarily halted following a rise in the level of water in the Rishiganga River. Around 30 people are feared trapped inside the tunnel. The Chamoli Police also informed that the water level in the Rishiganga is rising and the people living in nearby areas are being alerted. The police have requested people to be on alert and not to panic. A glacier broke in the Tapovan-Reni area of Chamoli District of Uttarakhand on Sunday, which led to massive flooding in Dhauliganga and Alaknanda rivers and damaged houses and the nearby Rishiganga power project. Many aerial recces have been done. An 8-member SDRF team sent today on foot to assess the situation. Further action to be taken after evaluation. A team of Garhwal scouts is at standby near the Tapovan Project Site. Apart from that an engineering team and a medical team are present at the site. Uttarakhand Chief Minister Trivendra Singh Rawat on February 7 had announced an ex-gratia of Rs 4 lakh each to the kin of those who lost their lives. The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) personnel are distributing rations and essential items in Suki, Lata and Bhalgaun villages that were cut off due to a flash flood in Dhauli Ganga.
A glacier broke in the Tapovan-Reni area of Chamoli District of Uttarakhand on Sunday, which led to massive flooding in Dhauliganga and Alaknanda rivers and damaged houses and the nearby Rishiganga power project. An editorial in the Nepali Times says that the flood is “almost identical” to Nepal’s Seti River flash flood of 2012, which killed nearly 80 people. The article warns that “it is clear that the countries that share the Himalaya from Afghanistan to Burma have to be prepared for more frequent disasters of this type. Many villages were earlier evacuated as authorities emptied two dams farther down the river to stop the floodwaters from reaching towns of Haridwar and Rishikesh. Two C-130J Super Hercules with 3 teams of National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) have been deployed in the rescue mission. According to the director-general of the NDRF, the rescue efforts could take up to 2 days. Emergency crews managed to rescue 16 workers who had been trapped inside a tunnel. Another 35 to 40 workers are thought to be trapped in a second tunnel. At the Tapovan Vishnugad Hydropower Project site which is being built by the NTPC 5 km (3.1 mi) downstream, rescuers have been attempting to cave their way into a tunnel to rescue at least 30 workers who were said to be trapped.

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In this episode of the podcast , I have talked about “why it is important for students to learn and study about climate change”.

Topics Covered:

Importance of climate change
Teaching about Climate Change to school students and engage them with practical work to create awareness.

Additional Info:Incorporating the topic into school curriculum only stands to bring students closer to their communities. Civic engagement, one of the most important lessons schools impart on their students, can be taught through student engagement with local institutions.

How are their communities working to be more sustainable?
What policies are governments putting in place, and how might students push for more?

It is not enough to simply teach students about the science behind climate change; students also need to learn how institutions and individuals deal with problems of this scale, and how they fit into that larger picture. As long as schools have a responsibility to teach global citizenship and community stewardship, they have reason to teach about climate change.

With curriculum hectic as they are, and such a breadth of material to cover, where do schools start? There are many resources available to schools, among them, UN CC:Learn’s “Integrating Climate Change in Education at Primary and Secondary Level” guide. It covers topics ranging from the challenges that climate change poses to schools themselves, among them school closings and low enrollment as a result of natural disasters, to how to integrate climate change into existing school curriculum, and even provides teaching materials for primary and secondary school educators.
Other resources to consider include projects and individuals working in school communities. It’s important that schools tie climate change education to their communities, teaching their students both civic engagement and providing important examples for how solutions are being developed to global issues in real-time.

Teaching about climate change is by no means easy, but it is a challenge worth tackling for all those involved — communities, schools, teachers, and students alike. As an interdisciplinary issue, climate change can open young minds to deeper avenues of thought and reinforce learning in social science. More than that, real climate change education confers onto students an appreciation of the role they play in their environment — both their physical, changing environment, and their civic environments.

If schools want to create deep-thinking, engaged, and self-aware students, they should undoubtedly turn to climate change education.

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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about the role of “METHANE” in climate change.

Topics Covered:

Introduction
Importance of Methane
Global budget of Methane
Main Sources of Methane
Wetlands, Geological Methane, Termites, Vegetation, Biomass burning, Rice cultivation, Ruminants, Manure and wastewater, Landfills, Fossil energy
Global Warming Potential
Global Temperature Change
Joshua Dean answers question regarding Methane

