JLPT N4 – Maggie Sensei: Recent Episodes

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「車の下で何してるの?」

= くるまのしたでなにしてるの?

= Kuruma no shita de nani shiteruno?

= What are you doing under the car?

「この暑さで参っちゃう。」

= このあつさでまいっちゃう。

= Kono atsusa de maicchau.

= This heat is killing me.

Hi everyone! Today’s guest teacher is Lily from Malaysia.

Today’s lesson is how to use the particle で ( = de) .

There are so many ways to use this particle. I will explain as much as I can

in this lesson.

How to form:

noun + で ( = de)

noun + adverbial particle (Ex. だけ/のみ = dake/nomi = just) + で ( = de)

How to use:

Index:

1) To indicate the location of an action/event/accident: (doing something/something takes a place )/specific point to do something: at/in/on.

2) Method/tool/mean: action is done by/with ~ , to do something using ~ , something happened by ~ .

3) Ingredients/materials/components: Something is made of/made out of/made from ~ .

4) Cause/reason/purpose: because/due to/for ~ .

5) The basis for an evaluation (quality) or a condition.

6) Indicating a specific time/time period/required time when something is done/finished/can be done/reaches to the limit.

7) Talking about the price/cost/total amount/quantity.

8) per/at a rate of: What you get/do/pay per unit.

9) Indicating doing something as a group/a unit: Doing something together or by oneself.

10) even (with) で + いい = de + ii = ~ is just fine/good enough (compromising).

11) among / the most ~ in (category/group/choices) / indicating superlative or comparative relationships.

12) Describing the state/condition/manner of action, Doing something wearing/putting on ~ .

13) Indicating one’s choice among available options./Expressing preference/Making a request among options.


1) To indicate the location of an action/event/accident: (doing something/something takes a place )/specific point to do something: at/in/on.

Ex. ここで何をしているの?

= ここでなにをしているの?

= Koko de nani wo shiteiru no?

= What are you doing here?

Ex. マギーは家でビールを飲んでいます。

= マギーはいえでビールをのんでいます。

= Maggie wa ie de biiru wo nonde imasu.

= Maggie is drinking beer at home.

Ex. その靴はどこで買えるの?

= そのくつはどこでかえるの?

= Sono kutsu wa doko de kaeru no?

= Where can I buy those shoes?

Ex. A: 「日曜日、どこで待ち合わせする?」

= A: にちようび、どこでまちあわせする?

= A: Nichiyoubi, doko de machiawase suru?

= A: Where should we meet on Sunday?

B: 「郵便局の前で会おうか。」

= B: ゆうびんきょくのまえであおうか?

= B: Yuubinkyoku no mae de aou ka?

= B: Shall we meet in front of the post office?

Ex. 渋谷の駅で事故がありました。

= しぶやのえきでじこがありました。

= Shibuya no eki de jiko ga arimashita.

=There was an accident near Shibuya Station.

Ex. この会社で10年働いています。

= このかいしゃでじゅうねんはたらいています。

= Kono kaisha de juunen hataraite imasu.

= I have been working at this company for 10 years.

Ex. 浅草で母に、日本のお土産を買わなくてはいけません。

= あさくさでははに、にほんのおみやげをかわなくてはいけません。

= Asakusa de haha ni, nihon no omiyage wo kawanakute wa ikemasen.

= I have to buy Japanese souvenirs for my mother in Asakusa.

(In the taxi)
Ex.ここで降ろしてください。

= ここでおろしてください。

= Koko de oroshite kudasai.

= Please drop me off here.

(In the elevator)

Ex. 10階でおります。

= じゅっかいでおります。

= Jukkai de orimasu.

= I’ll get off at the 10th floor.

Ex. もっといい環境で働きたい。

= もっといいかんきょうではたらきたい。

= Motto ii kankyou de hatarakitai.

= I want to work in a better environment.

Ex. ベッドの上で飛び跳ねてはいけません。

= ベッドのうえでとびはねてはいけません。

= Beddo no ue de tobihanete wa ikemasen.

= Don’t jump on the bed.

From the picture above:

「車の下で何してるの?」

= くるまのしたでなにしてるの?

= Kuruma no shita de nani shiteru no?

= What are you doing under the car?

(何してるの? =なにしてるの? = Nani shiteru no? is a casual contraction of 何をしているの? = なにをしているの? = Nani wo shite iru no?)

Note:1) When you indicate the location of existence of things/people, you use に ( = ni) with

→いる/います = iru/imasu (someone is ( + location) = There is/are + person/people) /Someone is in ~

→ある/あります = aru/arimasu (something is (+location) = There is/are + object(s)) ~/Something is in/at/on ~

→住んでいる/住んでいます = すんでいる/すんでいます = sunde iru/sunde imasu = to live in ~

Ex. 日本に住んでいます。

= にほんにすんでいます。

= Nihon ni sunde imasu

= I live in Japan.

Ex. マギー先生は、今、京都にいます。

= マギーせんせいは、いま、きょうとにいます。

= Maggie Sensei wa, ima, Kyouto ni imasu.

= Maggie Sensei is in Kyoto now.

Ex. A: 「ドギー銀行は、どこにありますか?」

= A: 「ドギーぎんこうは、どこにありますか?」

= Doggie Ginkou wa, doko ni arimasu ka?

= Where is Doggie Bank?

B:「あそこにありますよ。」

= Asoko ni arimasu yo.

= It’s over there.

However, when you talk about the location of the event, you use で

Ex. ドッグス&キャッツのコンサートは、どこでありますか?

= Doggs & Cats no konsaato wa, doko de arimasu ka?

= Where is the Dogs & Cats concert being held?

If you want to learn more about the difference between に ( = ni) vs で ( = de) , check this lesson.

→Link Click here

Note 2) You use を ( = wo) with some movement verbs such as 散歩する = さんぽする/走る = はしる = hashiru /歩く= あるく= aruku /飛ぶ = とぶ = tobu /渡る = わたる= wataru, etc.

Ex. 天気がいい日は、公園を散歩します。

= てんきがいいひは、こうえんをさんぽします。

= Tenki ga ii hi wa, kouen wo sanpo shimasu.

= I take a walk in the park on sunny days.

Ex. 雨の中、校庭を走らされた。

= あめのなか、こうていをはしらされた。

= Ame no naka, koutei wo hashirasareta.

= They made me run in the schoolyard in the rain.

(Literally: I was made to run in the schoolyard in the rain.)

Ex. 森の中を歩いていたら熊が出てきた。

= もりのなかをあるいていたらくまがでてきた。

= Mori no naka wo aruite itara kuma ga dete kita.

= A bear came out while I was walking in the forest.

Ex. 空を飛ぶ夢を見た。

= そらをとぶゆめをみた。

= Sora wo tobu yume wo mita.

= I had a dream I was flying in the sky.

Ex. 新しいスーパーはこの橋を渡ってまっすぐ行ったところにあります。

= あたらしいスーパーはこのはしをわたってまっすぐいったところにあります。

= Atarashii suupaa wa kono hashi wo watatte massugu itta tokoro ni arimasu.

= The new supermarket is straight ahead after crossing this bridge.

2) Method/tool/mean: action is done by/with ~ , to do something using ~ , something happened by ~ .

Ex. 店員: 「現金でお支払いですか?」

= てんいん: 「げんきんでおしはらいですか?」

= Ten’in: Genki de oshiharai desu ka?

= Shop clerk: Will you be paying in cash?

客: 「いえ、クレジットカードで払います。」

= きゃく: 「いえ、クレジットカードではらいます。」

= Kyaku: Ie, kurejitto kaado de haraimasu.

= Customer: No, I’ll pay with a credit card.

Ex.A:「和歌山まで何で行きますか?」

= A: 「わかやままでなん(なに)でいきますか?」

= Wakayama made nan (nani) de ikimasu ka/

= A: How do you get to Wakayama?

B:「電車で行きます。」

= 「でんしゃでいきます。」

= Densha de ikimasu.

= B: I’m taking the train.

Ex. この寿司は、箸で食べても手で食べてもいいです。

= このすしは、はしでたべてもてでたべてもいいです。

= Kono sushi wa hashi de tabetemo te de tabete mo ii desu.

= You can eat this sushi with chopsticks or with your hands.

Ex. 帽子が風で飛ばされた。

= ぼうしがかぜでとばされた。

= Boushi ga kaze de tobasareta.

= My hat was blown away by the wind.

Ex. 彼らは、素晴らしい演奏で会場を沸かせた。

= かれらは、すばらしいえんそうでかいじょうをわかせた。

= Karerwa wa, subarashii ensou de kaijou wo wakaseta.

= They electrified the venue with their brilliant performance.

Ex. すみません。英語で話してくれますか?

= すみません。えいごではなしてくれますか?

= Sumimasen. Eigo de hanashite kuremasu ka?

= I’m sorry. Could you speak in English?

Ex. 善意で聞いたのに誤解をされた。

= ぜんいできいたのにごかいをされた。

= Zen’i de kiita noni gokai wo sareta.

= I was misunderstood even though I asked with good intentions.

Ex. その映画は、去年、テレビで見ました。

= そのえいがは、きょねん、テレビでみました。

= Sono eiga wa, kyonen, terebi de mimashita.

= I watched that movie on TV last year

3) Ingredients/materials/components: Something is made of/made out of/made from ~ .

Ex. この歯ブラシは竹で作られています。

= このはブラシはたけでつくられています。

= Kono haburashi wa take de tsukurarete imasu.

= This toothbrush is made of bamboo.

Ex. 自然素材でできたTシャツが欲しい。

= しぜんそざいでできたTシャツがほしい。

= Shizen sozai de dekita T-shatsu ga hoshii.

= I want a T-shirt made of natural materials.

Ex. そのグループは高校生のメンバーで構成されています。

= そのグループはこうこうせいのメンバーでこうせいされています。

= Sono guruupu wa koukousei no menbaa de kousei sareteimasu.

= The group is composed of high school students.

Ex.このサイトは皆さんへの愛で満ちています。(From Maggie) 🩷

= このサイトはみなさんへのあいでみちています。

= Kono saito wa minasan eno ai de michite imasu.

= This website is filled with love for everyone. (From Maggie) 🩷

4) Cause/reason/purpose: because/due to/for ~ .

Ex. 渋滞で遅れます。

= じゅうたいでおくれます。

= Juutai de okuremasu.

= I’ll be late because of traffic.

Ex. 自転車の事故で怪我をした。

= じてんしゃのじこでけがをした。

= Jitensha no jiko de kega wo shita.

= I got injured in a bicycle accident.

Ex. 出張で大阪に行きます。

= しゅっちょうでおおさかにいきます。

= Shucchou de Oosaka ni ikimasu.

= I’m going to Osaka on a business trip.

Ex. 今日は、風邪でお休みします。

= きょうは、かぜでおやすみします。

= Kyou wa, kaze de oyasumi shimasu.

