Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro

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In this episode, Dr Gregory Zhang (Resource Geologist) is joined by Hamish Guthrie (Mining Engineer) to explore how resource geologists can better understand and contribute to mine planning. From the importance of resource classification to the value of including waste domain data, Hamish shares insights from over 25 years of experience in mining operations and consulting.

They also discuss the benefits of adding more geological detail - even in early-stage projects - and how small decisions in modelling can have major downstream implications. Whether you're a resource geologist, mine planner, or simply curious about how modelling feeds into real-world mining strategies, this episode offers practical takeaways and fresh thinking.

Key Points Covered

00:04 – Introduction

01:05 – The typical workflow of mine planning

02:00 – Why modifying factors and mining constraints matter

03:01 – Resource classifications: how confidence impacts planning

05:00 – Adding more detail to the resource model: is it worth it?

06:00 – Should we model waste domains?

07:25 – What mine planners really want from geologists

08:30 – Including depletion, sterilised zones and geotechnical data

09:30 – ESG and the importance of understanding waste rock behaviour

10:00 – Geological inputs that influence plant performance

11:00 – Why even limited early data is valuable

11:40 – Final thoughts and podcast close

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If you would like to contact Greg and Hamish: contact(at)snowdenoptiro.com

Don’t forget to SUBSCRIBE for more straight-talking episodes from the world of mining and geology.

Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is available on YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts, Amazon Music, Libsyn and all your favourite podcast platforms.

Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors.

We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

For training or consulting enquiries: training(at)snowdenoptiro.com and contact(at)snowdenoptiro.com

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking, Senior Mining Consultant Pedro Ladeira sits down with Snowden Optiro General Manager Tarrant Elkington to explore the real value behind variable cutoff grades in mine planning. From NPV optimisation to stockpiling strategies and the practical challenges of implementation, this conversation is packed with insights that can help elevate your project’s performance.

Whether you're planning an open pit or underground mine, this episode unpacks how dynamic cutoff strategies can unlock significant long-term value - sometimes increasing NPV by 20% or more.

Key Moments:

0:34 – What is a marginal vs. optimised cutoff grade? 1:57 – Why higher cutoffs can increase NPV 3:59 – Open pit vs. underground implications 6:02 – The role of opportunity cost and processing constraints 8:46 – Costs and downsides of elevating cutoff grades 12:14 – Life-of-mine length and its influence on optimisation 16:03 – Stockpiling as a strategic asset 19:04 – Real-world impact: 20% NPV uplift 20:26 – Operational challenges and practical implementation

Takeaway: Cutoff grade optimisation isn’t just a technical tweak - it’s a powerful lever for mine value that deserves more attention in strategic planning.

If you would like to contact Tarrant and Pedro: contact(at)snowdenoptiro.com

Don’t forget to SUBSCRIBE for more straight-talking episodes from the world of mining and geology.

Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is available on YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts, Amazon Music, Libsyn and all your favourite platforms.

Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors.

Find out more at: https://snowdenoptiro.com/ Professional Development Training: https://snowdenoptiro.com/professional-development/

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In this episode, our Perth based Managing Consultant Susan Havlin chats with our Principal Consultant Jane Levett about some of the common misconceptions that crop up in resource estimation.

From domaining to density to classification confidence - it’s all on the table. If you’ve ever wondered why your model didn’t quite hold up under scrutiny, or why 10x10 drilling doesn’t automatically mean measured, this one’s for you.

If you’re a resource geologist, investor, or anyone who’s ever looked at a model and thought “is that really right?” - this one’s worth a listen.

In this episode: Why domaining is still critical — and why software can’t always do the thinking for you How over-relying on grade shells can send you down the wrong path The myth of “one density sample per domain” Why classification is about more than just drill spacing How ignoring geological controls can throw your whole model off What kriging metrics and estimation quality can (and can’t) tell you

Don’t forget to Subscribe for more straight-talking episodes from the world of mining and geology.

Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro podcasts are available on YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts, Amazon Music, Libsyn and all your favourite platforms.

Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

Find out more at: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

Training: https://snowdenoptiro.com/professional-development/

#FreshThinking #SnowdenOptiro #GeologyPodcast #ResourceEstimation #MiningGeology #JORC #Geostats #Domaining #MiningData #MineralResources

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With more than 35 years of industry experience, Bob Jankovic our Snowden Optiro Executive Consultant brings first-hand insights from both the mining and banking sides of the table - mining companies and the capital markets. Together, our General Manager Tarrant Elkington and Bob discuss the value investment banks add to project development, the skills technical professionals bring to finance, and how junior miners can attract the right kind of attention.

Whether you’re an executive, a consultant, or just curious about how major mining projects get funded, this episode has something for you.

Key Moments

00:04 – Introduction and welcome

01:06 – What do investment banks actually do in mining?

02:58 – The technical expertise needed in investment banking

04:50 – The value investment banks bring to project development

06:30 – Equity vs. M&A: How banks support mining at different stages

08:00 – The link between technical confidence and funding success

09:04 – How junior miners can engage investment banks

10:35 – Do investors really understand mining? (Spoiler: Yes!)

12:00 – Lessons from working on both sides—operations and banking

13:15 – Final thoughts and why operational experience matters

Enjoyed the episode? Don't forget to like, subscribe, and click the 🔔 notification bell to stay updated with more technical insights from the world of mining.

If you would like to contact either Tarrant or Bob: contact(at)snowdenoptiro.com

Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro podcasts are available as audio on Spotify, Apple Podcasts, Amazon Music, Libsyn and all your favourite platforms - and also available as a video podcast on YouTube on our Snowden Optiro channel.

Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors.

Find out more at: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

Training: https://snowdenoptiro.com/professional-development/

#MiningFinance #InvestmentBanking #MiningIndustry #FreshThinkingPodcast #SnowdenOptiro #JuniorMiners #MiningInsights #ProjectFunding #CapitalMarkets

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, our General Manager Tarrant Elkington is joined by our Principal Consultant Matt Walker to explore what really goes into ASX announcements of Mineral Resource Estimates (MREs).

They discuss the minimum reporting requirements under the JORC Code, the role of the Competent Person, and common red flags to watch for - such as unconstrained estimates, overuse of superlatives, and misleading imagery.

Whether you're a geologist, mining professional, or investor, this episode offers practical insights into how MREs are prepared, reported, and interpreted - it will help you to... read between the lines!

This podcast at a glance:

00:04 – Introduction and episode focus – MREs in ASX announcements 01:14 – Guest introduction: Matt Walker and his experience with MREs 01:47 – Minimum requirements for reporting an MRE under JORC Code 03:08 – ASX Listing Rules and mandatory disclosure elements 05:00 – Continuous disclosure and minimum vs best practice 06:23 – When and why MREs are announced 08:12 – Red flags and what geologists look for in MREs 10:10 – Peer comparisons, competent person styles, and report 'fingerprints' 11:00 – Internal vs external resource reporting 13:00 – Importance of resource constraint and economic extraction 15:05 – Reading resource classifications and visual representations 17:18 – Use of gram-metres and understanding deposit width 18:03 – Why classification matters – insights from the Parker Challenge 19:31 – Interpolation vs extrapolation in block models 21:00 – Classification confidence and converting to reserves 22:00 – Wrap-up and final thoughts If you would like to contact Tarrant or Matt: contact(at)snowdenoptiro.com

🔔 Subscribe for more Fresh Thinking about the mining industry. This audio podcast is also available as a free YouTube podcast: https://youtu.be/mRu7ufdck78

Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors.

Find out more at: https://snowdenoptiro.com Prodessional Development courses: https://snowdenoptiro.com/professional-development/

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What do banks look for before funding a mining project?

In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Tarrant Elkington is joined by our Executive Consultant Bob Jankovic to explore the technical side of mining finance. With over 35 years’ experience across North and South America, and deep expertise inside major banks, Bob offers a rare look behind the scenes of what lenders expect from feasibility studies, resource models, and risk assessments.

Whether you're preparing to raise capital or just curious about the lending landscape, this is a must-listen for anyone involved in mine development.

If you would like to contact Tarrant or Bob: contact(at)snowdenoptiro.com

🔔 Subscribe for more Fresh Thinking about the mining industry.

This video podcast is also available as a video podcast on YouTube: https://youtu.be/JfxD5z0QXZU?feature=shared

Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors.

Find out more at: https://snowdenoptiro.com Training: https://snowdenoptiro.com/professiona...

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking, Senior Consultant Dr Gregory Zhang and Executive Consultant Ian Glacken explore more advanced mineral resource classification methods.

Building on Part 1, they discuss the widely used 90/15 approach, delve into the role of scorecards, and discuss how classification should go beyond drill spacing alone. A practical conversation for geologists, resource modellers, and anyone involved in technical reporting.

This podcast at a glance:

00:45 – What is the 90/15 approach and how is it applied?

02:50 – Production volumes and how they link to confidence levels

05:00 – Why drill spacing alone isn't enough

06:50 – Conditional simulation and its role in classification

07:55 – Introduction to the scorecard method

10:50 – Strengths and subjectivity in the scorecard approach

11:45 – Real-world case study applying 90/15 and scorecards

13:00 – Final thoughts on classification beyond simple metrics

If you would like to contact Ian and Gregory: contact@snowdenoptiro.com

🔔 Subscribe for more Fresh Thinking about the mining industry.

This video version of this podcast is available on Snowden Optiro YouTube channel.

Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors.

Find out more at: https://snowdenoptiro.com Training: https://snowdenoptiro.com/professiona...

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking, Dr Tarrant Elkington Snowden Optiro's General Manager, speaks with Dr Leon Lorenzen about the critical role of metallurgical and processing due diligence in mining projects. They explore how process plants are evaluated, why throughput is often a hidden risk, and the challenges of forecasting performance in both operating and new mines. Whether you're reviewing an acquisition or building a new operation, this discussion provides valuable insight into identifying red flags and understanding the real-world complexity behind the numbers.

This podcast at a glance:

00:20 – What due diligence really means in a processing context

01:30 – Using the process design baseline to evaluate plant performance

03:00 – Why high recoveries can be misleading without throughput context

04:50 – Common red flags: when ounces look good, but costs and feed rates don't

07:00 – The importance of test work and geological input in forecasting

09:30 – Case study: transition from open pit to underground and its impact on throughput

10:00 – Unique risks with new mines and the ramp-up phase

13:00 – Why expertise and independent evaluation are essential for sound investment decisions

If you would like to contact Tarrant and Leon: contact@snowdenoptiro.com

🔔 Subscribe for more Fresh Thinking about the mining industry.

This video podcast is also available as a free video podcast on Snowden Optiro's YouTube channel.

Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors.

Find out more about Snowden Optiro: https://snowdenoptiro.com Professional Development Training: https://snowdenoptiro.com/professional-development/

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In this Fresh Thinking episode, we’re discussing one of mining’s toughest technical challenges: refractory gold ores.

Dr Tarrant Elkington, Snowden Optiro General Manager sits down with metallurgical expert Dr Leon Lorenzen to explore why some gold refuses to come quietly, and the high-stakes processing paths needed to recover it. From pressure oxidation to bioleaching and ultrafine grinding, this episode uncovers the costs, complexities, and future of refractory ore treatment.

If you're a geologist, metallurgist, or investor—this one's essential listening.

This podcast at a glance:

00:00 – Welcome & Introduction

00:45 – What is refractory gold? And why is it a problem?

02:30 – The role of geology and early detection

04:00 – How refractory ore impacts project economics

05:15 – Overview of processing methods: POX, BIOX, Albion, roasting

07:30 – How to choose the right processing path

09:00 – Real-world examples of refractory gold plants

11:00 – The future: centralised hubs and economic scale

12:30 – Final thoughts and advice for developers and investors

If you'd like to connect with Tarrant and Leon: contact@snowdenoptiro.com

This video podcast is also available as a video podcast on our Snowden Optiro YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/@SnowdenOptiro

🔔 Subscribe for more Fresh Thinking about the mining industry.

Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors.

Find out more at: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

Professional Development courses: https://snowdenoptiro.com/professional-development/

#mineralprocessing #SnowdenOptiro #FreshThinking #gold #podcast

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In Episode 106 of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Executive Consultants Ian Glacken and Graeme Lyall discuss the practical realities of mineral resource classification.

This episode explores current best practices and highlights the importance of combining data-driven methods with geological insight. Whether you're a junior or major, this conversation will help sharpen your classification strategy and confidence levels.

This podcast at a glance:

⏱️ 00:15 – Why resource classification matters across global reporting codes

⏱️ 01:55 – Introduction to the 90-15 approach for confidence-based classification

⏱️ 04:00 – The dangers of the “spotted dog” effect and how to avoid it

⏱️ 05:21 – Calculating drill spacing the smart way: distance-to-holes technique

⏱️ 07:04 – Alternatives to drill spacing: kriging variance and its limitations

⏱️ 08:00 – Why close spacing doesn’t always mean high confidence

⏱️ 09:01 – The two-indicator approach: origins, application, and benefits

⏱️ 13:01 – Assumptions, limitations, and when to adjust the 90-15 rule

⏱️ 17:00 – When the two-indicator method doesn’t fit: deposit-style considerations

⏱️ 18:00 – What’s coming in Part 2: simulation and scorecard approaches

If you would like to contact Ian and Graeme: contact@snowdenoptiro.com

🔔 Subscribe for more Fresh Thinking about the mining industry.