Additional Info:Methane appears to play an increasing role in on-going anthropogenic climate change, particularly in light of the slowdown of CO2 fossil fuel emissions over the past three years. Methane emissions from increasing agricultural activities seem to be a major, possibly dominant, cause of the atmospheric growth trends of the past decade. The rapid increase in methane concentrations offers a growing mitigation opportu- nity, acknowledging the need to balance food security and environmental protection. Keeping global warming below 2 °C is already a challenging target, with most of the attention placed primarily on CO2 emissions. Such a target will become increasingly difficult if reductions in methane emis- sions are not also addressed strongly and rapidly. Despite important uncertainties in methane sources and sinks, the recent increase in methane concentra- tions suggests a dominant anthropogenic contribution (either biogenic or thermogenic). Methane therefore offers growing opportunities for climate change miti- gation that could allow a return to lower emission trajectories such as RCP6 or RCP4.5. Because of methane’s high global warming potential and short lifetime in the atmosphere compared to CO2, its mitigation offers the possibility to slow climate change efficiently in a shorter time horizon. In addition to climate benefits, reducing methane emissions could help improve human health and crop production through simultaneous reductions in ozone production and provide business and employment opportunities. Most of methane’s natural emissions come from a soggy source: wetlands, which includes bogs. Many microbes are like mammals in that they eat organic material and spit out carbon dioxide—but many that live in still, oxygen-deprived spots like waterlogged wetland soils produce methane instead, which then leaks into the atmosphere. Over all, about a third of all the methane floating in the modern atmosphere comes from wetlands. In the modern atmosphere, methane concentrations have risen by more than 150 percent since 1750.

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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about “Earth’s Climate System.”

Topics Covered:

Climate System
Weather and Climate
Earth’s Climate History
Components and their interactions
How humans are changing the climate
Inertia
The sun and the global energy balance
Global and hemispheric variability
Extreme Events
Global Air Circulation
Non Rotating Earth
Rotating Earth
Hadley Cell
Ferrel Cell
Polar Cell
Climate Regions
Records of Climate Change
Long term and Short Term
Cycles in the Climate System

Additional Info:Paleoclimatology:Paleoclimatology is the study of past climate over a great period of the Earth's history. It uses evidence from ice sheets, tree rings, sediments, coral, and rocks to determine the past state of the climate. It demonstrates periods of stability and periods of change and can indicate whether changes follow patterns such as regular cycles.
Climate Models:Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface and ice. They are used for a variety of purposes; from the study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system, to projections of future climate. All climate models balance, or very nearly balance, incoming energy as short wave (including visible) electromagnetic radiation to the earth with outgoing energy as long wave (infrared) electromagnetic radiation from the earth. Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth. The most talked-about applications of these models in recent years have been their use to infer the consequences of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily carbon dioxide. These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
Models can range from relatively simple to quite complex:

Simple radiant heat transfer model that treats the earth as a single point and averages outgoing energy
this can be expanded vertically (radiative-convective models), or horizontally
finally, (coupled) atmosphere–ocean–sea ice global climate models discretise and solve the full equations for mass and energy transfer and radiant exchange.

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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about in depth about "Climate Variability" and it is the final part which is part-2. Climate Variability is defined as variations in the mean state and other statistics of the climate on all temporal and spatial scales, beyond individual weather events. The term "Climate Variability" is often used to denote deviations of climatic statistics over a given period of time (e.g. a month, season or year) when compared to long-term statistics for the same calendar period. Climate variability is measured by these deviations, which are usually termed anomalies. Variability may be due to natural internal processes within the climate system (internal variability), or to variations in natural or anthropogenic external factors (external variability).
Topics:

Introduction
Consequences
Estimating the effects of Climate Variations
Causes
Internal Climate Variability
External Climate Forcing
Paleo-Eocene Thermal maximum
Holocene
The Cenozoic
Variability between regions

Additional Info:
A key difference between climate variability and change is in persistence of "anomalous” conditions - when events that used to be rare occur more frequently, or vice-versa. In statistical terms, the curve of the frequency distribution representing the probability of specific meteorological events changes. The curve may be modified either in amplitude, shifted about a new mean, or both. The growth in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere because of anthropogenic activities is also expected to be the most important factor forcing climate to change during the 21st century. Within the atmosphere there are naturally occurring green-house gases, which trap some of the outgoing infrared radiation emitted by the earth and the atmosphere. The principal greenhouse gas is water vapour, but also carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxides (N2O), together with clouds, keeps the Earth’s surface and troposphere 33◦C warmer than it would otherwise be. This is the natural greenhouse effect. Changes in the concentrations of these greenhouse gases will change the efficiency with which the Earth cools to space. The atmosphere absorbs more of the outgoing terrestrial radiation from the surface when concentrations of greenhouse gases increase. This is emitted at higher altitudes and colder temperatures and results in a positive radiative forcing which tends to warm the lower atmosphere and Earth’s surface. Climate variability and change affects individuals and societies. Within agricultural systems, seasonal climate forecasting can increase preparedness and lead to better social, economic and environmental outcomes. Climate forecasting is probably one of the oldest professions in the world. A Babylonia scroll dated to about 3000 BC may well be the oldest-known example of an attempt to predict the weather that would affect the following season’s crops.