= I will take the day off because I caught a cold.

From the picture above:

「この暑さで参っちゃう。」

= 「このあつさでまいっちゃう。」

= Kono atsusa de maicchau.

= This heat is killing me./I’m exhausted by the heat.

Note:

~ちゃう ( = chau) is a casual way to say ~てしまう ( = te shimau)

(check this lesson

How to use ちゃう/ちゃった ( = chau/chatta)

→Link click here

参る ( = まいる = mairu ) has many meanings.

参る ( = まいる = mairu) in this sentence means “to be overwhelmed by heat/to be exhausted by heat” (→the usage 4)

1) to go/come (humble expression)

Ex. 只今、参ります。

= ただいままいります。

= Tadaima mairimasu.

= I am coming right now.

2) to worship at a shrine or temple.

Ex. 神社へ参る

= じんじゃへまいる

= Jinja e mairu.

(神社にお参りする = じんじゃにおまいりする = Jinja ni omairi suru)

3) to give up/ be defeated

Ex. 参りました。 

= まいりました

= Mairimashita

= I’m beat/defeated/ You won./You got me.

4) to be exhausted

Ex.体が参る

= からだがまいる

= Karada ga mairu

= to be exhausted

5) The basis for an evaluation (quality) or a condition.

Ex. その品質で1万円は高すぎる。

= そのひんしつでいちまんえんはたかすぎる。

= Sono hinshitsu de ichiman-en wa takasugiru.

= 10,000 yen is too expensive for that (level of) quality.

Ex. 同じ色でもっと大きいサイズはありますか?

= おなじいろでもっとおおきいサイズはありますか?

= Onaji iro de motto ookii saizu wa arimasu ka?

= Do you have a larger size in the same color?

Ex. 今のレベルで試験に受かることは無理だ。

= いまのレベルでしけんにうかることはむりだ。

= Ima no reberu de shiken ni uaru koto wa muri da.

= At the current level, it’s not possible to pass the exam.

6) Indicating a specific time/time period/required time when something is done/finished/can be done/reaches to the limit.

The common verbs to use with are, 終わる (= おわる= owaru) = something finishes /終える ( = おえる = oeru) to finish/ 完成する ( = かんせいする = kansei suru) to be finished /できる ( = dekiru) to be finished/done/ potential verbs

Ex. A: 「今日は、何時まで仕事ですか?」

= A: 「きょうは、なんじまでしごとですか?」

= A: Kyou wa, nanji made shigoto desu ka?

= A: Until what time do we work today?

B: 「今日は、6時で終わります。」

= B: 「きょうは、ろくじでおわります。」

= B: Kyou wa, rokuji de owarimasu.

= B: I finish at 6:00 today.

The nuance difference:

→6時に終わります。

= ろくじにおわります。

= Rokuji ni owarimasu

= finish working at six (focusing the specific time→ six o’clock)

→6時で終わります。

= ろくじでおわります。

= Rokuji de owarimasu.

This で ( = de) implies a sense of accomplishment (In this case one’s work is done ) and reaching a goal.

It is usually used when the speaker thinks 6:00 is a reasonable or expected time for work to end.

Ex. 毎日、定時で帰れます。

= まいにち、ていじでかえれます。

= Mainichi, teiji de kaeremasu.

= I can leave at the regular hours every day.

Ex. 彼の新居は、今年の7月で完成するらしい。

= かれのしんきょは、ことしのしちがつでかんせいするらしい。

= Kare no shinkyo wa, kotoshi no shichigatsu de kansei suru rashii.

= It seems his new house will be completed in July this year.

Ex. 来年の3月でやっと学校を卒業できる。

= らいねんのさんがつでやっとがっこうをそつぎょうできる。

= Rainen no sangatsu de yatto gakkou wo sotsugyou dekiru.

= I can finally graduate from school next March.

Ex. 試験も明日でやっと終わる。

= しけんもあしたでやっとおわる。

= Shiken mo ashia de yatto owaru.

= The exams will finally be over tomorrow.

Ex. 1万円で何日過ごせるかなあ。

= いちまんえんでなんにちすごせるかなあ。

= Ichiman-en de nannichi sugoseru kanaa.

= I wonder how many days I can live on 10,000 yen.

Ex. あと1時間ぐらいで着きます。

= あといちじかんぐらいでつきます。

= Ato ichijikan gurai de tsukimasu.

= I’ll be there in about an hour.

Ex. 1週間で本を5冊も読んだ。

= いっしゅうかんでほんをごさつもよんだ。

= Isshuukan de hon wo gosatsu mo yonda.

= I read 5 books in one week!

Ex. 10分でできる料理を教えてくれる?

= じゅっぷんでできるりょうりをおしえてくれる?

= Juppun de dekiru ryouri wo oshiete kureru?

= Can you teach me a dish that can be prepared in 10 minutes?

Ex. あと3日で夏休みが始まる。

= あとみっかでなつやすみがはじまる。

= Ato mikka de natsuyasumi ga hajimaru.

= Summer vacation will start in three days.

Ex. あと10名で受付を終了します。

= あとじゅうめいでうけつけをしゅうりょうします。

= Ato juumei de uketsuke wo shuuryou shimasu.

= We will stop accepting new applicants after 10 more people.

Ex. 半年でJLPT 2級に合格できた。

= はんとしでJLPTにきゅうにごうかくできた。

= Hantoshi de JLPT nikyuu ni goukaku dekita.

= I passed the JLPT N2 after studying for six months.

Ex. この店は狭いから20人でいっぱいになる。

= このみせはせまいからにじゅうにんでいっぱいになる。

= Kono mise wa semai kara nijuu-nin de ippai ni naru.

= This store is small that it gets crowded with 20 people

7) Talking about the price/cost/total amount/quantity.

Ex. 全部でいくらですか?

= ぜんぶでいくらですか?

= Zenbu de ikura desu ka?

= How much is it in total?

Ex. 全部で1万円になります。

= ぜんぶでいちまんえんになります。

= Zenbu de ichiman-en ni narimasu.

= That’ll be 10,000 yen in total.

Ex. このカラオケ屋は、午前中は、割引料金で利用できます。

= このカラオケやは、ごぜんちゅうは、わりびきりょうきんでりようできます。

= Kono karaokeya wa, gocenchuu wa

= You can use this karaoke place at a discounted rate in the morning.

Ex. 2千円でお腹いっぱい食べられるなんてお得だね。

= にせんえんでおなかいっぱいたべられるなんておとくだね。

= Nisen-en de onaka ippai taberareru nante otoku dane.

= This is such a great deal! I’m so stuffed for only ¥2,000!

8) per/at a rate of: What you get/do/pay per unit.

Ex. こちらのいちごは、1家族で2パックまで買えます。

= こちらのいちごは、ひとかぞくで2パックまでかえます。

= Kochira no ichigo wa, hitokazoku de nipakku made kaemasu.

= Each family can only purchase up to two packs of strawberries.

Note: You can rephrase this で ( = de) with につき ( = ni tsuki).

Ex. この駐車場は、1時間で400円だ。

= このちゅうしゃじょうは、いちじかんでよんひゃくえんだ。

= Kono chuushajou wa, ichijikan de yonhyakuen da.

= This parking is 400 yen per hour.

Ex. 五人で一つのグループを作ってください。

= ごにんでひとつのグループをつくってください。

= Gonin de hitotsu no guruupu wo tsukutte kudasai.

= Please form a group of five.

Ex. 客「このすき焼き用の肉はいくらですか?」

= きゃく:「このすきやきようのにくはいくらですか?」

= Kyaku: Kono tsukiyakiyou no niku wa ikura desu ka?

= Customer: How much is this sukiyaki meat?

店員:「100グラムで2千円です。」

= てんいん:「ひゃくグラムでにせんえんです。」

= Ten’in: Hyakuguramu de nisenen desu.

= Shop clerk: 2,000 yen for 100 grams.

9) Indicating doing something as a group/a unit: Doing something together or by oneself.

Ex. みんなで行こう

= みんなでいこう

= Minna de ikou.

= Let’s go together.

Ex. A: 「日本は、何人で行くの?」

= A: 「にほんは、なんにんでいくの?」

= A: Nihon wa, nannin de iku no?

= How many people are you going to Japan with?

B: 「四人で行きます。」

= よにんでいきます。

= Yonin de ikimasu.

= Four of us will go. / There will be four of us.

Ex. 五人でいっぱい食べてたった1万円なんて、安いね。

= ごにんでいっぱいたべてたったいちまんえんなんて、やすいね。

= Gonin de ippai tabete tatta ichimanen nante, yasui ne.

= It’s so cheap to eat all you want for just 10,000 yen with five people.

Ex. 今度、ハワイに行くときは、家族で行きたい。

= こんど、ハワイにいくときは、かぞくでいきたい。

= Kondo, Hawai ni iku toki wa, kazoku de ikitai.

= I want to go to Hawaii with my family next time. (as a family )

Note: You can say と ( = to) instead of で ( = de) .

They both can be translated “with my family” but the difference is:

家族と行きたい

= かどくといきたい

=kazoku to ikitai

= I want to go to Hawaii with my family members.

家族で行きたい

= かぞくでいきたい

= kazoku de ikitai

= I want to go to Hawaii together with my family as one unit.

Expressing the idea of going to Hawaii as a unit with one’s family.

Note: You can use で ( = de) even when you do something by yourself, alone.

  • You can use で ( = de) with adverbial particle, such as だけ/のみ/きり ( = dake/nomi/kiri) , etc.

Ex. 子供だけで出かけさせても大丈夫かなあ。

= こどもだけででかけさせてもだいじょうぶかなあ。

= Kodomo dakede dekakesasetemo daijoubu kanaa.

= I wonder if it’s okay to let my kids go out by themselves.

Ex. 彼女と二人きりでどこかに行きたい。

= かのじょとふたりきりでどこかにいきたい。

= Kanojo to futarikiri de dokoka ni ikitai.

= I want to go somewhere alone with her.

It indicates a unit to do something. So even if you are talking about doing something by yourself you can still use で.

Ex. 週末は一人で琵琶湖に行きます。

= しゅうまつはひとりでびわこにいきます。

= Shuumatsu wa hitori de biwako ni ikimasu.

= I am going to Biwako on the weekend by myself.

Ex. A: 「手伝おうか?」(Casual)

A: 「てつだおうか?」

= A: Tetsudaou ka?

= A:Do you need any help?

B: 「大丈夫。一人でできるよ。」

= B: だいじょうぶ。ひとりでできるよ。

=B: Daijoubu. Hitori de dekiru yo.

= B: I’m good. I can do it by myself.

10) even (with) で + いい = de + ii = ~ is just fine/good enough (compromising).

Ex. マギー先生がいい。

= マギーせんせいがいい。

= Maggie Sensei ga ii.

= I want Maggie Sensei. (Nobody else)

Ex. マギー先生でいいよ。

= マギーせんせいでいいよ。

= Maggie Sensei de iiyo.