This podcast is also available as a cideo on our Snowden Optiro YouTube channel: https://youtu.be/7CqcvRDi9Jw

Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors.

Find out more at https://snowdenoptiro.com

Professional Development courses: https://snowdenoptiro.com/professional-development/

contact@snowdenoptiro.com

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Executive Consultant Ian Glacken interviews Senior Mining Consultant Pedro Ladeira on a topic that’s often overlooked—but critically important: fixed costs in strategic mine planning.

This podcast at a glance:

00:00 – Introduction: Why fixed costs matter in mine planning

01:00 – How variable costs are typically applied in mine plans

02:20 – What are conditional fixed costs and why they matter

03:50 – Impact of fixed costs on strategic planning and scheduling

05:10 – Reclaiming low-grade stockpiles and the role of fixed cost reduction

06:30 – Fixed vs variable costs in processing plants

07:45 – Stockpiling strategy and mine life optimisation

08:50 – When to start accounting for fixed costs in planning

09:30 – Final thoughts: Using fixed costs to optimise your NPV

This is a must-listen for anyone involved in mine planning, financial modelling, or operational strategy.

If you would like to contact Pedro or Ian: contact@snowdenoptiro.com

🔔 Subscribe for more Fresh Thinking on mining strategy, geology, and resource optimisation.

Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors.

Find out more at https://snowdenoptiro.com

https://snowdenoptiro.com/professional-development/

#MinePlanning #MiningStrategy #FixedCosts #NPV #MiningPodcast #SnowdenOptiro #FreshThinking

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In this episode of Snowden Optiro's Fresh Thinking podcast, host Pedro Ladeira (Senior Consultant) is joined by Hamish Guthrie (Managing Consultant, Mining Engineering) to explore the critical role of cut-off grades in mining. From defining what a cut-off grade is to explaining how it's applied across different operations and project stages, they discuss the strategic, economic, and technical factors that make this small number a big deal.

If you would like to contact either Hamish or Pedro: contact@snowdenoptiro.com

This Podcast at a Glance

🕒 0:21 – Why cut-off grade is a critical input in mine planning and production

🕒 0:51 – What a cut-off grade is and how it helps define economic inventory

🕒 1:56 – Differences in how cut-off grade is applied in open pit vs. underground mining

🕒 3:34 – How cut-off grades are used at different project stages: resources, planning, daily operations

🕒 4:18 – What goes into calculating a cut-off grade: revenue, cost, taxes, and recoveries

🕒 5:53 – Are cut-off grades fixed? When and why they change over time

🕒 7:00 – The importance of aligning cut-off grade strategy with orebody characteristics

🕒 8:13 – How mining method and processing route influence the cut-off grade

🕒 8:50 – Why cut-off grade is never static — and how operations review it regularly

🕒 9:29 – Final take: the cut-off grade as a key to both short-term gains and long-term sustainability

This video podcast is also available as a free video podcast on Snowden Optiro’s YouTube Channel.

Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors.

https://snowdenoptiro.com

https://snowdenoptiro.com/professiona...

contact@snowdenoptiro.com

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Discover how Cornwall's rich mining history shaped the global mining industry. In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Executive Consultant Ian Glacken chats with Senior Consultant Laurie Hassall about the legacy of Cornish mining. From tin and copper to tungsten, they explore the region’s innovations, the export of mining expertise worldwide, and what the future holds for mining in Cornwall.

If you'd like to connect with Laurie Hassall and Ian Glacken, please email them: contact@snowdenoptiro.com

This podcast at a glance: 00:00 – Introduction to the episode and guests 00:48 – Why Cornwall became a mining hub and its early beginnings 01:50 – The peak of Cornish mining: key periods and metals 03:53 – Ingenious innovations from Cornish miners (steam engines, safety lamps & more) 05:54 – How Cornish mining practices spread worldwide 06:41 – The social and cultural impact of mining on Cornwall 07:29 – Tungsten’s role in Cornwall’s mining story and Laurie’s direct experience 08:39 – What’s next? The future outlook for mining in Cornwall 10:18 – Final thoughts and reflections

This audio podcast is also available as a free video podcast on Snowden Optiro’s YouTube channel: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZm0zjSNmpo27fX_tfI79Yzhxy3VXjvMt&feature=shared

Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors.

Snowden Optiro: https://snowdenoptiro.com

Professional Development Courses: https://snowdenoptiro.com/professional-development/

contact@snowdenoptiro.com

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Discover how battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are transforming underground mining operations. In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Managing Consultant Hamish Guthrie chats with Principal Consultant Sarah de Vries about the significant safety and health benefits of battery-operated vehicles (BEVs)—improved air quality, lower heat, reduced noise, and less vibration. They also discuss the challenges of transitioning to electric fleets and the future of mine electrification.

This podcast at a glance:

0:00 – Introduction

1:00 – Why are mining companies moving towards BEVs?

1:40 – How BEVs improve underground air quality and OHS

2:45 – Heat reduction: BEVs vs Diesel engines

3:45 – Noise & vibration reductions with BEVs

5:00 – Applications that benefit most from BEVs

5:50 – Challenges of adopting BEVs underground

7:00 – Future of mine electrification

If you'd like to connect with Hamish Guthrie and Sarah de Vries, please email them: contact@snowdenoptiro.com

This video podcast is also available as a free video podcast on our Snowden Optiro YouTube channel.

Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors.

https://snowdenoptiro.com

https://snowdenoptiro.com/professiona...

contact@snowdenoptiro.com

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101: Machine Learning – Case Study

In this podcast, Susan Havlin, Managing Consultant APAC and Dr Gregory Zhang, Senior Geology Consultant discuss the application of machine learning for geological domaining in Resource Estimation, with specific reference to a project that Dr Gregory Zhang worked on.

This podcast at a glance:

1.21 A case study using the k-means algorithm

0.55 Why was an alternative approach needed?

2:10 What is the k-means algorithm and why is it suitable?

3:10 What steps were used to apply k-means to the data set?

4:20 What were the key outcomes?

5:20 Any limitations?

7:40 Speed of getting results

8:12 Who can use this method?

If you'd like to connect with Susan Havlin and Dr Gregory Zhang, please email them: contact@snowdenoptiro.com

This audio podcast is also available as a free video podcast on Snowden Optiro’s YouTube channel.

https://snowdenoptiro.com

https://snowdenoptiro.com/professiona...

contact@snowdenoptiro.com

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In this episode, Ian Glacken our Executive Consultant in Perth, Australia discusses the thorny and divisive topic about whether we should be trying to minimise conditional bias in an estimate or should we be striving for a better idea of grade/tonnage relationship at the time of mining? Ian is joined in this discussion by Graeme Lyall our Executive Consultant who is based in Santiago, and Dr Oscar Rondon, Principal Geostatistician Datamine.

1:26 This podcast video at a glance

3:03 What is conditional bias

4:19 Schools of thought about conditional bias

6:19 The kriging oxymoron

7:00 The least of 2 evils

7:47 Important difference between the 2 schools of thought

8:40 Conditional bias and smoothing

11:42 What is KNA?

15:00 Discrete Gaussian method

Suggested papers to read.

D.G Krige - A practical Analysis of the effects of spatial structure and of data available and accessed, on conditional biases in ordinary kriging.

Quantitative kriging neighbourhood analysis for the mining geologist - A description of the method with worked case examples by J.Vann, S. Jackson and Olivier Bertoli.

If you'd like to connect with Ian, Graeme or Oscar please email them: contact@snowdenoptiro.com

This podcast is also available as a free video podcast on Snowden Optiro’s YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZm0zjSNmpo27fX_tfI79Yzhxy3VXjvMt

Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to derisk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

https://snowdenoptiro.com

https://snowdenoptiro.com/professiona...

Email: contact@snowdenoptiro.com

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In this episode, Susan Havlin, our Managing Consultant – Geology, and Gregory Zhang, our Senior Geology Consultant, discuss the advantages of developing customised internal tools to tackle technical challenges. They illustrate this with a case study on accurately modeling and managing resource depletion.

This podcast video at a glance:

00:10 Introduction

01:06 Why is it so difficult?

02:18 Errors involved in using the traditional approach

02:45 Applying these methods

03:53 The solution

09:33 Lessons learned

If you'd like to connect with Susan and Gregory, please email them: contact@snowdenoptiro.com

This Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro audio podcast is also available as a video podcast on Snowden Optiro's YouTube channel.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors.

We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to derisk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

https://snowdenoptiro.com

https://snowdenoptiro.com/professional-development/

contact@snowdenoptiro.com

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Senior Consultant Laurie Hassall and our EMEAA Regional Manager Julian Aldridge discuss the critical steps in moving from a Pre-Feasibility Study to a Feasibility Study, focusing on refining project concepts and ensuring economic viability. This podcast at a glance: 00:15 Introduction 00:38 Difference between PFS and FS 02:20 Various steps for a Pre-Feasibility Study 05:51 The changes when progressing to a Feasibility Study 09:23 Costs and time allocation for Pre-Feasibility and Feasibility Studies 10:00 Permits 11:45 Risks of not doing a Pre-Feasibility Study Join our experts as they explores the topic of 'Pre-Feasibility Studies' in the episode 98 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Laurie, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, and @Apple Podcasts.

Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors.

https://snowdenoptiro.com/ contact@snowdenoptiro.com https://snowdenoptiro.com/professionaldevelopment/

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Executive Consultant Ian Glacken and Principal Consultant Jan Graham continue their deep dive into recoverable resources. In Part 2, they tackle localisation, LUC vs. MIK, SMU estimate misconceptions, and what engineers really need to know.

This podcast episode at a glance: 00:05 Introduction 00:46 Issues with localisation and its importance 02:05 The main localisation method 04:11 How does it work with LUC and MIK? 04:49 How is it different with simulation? 05:33 MIK and localisation 06:19 Main issues associated with the LUC or LMIK 06:28 Common SMU estimate misconceptions 08:02 How should engineers use the model

NOTES: Localised Uniform Conditioning (LUC): A New Approach for Direct Modelling of Small Blocks. Author: Marat. Z. Abzalov

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Recovery Resources versus Recoverable Reserves Part 2 in the episode 97 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Ian and Jan, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify and @Apple Podcasts.

Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors.

https://snowdenoptiro.com/ contact@snowdenoptiro.com https://snowdenoptiro.com/professionaldevelopment/

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Senior Consultant Laurie Hassall discusses geometallurgical sampling, from collection to data analysis and ore body understanding..

This podcast episode at a glance:

00:15 Introduction 00:20 Geometallurgical sample collection 02:35 The next stage of sample collection 03:40 Data analysis and interpretation 04:25 Understanding geomet campaigns

Join our expert as he explores the topic of 'Geometallurgical Sampling' in the episode 96 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Laurie, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, and @Apple Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

https://snowdenoptiro.com/ contact@snowdenoptiro.com https://snowdenoptiro.com/professionaldevelopment/

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, tune in as Executive Consultant Ian Glacken and Principal Consultant Jan Graham delve into the key concepts of recoverable resources, examining their purpose, estimation techniques, practical applications, and how they differ from recoverable reserves.

This podcast episode at a glance: 00:05 Introduction 00:50 Recoverable resources and their purpose 02:05 Main recoverable resources methods 04:30 Applicability in open pit vs. underground scenarios 06:20 Explanation of the information effect 07:50 Distinction between recoverable reserves and resources

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Recovery Resources versus Recoverable Reserves in the episode 95 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Ian and Jan, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify and @Apple Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

https://snowdenoptiro.com/ contact@snowdenoptiro.com https://snowdenoptiro.com/professionaldevelopment/

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In this episode, Danny Tolmer and Gordon Webb explore the complexities of planning and optimising large open pit mines, from defining their scope to tackling long-term challenges and strategic decision-making.

This podcast episode at a glance:

00:05 Introduction to the topic 00:30 Definition of large open pit mines 01:20 Optimisation challenges for large pits 02:30 Selecting pit shells with NPV insensitivity 03:40 Common discount rates for large mines 04:20 Impacts of discount rate choices 05:20 Complexities in large pit operations

Join our experts as they explore the topic of The Importance of Pit Phasing in Open Pit Mine Planning in the episode 94 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Danny or Gordon, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, and @Apple Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

https://snowdenoptiro.com/ https://snowdenoptiro.com/professionaldevelopment/ contact@snowdenoptiro.com

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In this special episode, recorded at the Datamine Strategic Mine Planning Symposium 2024, we’re doing something a little different to enhance your listening experience. Instead of our usual two-speaker format, we’ve brought together a panel of four industry experts to share their collective knowledge, insights, and real-world experiences on one of the most transformative trends in mining: Mine Electrification.