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HAPPY NEW YEAR to everyone. May this year brings more happiness in your life. Wishing you and your family a great year ahead. In this episode of podcast, I have talked about Climate Variability. This is the first part of Climate Variability.
Topics:

Introduction about Climate Variability
Difference between Climate Change and Climate Variability
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
Impact and Vulnerability
Impacts of climate variability and extremes
Transportation

Additional Info: The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from the sun. The climate system also radiates energy to outer space. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy, and the passage of the energy through the climate system, determines Earth's energy budget. When the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, earth's energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming. If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and earth experiences cooling. Climate variability is the term to describe variations in the mean state and other characteristics of climate (such as chances or possibility of extreme weather, etc.) "on all spatial and temporal scales beyond that of individual weather events." Some of the variability does not appear to be caused systematically and occurs at random times. Such variability is called random variability or noise. On the other hand, periodic variability occurs relatively regularly and in distinct modes of variability or climate patterns. A climate oscillation or climate cycle is any recurring cyclical oscillation within global or regional climate. They are quasiperiodic (not perfectly periodic), so a Fourier analysis of the data does not give a sharp spectrum. Many oscillations on different time-scales have been found or hypothesized. Throughout the Cenozoic, multiple climate forcings led to warming and cooling of the atmosphere, which led to the early formation of the Antarctic ice sheet, subsequent melting, and its later reglaciation. The temperature changes occurred somewhat suddenly, at carbon dioxide concentrations of about 600–760 ppm and temperatures approximately 4 °C warmer than today.

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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about what events occurred in 2020 and what were the temperatures recorded in each month. Christian aid report is the most detailed report of the events that occurred this year. This was the last episode of this year. I wish everyone in advance a happy new year.

Content:

Temperature in January
Temperature in February
Temperature in March
Temperature in April
Temperature in May
Temperature in June
Temperature in July
Temperature in August
Temperature in September
Temperature in October
Temperature in November
Temperature in December

Climate Change Events:

Australia: Bushfires
East Africa: Locust swarms
Europe: Windstorms Clara & Alex
Bay of Bengal: Cyclone Amphan
US and Central America: Atlantic Hurricanes
China: Floods
India: Floods
Japan: Kyushu Floods
Pakistan: Floods
US: West Coast Fires
Russia: Siberian heatwave
South Sudan: Floods
South America: Fires
Philippines: Typhoons Goni and Vamco
Vietnam: Floods

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Additional Info:Must Read: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-28/bloomberg-green-s-biggest-climate-change-stories-of-2020
Siberia recorded its second warmest January-June temperatures on record—more than 5 °C (9 °F) above average—including up to 10 °C (18°F) above average in June. Verkhoyansk, located north of the arctic circle, recorded a temperature of 38 °C (100 °F) on 20 June. An analysis showed that, without human-induced climate change, these January-June temperatures would happen less than once in every 80,000 years.
In April 2020 Northern Hemisphere sea ice volume was approximately 1,000 km3 below the 2010-2019 average, and October 2020 sea ice volume showed the lowest value in the preceding 10 years because of a second largest summer loss of 15.215 km3.
In December, the WMO reported the global mean temperature for January to October 2020 was about 1.2 °C above the 1850–1900 baseline, with 2020 likely to be one of the three warmest years on record despite the normally cooling effect of La Niña.
Antarctic ice in 2020 was close to or slightly above the 42-year mean. The U.N.'s 2020 Emissions Gap Report stated that the highest-earning 1% of the global population account for more than twice the combined greenhouse gas emissions of the lowest-earning 50%. To meet the 1.5 °C goal of the Paris Agreement, the 1 percent would need to reduce their current emissions by at least a factor of 30, while the per capita emissions of the poorest 50 per cent could increase by around three times their current levels.

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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about "Carbon sequestration".
Topics:

What is Carbon sequestration?
Oceanic Carbon sequestration
Geologic Carbon sequestration
Terrestrial Carbon sequestration
Carbon Sources and Carbon Sinks
Climate Change Mitigation
Carbon sequestration in grasslands
Carbon sequestration in soils

Additional Info: Human induced carbon pools are characterized with Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. Carbon capture and storage is a combination of technologies and techniques that enable the capture of CO2 from fuel combustion or industrial processes. Then transportation of CO2 is being done through pipelines, CO2 is stored underground in depleted oil and gas fields and deep saline formations. CCS can, therefore, have a unique and imperative role to play in a sustainable low-carbon economy. This is caused primarily by increases in “greenhouse” gases such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Small changes in the average temperature of earth so far, can transform into large in coming hundred years. Moreover, these climatic changes will have great potential to create negative impacts on environment and mankind. Therefore, it is essential to mitigate climate change for advance minimization of its dangerous impacts. Current evidence suggests that to avoid the worst impacts of climate change, we should aim to limit the global average temperature rise to 2°C (35.6°F), not beyond that. This requires to undertake immediate reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions in all the sectors. All extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing the overall temperature of earth on day-to-day basis, causing global warming. It is changing climate in unpredictable ways, from floods and hurricanes to heat waves and droughts. To try and reduce the risk of global warming and extreme weather events, It is required to reduce the amount of how much fossil fuel we are burning. This isn't an easy process. In the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, it was decided that carbon emission in the atmosphere will be reduced by 5% below 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012. Several measures can be found out to reduce carbon from the atmosphere and thus to reduce adverse impacts of climate change. One of the measure is carbon sequestration, which is cheap and simple as well as costly and complex. That is natural carbon sequestration and geological carbon sequestration. Carbon farming is a name for a variety of agricultural methods aimed at sequestering atmospheric carbon into the soil and in crop roots, wood and leaves. Increasing soil's carbon content can aid plant growth, increase soil organic matter (improving agricultural yield), improve soil water retention capacity and reduce fertilizer use (and the accompanying emissions of greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). As of 2016, variants of carbon farming reached hundreds of millions of hectares globally, of the nearly 5 billion hectares (1.2×1010 acres) of world farmland. Soils can contain up to five per cent carbon by weight, including decomposing plant and animal matter and biochar. The use of the technology would add an additional 1–5 cents of cost per kilowatt hour, according to estimate made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The financial costs of modern coal technology would nearly double if use of CCS technology were to be required by regulation.