= I don’t mind if Maggie Sensei is my teacher.

が ( = ga) expresses one’s strong desire/preference and で ( = de) expresses one’s feeling of compromising or sometimes it gives a sense of looking down on someone/something so you have to be careful when to use it.

Ex. これでいいです。

= Kore de ii desu.

= This is fine.

Ex. A:「何か作ろうか?何が食べたい?」

= A:「なにかつくろうか?なにがたべたい?」

= A: Nanika tsukurou ka? Nani ga tabetai ?

= A:Shall we make something? What do you feel like eating?

B:「簡単なものでいいよ。」

= B:「かんたんなものでいいよ。」

= B: Kantanna mono de iiyo.

=B: Something simple is fine.

Check the related lesson: How to use で(も)いい & がいい

Link: Click here

11) among / the most ~ in (category/group/choices) / indicating superlative or comparative relationships.

Ex. マギーが世界で一番好き!!

= マギーがせかいでいちばんすき!!

= Maggie ga sekai de ichiban suki!!

= I love Maggie the most in the world!

Ex. クラスで一番背が高い人は誰ですか?

= クラスでいちばんせがたかいひとはだれですか?

= Kurasu de ichiban se ga takai hito wa dare desu ka?

= Who is the tallest person in the class?

Ex. この中で私に一番似合うのはどれ?

= このなかでわたしにいちばんにあうのはどれ?

= Kono naka de watashi ni ichiban niau no wa dore?

= Which one of these suits me the best?

12) Describing the state/condition/manner of action, Doing something wearing/putting on ~ .

Ex. そんな格好で出掛けてはいけません。

= そんなかっこうででかけてはいけません。

= Sonna kakkou de dekaketewa ikemasen.

= You shouldn’t go out dressed like that.

Ex. 子供の頃は、裸足で庭を駆け回っていた。

= こどものころは、はだしでにわをかけまわっていた。

= Kodomo no koro wa, hadashi de niwa wo kakemawatte ita.

= When I was a child, I used to run around the garden barefoot.

Ex. 薄着で出かけたので風邪をひいた。

= うすぎででかけたのでかぜをひいた。

= Usugi de dekaketa node kaze wo hiita.

= I caught a cold because I went out lightly dressed.

Ex. 店の外は開店を待っている人でいっぱいだった。

= みせのそとはかいてんをまっているひとでいっぱいだった。

= Mise no soto wa kaiten wo matte iru hito de ippai datta.

= There were many people waiting outside the store for it to open.

Ex. 悪い姿勢で長時間座ると腰が痛くなる。

= わるいしせいでちょうじかんすわるとこしがいたくなる。

= Warui shisei de choujikan suwaru to koshi ga itaku naru.

= Sitting for a long time with bad posture can make your lower back hurt.

13) Indicating one’s choice among available options./Expressing preference/Making a request among options.

Ex. 店員:「お飲み物は?」

= てんいん:「おのみものは?」

= Ten’in: Onomimono wa?

= Shop clerk: What would you like to drink?

客:「ああ、じゃあ、コーヒーで…」(casual)

= きゃく: 「ああ、じゃあ、コーヒーで…」

= Kyaku: Aa, jaa, koohii de…

= Customer: Let’s see. OK, I’ll have coffee…

Note: The difference between

コーヒーをお願いします

=コーヒーをおねがいします

= Koohii wo onegaishimasu

and

コーヒーでお願いします。

= コーヒーでおねがいします。

= Koohii de onegai shimasu

While コーヒーをお願いします ( =コーヒーをおねがいします = Koohii wo onegaishimasu) is a straightforward request for coffee.

→You want to order specifically coffee.

コーヒーでお願いします ( = コーヒーでおねがいします。= Koohii de onegai shimasu) emphasizes choice of coffee among other options.

Ex. 店員:「ご注文はお決まりですか?」

= てんいん「ごちゅうもんはおきまりですか?」

= Ten’in: Gochuumon wa okimari desu ka?

= Shop attendantAre you ready to order?

客:「ハンバーガー、セットでお願いします。」

= きゃく: 「ハンバーガー、セットでおねがいします。」

= Kyaku: Hanbaagaa, setto de onegai shimasu.

= Customer: I’d like a hamburger set/combo, please.

This で ( = de) implies the customer had other options on the menu and chose a set/combo.

(At a sushi restaurant)

Ex. わさび抜きでお願いします。

= わさびぬきでおねがいします。

= Wasabi nuki de onegai shimasu.

= Without wasabi, please.

(Buying a T-shirt)

Ex. 色は赤で、大きさは、Lサイズでお願いします。

= いろはあかで、おおきさは、Lサイズでおねがいします。

= Iro wa aka de, ookisa wa eru saizu de onegai shiamsu.

= I’ll have the red one with a large size, please.


「で」の使い方、いっぱいありましたね。では、この辺で終わりましょう。
= 「で」のつかいかた、いっぱいありましたね。では、このへんでおわりましょう。

= “de” no tsukaikata, ippai arimashita ne. Dewa, kono hen de owarimashou.

= There are many ways of using で ( = de) ! OK,I guess we should wrap it up here.


マギー先生より = マギーせんせいより = From Maggie Sensei

Lily先生、ありがとう! = Lilyせんせい、ありがとう! = Lily Sensei arigatou!

= Thank you, Lily Sensei.

暑いけど、体に気をつけて過ごしてくださいね。

= あついけど、からだにきをつけてすごしてくださいね。

= Atsuikedo, karada ni ki wo tsukete sugoshite kudasaine.

= Take care of yourself in this heat, OK?


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「背中に乗るだけでいいの?」

= せなかにのるだけでいいの?

= Senaka ni noru dakede ii no?

= So you just want me to stand on your back? Is that what you want?

「気持ちい~い!」

= きもちい~い!

= Kimochi iiii!

= Feels sooo good!

Hi everyone! I’m Cookie. 元気でしたか? = げんきでしたか? = Genki deshita ka? = How have you been?

I am giving this bear a massage by just standing on her. I wonder if that really helps her.

Today’s lesson is on How to use だけで ( = dakede) and also だけでも ( = dakedemo) and だけでは ( = dakedewa)

だけで ( = dakede) means “just with/to do something only with/by ~”

→だけ ( = dake) = only/just + で ( = de) = with/by (the means or method by which something is done)

Note: I explained the basic usage of だけ ( = dake) and the difference between だけ ( = dake) and しか ( = shika) in this lesson. Check it out if you need a review!

→ How to use だけ & しか ( = dake & shika)

We are going to study the usage of だけで ( = dakede) in this lesson.

Noun + だけで ( = dakede)

How to form:

→noun + だけで ( = dakede)

= just with ~ / just by ~

Common patterns:

→to do something/to be able to do something just with ~

→It is/will be OK just with ~

Ex. 二人だけで話せるかな?

= ふたりだけではなせるかな?

= Futari dakede hanaseru kana?

= Can I see you in private?/Can I have a word in private?

Ex. A: 「そのバックパックだけで日本に行くの?」

= そのバックパックだけでにほんにいくの?

= Sono bakkupakku dakede niho ni iku no?

= Are you going to Japan with just that backpack?

B: 「そうだよ。旅は、身軽な方がいいからね。」

= そうだよ。たびは、みがるなほうがいいからね。

= Sou dayo. Tabi wa, migaruna hou ga ii kara ne.

= Yes, I am. It’s better to travel light, you know.

Ex. 昼にいっぱい食べたから、今日の夕食はおにぎり一個だけで十分だ。

= ひるにいっぱいたべたから、きょうのゆうしょくはおにぎりいっこだけでじゅうぶんだ。

= Hiru ni ippai tabeta kara, kyou no yuushoku wa onigiri ikko dakede juubun da.

= I ate a lot for lunch, so just one rice ball is enough for dinner.

Ex. キャベツとツナだけで簡単に一品作れる。

= キャベツとツナだけでかんたんにいっぴんつくれる。

= Kyabetsu to tsuna dake de kantan ni ippin tsukureru.

= You can easily make one dish with just cabbage and tuna.

Ex. 仲のいい友達だけでピザパーティーをした。

= なかのいいともだちだけでピザパーティーをした。

= Naka no ii tomodachi dake de pizapaatii wo shita.

= We had a pizza party with only close friends.

Ex. 子供だけで留守番をさせるのは心配だ。

= こどもだけでるすばんをさせるのはしんぱいだ。

= Kodomo dake de rusunban wo saseru no wa shinpai da.

= I’m worried about going out and leaving the children alone at home.

Ex. あのレストランは、デザートだけで2千円もする。

= あのレストランは、デザートだけでにせんえんもする。

= Ano resutoran wa, dezaato dakede nisen-en mo suru.

= Dessert alone at that restaurant costs 2,000 yen.

Noun + だけでは ( = dake dewa) just something/ (It is not enough/good enough) just by ~/~ alone (won’t/doesn’t/don’t/didn’t/can’t/ couldn’t ~ ) (in a negative sentence)

Common patterns:

→You can’t do something with just ~

→Just ~ is not good enough

Ex. 人は見かけだけではわからない。

= ひとはみかけだけではわからない。

= Hito wa mikake dake dewa wakaranai.

= You can’t judge a person just by their appearance.

Ex. これだけでは、なんの証拠にもならない。

= これだけでは、なんのしょうこにもならない。

= Kore dake dewa, nan no shouko nimo naranai.

= This alone doesn’t serve as any evidence.

Ex. 子供だけではこの店には入れません。

= こどもだけではこのみせにははいれません。

= Kodomo dake dewa kono mise niwa hairemasen.

= Children alone are not allowed to enter this store.

Ex. 人は水だけでは生きられない。

= ひとはみずだけではいきられない。

= Hito wa mizu dake dewa ikirarenai.

= We cannot live with just water.

Ex. 言葉だけでは伝わらないこともある。

= ことばだけではつたわらないこともある。

= Kotoba dake dewa tsutawaranai kotomo aru.

= There are things that cannot be conveyed by just words.

Ex. 薬だけでは治りませんよ。ゆっくり体を休めてください。

= くすりだけではなおりませんよ。ゆっくりからだをやすめてください。

= Kusurui dake dewa naorimasen yo. Yukkuri karada wo yasumete kudasai.

= You won’t get better with just medicine. Please take your time to rest your body.

Noun + だけでも ( = dake demo) = even just ~

Common patterns:

→It will/would be good/OK/enough/nice even just ~ /just with ~

Ex. 明日は、暖かくなるから、薄めのジャケットだけでも大丈夫かな。

= あしたは、あたたかくなるから、うすめのジャケットだけでもだいじょうぶかな。

= Ashita wa, atatakaku naru kara, usume no jaketto dake demo daijoubu kana.

= I wonder if just a light jacket should be OK since it’ll be warmer tomorrow.