The panel host is Tarrant Elkington – Snowden Optiro General Manager and the speakers are, Sarah de Vries – Snowden Optiro Principal Consultant, Phil Morriss – Snowden Optiro Executive Consultant, and Gavin Mann – Principal Mining Technology South 32.

As the mining industry faces growing pressure to decarbonize, electrification technologies—such as in-pit crushing and conveying (IPCC), trolley assist systems, and battery electric vehicles (BEVs)—are emerging as key solutions to reduce emissions, improve operational efficiency, and enhance safety. Our expert panel dives deep into the opportunities, challenges, and innovations surrounding mine electrification, drawing on case studies and trials from around the globe. By featuring multiple perspectives, we aim to provide you with a richer, more comprehensive understanding of this critical topic.

Whether you’re looking to stay ahead of industry trends or explore practical strategies for decarbonization, this episode promises to deliver valuable insights and actionable takeaways. So, sit back, listen in, and let’s hear what our panelists have to say about the future of mining!

If you'd like to connect with Tarrant, Sarah and Phil, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This video podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

https://snowdenoptiro.com https://snowdenoptiro.com/professional-development contact@snowdenoptiro.com

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In this episode, Susan Havlin, our Managing Consultant Geology and Gregory Zhang, our Senior Geology Consultant explore the impact of trends in resource data, methods to identify and address them, and advanced techniques like principal component analysis and universal kriging to improve estimation accuracy.

This podcast episode at a glance:

00:10 Introduction 00:55 Why trends in data matter 01:42 Common methods to identify trends 03:45 Problems caused by trends in estimation 04:30 Mitigating trends with search parameters 05:25 Principal component analysis and universal kriging 07:55 Applying these methods 09:00 Universal kriging explained 10:45 Using these methods vs domaining 11:55 Limitations of these methods

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Detrending in the episode 92 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Susan and Gregory, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, and @Apple Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

https://snowdenoptiro.com https://snowdenoptiro.com/professional-development/ contact@snowdenoptiro.com

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Executive Consultant Ian Glacken and Senior Consultant Dr. Gregory Zhang discuss declustering techniques, their practical applications, and how to address challenges in resource validation.

This podcast episode at a glance:

00:05 Introduction 00:30 The reason to decluster data 01:30 Explanation of how cell declustering works 02:05 Key uncertainties and parameters in cell declustering 03:51 Defining volume in polygonal declustering 06:30 Issues with using nearest-neighbour estimates for declustering 08:10 Solutions for addressing problems with nearest-neighbour models 08:50 Limitations of declustering algorithms and ways to address them 10:45 Summation of the kriging weights technique Join our experts as they explore the topic of 'Declustering Techniques' in the episode 91 of the Fresh Thinking podcast. If you'd like to connect with Ian and Greg, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com. This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode, our experts Tarrant Elkington, General Manager, and Sarah de Vries, Principal Consultant, discuss trolley assist technology and its applications in mining. This podcast episode at a glance: 00:05 Introduction 00:45 What is trolley assist? 01:45 Experience with trolley assist 02:40 Worldwide use of trolley assist 03:00 Challenges and hurdles for implementation 04:20 Suitability for different mine configurations 05:50 Diesel versus power cost considerations 08:10 Integration with battery technology 09:40 Underground applications 11:00 Challenges unique to underground use

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Trolley Assist in the episode 90 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Tarrant and Sarah, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, and @Apple Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Executive Consultant Ian Glacken and Principal Consultant Frank Blanchfield delve into effective management of mining studies.

They explore the purpose of mining studies, essential success factors, the timing of supporting studies, and practical tips for navigating the entire process.

This podcast episode at a glance: 00:05 Introduction 00:50 Purpose of doing mining studies 02:10 Key aspects of a successful mining study 04:55 Logistics and timing of supporting studies 09:00 Types of mining studies beyond scoping, pre-feasibility, and feasibility 10:00 Advice for managing mining studies effectively 12:00 Final thoughts

Join our experts as they explore the topic of 'Managing mining studies' in the episode 89 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Ian and Frank, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode, our experts Tarrant Elkington, General Manager, and Sarah de Vries, Principal Consultant, discuss the latest advancements in underground mine electrification, including emerging technologies, ventilation and health benefits, economic considerations, and the challenges of transitioning to battery-electric equipment in mining operations. This podcast episode at a glance: 00:05 Introduction 00:50 What is mine electrification? 01:45 What are some of the newer technologies for mine electrification? 03:15 Is it possible to remove almost all diesel from an underground mine? 04:15What are the ventilation benefits of electrifying underground mines? 06:45 Is it economically viable to electrify underground mines? 07:50 What are some of the challenges to making mine electrification work? Join our experts as they explore the topic of Underground Mine Electrification in the episode 88 of the Fresh Thinking podcast. If you'd like to connect with Tarrant and Sarah, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com. This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, and @Apple Podcasts.

hese podcasts are for those working in the mining industry.

Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode, Julian Aldridge, Managing Consultant - EMEAA, and Laurie Hassall, Senior Consultant, discuss the critical factors and strategies for managing mining operations near cut-off grades, focusing on efficiency and optimisation. This podcast episode at a glance: 00:05 Introduction 00:50 Challenges Near the Cut-Off Grade 02:50 Managing Dilution 04:20 Role of Grade Control 06:00 Cost Implications of Mining Near Cut-Off Grades 07:12 Innovative Solutions

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Cut-off Grades in the episode 87 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Julian or Laurie, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, and @Apple Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry.

Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode, Danny Tolmer, Regional Manager - North America, and Gordon Webb, Senior Consultant - Mining, explore the critical aspects of open pit mine planning, focusing on pit phasing strategies, optimisation techniques, and the challenges involved in designing efficient, cost-effective phases.

This podcast episode at a glance:

00:05 Introduction to Open Pit Mine Planning and Pit Phasing 01:30 Overview of Open Pit Mine Planning Process 04:10 Explanation of Phases and Their Importance 05:30 Criteria for Choosing Phases 06:50 Sizing Each Phase 09:00 Challenges in Phase Design 10:30 Typical Number of Phases in a Pit 12:00 Indicators for Adding More Phases 14:15 How Software Has Improved Pit Phasing

Join our experts as they explore the topic of The Importance of Pit Phasing in Open Pit Mine Planning in the episode 86 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Danny or Gordon, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, and @Apple Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode, Julian Aldridge, Managing Consultant - EMEAA and Laurie Hassall - Senior Consultant, explore how cut-off grades determine mining profitability by separating ore from waste based on costs and market factors.

This podcast episode at a glance:

000:05 Introduction 00:15 Definition of cut-off grade 01:00 Impact of extraction costs on cut-off grade 02:30 Other variables affecting cut-off grade 03:20 Inclusion of capex in cut-off grade 03:50 Types of cut-off grades 04:36 Calculating cut-off grade for polymetallic ores 06:40 Role of recovery rates in dynamic cut-off grade

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Cut-off Grades in the episode 85 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Julian or Laurie, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This video episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, and @Apple Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, join Senior Consultant Laurie Hassall as he delves into the intricacies of geometallurgical data and modeling. This podcast episode at a glance: 00:05 Introduction 00:15 Geometallurgical data usage 01:25 Modelling geological variability 02:35 Estimating processing metrics in block models 04:16 Assessing reliability in predictions Join our expert as he explores the topic of 'Geometallurgical Modelling' in the episode 84 of the Fresh Thinking podcast. If you'd like to connect with Laurie, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com. This podcast episode also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify and @Apple Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode, our experts Tarrant Elkington, General Manager and Susan Havlin, Managing Consultant - Geology, take a deeper dive into mineral resource reviews, focusing on all the important processes and considerations that enhance the accuracy and reliability of mineral resource models. This is Part 2 of a two-part series.

This podcast episode at a glance:

00:05 Introduction 01:30 Mineral Resource Review of Data 02:45 Reviewing QAQC practices 03:45 Issues found in geological interpretation 04:15 Reasons for not considering geology 05:40 Key aspects of geostatistics 06:30 Focus areas in resource estimation process 07:45 Appropriate estimation methodologies 08:20 Considerations for density estimation in resource reviews 09:10 Steps involved in estimate validation 10:30 Common issues with classification 12:00 Reporting block models to the market 13:20 Findings related to RPEEE (reasonable prospects of eventual economic extraction) 14:30 Most important areas to focus on in a resource review

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Key Insights into the Mineral Resource Review Processes - Part 2 in the episode 83 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Tarrant and Susan, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode, our experts provide an overview of mineral resource reviews, discussing key processes and considerations for reviewing and improving the accuracy and reliability of mineral resource models. This is Part 1 of a two-part series, with Part 2 diving deeper into each process in detail.

This podcast episode at a glance:

00:05 Introduction 00:55 Experience in reviewing resources 01:15 Key aspects of resource reviews 02:05 Purpose of resource reviews 03:20 Process involved in resource reviews 04:10 Key elements to look for in a resource review 05:15 Typical outcomes of a resource review

Join our experts as they explore the topic of 'Review of Mineral Resources - Overview' in the episode 82 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Tarrant and Susan, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This video episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, join Senior Consultant Laurie Hassall as he explores the historym origins and importance of geometallurgy in optimising metal extraction and reducing risk. This podcast episode at a glance: 00:05 Introduction 00:21 Definition of Geometallurgy 01:50 History of Geometallurgy 03:10 Why Geometallurgy is popular now 05:20 Geological variability consequences 05:45 Importance of Geometallurgy

Join our experts as they explore the topic of 'The History and Origins of Geometallurgy' in the episode 81 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Laurie, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, join our General Manager Tarrant Elkington and Senior Geology Consultant Dr. Gregory Zhang as they discuss how resource estimation methods impact mine planning and what mining engineers should know about understanding estimation models and their limitations.

This podcast episode at a glance:

00:05 Introduction 00:45 Motivation for discussing resource geology and mine planning 03:00 Common issues with resource models for mine planners 03:45 Limitations of resource models 06:45 Overview of resource estimation methods 07:30 The rule for waste inclusion in resource model 10:00 The use of recoverable resource models in resource geology and mine planning 11:20 Common issues in model preparation 14:50 Change of Support concept. 17:50 Localisation process and best practices for handovers between geologists and mine planners

Join our experts as they explore the topic of 'What Mining Engineers Need to Know About Resource Estimation' in the episode 80 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Tarrant and Greg, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, join our General Manager Tarrant Elkington and Managing Consultant Susan Havlin as they delve into the crucial crossover between resource geologists and mine planning engineers, highlighting key considerations for resource geologists when delivering models to mine planners.

This podcast episode at a glance:

00:05 Introduction 00:45 Motivation for discussing resource geology and mine planning 01:45 Common issues with resource models for mine planners 03:17 What it means when resource models don’t consider mining engineers 03:55 Key elements that should be included in a resource model 05:30 Managing and reducing model size effectively 07:30 The rule for waste inclusion in resource model 09:00 The use of rotated models in resource geology and mine planning 10:15 Common issues in model preparation (bugbears) 11:30 Best practices for handovers between geologists and mine planners

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Key Insights for Resource Geologists When Delivering Models to Mine Planners in the episode 79 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Tarrant and Susan, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This video episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, tune in as our Executive Consultant Ian Glacken, Executive Consultant Andrew Scogings and Managing Consultant Susan Havlin discuss the complexities of hard rock lithium, covering key mineral variations, exploration indicators, and challenges in resource estimation and geological modeling. This podcast episode at a glance: 00:05 Introduction 01:30 Lithium minerals: Variations and significance? 02:10 Mineral characteristics: Impact on lithium extraction? 02:56 Economic viability: Role of mineralogy in lithium deposits? 03:40 Exploration indicators: Key signs for lithium? 05:00 Mineralogical studies: Contribution to resource estimates? 06:30 Assaying techniques: Effects on lithium oxide results? 07:50 Domaining challenges: Issues in pegmatite modeling? 08:30 Contaminants: Concerns in lithium estimation? 08:55 Subdomains in pegmatites: Varying lithium content? 09:54 Drilling impacts: Influence on lithium exploration? 10:30 Geological modeling: Challenges in lithium deposits? Join our experts as they explore the topic of Hard Rock Lithium in the episode 78 of the Fresh Thinking podcast. If you'd like to connect with Ian, Andrew and Susan, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com. This video episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts. These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry.

Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode, our Executive Consultants Ian Glacken and Michael Andrew discuss the proposed JORC Code changes to the competent person's regulation. This podcast episode at a glance: 00:05 Introduction 02:11 Overview of changes 05:35 Pros and cons of the CV scheme 07:05 Validation of the CV of record and responsibility 09:10 Commodity experience for CP 10:40 Need for declaring sampling, QC, and analytical techniques in CV 11:30 Updates to CVs for each sign-off 13:10 Alternatives to resumes 15:00 Regulation and Requirements for CPD (Continues Professional Development) 17:33 Prevention of mining disasters and regulatory responses

Join our experts as they explore the topic "Draft JORC Code Update: Competent Person Changes" in the episode 77 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Ian and Mike, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

Please look for Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro. These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode, Vincent Agnello, Principal Consultant, and Shepherd Kadzviti, Head of Advisory - EMEA, discuss key aspects of mineral resource and reserve reporting for JSE-listed companies, including compliance with section 12.13, annual reporting requirements, and ensuring adherence to JSE regulations.