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In this episode of podcast, I have talked about "Carbon Leakage." Carbon leakage is central to the discussion on climate policy, given the confluence of issues that are currently being debated, including the 2030 Energy and Climate Framework and the review of the EU carbon leakage. Carbon leakage is the result of asymmetrical carbon policies, especially carbon pricing, and the resulting carbon cost, which affects the international competitive position of some EU industry and could displace production and/or investment, and the emissions of the activities displaced.
Topics:

What is Carbon Leakage?
Impacts
Forms of Carbon Leakage
Channels for Carbon Leakage
Cause
Objectives
Carbon Prices and costs
Asymmetrical Carbon Policies
Preventing Carbon Leakage
Carbon Tax Credits
Free allowance allocation

Additional Notes: EU ETS leakage list criteria:
If an activity fulfills any of the following three thresholds, they are added to the leakage list:

Direct and indirect costs increase production costs by at least 5% of gross value added and trade intensity (calculated as the value of imports plus exports over annual turnover plus imports) is over 10%,
Direct and indirect costs increase production costs by at least 30%
Trade intensity is over 30%.

If a sector has borderline values on the quantitative criteria, then the following qualitative criteria can be considered:

Emissions levels and electricity consumption reduction potential of individual installations in the sector,
Current and projected market characteristics and
Profit margins as an indicator of long-term investment or relocation decisions

The focal point of the approach to leakage in the EU ETS is the leakage list. Sectors and activities on this list receive a larger proportion of free allocation (with respect to their compliance obligations) than sectors that are not on the list. If an installation is among the most carbon-efficient entities in the sector and production has not increased beyond production in the reference years (the three most-recent years for which data are available), that installation receives full free allocation (if we do not take the cross-sectoral correction factor into account).
The Quebec Cap-and-Trade scheme is characterized by its degree of political maneuverability. The sectors eligible for free allowances and the amount of free allocation are not set in stone and can be reviewed by the Ministry if and when it is deemed necessary. The auction calendar is also subject to political decisions. Two additional exceptional issues should be noted:

Electricity imported from other cap-and-trade systems that are not linked to Quebec’s system is also eligible for free allocation.
From 2015 to 2020, free allocation decreases annually, determined by an emissions-intensity target that also decreases annually. Different industrial activities will see different levels of decrease.

New Zealand ETS :
Starting in 2008 with the forestry sector, the New Zealand ETS has gradually expanded. In 2010energy and industry joined and in 2013 synthetic gases and waste sectors were included. Agriculture has had a mandatory reporting obligation for biological on-farm emissions from 2012 and was previously legislated to have surrendered obligations for these emissions from 2015, but this has been placed o

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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about Carbon Capture Storage and why it matters.
Topics:

What is CCS?
CCS is a three-step process
Why is it important?
Where can captured CO2 can be stored?
What role it can play in climate change?
Components of a CCS system
Technologies used to capture it

Additional Info:The steps moving CCS to commercialization rely on making the necessary investments in the technology and involve both the private and public sectors. The four essential elements include:

private–public partnerships are needed to build and operate approximately ten demonstration plants worldwide over the next decade;
governments (with advice from the private sector) must create a market for CCS through climate policy. The policy should be technologically-neutral(i.e. avoid picking winners and losers);
governments (with advice from the private sector) must provide a suitable regulatory environment for CCS. These regulations must be stringent enough to protect the public interests, but not overly stringent so as to stifle CCS development;
the private sector must develop a business organization to address all components of the CCS value chain. The implementation of CCS, including decisions on the appropriate technologies, needs to be left up to the private sector.

Absorption: A liquid sorbent is used to separate the CO2from the flue gas.The sorbent can be regenerated through a stripping or regenerative process by heating and/or depressurization. This process is the most mature method for CO2 separation. Typical sorbent include mono ethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA)and potassium carbonate.
Adsorption: In contrast to absorption processes which use a liquid absorbent, a solid sorbent is used to bind the CO2on its surfaces. Large specific surface area, high selectivity and high regeneration ability are the main criteria for sorbent selection. Typical sorbents include molecular sieves, activated carbon, zeolites, calcium oxides, hydro-talcites and lithium zirconate.