Ex. 漢字はまだ難しいですがひらがなだけでも読めたらいいですね。

= かんじはまだむずかしいですがひらながなだけでもよめたらいいですね。

= Kanji wa mada muzukashii desu ga hiragana dake demo yometara ii desu ne.

= I think that even if kanji is still difficult, it would still be nice if you could at least read hiragana.

Ex. 身分証明書は、保険証だけでもいいですか?

= みぶんしょうめいしょは、ほけんしょうだけでもいいですか?

= Mibunshoumeisho wa, hokenshou dake demo ii desu ka?

= Is just the insurance card okay for identification?

Ex. 1点だけでも取れば逆転優勝だ。

= いってんだけでもとればぎゃくてんゆうしょうだ。

= Itten dake demo tore ba gyakuten yuushou da.

= If we can score even just one point, we can come-from-behind and win.

(in a negative sentence)

→Ex. 一点だけでも取られたら優勝はできない。

= いってんだけでもとられたらゆうしょうはできない。

= Itten dake demo toraretara yuushou wa dekinai.

= If we lose even one point, we cannot win the championship.

Verb + だけで ( = dakede)

How to form:

→verb casual form* + だけで ( = dakede)

(* present tense/past tense)

Common patterns:

→Something is/will be done/OK/enough just doing something

→Just doing something causes some consequences

Ex. この機能があるだけですごく便利だ。

= このきのうがあるだけですごくべんりだ。

= Kono kinou ga aru dakede sugoku benri da.

= Just having this feature makes it incredibly convenient.

Ex. 新しく買った加湿器は、1回使っただけで壊れた。

= あたらしくかったかしつきは、いっかいつかっただけでこわれた。

= Atarashiku katta kashitsuki wa, ikkai tsukatta dake kowareta.

= The humidifier I just bought broke after using it just once.

Ex. 高校生の時は、授業中に少しおしゃべりしていただけで先生に怒られたものだ。

= こうこうせいのときは、じゅぎょうちゅうにすこしおしゃべりしていただけでせんせいにおこられたものだ。

= Koukousei no toki wa, jugyouchuu ni sukoshi oshaberi shiteita dakede sensei ni okorareta mono da.

= When I was a high school student just chatting a little during class would get us scolded by the teacher.

Ex. 家を出るのが10分遅れただけで飛行機に乗り遅れた。

= いえをでるのがじゅっぷんおくれただけでひこうきにのりおくれた。

= Ie wo deru no ga juppun okureta dake de hikou ki ni noriokureta.

= I missed the flight by leaving home just 10 minutes late.

Ex. 彼女に、前の髪型の方がよかったと言っただけで機嫌が悪くなった。

= かのじょに、まえのかみがたのほうがよかったといっただけできげんがわるくなった。

= Kanojo ni, mae no kamigata no hou ga yokatta to itta dakede kigen ga waruku natta.

= I just told her I liked her previous hairstyle better and she got upset.

Ex. そのことを考えただけで頭が痛い。

= そのことをかんがえただけであたまがいたい。

= Sono koto wo kangaeta dakede atama ga itai.

= Just thinking about that gives me a headache.

Ex. マギーと一緒にいるだけで幸せになる。

= マギーといっしょにいるだけでしあわせになる。

= Maggie to issho ni iru dakede shiawase ni naru.

= I’m happy just to be with Maggie.

Ex. お湯を注いで三分間待つだけで美味しいうどんが食べられる。

= おゆをそそいでさんぷんかんまつだけでおいしいうどんがたべられる。

= Oyu wo sosoide sanpunkan matsu dakede oishii udon ga taberareru.

= We can have delicious udon by just pouring hot water and waiting for three minutes.

Ex. 履歴書を書いただけで送ることはなかった。

= りれきしょをかいただけでおくることはなかった。

= Rirekisho wo kaita dakede okuru koto wa nakatta.

= I just wrote the resume and have never sent it.

Ex. この電気圧力鍋は、材料を入れてボタン一つ押すだけで簡単にシチューができる。

= このでんきあつりょくなべは、ざいりょうをいれてボタンひとつおすだけでかんたんにシチューができる。

= Kono denki atsuryokunabe wa, zairyou wo irete botan hitotsu osu dakede kantan ni shichuu ga dekiru.

= You can make stew easily with this electric pressure cooker just by putting in the ingredients and pressing one button.

Ex. 予告編を見ただけで泣けてきた。

= よこくへんをみただけでなけてきた。

= Yokokuhen wo mita dakede naketekita.

= I cried just by watching the trailer.

Ex. 若いときは、好きな人の姿を見ただけで顔が赤くなった。

= わかいときは、すきなひとのすがたをみただけでかおがあかくなった。

= Wakai toki wa, sukina hito no sugata wo mita dakede kao ga akaku natta.

= When I was young, just seeing the person I liked made my face turn red.

Ex. 子供が笑っているのを見るだけで笑顔になる。

= こどもがわらっているのをみるだけでえがおになる。

= Kodomo ga waratte iru nowo miru dake de egao ni naru.

= Just seeing my children (or children in general) laughing makes me smile.

Ex. いい大学を出ただけで大企業に就職できるとは限らない。

= いいだいがくをでただけでだいきぎょうにしゅうしょくできるとはかぎらない。

= ii daigaku wo deta dakede daikigyou ni shuushoku dekiru towa kagiranai.

= Just graduating from a good university doesn’t guarantee you’ll get a job at a major corporation.

Ex. 暗い洞窟の中に長時間いると考えただけでぞっとする。

= くらいどうくつのなかにちょうじかんいるとかんがえただけでぞっとする。

= Kurai doukutsu no naka ni choujikan iru to kangaeta dakede zotto suru.

= Just thinking about being inside a dark cave for a long time makes me shiver.

Ex. マギーは、何もしないでそこにいるだけでいいからね。

= マギーは、なにもしないでそこにいるだけでいいからね。

= Maggie wa, nanimo shinai de soko ni iru dakede ii karane.

= Maggie, you don’t have to do anything but just be there, okay?

Ex. 半日、メールの返事をしなかっただけで母に、心配された。

= はんにち、メールのへんじをしなかっただけでははにしんぱいされた。

= Hannichi, meeru no henji wo shinakatta dakede haha ni shinpai sareta.

= Just by not replying to emails for half a day, my mother got worried.

Ex. 運転免許の書き換えに行っただけで1日かかった。

= うんてんめんきょのかきかえにいっただけでいちにちかかった。

= Untenmenkyo no kakikae ni itta dakede ichinichi kakatta.

= It took a whole day just to go for the driver’s license renewal.

Ex. 仕事を辞めると言ったら父は、「そうか」と言っただけで他に何も言わなかった。

= しごとをやめるといったらちちは、「そうか」といっただけでほかになにもいわなかった。

= Shigoto wo yameru to ittara chichi wa, “Souka” to itta dakede hoka ni nanimo iwanakatta.

= When I told my father that I was quitting my job, he just said “I see” and didn’t say anything else.

Ex. 彼女は、一度教えただけですぐに仕事を覚えた。

= かのじょは、いちどおしえただけですぐにしごとをおぼえた。

= Kanojo wa, ichido oshieta dakede sugu ni shigoto wo oboeta.

= She picked up how to do the job right away after teaching her just once.

verb casual form + だけでは ( = dake dewa) just doing something

(in a negative sentence)

Common patterns:

→Just doing something is not good enough

→Just doing something won’t lead to a certain consequence.

Ex. 立っているだけではだめだよ。ちゃんと手伝ってよ。

= たっているだけではだめだよ。ちゃんとてつだってよ。

= Tatteiru dake dewa dame dayo. Chanto tetsudatte yo.

= Don’t just stand there. Please help properly.

Ex. 人生、何かが起きるのを待っているだけではなく自分から行動を起こさないといけない。

= じんせい、なにかがおきるのをまっているだけではなくじぶんからこうどうをおこさないといけない。

= Jinsei, nanika ga okiru no wo matte iru dake dewa naku jibun kara koudou wo okosanai to ikenai.

= It’s not enough to just wait for something to happen in your life. You have to take action yourself.

Ex. 資格は持っているだけではなく、それを活かさなければ役に立ちません。

= しかくはもっているだけではなく、それをいかさなければやくにたちません。

= Shikaku wa motte iru dake dewa naku, sore wo ikasanakereba yaku ni tachimasen.

= Just having qualifications isn’t useful if you don’t utilize them.

Ex. この化粧品を1週間使っただけでは効果は感じません。

= このけしょうひんをいっしゅうかんつかっただけではこうかはかんじません。

= Kono keshouhin wo isshuukan tsukatta dake dewa kouka wa kanjimasen.

= If you only use this cosmetic product for one week, you won’t feel its effects.

verb casual form + だけでも ( = dake demo) ( even doing something/ even by just doing something)

Common patterns:

→Even just doing something is/will be done/OK/enough

→Even just doing something causes some consequences

Ex. 昼寝を少しするだけでも疲れが取れる。

= ひるねをすこしするだけでもつかれがとれる。

= Hirune wo sukoshi suru dake demo tsukarega toreru.

= Even just taking a short nap can relieve fatigue.

Ex. 一緒に行ってくれるだけでも心強いよ。

= いっしょにいってくれるだけでもこころづよいよ。

= Issho ni itte kureru dake demo kokorozuyoi yo.

= Just having you come along is reassuring.

Ex. 犬と散歩に行くだけでもいい運動になりますよ。

= いぬとさんぽにいくだけでもいいうんどうになりますよ。

= Inu to sanpo ni iku dake demo ii undou ni narimasu yo.

= You know just going for a walk with a dog is good exercise.

Ex. 図書館では少しおしゃべりしただけでも注意をされる。

= としょかんではすこしおしゃべりしただけでもちゅういをされる。

= Toshokan dewa sukoshi oshaberi shita dake demo chuui wo sareru.

= Even just chatting a little in the library will get you a warning.

Ex. ちょっと顔をみるだけでもいいから今から会いに行っていい?

= ちょっとかおをみるだけでもいいからいまからあいにいっていい?

= Chotto kao wo miru dake demo ii kara ima kara ai ni itte ii?

= Can I come to see you right now, even for just a quick visit?


マギー先生より = マギーせんせいより = Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

心配しないで。私は、みんなが少し日本語を間違えただけでは噛みつきませんよ。

= しんぱいしないで。わたしは、みんながすこしにほんごをまちがえただけではかみつきませんよ。

= Shinpai shinaide. Watashi wa, minna ga sukoshi nihongo wo machigaeta dake dewa kamitsukimasen yo.

= Don’t worry. I’m not going to bite you just because you make a little mistake in Japanese.


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「日本語の先生になったそうだね。」

= にほんごのせんせいになったそうだね。

= Nihongo no sensei ni natta sou dane.

= I heard you became a Japanese teacher.

「まあね。」

= Maane.

= Yeah, I guess.

Hi everyone! I am your guest teacher, Gordo!