This podcast episode at a glance: 00:10 Introduction 01:30 Overview of public reporting for JSE-listed companies 02:00 Discussion about section 12.13 02:27 Compliance requirements 03:00 Additional compliance obligations 03:30 Key aspects of annual reporting 04:40 Required brief summaries in the report 05:45 Further details required in the report 07:10 Supporting documents for the report 07:40 Post-submission process 08:00 JSE compliance verification 08:30 Feedback from JSE 09:00 Ensuring compliance

Join our experts as they explore the topic "Mineral resource & reserve reporting for JSE companies" in the episode 76 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Vincent or Shepherd, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts. Please look for Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro. These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode, our Executive Consultant Ian Glacken and head of Advisory APAC Justine Tracey discuss what mine geologists do on a daily basis, their role in ensuring efficient mining, and provide tips for new mine geologists. This podcast episode at a glance: 00:55 Definition of a Mining Model 01:15 Process of Creating a Mining Model 03:20 Importance of a Mining Model 04:45 Modifications in a Mining Model – dilution and ore loss 06:15 Ways to incorporate dilution and ore loss into a mining model 09:30 Choosing the Right Application Method 12:30 Added Fields and Properties 16:30 Model Efficiency Adjustments

Join our experts as they explore the topic "The true role of a mine geologist" in the episode 75 of the Fresh Thinking podcast. If you'd like to connect with Ian and Justine, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts. Please look for Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode, our Executive Consultant Ian Glacken and Head of Advisory APAC Justine Tracey discuss the importance of data quality in mineral resource estimation and how to manage and understand your data.

This podcast video at a glance:

00:30 - Topic introduction 01:30 - Overview of podcast purpose 01:45 - Implications of using bad data for mineral resource estimate 02:10 - Definition of bad data 04:20 - Is bad data worse that no data 05:30 - Transition from good data to bad data 07:00 - Requirements for a maiden mineral resource estimate 08:05 - Other aspects of data quality 09:10 - Understanding your data and explanation of metadata 10:45 - Role of the JORC Code in ensuring good data

Join our experts as they explore the topic "Mining the truth" in the episode 74 of the Fresh Thinking podcast. If you'd like to connect with Ian and Justine, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts. Please look for Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode, our Executive Consultant Ian Glacken and Reconcilor Product Owner and Principal Consultant Rayleen Hargreaves discuss the Draft JORC Code with a focus on Reconciliation. This podcast episode at a glance:

00:05 Introduction and overview of Draft JORC Code 01:40 Stakeholders involved in the 2025 JORC Code 03:30 Definition of Reconciliation in the Draft JORC Code 04:30 Clarifications needed with Reconciliation terminology 05:45 Public consultation process and feedback 08:50 Historical vs. Production Reconciliation 15:30 Impact on Public Reporting Practices 16:40 Need for standardisation in Reconciliation Reporting 18:00 Importance of transparent terminology in Reporting 20:00 Potential for Global Reconciliation Standard 21:00 Addressing any ambiguities in the Draft JORC Code 24:00 Final thoughts and call for feedback

Join our experts as they explore the topic "Reconciliation Insights: Navigating the Draft JORC Code" in the episode 73 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Ian and Rayleen, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

Please look for Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro. These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode, our General Manager of Snowden Optiro, Tarrant Elkington and Managing Consultant, Hamish Guthrie discuss the process of preparing open pit mining models and the challenges involved.

This podcast episode at a glance: 00:55 Definition of a Mining Model 01:15 Process of Creating a Mining Model 03:20 Importance of a Mining Model 04:45 Modifications in a Mining Model – dilution and ore loss 06:15 Ways to incorporate dilution and ore loss into a mining model 09:30 Choosing the Right Application Method 12:30 Added Fields and Properties 16:30 Model Efficiency Adjustments Join our experts as they explore the topic of Open pit mine planning model preparation in the episode 73 of the Fresh Thinking podcast. If you'd like to connect with Tarrant and Hamish, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com. This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts. Please look for Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro. These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, tune in as our Executive Consultant Ian Glacken, Executive Consultant and Principal Consultant Jan Graham explore the topic of Commodity Series: Nickel Sulfide. This podcast episode at a glance: 00:05 Introduction 00:40 Experience with nickel sulfide deposits 01:30 Key types of nickel sulfide deposits 02:15 Estimation issues for structurally hosted deposits 04:40 Use of 2D modeling or seam modeling 07:20 Involvement with Nova Bollinger deposit 08:25 Estimation issues for disseminated mineralization 11:00 Geological models in nickel sulfide mines

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Nickel Sulfide Lithium in the episode 71 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Ian and Jan, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts. These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry.

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This podcast at a glance:

00:05 Introduction 01:30 Lithium minerals: Variations and significance? 02:10 Mineral characteristics: Impact on lithium extraction? 02:56 Economic viability: Role of mineralogy in lithium deposits? 03:40 Exploration indicators: Key signs for lithium? 05:00 Mineralogical studies: Contribution to resource estimates? 06:30 Assaying techniques: Effects on lithium oxide results? 07:50 Domaining challenges: Issues in pegmatite modeling? 08:30 Contaminants: Concerns in lithium estimation? 08:55 Subdomains in pegmatites: Varying lithium content? 09:54 Drilling impacts: Influence on lithium exploration? 10:30 Geological modeling: Challenges in lithium deposits?

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Hard Rock Lithium in the episode 71 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Ian, Andrew and Susan, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts. These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, tune in as our Executive Consultant Ian Glacken and Johannesburg-based Principal Consultant Senzeni Mandava explore the topic of compliance, specifically the similarities and differences between Australian JORC Code and South African SAMREC Code. This podcast episode at a glance: 00:05 Introduction 00:40 Brief comparison of SAMREC vs JORC and when they were updated 01:40 Explanation of a CPR 02:30 Mandatory items to be included in a CPR 03:50 Description of a Readers Panel 05:30 Overview of regulations in Australia 07:20 Comparison of Table 1 in SAMREC vs JORC 09:15 Differences in Table 1 Summary Join our experts as they explore the topic of Compliance in the episode 70 of the Fresh Thinking podcast. If you'd like to connect with Ian and Senzeni, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com. This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, tune in as our Executive Consultant Ian Glacken and Johannesburg-based Principal Consultant Senzeni Mandava share insights on industry trends in her local context, discuss ongoing projects, and explore African resource dynamics.

This podcast episode at a glance:

00:05 Introduction 01:00 Overview of Johannesburg office and key roles 02:20 Focus on Johannesburg Practice and daily operations 03:50 Initiatives for Professional Development 05:13 Insight into the Steelmaker’s Project and its unique aspects 09:30 Challenges encountered during site visits 11:30 Trends in Mineral Resources across Africa 14:10 Outlook on the South African Mining Industry for 2024 16:30 Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) impacts on mines in Africa

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Exploring African Mining in the episode 69 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Ian and Senzeni, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts. These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry.

Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, tune is as our Executive Consultant Ian Glacken and Justine Tracey, Head of Advisory APAC discuss mineral resource estimation issues and intricates of gold deposits.

This podcast at a glance:

00:05 Introduction 01:10 Ian's Background and Experience with Gold 02:20 Justine's Experience with Gold Deposits 02:50 Key Issues in Estimating Gold Deposits 06:20 Estimating Disseminated Mineralisation in Intrusives 09:00 Challenges with Dual Commodity Mineralisation 10:25 Other Styles of Gold Mineralisation 12:00 Conclusion

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Gold Deposits in the episode 68 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Ian and Justine, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast episode is also available as an audio podcast on @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry.

Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, tune is as our Executive Consultants Ian Glacken and Craig Morley discuss the importance of value-based ore control, the evolving role of mining geologists, and the impact of AI and simulation in enhancing mining operations.

This podcast at a glance:

00:05 Introduction 00:55 Value-Based Ore Control 02:32 Geometallurgy and Its Importance 03:25 The Role of 21st-Century Mining Geologists 05:45 Simulation and Uncertainty in Mining 08:20 Future of Mining Geology and AI 10:30 Future Role of Resource Geologists and AI

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Mining geology and Ore Control in the episode 67 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Ian and Craig, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This video podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry.

Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, join us as our Principal Consultant Chris Jones and Allan Earl, Executive Consultant, exploring the topic of underground mine planning process.

This podcast at a glance:

00:05 Introduction 00:40 Recent Underground Projects 01:05 Underground Mine Planning and Design Process 01:50 Specifics for Scoping Studies 02:25 Mining Method Selection 03:40 Development Design Layout 04:30 Preliminary Stope Designs 05:10 Mining Schedule Setup 07:10 Schedule and Reporting 08:10 Conclusion and Future Topics

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Underground Mine Planning Process in the episode 66 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Chris and Allan, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry.

Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, join us as our International Regional Manager, Julian Aldridge, and Senior Consultant, Laurie Hassall, delve into the complexities of gold mining.

This podcast episode at a glance:

00:05 Introduction 03:50 Geological Environments and Deposit Styles 07:15 Experience Required for QP/CP in Gold 08:40 Mineralogy and Metallogeny 10:35 Mining Styles for Gold 12:50 Key Areas for Gold Mining Around the World 14:30 Future Outlook for Gold 17:40 Use of Byproducts from Gold Mining

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Commodity Series – Gold in the episode 65 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Julian and Laurie, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, tune is as our Executive Consultants Ian Glacken and Craig Morley explore the intricacies of mining geology, innovation and ore control.

This podcast at a glance:

00:05 Introduction 00:45 Discussing ore control and mine geology innovations 01:20 Problems and innovations: Example of high-impact, low-cost innovation 02:45 Integration of data innovation in ore control processes 04:10 Approaches to collaboration in mining operations 05:30 Innovative behavior and solutions in the mine value chain

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Mining geology and Ore Control in the episode 64 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Ian and Craig, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, tune is as our International Regional Manager Julian Aldridge and Senior Consultant Laurie Hassall explore the intricacies of tin mining.

This podcast video at a glance:

00:05 Introduction 00:40 Explanation of what tin is and its application 02:35 The geological environments and deposits styles commonly associated with tin 04:40 Discussion about where tin deposits are found around the world 06:20 The metallurgical and mineralogical considerations related to tin 09:00 Explanation how tin is typically mined 09:55 Explanation how tin is typically estimate and special considerations to be aware of tin modelling

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Commodity Series – Tin in the episode 63 of the Fresh Thinking podcast. If you'd like to connect with Julian and Laurie, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This video podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode, our General Manager of Snowden Optiro, Tarrant Elkington and Managing Consultant, Hamish Guthrie discuss the open pit mine planning process.

This podcast at a glance: 00:05 Introduction 00:52 Defining what an open pit mine plan entails. 01:10 Reason and motivation behind creating mine plans 02:00 Process of creating an open pit mine plan 03:50 Expected outcomes of a typical mine plan 04:50 Addressing the time required for completing a mine plan 05:55 Discussion of frequency of updating mine plans 06:55 Exploring whether the mine planning process varies across different commodities 08:30 Recapitulating the key points covered in the discussion

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Open Pit Mine Planning Process in the episode 62 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Tarrant and Hamish, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

Please look for Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, join our International Regional Manager Julian Aldridge and Senior Consultant Laurie Hassall as they discuss all the specifics of the copper mining commodity.

This podcast at a glance: 00:08 Introduction 00:40 Explanation of what copper is and its application 03:07 The geological environments and deposits styles commonly associated with copper 04:30 Discussion about where copper deposits are found around the world 05:45 Discussion about untapped areas with future potential for copper deposits 06:25 Explanation of how copper is typically found through exploration and mined 08:20 The metallurgical and mineralogical considerations related to copper 10:00 Discussion on experience with copper projects and their specifics 11:40 Explanation how copper is typically estimated and special considerations 14:30 Thoughts on the future of copper

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Commodity Series – Copper in the episode 60 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Julian and Laurie, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, join our International Regional Manager Julian Aldridge and Senior Consultant Laurie Hassall as they explore the nuances of working with the tungsten commodity.

This podcast at a glance:

00:08 Introduction 00:45 Explanation of what tungsten is and its applications 02:18 The geological environments and deposit styles commonly associated with tungsten 03:50 Discussion about where tungsten deposits are found around the world 04:35 Explanation of how tungsten is typically found through exploration 06:00 The metallurgical and mineralogical considerations related to tungsten 08:20 How tungsten is typically mined 09:40 How tungsten is typically estimated 13:00 Special considerations to be aware of in modeling.

Join our experts as they explore the topic of Commodity Podcast Series – Tungsten in the episode 59 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Julian and Lauire, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry.

Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, join Executive Consultant Ian Glacken and Principal Geostatistician Dr. Oscar Rondon as they explore the top cutting strategy for resource estimation.