Once CO2 is separated from the rest of the flue gas components it needs to be transported to the storage site or to the facilities for its industrial utilization. Whatever the chosen final fate of CO2,reliable, safe and economically feasible system of transport is a key feature of any CCS project. Depending on the volumes involved a variety of means of transport may be utilized, ranging from road tankers to ships and pipelines. A study related to CCS in the North Sea highlights that CO2transport by ship tanker, using technologies derived from the LPG carriers, is feasible and cost competitive with pipelines with a total cost ranging from 20 to 30 USD/tonne when more than 2MtCO2/year are transported within the distances involved in North Sea storage .
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Note: I apologize for the noise coming from the background, I tried my best to cut the noise from the background but it is the best edit I can do. I will cut the entire unwanted noise from my background in the upcoming podcast. I am once again Sorry, I promise it won't happen again.

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In this episode of Podcast, I have talked about United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Before you start listening to this make sure you listen to my previous podcast which was on Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement then you will have a better understanding.
Topics:

UNFCCC
Objectives
Climate Policy
Kyoto Protocol
NGO's Involvement
Institutional Arrangements
Achievements
The Copenhagen Accord

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In this episode of podcast I have talked about BioEnergy or Biomass Energy.
Topics:

Bioenergy and emissions reduction
Xiao Yang Zhang research
Competing with low oil prices

Additional Info:
Lignocellulose is the most abundant biopolymer available on earth as waste biomass. Lignocellulose-degrading enzymes, namely, cellulases, hemicellulases, and ligninases, play a crucial role in converting lignocellulose into sugars and biofuels. Lignocellulose concentration in agricultural plant residues (which are frequently used as bulking agents) typically composes of 50%–90% of total organic matter: grass and maize have a relative low concentration of lignocellulose and straw stover, wood, and tea waste a high concentration.
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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about biofuel, biomass, bioethanol and biocarbon. Biofuel is been a main focus of this podcast and I have talked about its sources.
Keywords: Canola, waste vegetable oil (WVO), straight vegetable oil (SVO), starches, fermentation, transesterification, cellulosic biomass, lignocellulosic biomass, Verified Carbon Standard (VCS).
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In this episode, I have talked about Autonomous Adaptation in Climate Change.
Topics Covered:

Introduction
Conceptual Work
Types of adaptions
Adaptation strategies/ methods
Adaptive capacity
Adaptation characteristicks
Systems, scales and actors
Future Adaptations
Models, Analogs, Empirical analysis
Reasons to adopt it now

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In this episode, I have talked about Radiative Forcing in climate change and its limitations.
Topics covered:

Radiative Forcing
Concept
Effective Radiative Forcing
Limitations
Grouping Forcing Compounds by Common Properties
Calculation of RF
Continentality

Additional Info:
The tropopause is the boundary in the Earth's atmosphere between the troposphere and the stratosphere. It is a thermodynamic gradient stratification layer, marking the end of the troposphere. It lies, on average, at 17 kilometres (11 mi) above equatorial regions, and about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) over the polar regions.
Emission metrics such as Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Global Temperature change Potential (GTP) can be used to quantify and communicate the relative and absolute contribu-tions to climate change of emissions of different substances, and of emissions from regions/countries or sources/sectors. The metric that has been used in policies is the GWP, which integrates the RF of a substance over a chosen time horizon, relative to that of CO2. The GTP is the ratio of change in global mean surface temperature at a chosen point in time from the substance of interest relative to that from CO2.
Forcing and temperature response can also be attributed to sec-tors. From this perspective and with the GTP metric, a single year’s worth of current global emissions from the energy and industrial sec-tors have the largest contributions to global mean warming over the next approximately 50 to 100 years.
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In this episode of the podcast, I have discussed about Anthropogenic Emissions.
Topics talked in the podcast:

Introduction
The effect of N2O emission on the net CO2 displacement by energy crop production
Smart Urban Energy Transition
German Advisory Council on Global Change(WBGU)
Nitrogen Oxides formation and control
Environmental Impact

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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about COP 26 and discussed why it holds significant importance and at last, I talked about Maddie Graham and talked a litle bit about her journey to become activist to cast her first vote in the US elections.
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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about Plant, animal, and bird life. Along with this, I have also talked about resources in Antarctica. This was the final part of Antarctica.
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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked more about Antarctica. But here is the catch I talked about if you remember that it is gonna be the final part of Antarctica but there are so many things to share with you. So I decided that I will continue the Antarctica series with more interesting episodes lining up. Here are the things that I described in this podcast.
I have talked about:

Antarctica
Antarctica Climate
Wind Chill
The Antarctic Divergence
The Antarctic Convergence
Krill