このサイトにはかわいい先生がたくさんいるそうだけど、本当?

= このサイトにはかわいいせんせいがたくさんいるそうだけど、ほんとう?

= Kono saito niwa kawaii sensei ga takusan iru sou dakedo, hontou?

= I heard there are many cute guest teachers on this site. Is that right?

So today’s lesson is on how to use そう ( = sou) in the usage of “I heard ~.”/“They said ~.”/“Someone told me ~.”

Maggie Sensei made a lesson on そう ( = sou) many years ago.

Link is here.

In that lesson, she explained the usage of “Someone looks ~ /It seems like ~/It looks like ~/It is about to + verb, almost + verb” with そう ( = sou) .

「眠そう」

= ねむそう

= Nemusou

= You look sleepy.

「徹夜でレッスン作ったからね。」

= てつやでレッスンつくったからね。

= Tetsuya de ressun tsukuatta kara ne.

= Because I stayed up all night making this lesson.

**

眠い ( = ねむい = nemui = sleepy) is an i-adjective.

When you describe someone who looks sleepy, you can say 眠そう = ねむそう

How to form:

i-adjective

delete い ( = i) and attach そう ( = sou)

ねむ ( = nemu ) + そう ( = sou)

⇨眠そう = ねむそう = nemusou

But if you hear that someone looks sleepy, you say:

→Gordoは、眠いそうだ/です

= Gordoは、ねむいそうだ/です

= Gordo wa, nemui sou da/desu

= I heard / Someone told me that Gordo is sleepy.

And when you describe something/someone is about to + verb/It is going to ~/ Something looks like it is going to ~/ almost + verb, you use 連用形 = れんようけい = renyoukei (verbs with nominal ending = masu-stem) with そう

Ex. 雨が降りそうだ/です

= あめがふりそうだ/です

= Ame ga furisou da/desu

= It looks like it’s going to rain.

But if you change the verb form to the plain form, it changes the meaning.

→ 雨が降るそうだ/です

= あめがふるそうだ/です

= Ame ga furu sou da/desu

= I heard it is going to rain.

So we are going to study this usage, “I heard ~ /They said/ Someone told me~”, in this lesson.


How to use そう ( = sou) : I heard ~ /They said/ Someone told me

How to form:

verb plain form* + そうだ = souda (casual) /そうです = soudesu (polite)

  • The form that you can use varies negative form/past tense/progressive form/potential form/passive form, with auxiliary verbs, etc.

  • verb する = suru = to do

→する = suru = do/ does, is/are doing

→しない = shinai = don’t do/doesn’t do, is/are not going to do (negative form)

→した = shita = did (past tense)

→している = shiteiru = is/are doing, has/had been doing (progressive form)

→していた = shiteita = was/are doing, used to do, had been doing (past progressive form)

→される = sareru = is/are done (passive form) do/does something (honorific form)

→された = sareta = was/were done (passive negative form) / did something (honorific form)

→できる = dekiru = finish/complete/can do (potential form)

→できた = dekita = finished/completed/has done/could do (past potential form)

(with an auxiliary verb)

→したい = shitai = want to do

→したかった = shitakatta = wanted to do

  • そうだ = souda (casual) /そうです = soudesu (polite)

adjectives:

i-adjective (present tense/negative form) + そうだ = souda (casual) /そうです = soudesu (polite)

  • 大きい = おおきい = ookii = big

→大きくない = おおきくない = ookikunai = not big

→大きかった = おおきかった = ookkatta = was/were big

→大きくなかった = おおきくなかった = ookikunakatta = was/were not big

with an auxiliary verb:

→大きくなる = おおきくなる = ookikunaru = to become bigger

→大きくなった = おおきくなった = ookikunatta = has/have become bigger, became bigger

  • そうだ = souda (casual) /そうです = soudesu (polite)

na-adjectives:

  • 元気な = げんきな = genkina = cheerful, healthy, to be in good spirits

→元気だ = げんきだ = genkida = is/are cheerful, healthy, to be in good spirits (present tense)

→ 元気ではない = げんきではない = genki dewa nai (present negative)

or (casual)

→元気じゃない = げんきじゃない = genkijanai

= not cheerful/healthy/in good spirits

→元気だった = げんきだった = genki dagtta (past tense)

= was/were cheerful/healthy/in good spirits

→元気ではなかった = げんきではなかった = genkidewa nakatta

or (casual)

→元気じゃなかった = げんきじゃなかった = genkija nakatta (past negative)

with an auxiliary verb:

→ 元気になる = げんきになる = genki ni naru (present tense)

= to become cheerful/healthy

→ 元気になった = げんきになった = genki ni natta (past tense)

= became cheerful/healthy

  • そうだ = souda or (casual) そうです = soudesu (polite)

nouns:

noun + だ ( = da) + そうだ ( = souda) (casual)/そうです ( = soudesu) (polite)

  • 子供 = こども = kodomo = a child/chilren

→子供だ = こどもだ = kodomo da = is/are a child

→ 子供ではない or (casual) 子供じゃない

= こどもではない/こどもじゃない

= kodomo de wa nai/kodomo janai

= not a child/not children

→ 子供だった = こどもだった = kodomo datta = was a child/were children

→ 子供ではなかった = こどもではなかった = kodomo dewa nakatta = was not a child/were not children

or (casual)

→子供じゃなかった = こどもじゃなかった = kodomo janakatta = was not a child/were not children

  • そうだ = souda (casual) /そうです = soudesu (polite)

How to use:

1) When you pass along some information you have heard, read, or seen to someone, you use そうだ ( = souda) /そうです ( = soudesu).

For example:

is watching the weather forecast on TV or reading the weather forecast in the newspaper.

The information saw/read is:

  • 明日は、雨が降ります。

= あしたは、あめがふります。

= Ashita wa, amega furimasu.

= It is going to rain tomorrow.

tells that information to someone.

  • 明日は雨が降るそうです。

= あしたはあめがふるそうです。

= Ashiga wa ame ga furu sou desu.

= I heard it was going to rain tomorrow.

Attaching the suffix よ ( = yo) , adds an emphasis to the message.

→明日は雨が降るそうですよ。

= あしたはあめがふるそうですよ。

= Ashita wa ame ga furu sou desu yo.

そうです ( = soudesu) is mainly used in formal conversation.

In casual conversation, it will be more common to say

→明日は、雨が降るんだって。

= あしたは、あめがふるんだって。

= Ashita wa, ame ga furun datte.

Related lesson: How to use って ( = tte)

Ex. 中川さんは来月結婚するそうですよ。/(more casual) 結婚するそうだよ。

= なかがわさんはらいげつけっこんするそうですよ。/けっこんするそうだよ。

= Nakagawa-san wa raigetsu kekkon suru sou desu yo/ kekkon suru sou dayo.

= I heard Nakagawa-san will get married next month.

Note:

1) When you assume something based on what you have heard/read/seen

you use らしい/みたい ( = rashiii/mitai) . The information is not necessarily first-hand information and you are not 100% sure about the information.

So let’s say that you heard some rumor and assume that Nakagawa-san might get married, by gathering the information you have seen/read/heard, you say

→中川さんは来月結婚するらしいですよ。/(casual) 結婚するらしいよ。

= なかがわさんはらいげつけっこんするらしいですよ。/けっこんするらしいよ。

= Nakagawa-san wa raigetsu kekkon suru rashii desu yo/kekkon suru rashii yo.

= It seems like/I think Nakagawa-san will get married next month.

Compared to そうだ ( = souda) /そうです( = soudesu) , you are more uncertain about the accuracy of information when you use らしい ( = rashii) /みたい ( = mitai).

→中川さんは来月結婚するみたいですよ。/(casual) 結婚するみたいだよ。

= なかがわさんはらいげつけっこんするみたいですよ。/けっこんするみたいだよ。

= Nakagawa-san wa raigetsu kekkon suru mitai desuyo. / kekkon suru mitai dayo.

If you are less uncertain about the information but still share the information based on your assumption, you use らしい ( = rashii)

→中川さんは来月結婚するらしいですよ。/(casual) 結婚するらしいよ。

= なかがわさんはらいげつけっこんするらしいですよ。/けっこんするらしいよ。

= Nakagawa-san wa raigetsu kekkon suru rashii desu yo/kekkon suru rashii yo.

“そうです” is mainly used to report or convey information that one has heard or seen without involving personal assumptions. It is commonly used to relay factual information neutrally.

Check my lessons on らしい ( = rashii) and みたい ( = mitai) for more information:

→らしい ( = rashii)

→みたい ( = mitai)

2) You don’t need to mention the source of information, but if you want to specify the source, you can use ~によると ( = ni yoru to).

Ex. 新聞によると

= しんぶんによると

= shinbun ni yoruto

= According to the news

Ex. 天気予報によると

= てんきよほうによると

= tenki yohou ni yoru to

= According to the weather forecast

Or give more information in the previous sentence and quote what you have heard.

I heard (this) from Maggie / According to Maggie

→マギーに聞きましたが

= マギーからききましたが

= Maggie kara kikimashita ga

→マギーに聞いたのですが

= マギーからきいたのですが

= Maggie kara kiita no desuga

(a little more casual)

→マギーに聞いたんですが

= マギーにきいたんですが

= Maggie kara kiitan desu ga

Maggie was saying (this) / According to Maggie

→マギーが言っていましたが

= マギーがいっていましたが

= Maggie ga itte imashita ga

→マギーが言っていたのですが

= マギーがいっていたのですが

= Maggie ga itte ita no desu ga

(a little more casual)

→マギーが言っていたんですが

= マギーがいっていたんですが

= Maggie ga itteitan desu ga

Ex. マギー先生は、犬だそうです。

= マギーせんせいは、いぬだそうです。

= Maggie Sensei wa, inu da sou desu.

= I heard Maggie Sensei is a dog.

Ex. その頃、彼はまだ子供だったそうだね。

= そのころ、かれはまだこどもだったそうだ。

= Sono koro, kare wa mada kodomo datta sou da.

= I heard he was still a child at that time, right?

Ex. 祖母は若い頃、とてもきれいだったそうだ。

= そぼはわかいころ、とてもきれいだったそうだ。

= Sobo wa wakai koro, totemo kirei datta sou da.

= I heard my grandmother was very beautiful when she was young.

Note:

そうです ( = soudesu) is commonly used in formal speech, so you should use it when you are talking with your boss, clients, or someone superior.

そうだ ( = souda) is the casual form of そうです ( = soudesu) . You will see this in writing, but you’ll rarely hear people finishing sentences with ~そうだ ( = souda) alone in casual conversation unless you attach a casual suffix such as よ ( = yo) / ね ( = ne) /けど ( = kedo ) and so on.

Ex. ここのラーメン屋は美味しいそうだね。

= ここのラーメンやはおいしいそうだね。

= Kokono no raamenya wa oishii sou dane.

= I heard this ramen shop is good. Is that right?