This podcast at a glance:

Oscar introduces this podcast and the speaker Ian Glacken.

00:05 Oscar introduces this podcast and the speaker Ian Glacken. 00:57 Ian describes the importance of a top cut strategy in Resource Estimation. 02:55 Ian discusses the approaches used for selecting a top cut value. 06:25 Ian examines the alternatives to the mentioned approaches and their rationale. 12:05 Ian shares his thoughts on why some practitioners endorse reconciliation as a suitable guide for selecting the top cut value.

Join our experts as they explore the top cutting strategy for resource estimation in episode 57 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Ian and Oscar, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This video podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, join General Manager Tarrant Elkington and Allan Earl, Executive Consultant as they discuss the mining aspects of Technical Due Diligence.

This podcast at a glance:

0:10 Tarrant introduces the speaker, Allan Earl, and outlines the podcast topic.

1:00 Allan provides an overview of Technical Due Diligence in the mining industry. 2:35 Allan delves into the initial aspects considered when commencing a Technical Due Diligence review. 4:30 When all data is organized, Allan discusses the initial focal points, starting with underground mines. 12:00 Allan elaborates on the distinctions in technical due diligence for open-pit mines. 14:07 Allan clarifies whether his due diligence process primarily involves data review or other tasks. 17:10 Allan compares and contrasts due diligence requirements between operating and developed mines. Join our experts as they explore the topic of electrification in episode 56 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Tarrant and Allan, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Spotify, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry. Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory, Consulting and Professional Development.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, join General Manager Tarrant Elkington and Danny Tolmer, Regional Manager for North Americas as they discuss the electrification of the mining process.

This podcast at a glance:

0:04 Tarrant introduces the podcast and our speaker, Danny Tolmer. 0:58 Danny explores mine electrification and its connection to Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles. 2:36 Danny explores various technologies utilized for mine electrification. 2:38 Danny discusses technologies such as in-pit crushing, trolley assist, rail systems, hydrogen fuel cells, and battery electric. 4:46 Danny explains the reasons behind the reduction in energy consumption. 6:45 Danny examines the factors influencing the applicability of these technologies in a mine. 9:52 Danny sheds light on the trends and adoption of these technologies.

Join our experts as they explore the topic of electrification in episode 56 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Tarrant and Danny, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts. These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, join Executive Consultant Ian Glacken and Principal Geostatistician Dr. Oscar Rondon as they explore the applications of Conditional Simulation in a two-part series.

This is the second final episode.

00:00 Ian introduces this podcast and the speaker Dr Oscar Rondon. 01:15 Oscar addresses the topic of Resource Classification in more detail. 02:00 Ian emphasizes the essential role of geological continuity and the need for expert consideration beyond simulation in the classification process. 02:55 Ian introduces the concept of using single realisation for simulations. 03:30 Oscar explains applications for using single realisation for simulations. 04:25 Ian further highlights the core process of simulating with sparse data, generating realizations, emphasizing the critical selection of one that accurately reflects the input data, and discusses methods for verification. 06:30 Oscar underscores the importance of defining the simulation's purpose before running it, while Ian expands on strategies for situations where relying on a single realisation feels uncomfortable. 07:30 Ian discusses one case study in which he participated as a member of the Advisory Group at Snowden Optiro. 09:45 Oscar provides an interesting case study example from a period when the multivariate simulation component was not yet available in Supervisor. 10:55 Ian briefly explains the concept of Multivariate Simulation which will might be a topic for another podcast.

Join our experts as they explore the PART 2 of applications of Conditional Simulation in episode 55 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Ian and Oscar, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, Stitcher, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry.

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This is the first episode.

This podcast at a glance:

0:30 Ian starts the podcast, introducing the topic and explaining what Conditional Simulation means briefly. 1:35 Oscar talks about the concept of simulation, specifically focusing on the idea of the space of uncertainty. 03:22 Ian moves on to discuss applications of simulation, emphasizing the importance of the group of realizations. 03:50 Oscar covers various things people might explore in the realm of applications. 04:30 Oscar explains the types of statistics that can be performed with the suite of realisations. 05:00 Oscar goes deeper, explaining what a transfer function is. 06:00 Ian provides examples of the most common applications of simulations. 06:20 Oscar and Ian talk about the difference between simulation and estimation. 08:20 Ian shifts to simulating geological uncertainty. 09:05 Oscar explains how to approach simulating both geological and grade uncertainty. 10:20 Ian introduces resource classification as one application involving multiple simulations and realisations. 11:30 Ian explains the difference between classifications in the JORC code and those used in simulations.

Join our experts as they explore the PART 1 of applications of Conditional Simulation in episode 54 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Ian and Oscar, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Technical Writer Kiara Allessio and Principal Geostatistician Dr. Oscar Rondon come together to discuss Conditional Simulation — exploring what it is and why it is crucial for Resource Estimation.

This podcast at a glance: 00:00: Kiara introduces the episode and the speaker Oscar Rondon. 00:23: Oscar explains why Conditional Simulation matters for Mineral Resource Estimation. 01:00: Oscar stresses the importance of turning data into a Gaussian distribution after initial data analysis. 02:07: Oscar answers whether the transformation is needed for normally distributed data. 02:35: Kiara introduces different simulation methods available for Conditional Simulation. 03:11: Oscar shares insights on selecting the right simulation method. 04:30: Oscar provides general guidelines on setting up Conditional Simulation. 05:55: Oscar explains why conditional simulation is crucial for assessing uncertainty in mining. 06:47: Oscar discusses the difference in assessing grade versus geology in Conditional Simulation. 07:30: Oscar talks about errors people often make in Conditional Simulation. 08:50: Kiara wraps up the discussion.

Join our experts as they explore this fascinating subject of Conditional Simulation in episode 53 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

f you'd like to connect with Kiara and Oscar, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, our Managing Director Tarrant Elkington and Executive Consultant Michael Andrew discuss the topic of Technical Due Diligence and its role for geology and mineral resources.

This podcast at a glance:

00:00: Tarrant introduces the episode and the speaker Michael Andrew 00:50: Mike provides a high-level overview of Technical Due Diligence for geology and mineral resources. 03:30: Mike talks about what he looks for when starting a Technical Due Diligence review. 05:50: The discussion turns to the priorities when all the data is organized and what elements are examined first. 07:15: Mike explores the best practices for validating a resource, including a check estimate. 11:30: The conversation shifts to exploring potential opportunities or upsides, challenging the perception of Due Diligence as solely a downside. 15:50: The importance of site visits in the context of Due Diligence is emphasized. 18:30: Tarrant wraps up the discussion.

Join our experts as they explore this fascinating subject of Technical Due Diligence of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Tarrant and Mike, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Executive Consultant Ian Glacken, Principal Geostatistician Dr. Oscar Rondon and Anthony Cook, Product Manager - Supervisor, come together to discuss Validation of Mineral Resource Models.

They explore the reasons behind validation, the different types available, and the tools at our disposal.

This podcast at a glance:

00:00 - Ian introduces his guests, Oscar Rondon and Ian Glacken. 00:40 - Ian presents the podcast topic. 01:05 - Anthony explains why we need to validate the Mineral Resource Block Models. 02:10 - These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry.Anthony discusses key approaches to validation 03:40 - Oscar briefly explains the theory of the discrete Gaussian approach 04:40 - Anthony outlines the tools available in Supervisor for model validation 05:50 - Oscar explains how the discrete Gaussian Change of Support is implemented in Supervisor and how it works 06:30 - Anthony gives us a sneak peak into new future Supervisor versions, designed to aid geologists in model validation. 08:00 - Oscar anticipates the use of new tools, such as AI or simulations, in the future to validate block models.

Join our experts as they explore this fascinating subject of Validating Mineral Resource Models in episode 52 of the Fresh Thinking podcast.

If you'd like to connect with Ian, Oscar or Anthony, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, Stitcher, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry.

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry.

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In this episode, Geology Consultant Dr. Gregory Zhang discusses the practical application of MIK Localisation for addressing complex data challenges, with a specific focus on a gold deposit.

This podcast video at a glance:

00:28 – Greg provides an overview of his expertise and background. 01:35 - Greg explains what MIK is. 02:00 – Greg explores the non-linear estimation methods and discusses when to use them. 03:30– Greg outlines the high-level workflow of MIK. 04:53 – Greg explains how to conduct MIK. 05:40– Greg provides tips about using MIK. 06:35 – Greg addresses the necessity of MIK. 08:25 – Greg explores the reasons for localising MIK. 08:54 – Greg discusses the details of localisation 10:08 – Greg covers validation tools for MIK 11:45 – Greg talks about a project where localised MIK was used. 12:38 – Greg discusses the reasons for the difference in the LUC and LMIK results. 13:50 – Greg provides a high-level summary of the LUC method. 14:55 – Greg addresses the question of whether grade control drillings are still needed since the estimated grades in the SMUs are already available.

If you'd like to connect with Gregory please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This video podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, Stitcher, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, join Anthony Cook, Product Manager for Supervisor, and Oscar Rondon, our Principal Geostatistician, as they unravel the intricate world of the 'Closure Problem' in geosciences — exploring its impact on various processes and highlighting its critical importance.

This podcast video at a glance:

00:48 – Oscar gives a brief overview of what the closure problem is. 02:26 – Anthony explores the potential issues that can arise if the closure is not taken into account. 03:00 – Oscar gives his view on why the closure problem is not more commonly discussed, even though it has significant implications for various processes. 04:22 – Oscar offers his insights on how to overcome the closure problem. 05:13 – Oscar recalls a consulting project where Anthony faced challenges in reproducing correlations and addressing closure issues during multivariate simulations. 06:00 – Anthony talks about the tools used for this project. 06:40 – Oscar shares additional recommendations for listeners dealing with the closure problem.

Catch this enlightening discussion on the Closure Problem in geosciences, featuring two industry experts.

If you'd like to connect with Anthony or Oscar, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This video podcast is also available as an audio podcast on @Libsyn, Stitcher, @Apple Podcasts, @Google Podcasts

These podcasts are for those working in the mining industry.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, join Anthony Cook, Product Manager for Supervisor, and Oscar Rondon, our Principal Geostatistician, as they dive into the world of Supervisor and Isatis software from a user's perspective. Discover how they leverage these tools in their resource estimation studies.

This podcast video at a glance:

1:00 – Oscar discusses with Anthony his extensive experience using Isatis during his career in the petroleum and mining industry. 2:18 – Oscar explores Anthony's insights on using Supervisor. 2:53 – Anthony shares the components in Supervisor that he frequently relies on and why. 3:17 – Oscar delves into the features of Isatis. 4:18 – Learn how practitioners are utilizing Supervisor, as Anthony, a Product Manager, offers his observations. 5:05 – Anthony and Oscar discuss their user experiences with Isatis and Isatis Neo. 6:06 – Oscar and Anthony speculate on the future, considering the powerful software available within the Datamine family. Could we expect one product that combines the best of both?

Don't miss this insightful conversation about Supervisor and Isatis software, featuring two industry experts. Tune in now to gain valuable perspectives on their practical applications in resource estimation studies.

If you'd like to connect with Anthony or Oscar regarding Supervisor or Isatis software, please reach out to them at contact@snowdenoptiro.com.

This podcast is also available as an audio podcast on Libsyn, Spotify, Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts.

This podcast has been specifically produced for those either working in or associated with the mining industry.

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Ian Glacken, Executive Consultant at Snowden Optiro talks with Rayleen Hargreaves, Principal Consultant and Reconcilor Product Owner about the importance of data transparency across the mine vale chain, for achieving effective reconciliation.

Both Rayleen and Ian are passionate advocates for continuous improvement via reconciliation across the entire mining value chain. This podcast video at a glance:

1:06 – How would you define data transparency and why is it important in the mining industry?

4:53 - What types of data are typically collected along the mine value chain? \

6:53 - What are some of the challenges associated with achieving data transparency across the mine value chain?

9:05 How can mining companies ensure that their data is transparent and accurate?

10:45 What do you think are the benefits of data transparency for the mining industry?

12:10 Rayleen flips the last question to ask Ian what he sees as potential risks associated with poor data transparency and inaccurate reconciliation in the mining industry.

13:54 Is a picture or a map of the Mine Value Chain important as part of the transparency?

If you would like to speak to either Ian or Rayleen about Reconciliation and/or Reconcilor, here are their contact details: Ian Glacken ian.glacken@snowdenoptiro.com Rayleen Hargreaves rayleen.hargreaves@snowdenoptiro.com

This podcast is also available as an audio podcast on Libsyn, Spotify, Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts.

This podcast has been specifically produced for those either working in or associated with the mining industry.

contact@snowdenoptiro.com

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Rayleen Hargreaves, Principal Consultant and Reconcilor Product Owner discusses Declared Ore Mined (DOM) with Ian Glacken, Executive Consultant with Snowden Optiro. What is the meaning of DOM, where does it fit in reconciliation, and what are the pros and cons of using DOM as one of the cornerstones of mine reconciliation are some of the topics discussed in this episode.