Additional Info:
Antarctica, and particularly the South Pole, attracts much interest in astronomical and astrophysical studies as well as research on the interactions between the Sun and the upper atmosphere of Earth. The South Pole is a unique astronomical location (a station from which the Sun can be viewed continuously in summer) sitting at a high geomagnetic latitude with unequaled atmospheric clarity. It possesses a thick section of pure material (ice) that can be used as a cosmic particle detector. Automatic geophysical observatories on the high polar plateau now record information on the polar ionosphere and magnetosphere, providing data that are critical to an understanding of Earth’s response to solar activity.
The volume of South Polar ice must have fluctuated greatly at times since the birth of the ice sheets. Glacial erratics and glacially striated rocks on mountain summits now high above current ice-sheet levels testify to an overriding by ice at much higher levels. General lowering of levels caused some former glaciers flowing from the polar region through the Transantarctic Mountains to recede and nearly vanish, producing such spectacular “dry valleys” as the Wright, Taylor, and Victoria valleys near McMurdo Sound.

"Recognizing that it is in the interest of all mankind that Antarctica shall continue forever to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or object of international discord; ...the establishment of a firm foundation for the continuation and development of such cooperation on the basis of freedom, of scientific investigation in Antarctica as applied during the IGY accords with the interest of science and the progress of all mankind."

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In this episode of podcast I have talked about Antarctica. I have talked about its physical geography and its history and at last little bit about its facts.
Additional Info:
Modern plate boundaries may be far different from ancient ones presumably marked by old fold belts. Ancient Antarctic mobile belts, such as are followed by today’s Transantarctic Mountains, terminate at continental margins abruptly, as if sliced off, and seemingly reappear in other lands across young ocean basins. Much research has been concentrated on attempting to match intercontinentally the detailed structure of opposed coasts, such as between Antarctica and Australia, in an effort to learn whether they had been actually connected before the latest cycle of crustal spreading from intervening mid-oceanic ridges. Similarities between ancient mobile belts now suggest to some geologists that Antarctica may even have been connected to southwestern North America more than 600 million years ago, in late Precambrian time.
Surface temperature trends show significant warming across the Antarctic Peninsula and to a lesser extent West Antarctica since the early 1950s, with little change across the rest of the continent. The largest warming trends occur on the western and northern parts of the Antarctic Peninsula. There the Faraday/Vernadsky Station has experienced the largest statistically significant (<5% level) trend of +0.53° C per decade for the period 1951 -2006. The 100-year record from Orcadas on Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands, shows a warming of +0.20°C per decade. The western Peninsula warming has been largest during the winter, with winter temperatures at Faraday/Vernadsky increasing by +1.03°C per decade from 1950 - 2006. There is a high correlation during the winter between sea ice extent and surface temperatures, suggesting more sea ice during the 1950s - 1960s and reduction since then. This warming may reflect natural variability.
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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about companies going carbon neutral and the ways they are achieving it.
Companies I have talked about is:

Microsoft
Google
Apple

I will discuss non-IT companies as well in my future podcast for sure.
Additional Info:
Scope 1: Direct GHG emissions occur from sources that are owned or controlled by the company...
Scope 2: Indirect GHG emissions from the generation of purchased electricity consumed by the company.
Scope 3: All other indirect emissions(e.g. extraction and production of purchased materials; and use of products and services sold).
While the Greenhouse Gas Protocoladvises that Scope 1 and 2 emissions measurement and reporting is mandatory, Scope 3 is an optional reporting category and allows for broad and often subjective interpretation of what emissions a company is responsible for. More recently, a focus has been on climate risk inherent in corporate operations and business models leading to detailed guidance from the Carbon Standards Disclosure Board(the Climate Change Reporting Framework, 2012) and the mainstream Financial Stability Board (Task Force on Climate-‐related Financial Disclosures, 2017). Both of these recommend corporations understand forward-‐looking climate risk, which depending on the sector, would likely involve a full analysis of Scope 1,2 and 3 emissions, both in absolute terms and relative to peers.
"Over the next 35 years, the nature of the energy market will change fundamentally. Annual investment in the sector is expected to grow to US$ 455 billion by 2030 and reach US$ 800 billion by 2050."
n May 2019, the States of Jersey Assembly voted to agree on P.27/2019, and declare that4: there exists a climate emergency likely to have profound effects in Jersey, and that in order to deal with this situation...Jersey should aim to be carbon-neutral by 2030, and the Council of Ministers is accordingly requested to draw up a plan to achieve this, for presentation to the States by the end of 2019.
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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about Glaciers and its classification along with distribution and
Also talked about my questions that I asked my professor at my university.

How Do Glaciers Move?
How do glaciers move?
How Fast Do Glaciers Move?