But

→ここのラーメン屋は美味しいんだってね。

= ここのラーメンやはおいしいんだってね。

= Kokono raamenya wa oishiin dattene.

would be more common in conversation.

Ex. 彼は、来年日本に行くそうです。

= かれは、らいねんにほんにいくそうです。

= Kare wa, rainen nihon ni iku sou desu.

= I heard he is going to Japan next year.

Ex. その件に関しては誰も知らなかったそうです。

= そのけんにかんしてはだれもしらなかったそうです。

= Sono ken ni kanshite wa dare mo shiranakatta sou desu.

= I heard nobody knew about that.

Ex. 彼女は、まだ日本語の勉強を続けているそうで嬉しいです。

= かのじょは、まだにほんごのべんきょうをつづけているそうでうれしいです。

= Kanojo wa, mada nihongo no benkyou wo tsuzukete iru sou de ureshii desu.

= I am happy to hear that she is still continuing her Japanese studies.

Ex. 彼は、毎年、日本に行っていたそうだ。

= かれは、まいとし、にほんにいっていたそうだ。

= Kare wa, maitoshi, nihon ni itte ita sou da.

= I heard he used to go to Japan every year.

Ex. 高木さんも私達と一緒に行きたかったそうですよ。

= たかぎさんもわたしたちといっしょにいきたかったそうですよ。

= Takagi san mo watashitachi to issho ni ikitakattta sou desu yo.

= I heard Takagi-san wanted to go with us, you know.

Ex. 昨夜の地震はかなり大きかったそうだ。

= さくやのじしんはかなりおおきかったそうだ。

= Sakuya no jishin wa kanari ookikatta sou da.

= I heard last night’s earthquake was pretty big.

Ex. 明日は、今日ほど暑くならないそうです。

= あしたは、きょうほどあつくならないそうです。

= Ashita wa, kyou hodo atsuku naranai soudesu.

= I heard that tomorrow won’t be as hot as today.

Ex. A: 「直子さんの体調はどうですか?」

= なおこさんのたいちょうはどうですか?

= Naoko-san no taichou wa dou desu ka?

= How is Naoko’s health?

B: 「かなりよくなってきたので、来週には退院できるそうです。」

= かなりよくなってきたので、らいしゅうにはたいいんできるそうです。

= Kanari yoku natte kita node, raishuu niwa taiin dekiru sou desu.

= She said she is feeling much better, and she can leave the hospital next week.

  • Asking for confirmation regarding something that you have heard.

Ex. 新しくできたホテルは、かなり高いそうですね。

= あたらしくできたホテルは、かなりたかいそうですね。

= Atarashiku dekita hoteru wa, kanari takai sou desu ne.

= I heard the new hotel is quite expensive. Is that right?

Ex. 駅前に大きなショッピングセンターができるそうですね。

= えきまえにおおきなショッピングセンターができるそうですね。

= Ekimae ni ookina shoppingu sentaa ga dekiru sou desu ne.

= I heard a big shopping mall will be built in front of the station. Is that right?

Ex. 昔、日本に留学していたそうだね。

= むかし、にほんにりゅうがくしていたそうだね。

= Mukashi, nihon ni ryuugaku shite ita sou dane.

= I heard you studied abroad in Japan a long time ago, right?

Ex. A: 「マギー先生は、英語も話せるそうですね。」

= マギーせんせいは、えいごもはなせるそうですね。

= Maggie Sensei wa, eigo mo hanaseru sou desu ne.

= I heard you can also speak English. Is that right Maggie Sensei?

Maggie: 「英語以外に、犬語も話せますよ。」

= えいごいがいに、いぬごもはなせますよ。

= Eigo igai ni, inugo mo hanasemasu yo.

= Besides English, I can also speak “dog”.

Ex. 聞くところによると彼女は、成績優秀だそうですね。

= きくところによるとかのじょは、せいせきゆうしゅうだそうですね。

= Kikutokoro ni yoruto kanojo wa, seiseki yuushuu da sou desu ne.

= According to what I’ve heard, she seems to be an excellent student, right?

Note: 聞くところによると ( = きくところによると = kikutokoro ni yoru to) means “聞いた話によると ( = きいたはなしによると = kiita hanashi yoru to ) according to what I’ve heard/ from what I’ve heard

Ex. この辺は野原だったそうだ。

= このへんはのはらだったそうだ。

= Kono hen wa nohara datta sou da.

= I heard this area used to be a field.

2) Passing along a message: Someone said ~.

For example, A is telling B, A → B

A: 「今日は、風邪を引いたから休むって先生に伝えてくれる?」

= きょうは、かぜをひいたからやすむってせんせいにつたえてくれる?

= Kyou wa, kaze wo hiita kara yasumutte sensei ni tsutaete kureru?

= Can you tell our teacher that I have a cold so I will be absent today?

B: 「わかった。伝えておくよ。」

= わかった。つたえておくよ。

= Wakatta. Tsutatete oku yo.

= OK, I will tell her.

And B is passing A’s message to their teacher.

B: 「 Aは、風邪を引いたから今日はお休みだそうです。」

= A は、かぜをひいたからきょうはおやすみだそうです。

= A wa, kaze wo hiita kara kyou wa oyasumi da sou desu.

= “ A” said he/she got a cold so he will take the day off today.

Or you can quote what you heard with ~と言っています ( = といっています = to itte imasu)/言っていました ( = いっていました = to itte imashita) = ~と言っています ( = といっています = to itte imasu) = is saying/ was saying

Aは、風邪を引いたから今日はお休みすると言っていました。

= Aは、かぜをひいたからきょうはおやすみするといっていました。

= A wa, kaze wo hiitakara kyou wa oyasumi suru to itte imashita.

= “A” was saying he/she got a cold so he will take the day off today.

If you are talking to a friend, you can say:

Aは、風邪を引いたから今日は休むんだって。

= Aは、かぜをひいたからきょうはやすむんだって。

= A wa, kaze wo hiita kara kyou wa yasumun datte.

= “A” said he/she got a cold, so he will take the day off today.

For more on this, check my lesson on Indirect & Direct speech って

Ex. 佐藤さんは、来週、忙しいそうです。

= さとうさんは、らいしゅう、いそがしいそうです。

= Satou-san wa, raishuu, isogashii soudesu.

= I heard Sato-san is busy next month.

Ex.

A: 「あっ、もう時間だ。中村さんは、まだ来ないの?」

= あっ、もうじかんだ。なかむらさんは、まだこないの?

= Ah, mou jikan da. Nakamura-san wa, mada konai no?

= A: Oh, it’s already time. Has Nakamura-san not arrived yet?

B: 「会議が長引いているので後から来るそうです。」

= かいぎがながびいているのであとからくるそうです。

= Kaigi ga nagabiite iru node ato kara kuru sou desu.

= B: He/Said said he would come later because the meeting was running long.

Ex. マギー先生はお腹がすいているから何か食べたいそうです。

= マギーせんせいはおなかがすいているからなにかたべたいそうです。

= Maggie Sensei wa onaka ga suite iru kara nanika tabetai sou desu.

= Maggie sensei said she was hungry and wanted to eat something.

Ex. エアビーを出る前には掃除をして欲しいそうです。

= エアビーをでるまえにはそうじをしてほしいそうです。

= Eabii wo derru mae niwa souji wo shite hoshii soudesu.

= They said they want you to clean before leaving the Airbnb.


マギー先生より = マギーせんせいより = Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

Gordo先生、徹夜でこのレッスンを作ってくれてありがとう。ゆっくり寝てね。

= Gordoせんせい、てつやでこのレッスンをつくってくれてありがとう。ゆっくりねてね。

= Gordo Sensei, tetsuya de kono ressun wo tsukutte kurete arigatou. Yukkuri nete ne.

= Thank you, Gordo Sensei, for staying up all night to make this lesson. Sleep tight!


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Audio Files for this lesson →Click here

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My supporters can access tons of audio files, PDF files, and special lessons on my Patreon page.

ありがとう x 2: Mini lessons, Audio files for all the lessons here from 2018,

ありがとう x 5 In addition to the previous benefit + Daily Japanese

Check the index of Daily Japanese Series →Index

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Become a Patron!

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「もっと愛が欲しいの…」

= もっとあいがほしいの…

= Motto ai ga hoshii no…

= I want more love…

Hi everyone! Today’s lesson is how to use 欲しい = ほしい = hoshii

How to form

noun + が ( = ga) + 欲しい ( ほしい) = hoshii = I want something/someone

Ex. 車が欲しい = くるまがほしい = kuruma ga hoshii = I want a car

verb te-form ~て + ほしい = ~ te + hoshii

= I want someone/something to do something for me.

Ex. 車を買って欲しい = くるまをかってほしい = kuruma wo katte hoshii

= I want someone to buy me a car.

How to use:

with a noun: I want something/I don’t want something

What particle to use:

The basic pattern is:

→noun/interrogative pronoun + が ( = ga) + 欲しい (ほしい) = hoshii

But there are some cases where you use other particles.

1) noun/interrogative pronoun + が ( = ga) + 欲しい ( = ほしい) (basic pattern)

2) noun + も ( = mo) + 欲しい ( = ほしい)= hoshii

3) noun + は ( = wa) + 欲しい( = ほしい)= hoshii

noun + は ( = wa) + 欲しくない ( = ほしくない = hoshikunai)/欲しくなかった ( = ほしくなかった)= hoshiku nakatta

4) noun/interrogative pronoun + も ( = mo) /でも ( = demo) + 欲しい ( = ほしい) = hoshii

5) noun + を ( = wo) /が ( = ga) + 欲しそう(ほしそう)= hoshisou + (にしている = ni shite iru)

I will give you the examples of each of these.

1) noun/interrogative pronoun + が ( = ga) + 欲しい ( = ほしい) = hoshii

Ex. A: 「誕生日に何が欲しい?」

= たんじょうびになにがほしい?

= Tanjoubi ni nani ga hoshii?

= What do you want for your birthday?

B: 「ゲームチェアが欲しい!」

= ゲームチェアがほしい!

= Geemuchea ga hoshii!

= I want a gaming chair.

Ex. 優秀な人材が欲しい。

= ゆうしゅうなじんざいがほしい。

= Yuushuuna jinzai ga hoshii.

= We want talented human resources.

Ex. 彼女が欲しい。

= かのじょがほしい。

= Kanojo ga hoshii.

= I want a girlfriend.

Ex. 彼はもっと自由な時間が欲しいと言っている。

= かれはもっとじゆうなじかんがほしいといっている。

= Kare wa motto jiyuuna jikan ga hoshii to itte iru.

= He is saying he wants more free time.

Ex. A: 「どのケーキが欲しいの?」

= 「どのケーキがほしいの?」

= Dono keeki ga hoshii no?

= Which cake do you want?

B: 「いちごのが欲しい!」

= いちごのがほしい!