Both Rayleen and Ian are passionate advocates for continuous improvement via reconciliation across the entire mining value chain.

This podcast at a glance:

1:16 How do you define DOM and how does it fit into the Mine Value Chain?

2:17 Why do you think that some mines or companies choose to use DOM and other companies use recalculated or factored mill figures?

3:24 What are the issues with stockpiles and DOM? Does it depend upon where the stockpiles are? How should we decide which stockpiles should be included in the DOM calculation?

5:24 Are there better options than using DOM? What does that say about the ‘boundary’ between the mine and the plant?

6:50 How are the reconciliation figures handled in Reconcilor?

8:30 Would you incorporate the stockpile delta in the mine figures or mill figures when designing a reconciliation system?

If you would like to speak to either Ian or Rayleen about Declared Ore Mined and/or Reconcilor, here are their contact details:

Ian Glacken ian.glacken@snowdenoptiro.com

Rayleen Hargreaves rayleen.hargreaves@snowdenoptiro.com

This podcast is available as an audio podcast on Spotify, Stitcher, Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts and Libsyn

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In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Rayleen Hargreaves, Principal Consultant and Reconcilor Product Owner discusses Reconciliation and Moisture with Ian Glacken, Executive Consultant with Snowden Optiro. Both Rayleen and Ian are passionate advocates for continuous improvement via reconciliation across the entire mining value chain.

This podcast at a glance:

0:57 Why is moisture or contained water important in reconciliation?
3:32 Is there a reason some companies ignore the moisture factor?
6:36 Could we just take the moisture measurements at the plant?
8:56 How can we get a better mine moisture measurement?
11:15 How should we handle moisture across the reconciliation work flow?

If you would like to speak to either Ian or Rayleen about Reconciliation and/or Reconcilor, here are their contact details:

Ian Glacken ian.glacken@snowdenoptiro.com

Rayleen Hargreaves rayleen.hargreaves@snowdenoptiro.com

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In this episode, Rayleen Hargreaves, Principal Consultant and Reconcilor Product Owner discusses Reconciliation versus Rescaling with Ian Glacken, Executive Consultant with Snowden Optiro. Both Rayleen and Ian are passionate advocates for continuous improvement via reconciliation across the entire mining value chain.

This podcast at a glance:

1:05 Definition of reconciliation
2:07 What is the differrence between reconcilation and rescaling
6:20 The pros and cons of rescaling data
8:55 Is there a commodity group leading the charge in best practice reconciliation or is it being driven from a company level?
10:45 Is there a value in rescaling data when different sources, like Sub-level caves, block caves and stopes are involved in feeding material to the plant during the month?

If you would like to speak to either Ian or Rayleen about Reconciliation and/or Reconcilor, here are their contact details:

Ian Glacken ian.glacken@snowdenoptiro.com

Rayleen Hargreaves rayleen.hargreaves@snowdenoptiro.com

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To celebrate the 20-year Anniversary of Reconcilor, Rayleen Hargreaves our Reconcilor Product Owner chats to Craig Morley Anglo American’s Head of Mining Geosciences and Reconciliation about the key roles they have played in the genesis, development and roll out of the reconciliation software Reconcilor. Prior to joining Anglo American, Craig was with Snowden for 18 years and it was during this time that Reconcilor was born. Here we are 20 years later and Reconcilor is working its magic on 31 mine sites around the world.

This podcast at a glance:

1:22 Introduction

1:22 What led to the development of Reconcilor?

2:32 What are the most important features that were developed during your time at Snowden?

2:40 Automation of data capture

4:06 Prognostication – predicting the future

4:39 What is the most asked question about how Reconcilor works?

4:27 How did you get Reconcilor recognised globally?

7:45 What do you think is the most meaningful feature of Reconcilor?

9:37 How does Reconcilor differ today from how it was in the past - and now looking into the future?

12:00 Where has Reconcilor taken you around the world – where to next?

If you would like a demonstration of how Reconcilor works and how it could help your mine site, please contact Rayleen Hargreaves: contact@snowdenoptiro.com

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IPCC offers economic and environmental gains for mining companies. In this part 2 of a 2-part podcast series, Tarrant Elkington, Snowden Optiro's General Manager talks to IPCC expert Phil Morris about the technical details, applications and benefits of IPCC.
This episode at a glance:
0:49 Types of IPCC: Pit rim/out-of-pit crusher - Fixed IPCC - Semi-mobile IPCC - Fully-mobile IPCC
3:22 Most suitable applications according to mine complexity
5:04 Possible to get rid of all trucks?
6:00 When looking for savings - retrofit and mine planning
7:54 Benefits of IPCC for both retrofit and at initial mine planning
12:01 Desktop study a useful indicator
12:46 Greatest technical challenge of IPCC

If you would like to discuss the application of IPCC for your mine site or would like more information, please contact either Tarrant Elkington or Phil Morris: contact@snowdenoptiro.com

Snowdenoptiro.com

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IPCC offers economic and environmentals gains for mining companies. In this podcast, Tarrant Elkington, Snowden Optiro's General Manager talks to IPCC expert Phil Morriss about the applications and benefits of IPCC.

This episode at a glance:

0:53 Introduction of Phil Morriss (yes, that's him laughing in the background!)
1:16 Phil explains what IPCC is
2:38 Benefits of replacing trucks with IPCC
5:17 Economic/Unit cost savings
7:17 Environmentals benefits - carbon footprint reduction
8:48 Key drivers to get best benefits from ICC
14:36 Anything against using IPCC?
16:50 Future of IPCC and its application

If you would like to discuss the application of IPCC for your mine site or would like more information, please contact either Tarrant Elkington or Phil Morris: contact@snowdenoptiro.com

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In this podcast, Matt Mullins our Head of Advisory for Europe, Middle East, Africa and Asia talks about the economics of project development - honing in on the 7 fundamentals of project success.

This episode at a glance:

3:32 Strategic thinking, Pre-feasibility study and Feasibility study – any of these more important?

6:36 The 7 fundamentals of project success

9:32 Why are independent reviews so critical?

11:32 The 4 prime metrics

16:06 What rate of return to expect?

Further reading:

The Report Codes
Listing rules of the Stock Exchanges
AusIMM website: Guidelines for Technical Economic Evaluation of Minerals Industry Projects

Contacts:
Matt Mullins matt.mullins@snowdenoptiro.com

Justine Tracey justine.tracey@snowdenoptiro.com

Snowden Optiro website: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

Professional development courses: https://snowdenoptiro.com/training/

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This is the first podcast from Matt Mullins, our Head of Advisory for Europe, Middle East, Africa and Asia. In this podcast Matt talks about his experience with creating value through increasing productivity. Matt’s vast knowledge, experience and the skills that he’s gained in his 40+ years in the mining industry, offer us invaluable information.

This episode at a glance:

1:52 What are some of the big changes that you’ve witnessed over the past 40 years in the mining industry?

6:00 Capital efficiency ratio – how do you use it and measure it?

7:39 Was the decline in capital efficiency ratio recognised at the time?

8:33 What are some warning signs for us to watch out for?

9:53 How did you intervene?

13:00 What are some of the key learnings?

For more information:

Eliyah Goldratt’s book, The Theory of Constraints

Contact: matt.mullins@snowdenoptiro.com

Link to a short bio about Matt: https://snowdenoptiro.com/team/matt-mullins/

Snowden Optiro - Mining Advisory Consulting, Software and Training: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

Snowden Optiro Training courses: https://snowdenoptiro.com/training/

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This is the 2nd podcast in a 2-part series that covers Categorical and Multiple Indicator Kriging, which is an increasingly popular mineral resource estimation technique. In this podcast, Optiro's Geology Director, Ian Glacken discusses the use and abuse of these techniques in mineral resource estimation, with our podcast host Justine Tracey.

This episode at a glance:

1:00 Let's recap the concept of an indicator
1.58 What are the circumstances where MIK is required?
5.56 What are the key issues to be aware of?
9.54 Why is MIK abused as an estimation technique?
13.17 Where can we get more information?

For more information:

Rossi, ME, and Deutsch, CV (2014). Mineral Resource Estimation. Springer.
A practitioners' implementation of indicator kriging. Authors: I M Glacken and P C J Blackney. Contact Ian Glacken for a copy: iglacken@optiro.com

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This is the first podcast in a 2-part series that covers Categorical and Multiple Indicator Kriging, which is an increasingly popular mineral resource estimation technique. In this podcast, Optiro's Geology Director, Ian Glacken addresses the use and abuse of these techniques in mineral resource estimation.

This episode at a glance:

1:00 What are these two podcasts about?

1:36 What exactly is an indicator?

2:33 What is categorical kriging and where would I apply it?

4:32 Could you use it in a more simple application? (Sub domaining out your low-grade zones within a domain)

5:27 Have you seen categorical kriging used inappropriately?

7:11 Can you explain how categorical estimation works?

9:44 What are the key issues when using a categorical estimation?

11:21 Is the approach ever overused or abused?

For more information:

Rossi, ME, and Deutsch, CV (2014). Mineral Resource Estimation. Springer.
A practitioners' implementation of indicator kriging. Authors: I M Glacken and P C J Blackney. Contact Ian Glacken for a copy: iglacken@optiro.com

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The JORC code does many things, but it doesn't prescribe how to consistently classify resources. Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken explains some of the techniques available to ensure consistency in this fifth part of the mini-series on the JORC code.

In this episode:

1:22 When the JORC code is described as being principles-based, what does that mean?
3:16 So contrasting to other codes around the world, the JORC code is a good one, right?
4:33 Why can the JORC code be an issue for large companies?
5:39 What are some of the techniques for getting a more objective classification?
6:30 Is there a standard for objective resource classification? (90/15 rule)
11:16 Where can you get more information on this?

For more information:

H M Parker and C E Dohm, 2014. Evolution of Mineral Resource Classification from 1980 to 2014 and Current Best Practice. Finex 2014 Julius Wernher Lecture
JORC Code
Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com

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There are plenty of ways to get it wrong and having to retract your ASX market release is best avoided. Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken explains how to stay compliant to the rules in this fourth part in the mini-series on the JORC code.

In this episode:

1:16 What's the general approach for resource and reserve market releases?
4:20 How does our process in Australia compare to the codes in other markets?
5:43 What sort of errors we do see with releases of exploration results?
9:01 What about the errors we see with the release of resource information?
10:27 There are many issues related to studies for ore reserve declarations, right?
12:55 What about the market comparisons companies make with their peers?
16:17 Where can you find out more about this?

For more information:

JORC Code
Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com

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Podcasts in the time of COVID-19. The name isn't a mistake: Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken is talking about Table 1 of the JORC code, why it is there, misconceptions about it and how it can protect investors.

In this episode:

0:57 Table 1 and the ASX listing rules - what are your obligations?
1:45 What are the rules regarding Table 1 and when does it need to get completed?
2:27 "If not, why not?" - what does this mean?
3:50 If I have generated a mineral resource estimate, do I need to fill out Section 2 of Table 1?
5:50 What's the relationship between Table 1 and the ASX listing rules?
8:39 What do you think the regulators want to see?
10:51 This is complicated. Does anyone actually look at Table 1?
12:35 Where should we look for more information on Table 1?

For more information:

JORC Code
JORC Table 1: Just answer the question! (2016) Sterk, R. RSC Consulting Ltd
Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com

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Reporting your resource using metal equivalents is acceptable practice, if you follow the rules. In this episode, the second in a mini-series about misinterpretation of the JORC code, Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken explains where miners are getting it wrong and potentially misreporting the value of their commodities.

In this episode:

0:58 What happens if a competent person misinterprets or misreports something to the market?
2:18 What is a metal equivalent and why are we talking about it in this context?
6:00 Metal equivalents aren't necessarily a bad thing though right? Why should companies do it?
7:08 What is an NSR (Net Smelter Return) equivalent?
8:40 What are the rules for metal equivalents in the JORC code?
11:12 Why do we see abuses of the rules and then subsequent retractions in the market?
14:34 What should investors look out for in market releases?
16:08 Where can listeners get more information?

For more information:

The Use and Abuse of Metal Equivalents (2019) Rose, S and Fahey, G. Mining Geology 2019 conference.
Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com

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Recent research undertaken by Optiro's Director of Geology, Ian Glacken, shows there are a number of reports on resources being made to the market that are based on tenuous assumptions. This episode is part of a mini series on misinterpretations of the JORC code.

In this episode:

1:03 Is RPEEE hopeless?
2:08 What does 'reasonable' mean, actually?
2:51 What about 'eventual' and 'economic'?
4:16 Are we effectively defining ore reserves at the resource stage now?
6:03 What's causing you to be less optimistic about RPEEE now?
9:27 We can see people sidestepping the rules - why are we seeing people get away with it?
11:29 We're looking for a level playing field. What can we do to bring resource reporting in line with the code?
13:51 How can people get a hold of your paper that was presented at the conference?