Additional Information

Arêtes are narrow, serrated, knife-edge ridges forming a thin partition between two cirques or adjacent parallel glacial troughs. Horns are pyramidal, steep-walled mountain peaks formed by headward erosion of cirques. To form, a horn must have at least three cirques on its flanks.
Glacial Deposits:
Both valley and continental glaciers deposit their sediment load as glacial drift, a general term for glacially deposited material. A vast sheet of the glacial drift of the Pleistocene Epoch blankets the northern U.S. and adjacent Canada.
Erratics are boulders eroded and transported by glaciers and deposited in areas from which they were obviously not derived. Till is poorly sorted sediment deposited by glacial ice. Stratified drift is layered, sorted sediment deposited by flowing meltwater.
MorrainesThe outermost end moraines deposited when the glacier was at it greatest extent are called terminal moraines. If the glacier recedes and eventually stabilizes at a new location, an end moraine has known as a recessional moraine accumulates at the terminus. Ground moraines are deposited as glaciers recede and sediment is liberated form the melting ice. Ground moraines have an irregular, rolling topography.
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In this episode of the podcast, I haven't discussed anything. I made this podcast to say Thanks to every single person who listens to my podcast every day. Today I have completed my 100th Download of episodes and I couldn't wait any longer to say thanks for showing so much love I was overwhelmed by your support. It really means a lot to me and I will keep improving my podcast with quality content to make sure listener's time should not be wasted. Thank You once again listener's you all made my day.

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In this episode of the podcast, I have continued talking about the Arctic. This episode is a little longer than the previous episodes.
I have talked on the following topics:

France's Importance in the Arctic
Background
Key issues and challenges ahead in the Arctic
Priorities
International Polar Years
France's main scientific interests in the arctic.
Permafrost
Economic opportunities
Protecting the arctic marine environments
The European Union and the arctic
Arctic Facts

“France will do everything that it can, here in the Far North of the planet, to take action, mobilize its researchers and its businesses, to enable us to preserve this part of the world, which is undoubtedly one of the most beautiful.”
“France will never think that the Arctic Ocean can be treated like any other ocean in terms of the level of environmental precautions. We are calling for the implementation of special, more stringent environmental safety standards in the Arctic where French operators are present.”
Additional Info

Size of the Arctic: mainland and sea area located inside the Arctic Circle (66.33° north latitude): 20.946 million km²(approx. 38 times larger than metropolitan France
Size of the Arctic Ocean: 14.2 million km²Canada and Eurasian Basins, Siberian Seas (Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian seas), the Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, Baffin Bay, and Hudson Bay.
Maximum depth of the Arctic Ocean: > 5,400 metres (Litke Deep)(approx. 60% of the area of the Arctic Ocean is less than 200 metres deep).
Minimum extent of summer sea ice (11 September 2015): 4.4 million km²(4th lowest extent of sea ice in the satellite record)
Maximum extent of winter sea ice (March 2015: 14.4 million km²(Sea ice extent in March 2015 was the lowest in the satellite record)
Extent of permafrost (frozen ground): Approximately 24% of the land mass in the northern hemisphere and a large, poorly mapped, part of the ocean floor on the continental shelves of the Arctic seas.

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In this episode of the podcast, I have talked about the Polar Region. It is a little bit long podcast but you will definitely like it for sure.
Additional Info:
Why are changes in sea ice so important to the polar regions?
Sea ice is a dominant feature of polar oceans. Shifts in the distribution and extent of sea ice during the growing season impacts the duration, magnitude, and species composition of primary and secondary production in the polar regions. With less sea ice many marine ecosystems will experience more light, which can accelerate the growth of phytoplankton, and shift the balance between the primary production by ice algae and water-borne phytoplankton, with implications for Arctic food webs. In contrast, sea ice is also an important habitat for juvenile Antarctic krill, providing food and protection from predators. Krill is a basic food source for many species in polar marine ecosystems.
Changes in sea ice will have other impacts, beyond these “bottom-up” consequences for marine food webs. Mammals and birds utilize sea ice as haul-outs during foraging trips (seals, walrus, and polar bears in the Arctic and seals and penguins in the Antarctic). Some seals (e.g., bearded seals in the Arctic and crabeater and leopard seals in Antarctica) give birth and nurse pups in pack ice. Shifts in the spatial distribution and extent of sea ice will alter the spatial overlap of predators and their prey. According to model projections, within 50 to 70 years, loss of hunting habitats may lead to the elimination of polar bears from seasonally ice-covered areas, where two-thirds of their world population currently live. The vulnerability of marine species to changes in sea ice will depend on the exposure to change, which will vary by location, as well as the sensitivity of the species to changing environmental conditions and the adaptive capacity of each species. More open waters and longer ice-free periods in the northern seas enhance the effect of wave action and coastal erosion, with implications for coastal communities and infrastructure. Although the overall sea ice extent in the Southern Ocean has not changed markedly in recent decades, there have been increases in oceanic temperatures and large regional decreases in winter sea ice extent and duration in the western Antarctic Peninsula region of West Antarctica and the islands of the Scotia Arc.
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In this episode of podcast I have talked about Arctic and it is itself a very big topic so I have decided to split the video into parts and this is Part1.
About Arctic:
The Arctic is the northernmost region on Earth. The Arctic is dominated by the Arctic Ocean basin, and the icy reaches of Scandinavia, Russia, the U.S. state of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland.
Here are the things I have mentioned.