= Ichigo no ga hoshii.

= I want the strawberry one.

Ex. 甘いものが欲しいときは疲れているんだって。(casual)

= あまいものがほしいときはつかれているんだって。

= Amaimono ga hoshii toki wa tsukarete irundatte.

= They say that when you want something sweet, it means you’re tired.

In casual conversation, you omit the particle が.

Talking to a child:

Ex. 「ジュース欲しい?」

= ジュースほしい?

= Juusu hoshii?

= Do you want some juice?

If you emphasize juice, you use が

何が欲しいの ?

= なにがほしいの?

= Nani ga hoshii no?

= What do you want?

→ジュースが欲しいの? それとも水?

= ジュースがほしいの? それともみず?

= Juusu ga hoshii no? Soretomo mizu?

= You want juice? Or water?

(At a convenience store)

Ex. 袋、欲しいです。

= ふくろほしいです。

= Fukuro hoshii desu.

= I want a plastic bag.

( →袋、ください。 = ふくろ、ください。 = Fukuro kudasai = A plastic bag, please.)

Ex. 妹、欲しかったな。

= いもうと、ほしかったな。

= Imouto, hoshikatta na.

= I wish I had had a little sister.

Also if the listener knows what you are talking about, you can omit the object in casual speech.

Ex. 母: 「お水いる?」 (casual)

= はは:「おみずいる?」

= Haha: “Omizu iru?”

= Mother: Do you want some water?

子供: 「今、欲しくない。」

= こども:「いま、ほしくない」

= Kodomo: “Ima, hoshikunai.”

= Child: I’m good now.

( = 今、いらない = いま、いらない = Ima, iranai.)

Ex. A: 「これ欲しい人!」

= 「これほしいひと!」

= Kore hoshii hito!

= Who wants this?

B: 女の子:「あっ!私、欲しい!!」

= おんなのこ:「あっ!わたし、ほしい!!」

= Onnanoko* Ah! Watashi, hoshii!!

= A girl: Ah, I want that!

2) noun + も + 欲しい ( = ほしい) = S also wants ~

Ex. このケーキも欲しいしあのケーキも欲しい。

= このケーキもほしいしあのケーキもほしい。

= I want this cake, and (I also want) that cake.

(At a convenience store.)

Ex. 袋、お願いします。あと、お箸も欲しいです。

= ふくろ、おねがいします。あと、おはしもほしいです。

= Fukuro, onegai shimasu. Ato, ohashi mo hoshii desu.

= Please give me a plastic bag. And I want chopsticks.

3) noun + は + 欲しい( = ほしい)/ negative sentence: noun + は + 欲しくない ( = ほしくない)

When you want to show the contrast, you use the particle は.

I want A but not B. / I want something but..(it is difficult to get one for some reason.) / I want A but not B/ I don’t want A but not B.

Ex. パートナーは欲しいけど、結婚はしたくない人が増えているらしい。

= パートナーはほしいけど、けっこんはしたくないひとがふえているらしい。

= Paatonaa wa hoshii kedo, kekkon wa shitaku nai hito ga fuete iru rashii.

= It seems that there is an increasing number of people who want a partner but don’t want to get married.

Ex. 家は欲しいがローンが大変だ。

= いえはほしいがローンがたいへんだ。

= Ie wa hoshii ga roon ga taihen da.

= I want a house, but dealing with a mortgage is tough.

Ex. お姉ちゃんのお古は欲しくない。

= おねえちゃんのおふるはほしくない。

= Oneechan no ofuru wa hoshikiunai.

= I don’t want hand-me-downs from my big sister.

4) noun /interrogative pronoun + も ( = mo) /でも ( = demo) + 欲しい ( = ほしい) = hosihi

Ex. この店にあるものだったら何でも欲しい。

= このみせにあるものだったらなんでもほしい。

= Kono mise ni arumono dattara nandemo hoshii.

= I want anything in this store.

Ex. A: 「これとこれ、どちらが欲しい?

= これとこれ、どちらがほしい?

= Kore to kore, dochira ga hoshii?

= Which one do you want? This one? Or this one?

B: 「どっちも欲しい。」

= 「どっちもほしい。」

= Docchi mo hoshii.

= I want them both.

Ex. 子供の頃からずっとロボットが欲しかった。

=こどものころからずっとロボットがほしかった。

= Kodomo no koro kara zutto robotto ga hoshikatta.

= I’ve wanted that robot since I was a child.

5) noun + を ( = wo) /が ( = ga) + 欲しそう(ほしそう) = hoshisou + (にしている) = ni shiteiru

Ex. 見て!マギーがおやつを欲しそうにしているよ。

= みて!マギーがおやつをほしそうにしているよ。

= Mite! Maggie ga oyatsu wo hoshisou ni shiteiru yo.

= Look! Maggie seems to want a snack.

Ex. 子供が景品を欲しそうにしていたから一つあげた。

= こどもがけいひんをほしそうにしていたからひとつあげた。

= Kodomo ga keihin wo hoshisou ni shiteita kara hitotsu ageta.

= Since the child seemed to want a prize, I gave him/her one.

Ex. お父さん、ビールのお代わりが欲しそうだったから、持っていってあげて。

= おとうさん、ビールのおかわりがほしそうだったから、もっていってあげて。

= Otousan, biiru no okawari ga hoshisou datta kara, motte itte agete.

= Dad seems like he wanted another beer, so bring him one.


欲しい ( = ほしい) = hoshii + noun

Ex. A: 「大学生になったら欲しいもの何かある?」

= 「だいがくせいになったらほしいものなにかある?」

= Daigakusei ni nattara hoshii mono nanika aru?

= Is there anything you want when you become a college student?

B: 「欲しいものリスト作っておくね。」

= 「ほしいものリストつくっておくね。」

= Hoshiimono risuto tsukutte okune.

= I’ll be making a wishlist, OK?

Ex. 彼は、欲しいものはなんでも手にいれる。

= かれは、ほしいものはなんでもてにいれる。

= Kare wa, hoshii mono wa nanndemo te ni ireru.

= He can get anything he wants.

Ex.欲しいものはなんでも買える。

= ほしいものはなんでもかえる。

= Hoshii mono wa nandemo kaeru.

= I can buy anything I want.

Ex. この店には欲しい服がなかったから他の店に行こう。

= このみせにはほしいふくがなかったからほかのみせにいこう。

= Kono mise niwa hoshii fuku ga nakatta kara hoka no mise ni ikou.

= There aren’t any clothes that I want so I will go to another store.

Ex. こんなものを欲しい人がいるかなあ。

= こんなものをほしいひとがいるかな。

= Konna mono wo hoshii hito ga iru kana.

= I wonder who would want something like this.

欲しくない ( = ほしくない) + noun

Ex. 欲しくないプレゼントをもらったらどうしたらいい? (casual)

= ほしくないプレゼントをもらったらどうしたらいい?

= Hoshikunai purezento wo morattara doushitara ii?

= What should I do if I receive a gift I don’t want?

Ex. (Maggie is thinking)

ゆかりは、 欲しくないおもちゃばかりくれるなあ。(casual)

= ゆかりは、ほしくないおもちゃばかりくれるなあ。

= Yukari wa, hoshikunai omocha bakari kureru naa.

= Yukari always gives me toys I don’t want.

欲しかった ( = ほしかった) + noun

Ex. ずっと欲しかったタブレットを母に買ってもらった。

= ずっとほしかったタブレットをははにかってもらった。

= Zutto hoshikatat taburetto wo haha ni katte moratta.

= My mother bought me the tablet I had wanted for a long time. (More literally: I got the tablet I had wanted for a long time from my mother.)

Offering a birthday gift.

Ex. A: 「お誕生日おめでとう!」

= おたんじょうびおめでとう!

= Otanjoubi omedetou!

= Happy Birthday!

B: 「わあ、これ、欲しかったやつだ。どうしてわかったの?」(casual)

= 「わあ、これ、ほしかったやつだ。どうしてわかったの?」

= Waa, kore, hoshikatta yatsu da. Doushite wakatta no?

= Wow! This is what I’ve always wanted. How did you know?

Ex. A: 「今日、時計買うって言ってたのに買わないの?」(casual)

=「きょう、とけいかうっていってたのにかわないの?」

= Kyou, tokei kautte itteta noni kawanai no?

= You said you were going to buy a watch today. Why didn’t you buy one?

B: 「欲しかったモデルがなかったから今日はやめとく*。」

=「ほしかったモデルがなかったからきょうはやめとく。」

= Hoshikatta moderu ga nakatta kara kyou wa yametoku.

= They don’t have the model I wanted, so I’ll pass for today. / They didn’t have the model I wanted, so I decided not to buy one today.

(* Note: やめとく ( = yametoku) is a casual contraction of やめておく = yamete oku)

欲しがる = ほしがる = hoshigaru /欲しがっている = ほしがっている = hoshigatteiru

When you see someone is showing a strong desire to have something or someone has been wanting to have something for a certain period of time, you can describe that person’s feelings with がる. You don’t use it to describe your own feelings.

(Related lesson: How to use がる = garu )

Basic pattern: noun + を ( = wo) + 欲しがる ( = ほしがる) = hoshigaru /欲しがっている ( = ほしがっている) = hoshigatteiru

(past tense: 欲しがった ( = ほしがった) = hoshigatta / 欲しがっていた ( = ほしがっていた) = hoshigatte ita)

You can only use this form when you talk about a third person, not yourself.

Ex. どうして彼があんな高級車を欲しがるのかわからない。

= どうしてかれがあんなこうきゅうしゃをほしがるのかわからない。

= Doushite kare ga annna koukyuusha wo hoshigaru no ka wakaranai.

= I don’t understand why he wants such a luxury car.

Ex. 家族は最新のテレビを欲しがっている。

= かぞくはさいしんのテレビをほしがっている。

= Kazoku wa saishin no terebi wo hoshigatteiru.

= My family wants the latest television.

Ex. 娘は、去年まで、あんなに猫を欲しがっていたのに今は、犬が欲しいと言って

る。

= むすめは、きょねんまで、あんなにねこをほしがっていたのにいまは、いぬがほし

といっている。

= Musume wa, kyonen made, annani neko wo hoshigatte ita noni ima wa, inu

ga hoshii to itte iru.

= My daughter wanted a cat so much until last year, but now she’s saying she wants a dog.

欲しがる = ほしがる = hoshigaru + noun /(past tense) 欲しがっていた ほしがっていた = hoshigatte ita + noun

Ex. 子供が欲しがるお菓子ばかりあげては健康によくない。

= こどもがほしがるおかしばかりあげてはけんこうによくない。

= Kodomo ga hoshigaru okashibakari agete wa kenkou ni yokunai.

= It is not good for a child’s health to give them only the snacks they want.

Ex. 息子が欲しがっていた本を買ってあげた。

= むすこがほしがっていたほんをかってあげた。

= Musuko ga hoshigatteita hon wo katte ageta.