For more information:

The Highly Vexed Issue of Reasonable Prospects of Eventual Economic Extraction (RPEEE) - Narrowing the Range of Practice (2019), Glacken, Ian. Mining Geology 2019 conference.
Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com

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Now that you've built up your resource model from the data it's time to submit it to the Bernard Schneider test. Optiro's Principal Geologist Mark Drabble explains some of the checks you need to perform to ensure your modelling is correct.

In this episode:

0:49 What are some of the key issues you've seen in resource models?
6:05 How can we avoid coming out with "bollocks" in our models?
9:09 If you want to keep your models accurate, what are some of the techniques you can use?
13:50 What should we do with our validated models, now that we have them?

For more information:

Contact Mark Drabble - Optiro Principal Geologist: MDrabble@optiro.com

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Interpreting data can be a daunting task and 'good luck' probably isn't enough to get you through! So Optiro's Principal Geologist Mark Drabble shares tips on how to get to the right answers in your resource models.

In this episode:

0:45 Five years before you could use a computer to model
2:11 Are graduate geologists spending much time in the field learning how to collect data?
4:06 How should you get started in resource modelling?
6:45 What do I need to understand about the JORC code and materiality?
8:35 How can people check the database they are working with for errors?
13:15 What does visualisation mean?
16:53 We haven't even started digitising, what are the things you need to do here?
22:04 Draw your concept - use a pencil!
24:12 Ok you've got shapes now - is this a model?

For more information:

Contact Mark Drabble - Optiro Principal Geologist: MDrabble@optiro.com

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Choosing the right technique to analyse your samples is an important decision and new technology is changing the game. Dr Simon Dominy joins Ian Glacken, Director of Geology at Optiro, to discuss new techniques including photon assay.

In this episode:

0:44 What do we mean by 'bulk' assaying?
2:05 Why use BLEG or leachwell?
4:31 Why is photon assay a breakthrough?
6:52 What other bulk assaying techniques should we be aware of?
9:58 Where can we go for more information?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Contact Simon Dominy - s.dominy@e3geomet.com
Optiro website

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Bulk sampling can help you get a more accurate idea of how much ore there is to be mined, but you need to have the scale to do it and know when it is appropriate. Dr Simon Dominy joins Director of Geology at Optiro Ian Glacken to discuss where he has seen it used well in the past.

In this episode:

1:07 Why do we need to do bulk sampling?
2:12 How do you define a bulk sample?
2:42 What are the key elements of a bulk sampling campaign?
4:28 What does bulk sampling cost?
5:08 What are some example projects that you've worked on?
6:20 What is a Nelson or Acacia reactor?
7:42 How do you know a bulk sample is appropriate?
8:48 What is the view on ore sorting? Can it be useful at a production scale?
10:08 Where can listeners go for more information?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Contact Simon Dominy - s.dominy@e3geomet.com
Optiro website

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When you travel the world visiting mines, you encounter extremes in weather, altitude and travel. In this final part of the travels of a geologist, Director of Geology at Optiro Ian Glacken recalls how he almost got frostbite in an unlikely country and about potholes so big they could swallow a car.

In this episode:

1:10 What has been the hottest and coldest places you've been as a travelling geologist?
4:05 Frostbite in Morocco (almost)
5:52 What is the highest mine above sea level you've ever been to?
7:35 Where have the longest road trips been?
10:10 Air travel surely features heavily in the life of a travelling geologist?
12:17 Are you going to keep travelling?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Optiro website

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The best jobs can be on the worst trips and the worst jobs can be in the best places. In part 3 of 4 of this series on travel as a geologist, Director of Geology at Optiro Ian Glacken tells us about some of the worst places he's been and the worst food poisoning he's endured, whilst keeping an eye out for some of the world's most rugged beauty.

In this episode:

1:23 Where is the worst place you've been to as a consultant?
4:23 What are some other unfavourable places you've visited?
5:21 What about the other perils of travelling like diseases and food poisoning?
6:45 Make us want to be a geologist - surely not all travel is bad?
7:51 Bullet proof cars in Colombia
9:52 Mad Max beauty in Namibia

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Optiro website

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Seeing the world as a consultant geologist can take you places, but some of them are a little too exciting to experience twice! Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken recalls some stories including escaping a revolution, meeting Danie Krige on a pile of gold bars and having his clothes eaten by goats.

In this episode:

1:00 Following C tutoring from Larry Page at Stanford, where did you travel next?
2:40 What were your first trips as a consultant geologist like?
4:57 Meeting the guys from Bre-X
6:15 Escaping a revolution
8:01 Where do you go most frequently in the mining world?
9:14 What happened on your first trip to Africa?
10:10 Meeting Danie Krige
11:18 Do goats eat washing in Burkina Faso?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Optiro website

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If you want to see the world you needn't join the navy: geologists get to see the world and quite frequently, too. Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken tells some stories about his early travels and what he learned, including honing his C programming skills with a young Google CEO Larry Page.

In this episode:

1:05 Does working as a geologist lead to a lot of travel?
2:30 Is the travel enjoyable?
3:14 Was there much travel in the early years of your career?
11:43 Studying geostatistics at Stanford University and both meeting and working with people who went on to make names for themselves around the world.

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Optiro website

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Should geochemistry be used more than structure? How can you get a 3D picture of a resource? And what are "coloured shapes around coloured numbers"? Optiro's Principal Consultant Mark Drabble joins Fresh Thinking to give an overview of geological interpretation and modelling.

In this episode:

0:57 What is geological interpretation?
2:31 Why is it so important?
3:28 How do geologists interpret the information they see?
4:29 What are "coloured shapes around coloured numbers?"
7:22 What is the best way to take all the data into account?
9:09 You say it's hard to understand the house if you're looking through the letterbox down the hallway - what do you mean by this?
10:49 So you take a step back and look at the asset as a whole?
11:40 Do you think geochemistry is used more than structure?
13:05 How do you find the balance in your approach?
14:19 How can companies get better value from the information they collect?
15:56 When have you used these approaches in the field?
18:22 What links could you share with listeners?

Like to learn more?
Deposit-scale structural controls on orogenic gold deposits: an integrated, physical process–based hypothesis and practical targeting implications.
Leapfrog 3D Geological Modelling course

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Geologists need to use the right methods when estimating the tonnage and grade they can expect from an ore body. For recoverable resources, when uniform conditioning doesn't work, you need to turn to alterative techniques. In part two of this two-part series, Senior Geostatistician at Geovariances, David Barry, and Director of Geology at Optiro, Ian Glacken, discuss MIK and conditional simulation.

In this episode:

2:05 There are alternatives to uniform conditioning for when it isn't suitable
4:15 What are the alternatives to uniform conditioning?
7:45 There are several theoretical objections to Multiple Indicator Kriging in the French school
9:38 What is conditional simulation and how does it apply to recoverable resource estimation?
11:49 So how would we get a single optimal result from multiple conditional simulations?
12:50 How would you use Isatis to help you with your estimation techniques?
14:44 Where can people go to get more information on this subject?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Contact David Barry - Senior Geostatistician: barry@geovariances.com
Optiro website
2-day Recoverable Resources course

Links:

Wackernagel, H (2013) Basics in Geostatistics 3. Geostatistical Monte-Carlo methods: Conditional Simulation. NERSC, Accessed 17/10/2019.
Glacken, I & Blackney, P (1998) A practitioners implementation of indicator kriging, The Geostatistical Association of Australasia “Beyond Ordinary Kriging” Seminar October 30th, 1998  Perth, Western Australia

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Geologists need to make predictions about how much can be extracted from an ore body based on limited data. What can you do to confidently report on the likely tonnage and grade? In part one of this two-part series, Senior Geostatistician at Geovariances, David Barry, and Director of Geology at Optiro Ian Glacken discuss recoverable resources and how to apply uniform conditioning.

In this episode:

1:25 What are recoverable resources?
2:34 What is the difference between recoverable and ordinary resources?
3:48 Is there a difference between recoverable resources and reserves?
4:46 What needs to happen to a recoverable resource to make it into a reserve?
7:00 What are the main techniques for recoverable resource estimation?
7:32 What is uniform conditioning?
11:16 What would a typical uniform conditioning workflow look like?
13:58 What are the key assumptions we have to make when performing uniform conditioning?
17:34 Does uniform conditioning work for underground mining?
18:26 Where can people find out more about uniform conditioning?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Contact David Barry - Senior Geostatistician: barry@geovariances.com
Optiro website
2-day Recoverable Resources course

Links:

Geovariances website

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Underground grade control is different from open pit grade control and to take you through the depths of their experiences, Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken and geometallurgist Simon Dominy discuss the topic, covering techniques and methods.

In this episode:

1:00 How is underground grade control different to open pit?
1:47 How does the mining methods used in underground mining affect the way you'd do grade control?
2:53 Do we need to use a wider range of techniques for underground grade control than in open pit?
3:43 Is face sampling, channel sampling or chip sampling, a waste of time?
6:10 How can understanding the geology contribute to better underground grade control technique?
9:21 Where could people go next to learn more about underground mine grade control and sampling?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Contact Simon Dominy - s.dominy@e3geomet.com
Optiro website

Links:

Dominy, S.C., Glass, H.J., O’Connor, L., Lam, C.K., Purevgerel, S. and Minnitt, R.C.A. 2018. Integrating the Theory of Sampling into underground mine grade control strategies. Minerals, 8(232)
Dominy, S.C., Glass, H.J., O’Connor, L., Lam, C.K. and Purevgerel, S. 2019. Integrating the Theory of Sampling into underground mine grade control strategies: case studies from gold operations. Minerals, 9(238)
Dominy, S.C., Platten, I.M., Xie, Y. and Minnitt, R.C.A. 2011. Underground grade control protocol design: case study from the Liphichi gold project, Larecaja, Bolivia. App. Earth Sci., 119, 205-219

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It is visually very attractive, but getting an accurate grade for coarse gold isn't straight forward. If you've used the wrong techniques, your estimate could be way off. World expert in this field Simon Dominy joins Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken to discuss what you could do to make sure you're reporting the right grade from your samples.

In this episode:

1:15 Let's clarify - what is coarse gold?
2:58 What deposits in Australia are classified as coarse gold?
4:06 It's visually appealing, but what are the downsides of coarse gold and what is the nugget effect?
6:32 What issues are there with assaying coarse gold? And what are some of the techniques?
11:18 What are remote assaying techniques and what are the opportunities for that?
12:47 What are the things you can do if you've got a coarse gold problem?
14:44 Are there any other places to read more about coarse gold?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Contact Simon Dominy - s.dominy@e3geomet.com
Optiro website

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The relatively new practice of geometallurgy is giving miners an additional tool to employ in their search for viable mineral reserves. Dr. Simon Dominy, an old friend of Optiro's and a leading geometallurgist joins Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken to discuss the discipline and how it's being used in industry.

In this episode:

1:32 What are the differences between geometallurgy, geology and metallurgy?
2:40 If you're going to be a geometallurgist, should you start out as a geologist or a metallurgist?
3:43 What are the sorts of problems we can tackle with geometallurgy?
4:41 You've talked about two types of geomet: strategic and tactical. What is the difference?
7:29 What's the relationship between geometallurgy and environmental management?
8:38 What is 'mine to mill' in the context of geometallurgy?
9:44 What would you characterise as a geomet block model?
11:29 Looking forward, what are the challenges going to be in geometallurgy?
13:35 Are all companies going to be able to benefit from geomet or is it only for the big companies?
14:37 Where can people find more information on the subject?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Contact Simon Dominy - s.dominy@e3geomet.com
Optiro website

Links:

Dominy SC, O’Connor L, Parbhakar-Fox A, Glass HJ, Purevgerel. S. 2018. Geometallurgy – a route to more resilient mine operations. Minerals, 8(560)

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Consulting as a geologist in the mining industry is a very rewarding career, but what about the clients?! How can a great relationship with a client make a job successful, or a terrible relationship make a project head south? Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken spills the beans on some of the experiences he's had throughout his career, revealing the good, the bad and the ugly.

In this episode:

1:07 What's the worst job you've ever worked on?
2:20 So what constitutes a good job for you?
3:57 How does a relationship with a client impact on the job?
8:37 How important is communication with the client?
9:58 What would your advice be for people looking to get into consulting in geology and the mining industry?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Optiro website

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Due Diligence is an important process to undertake when acquiring a mineral asset, but how do you know if you're getting it right and if it's protecting you from issues down the line? In this episode, the final part of a four part series, Managing Director of Optiro Mark Warren shares some of his experiences around Due Diligence, illustrating that it's not always straight forward.

In this episode:

1:02 If I'm buying a mineral asset, what should I hope to get out of due diligence?
9:58 What are some of the things you've seen where sellers haven't put themselves in a good light?

For more information:

Contact Mark Warren - Managing Director at Optiro - mwarren@optiro.com
Optiro website

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Due Diligence is an important process to undertake when acquiring a mineral asset, but how do you know if you're getting it right and if it's protecting you from issues down the line? In this episode, part three of a four part series, Managing Director of Optiro Mark Warren explores the Due Diligence process and how to keep it swift.