Life in the Arctic

Marine Ecosystem
Secondary Consumers
Tertiary Consumers
Scavengers
Terrestrial Ecosystems

People in the Arctic
Inuit
Challenges of Indigenous Cultures
Resources in the Arctic
Changing Climate in the Arctic

Additional Information
Balmy Arctic:The Arctic is mostly an ocean surrounded by land. The Antarctic is mostly land surrounded by water. Because the Arctic ocean absorbs so much more solar radiation than the Antarctic ice sheet, the Arctic is much, much, much warmer than the Antarctic. In fact, the Arctic is not even the coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere. (The icy, subarctic interior of Siberia, in eastern Russia, holds that record.)
Icebreakers:Travel in the Arctic is still dependent on icebreakers. An icebreaker is a very powerful ship capable of breaking up kilometers of sea ice, sometimes several meters thick. Icebreakers are most often powered by nuclear fuel, but can also run on gas and steam. They can be uncomfortable to travel in, as their shape allows them to roll back and forth more easily than other heavy ships. Russia manufactures the most powerful icebreakers.

Oil in ANWR:The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), situated on Alaska’s northeastern coast, is the largest protected wilderness in the United States. Extractive activities are allowed in the refuge, as long as the U.S. Congress approves. Some geologists estimate that there may be between 5 billion and 16 billion barrels of oil and natural gas beneath the coastal plain of the refuge. People have debated since the 1970s about whether to develop this pristine area, but Congress has not given any approval to drill or mine there.
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In this episode of podcast I have talked about what is Carbon Footprint and why it is important to know your carbon footprint. A carbon footprint is made up of the sum of two parts, the primary footprint and the secondary footprint. Virtually all human activities cause the CO2 emissions that lead to climate change.
A carbon footprint is a measure of the impact our activities have on the environment, and in particular climate change. It relates to the amount of greenhouse gases produced in our day-to-day lives through burning fossil fuels for electricity, heating and transportation etc. The carbon footprint is a measurement of all greenhouse gases we individually produce and has units of tonnes (or kg) of carbon dioxide equivalent.

Carbon Footprint
Why calculate a carbon footprint?
Calculating a carbon footprint
Facts
Green Tips to reduce carbon emissions

Throughout the process of calculating a carbon footprint, always be clear, consistent and transparent.
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In this episode of podcast Talking Climate Change with Yash Negi, I have talked about The Kyoto Protocol and the differences between Paris Agreement and The Kyoto Protocol. I also mentioned The Doha Amendment with Kyoto Protocol.
Kyoto Protocol:

Background
Major Tenets
Responsibilities of Developed versus Developing Nations
The United States' Involvement

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Climate change is one of the greatest threats to global security. Climate change knows no borders and it presents an existential challenge to us all. Believe in the power of your own voice. The more noise you make, the more accountability you demand from your leaders, the more our world will change for the better. Join me in this journey to find the hidden depths of climate change. This is my podcast "Talking Climate Change with Yash Negi."

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“A world that is safer and more secure, more prosperous, and more free.” In December 2015, that was the world President Barack Obama envisioned we would leave today’s children when he announced that the United States, along with nearly 200 other countries, had committed to the Paris Climate Agreement, an ambitious global action plan to fight climate change. In this episode I have talked about Paris Agreement and why it is important also Articles mentioned in Paris Agreement. It is must to know about its background from where it is originated and where it is now.
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In this episode of the podcast I have briefly talked about Global Warming and the factors responsible for it. And Answered some of the basic questions which everyone has in their minds.
What is Global Warming?
What causes Global Warming?
How Global Warming is linked to weather?
What are the other effects of Global Warming?
I have also covered Sea Level rise and coastal flooding, Global Warming impacts on Snow, land ice and sea ice as well.
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IPCC stands for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In this episode, I have briefly described what is IPCC and how it works. It is very important to know about these things in order to understand and do research on climate change. This topic is very big, I have prepared this in short so that you have an idea about how it will work and why it is important to know. Any suggestions are welcome: yashnegi4920@outlook.com
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In this Episode of Talking Climate Change with Yash Negi I have discussed about why Carbon is important and how it contributes to Greenhouse gases. And most importantly what is carbon neutrality and what are the EU Goals to achieve carbon neutrality. Any Suggestions is welcome here: yashnegi4920@outlook.com
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In this episode I have described what is Greenhouse Gases and answered some basic question regarding Greenhouse gases and it contains basic introduction. Why do greenhouse gas levels matters? I have discussed about Earth's global surface temperature and why it matters. Follow me on Twitter for more up to date Climate Change news:
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This is my first episode on my podcast channel in which I will talk Climate Change and Global Warming and how it is affecting Humanity. Suggestions are welcome: yashnegi4920@outlook.com
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