In this episode:

0:52 What are the steps in the due diligence process?
5:56 What is a data room?
10:07 How long does a due diligence typically take?
11:28 The level of detail can also vary a lot per assignment in due diligence

For more information:

Contact Mark Warren - Managing Director at Optiro - mwarren@optiro.com
Optiro website
Corporate services

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Due Diligence is an important process to undertake when acquiring a mineral asset, but how do you know if you're getting it right and if it's protecting you from issues down the line? In this episode, part two of a four part series, Managing Director of Optiro Mark Warren explores the scoping of Due Diligence, ensuring you have all the right people in the room to get a good result.

In this episode:

1:01 To understand the scope, what are some things included in a technical due diligence?
2:53 A broad list of functions are required in a due diligence. How do you cover off all the requirements?
4:49 The board is going to want updates on the due diligence. What should I report back to them?
6:30 We've focussed on technical aspects of due diligence, but are there any other factors to worry about?
8:03 What sort of tools do you need to complete a technical due diligence?
11:44 Does each due diligence look the same or does it vary asset to asset?

For more information:

Contact Mark Warren - Managing Director at Optiro - mwarren@optiro.com
Optiro website

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Due Diligence is an important process to undertake when acquiring a mineral asset, but how do you know if you're getting it right and if it's protecting you from issues down the line? In this episode, part one of a four part series, Managing Director of Optiro Mark Warren explores some fundamental questions around Due Diligence.

In this episode:

1:01 Give us some background - how long have you been involved in DDs?
1:57 So what is due diligence? Is it just doing your homework?
3:55 Does the standard definition of 'due diligence' apply to mineral assets?
7:00 So how does it apply to mineral assets?
7:46 When and why would you undertake due diligence?

For more information:

Contact Mark Warren - Managing Director at Optiro - mwarren@optiro.com
Optiro website

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Seeing all the information you need to make a decision on one screen can be a powerful tool for management. Reconciliation dashboards are becoming more popular with miners who want to have all the information available for each stakeholder in the process. Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken boils down the essence of these dashboards in this episode and explains the good practices he has seen around the world and what they allow miners to do.

In this episode:

0:52 What is the concept of a dashboard?
2:52 Dashboards have come a long way in business in the last ten years, but why are they particularly appropriate for reconciliation?
6:02 What are some of the good things you've seen in reconciliation dashboards?
10:08 Can dashboards also be used for compliance to plan?
11:22 How do you get started with dashboards in your company?
12:45 Where can people go to find examples of excellent dashboards?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Optiro website

Further reading:

Envisioning Information - Edward R Tufte, Graphic Press, 2008.

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It's time to go deeper on accuracy and precision in the context of quality control of geological data. In the second half of this two-part series, we explore precision: Optiro's Principal Consultant Paul Blackney goes into detail on precision and why it matters when sampling.

In this episode:

0:56 What is an acceptable level of precision for sample grade data?
5:33 What happens when your grade precision is not consistent with what you were expecting?

For more information:

Contact Paul Blackney - Principal Consultant at Optiro: pblackney@optiro.com
Optiro website

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It's time to go deeper on accuracy and precision in the context of quality control of geological data. In the first half of this two-part series, we explore the subject of accuracy: Optiro's Principal Consultant Paul Blackney explains the difference between the two concepts and then illustrates what accuracy means in practice in mining.

In this episode:

0:54 What's the difference between accuracy and precision?
5:12 Why are the accuracy and precision of geological data so important?
7:09 How do we know we have an acceptable accuracy for sample grade data?
9:50 Not everything goes to plan. What can you do if your grade control accuracy doesn't meet your expectations?

For more information:

Contact Paul Blackney - Principal Consultant at Optiro: pblackney@optiro.com
Optiro website

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Reports are one of the most important methods of communication in the world of geology. Writing well means your findings will be well understood and interpreted correctly the day you deliver them and years down the track. Optiro's Director of Geology and report editor in chief Ian Glacken has summarised his advice on report writing down to seven key points.

In this episode:

0:40 What sort of reports are there in geology and why are they important?
1:18 Why is good report writing important?
2:08 Rule #1: Making the report readable
2:49 Rule #2: Using visuals in your report
4:10 Rule #3: A presentation is not a report
6:00 Rule #4: Refer to all captioned items
6:58 Rule #5: Cut down on jargon where possible
8:40 Rule #6: Clarity, concision and elegance
10:43 Rule #7: RTFR
11:45 What can people read to get ideas on how to write better reports?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Report Writing for Geologists and Engineers training course
Optiro website

Further reading:

The visual display of quantitative information – Edward R Tufte, Graphics Press, 2001.
Eats shoots and leaves – Lynne Truss, Fourth Estate, 2003.
Elements of style – William Strunk, Harcourt, 1918.

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Most important decisions in mining are in some shape or form dependent on the accuracy of sampling. There are many ways to introduce errors and its important to eliminate as many as possible. Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken explains why sampling is so important, the sorts of errors that can be introduced during sampling and how to avoid them.

In this episode:

0:36 Why is sampling important in the mining industry?
1:42 What are sampling errors?
2:54 What are the key principles of sampling in mining?
3:46 What are the things we can do to make sampling random?
4:25 What are the differences between correct and incorrect errors?
5:25 What are some of the incorrect errors?
7:30 What are correct errors?
8:53 How do we go about reducing errors in sampling?
11:22 To learn more about sampling, where should people go?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Sampling Theory and Best Practice training course.
Optiro website

Further reading:

Dominy, SC; Importance of good sampling practice through the mine value chain. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM) 2016, 125:3, 129-141

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Quality Assurance and Quality Control, or QAQC, encompasses a range of controls that ensure accurate results in sampling. In this part 2 of the two-part series on QAQC, Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken and Principal Paul Blackney discuss precision, contamination and best practice.

In this episode:

1:02 How do we measure precision and why is it important?
3:12 What are the properties of a duplicate for precision analysis?
3:50 Why do we need to take duplicates at various stages?
5:09 What are the types of information we need to present for duplicate samples and how do we measure precision?
6:46 Let's move on from precision and talk about contamination
10:11 Why do we need umpire laboratories and what are their roles in the process?
11:45 Are there differing views about when to use an umpire lab?
12:27 What are the benefits of QAQC and what are the risks of not having a robust programme?
14:20 Where can you learn more about QAQC?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Contact Paul Blackney - Principal Consultant: pblackney@optiro.com
Optiro website

Further reading:

Sampling Errors and Control of Assay Data Quality in Exploration and Mining Geology (download from intechopen.com)

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Quality Assurance and Quality Control, or QAQC, encompasses a range of controls that ensure accurate results in sampling. In this part 1 of the two-part series on QAQC, Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken and Principal Paul Blackney discuss the difference between QA and QC and how accuracy is determined.

In this episode:

0:56 What is QAQC?
2:10 What are the limits of QAQC in the mining cycle?
2:45 What are the key aspects of what QAQC is trying to achieve?
4:09 How do we measure accuracy given we don't know the true grade of anything?
5:18 What are the characteristics of a Certified Reference Material?
12:17 How do we portray accuracy?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Contact Paul Blackney - Principal Consultant: pblackney@optiro.com
Optiro website

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Declustering is a critical technique to understand and use when estimating a resource. It helps you get a more accurate picture of the whole ore body, but why is it controversial in parts of the industry? Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken and Principal Paul Blackney discuss the technique and where to use it.

In this episode:

0:51 What is declustering and why is mining data clustered?
1:41 What are the implications of not declustering?
2:03 When is declustering useful?
2:52 Do we need to apply declustering to ordinary kriging?
3:26 What are some of the normal methods used when declustering?
5:12 So not everyone uses declustering. Why do some practitioners disavow it?
6:10 Do you both agree on when to apply declustering?
7:22 Are there any circumstances when its mandatory to decluster?
9:12 Where should people go to learn more?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Optiro website

Links:

Declustering and debiasing (2005) M. J. Pyrcz and C. V. Deutsch, University of Alberta, Centre for Computational Geosciences
Applied mineral inventory estimation - Alastair J. Sinclair, University of British Columbia, Vancouver , Garston H. Blackwell, Queen's University, Ontario

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Getting reconciliation wrong can lead to dire consequences for miners. Mine reconciliation is the practice of comparing the tonnage and grade of material processed by the mill with the tonnage and grade of ore in the reserve model of a deposit and with the tonnage and grade in the grade control models used to define ore in mining. Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken explains what can go wrong and how we can aim to avoid issues.

In this episode:

0:47 What is reconciliation and how it applies to mining?
1:48 What happens when things go wrong?
2:29 If someone has made a poor forecast at the beginning, is there any way back?
3:33 What are the key aspects of reconciliation?
5:46 Why is reconciliation so complicated? Does it need to be?
7:08 What about the standards we need to adhere to?
8:07 Is this just the domain of geologists or are there others involved?
9:09 What are the key aspects of an effective reconciliation?
9:56 Where can people learn more about reconciliation?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Optiro website

Links:

Standardising the Reconciliation Factors Required in Governance Reporting (2009) Fouet et. al
Reconciliation principles for the mining industry (2012) H.M. Parker
Optiro Reconciliation training course - https://www.optiro.com/training/reconciliation-getting-right-first-time/

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Mineral resource estimation produces a model of deposits for extraction and is made up of various complex processes. In part two of this two-part series, Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken discusses how the various methods used for estimation can be controversial and takes a look towards the future.

In this episode:

0:50 What is the issue and what are the differences between global estimation and local accuracy?
3:55 How do you know which approach is applicable to your situation?
5:05 Is there something about the culture of a country that determines the approach?
6:11 Are there any approaches that are less theoretically rigorous?
7:11 If some approaches aren't theoretically rigorous, how can you justify using them?
7:57 Why are some of the older techniques still used if there are better ones around?
8:50 What does the future hold for resource estimation?
11:00 Where can people get the paper you wrote on resource estimation?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Optiro website

Links:

Monograph 30 – Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Estimation – The AusIMM Guide to Good Practice - https://ausimm.com/product/monograph-30-mineral-resource-and-ore-reserve-estimation-the-ausimm-guide-to-good-practice/

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Mineral resource estimation produces a model of deposits for extraction and is made up of various complex processes. In part one of this two-part series, Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken discusses the history and common practices of resource estimation.

In this episode:

0:42 What are the main estimation methods used in mineral estimation worldwide?
1:33 What is the origin of the term 'Kriging'?
2:40 There are multiple methods for resource estimation, but why don't we all use the same one?
4:57 Ordinary Kriging is probably the most popular technique. Why is that?
6:56 Some techniques of resource estimation are controversial, like inverse distance and polygonal methods. Why?
9:40 Now we have better technology than ever before. How does this affect the methods used for resource estimation?
10:51 What is geostatistics and how has it influenced resource estimation?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Optiro website

Links:

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Reporting the right information to investors is critical. The three main codes around the world that govern resource estimation and reporting to the market all contain references to RPEEE, or Reasonable Prospects of Eventual Economic Extraction. Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken explains why the principle is critical to reporting resources.

In this episode:

0:48 What is RPEEE?
1:33 Why do we need to have RPEEE as part of all the reporting codes?
2:28 The codes are there to protect investors
3:19 What has changed from the versions of JORC 2004 to 2012?
4:28 RPEEE has also been controversial because of its inconsistent application
5:34 Why is the principal not being applied everywhere?
6:38 What is the approach for open pit mines for RPEEE?
7:45 How does RPEEE apply to underground mines?
8:56 Are there any differences between how the RPEEE has been applied in the JORC, SAMREC and CIM codes?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Optiro website

Links:

JORC 2012 code - http://www.jorc.org/docs/JORC_code_2012.pdf
SAMREC 2016 code - https://www.samcode.co.za/codes/category/8-reporting-codes?download=120:samrec
CIM 2014 guidelines - https://www.cim.org/en/News-and-Events/News/2014/CIM-Definition-Standards-and-Guidance-updated

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When you're creating a resource estimate you need to be sure that you haven't relied on outlier samples. Top cutting (or capping) is a method you can use to reduce the impact of individual samples and produce a more accurate picture of what's in the ground. Optiro's Director of Geology Ian Glacken explains the method, when it is appropriate and what happens when it's not used correctly.

In this episode:

0:44 What is a top cut?
1:10 Why should you use a top cut?
2:03 When and where should you apply a top cut?
2:43 What are the alternatives to top cuts?
3:33 Where are top cuts not appropriate?
4:49 If not everyone believes in it, what is the science behind top cuts?
7:26 Top cuts don't always work out and produce the right results
8:20 Top cuts are an essential method for high variability precious metals, like gold silver and platinum
8:46 Where can people learn more?

For more information:

Contact Ian Glacken - Optiro Director of Geology: iglacken@optiro.com
Optiro website

Links:

Parker, H.M., 1991. Statistical treatment of outlier data in epithermal gold deposit reserve estimation. Mathematical Geology, v23, no.2, pp175-199.
Applied Mineral Inventory Estimation by Alastair J. Sinclair,‎ Garston H. Blackwell - https://www.amazon.com.au/Applied-Inventory-Estimation-Alastair-Sinclair/dp/0521021820
Optiro Training Courses - https://www.optiro.com/services/training/

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