= I bought the book that my son had been wanting.

with verb te-form ~て ( = te) + ほしい ( = hoshii)

Note: You use kanji 欲しい ( ほしい = hoshii ) with a noun but you use hiragana with verb-te form てほしい ( = te hoshii)

I made a lesson on How to use たい ( = tai) before.

The link to that lesson is here:

When you express your own desire, I want to do ~, you use たい ( = tai).

When you want other people to do something/something happens, you use

ほしい ( = hoshii)

Ex. 僕の気持ちもわかってほしいよ。(male speech/casual)

= ぼくのきもちもわかってほしいよ。

= Boku no kimochi mo wakatte hoshii yo.

= I want you to understand my feelings.

(casual)

Ex. えっ? 今日の会議キャンセルになったの? もっと早く言ってほしかったなあ。

= えっ?きょうのかいぎキャンセルになったの? もっとはやくいってほしかった

あ。

= Eh? kyou no kaigi kyanseru ni natta no? Motto hayaku itte hoshikatta naa.

= What? Today’s meeting got canceled. I wish they had told me earlier.

Ex. 娘にはもっとがんばってほしい。

= むすめにはもっとがんばってほしい。

= Musume niwa motto ganbatte hoshii.

= I want my daughter to try harder

Ex. 私のことはほっておいてほしいんだ。 (casual)

= わたしのことはほっておいてほしいんだ。

= Watashi no koto wa hotteoite hoshiinda.

= I want you to leave me alone.

Ex. うまく行ってほしい。

= うまくいってほしい。

= Umaku itte hoshii.

= I want things to go well.

Ex. 彼女には幸せになってほしい。

= かのじょにはしあわせになってほしい。

= Kanojo niwa shiawase ni natte hoshii.

= I want her to be happy.

Ex. みんな、些細なことで喧嘩をしないでほしい。

= みんな、ささいなことでけんかをしないでほしい。

= Minna, sasaina koto de kenka wo shinai de hoshii.

= I want everyone to avoid fighting over trivial matters.

Ex. カイ君*はお父さんも一緒にスキーに行ってほしかったんだと思うよ。

= カイくん*は おとうさんも いっしょに すきーに いって ほしかったんだとおもうよ。

= I think Kai-kun wanted his father to go skiing with him.

(カイ君* = カイくん = Kai-kun boy’s name)

Ex. あの二人には仲直りしてほしかった。

= あのふたりにはなかなおりしてほしかった。

= Ano futari niwa nakanaori shite hoshikatta.

= I wished they (those two) would make up.

Ex. 私が彼と付き合っていることはあの子には言ってほしくなかったなあ。

= わたしがかれとつきあっていることはあのこにはいってほしくなかったなあ。

= Watashi ga kare to tsukiatte iru koto wa anoko ni wa itte hoshikunakatta naa.

= I wish you hadn’t told her that I’m dating him.

You don’t use 欲しい ( = ほしい = hoshii) with your boss, customers, clients, or someone older or superior to you. You only use it with someone you know well (your family, or friends, children) or someone younger than you or in casual situations.

For example, if you want to offer your boss (or a customer/client) coffee, you should avoid asking them this way:

(with a noun)

Ex. コーヒーが欲しいですか?

= コーヒーが ほしい ですか?

= Koohii ga hoshii desu ka?

= Do you want some coffee?

(or omitting が ( = ga) →)

コーヒー欲しいですか?

= コーヒーほしいですか?

= Koohii hoshii desu ka?

It would be more polite to ask this way:

Ex. コーヒー召し上がりますか?(very polite)

= コーヒーめしあがりますか?

= Koohii meshiagarimasu ka?

= Would you like to drink some coffee?

Ex. コーヒー (は/を ) 飲まれますか?(polite)

= コーヒー (は/を) のまれますか?

= Koohii (wa/wo) nomaremasu ka?

= Would you like to drink some coffee?

Ex. コーヒーは、如何ですか? (polite)

= コーヒーは、いかがですか?

= Koohii wa ikaga desu ka?

= Would you like some coffee?

(with a verb)

Ex. 手伝ってほしいですか?/(casual) 手伝って欲しい?

= てつだってほしいですか?/(casual) てつだってほしい?

= Tetsudatte hoshii desuka? / Tetsudatte hoshii?

= Do you want me to help you?

↓It would be more polite to say

Ex. お手伝いましょうか?

= おてつだいましょうか?

= Otetsudai shimashou ka?

Ex. 何かお手伝いできることはありますか?

= なにかおてつだいできることはありますか?

= Nanika otetsudai dekiru koto wa arimasu ka?

= Is there anything I can do for you?


Using ほしい ( = hoshii) with けど ( = kedo) is a very common casual speech pattern. Use this when you want someone to do something for you.

→ Finishing a sentence with

ほしいのですが… ( = hoshii no desu ga) /ほしいんですが…( = hoshiin desu ga) /ほしいのだけど…(hoshii no dakedo) /ほしいんだけど… (= hoshiin dakedo)

= I want you to do something. /Can you do something for me?/ Could you do something for me?

While Vてほしいです ( = te hoshii desu) /(casual) ほしい ( = hoshii) expresses one’s desire for others, when you ask someone for a favor in a subtle way, you leave the sentence unfinished with ほしいのですが… ( = hoshii no desu ga) /ほしいんですが…( = hoshiin desu ga) /ほしいのだけど…(hoshii no dakedo) /ほしいんだけど… (= hoshiin dakedo)

noun + が ( = ga) + 欲しいんですが (ほしいんですが)… = hoshiin desuga /(casual) が ( = ga) + 欲しいだけど(ほしいんだけど)= hoshiin dakedo

Ex. もっと大きいサイズが欲しいですが…

= もっとおおきいサイズがほしいんですが…

= Motto ookii saizu ga hoshiin desu ga…

= I would like a larger size, (if possible…)

Ex. お釣りは、全部千円札で欲しいんですが…

= おつりは、ぜんぶせんえんさつでほしいんですが..

= Otsuri wa, zenbu senen satsu de hoshiin desu ga…

= I would like all the change in thousand-yen bills, if possible…

Vて ( = te) + ほしいのですが ( = hoshiino desu ga) / ほしいんですが ( = hoshiin desu ga) / (more casual) ほしんだけど..( = hoshin dakedo)

Leaving the sentence unfinished with が ( = ga) /けど ( = kedo) makes one’s request softer.

(the literal translation) I want you to do something/I would like you to do something

→(the meaning) Can you/Could you do something (for me)?

Ex. もう少し静かにしてほしいんですが。

= もうすこししずかにしてほしいんですが。

= Mou sukoshi shizuka ni shite hoshin desu ga.

= Could you be more quiet?

Ex. 今日、鍵を忘れたから帰るまで鍵を閉めないでほしいんだけど。

= きょう、かぎをわすれたからかえるまでかぎをしめないでほしいんだけど。

= Kyou, kagi wo wasureta kara kaeru made kagi wo shimenai de hoshin dakedo.

= I forgot my keys today, so could you please not lock the door until I get

back?

Ex. 人が話しているときは、ちょっと黙っていてほしいんだけど。(casual)

= ひとがはなしているときは、ちょっとだまっていてほしいんだけど。

= Hito ga hanashite iru toki wa, chotto damatte ite hoshiin dakedo.

= Can you be quiet for a moment when I am /someone is talking?

Ex. ちょっと明日うちに来てほしんだけど。来られる?

= ちょっとあしたうちにきてほしいんだけど。こられる?

= Chotto ashita uchi ni kite hoshin dakedo. korareru?

= I want you to come over tomorrow. Can you?


マギー先生より = マギーせんせいより = Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

みんな、もっと私に愛をくださいね。

= みんな、もっとわたしにあいをくださいね。

= Minna, motto watashi ni ai wo kudasaine.

= You all give me more love, OK?


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「私に会いたくなったときは、いつでも遊びに来てね。」

= わたしにあいたくなったときは、いつでもあそびにきてね。

= Watashi ni aitaku natta toki wa, itsudemo asobini kite ne.

= When you want to see me, feel free to come and visit anytime.

Hi everyone! I’m your guest teacher, Doggo. I like teasing doggies on the street so I got this name. (BTW if your family members or friends want to be our guest teachers, please feel free to send their pictures.) →About Us

Today, we are going to study how to use とき ( = toki).

First, the kanji for とき ( = toki) is 時.

Though you see people use them both for both kanji and hiragana in daily writing, the basic rule for official documents or legal documents in Japanese is to use the kanji 時 ( = とき= toki) when you refer to the specific time, but when you discuss some situation/state or event, you would use とき ( = toki) .

I will use hiragana in this lesson except for certain expressions in the last part of this lesson.

How to form:

With Verbs

  • dictionary form + とき ( = toki)

行く= いく = iku = to go

→行くとき = いくとき = iku toki

(negative form)

行かないとき = いかないとき = ikanai toki

(past tense)

行った = いった = went

→行ったとき = いったとき = itta toki

(negative form)

行かなかったとき = いかなかったとき = ikanakatta toki

You can use this form with auxiliary verbs, verbs in passive form, causative form, potential form, progressive form, honorific form, etc.

I will just give you a few examples here, I but will try to show you many example sentences.

  • Vたい

見たい = みたい = mitai = want to see

→見たいとき = みたいとき = mitaitoki

(negative form)

見たくないとき = みたくないとき = mitakunai toki

(past tense)

見たかった = みたかった = wanted to see

→見たかったとき = みたかったとき = mitakatta toki

(negative form)

見たくなかったとき = みたくなかったとき = mitakunakatta toki

*Causative passive form

読まされる = よまされる = yomasareru = to be made to read

→読まされるとき = よまされるとき = yomasareru toki

(past tense)

読まされたとき = よまされたとき = yomasareta toki

  • progressive form

行っている = いっている = itteiru = to be going

→行っているとき = いっているとき = itteiru toki

(past tense)

行っていた = いっていた = itteita

→行っていたとき = いっていたとき = itte ita toki = was going/used to go

With Adjectives

  • i-adjective

若い = わかい = wakai = young

→若いとき= わかいとき = wakai toki

(past tense)

若かった = わかかった = wakakatta = was/were young

→若かったとき = わかかったとき = wakakatta toki

  • na-adjective

元気な = げんきな = genkina = to be healthy, cheerful

→元気なとき = げんきなとき = genkina toki

(negative form)

→元気ではないとき = げんきではないとき = genki dewa nai toki

(casual) 元気じゃないとき = げんきじゃないとき = genkijanai toki

(past tense)

元気だった = げんきだった = genkidatta = was/were healthy, cheerful

→元気だったとき = げんきだったとき = genkidatta toki =

(negative form)

→元気ではなかったとき = げんきではなかったとき = genki dewa nakatta toki

(casual) 元気じゃなかったとき = げんきじゃなかったとき = genkija nakatta toki

With a noun

Noun + の ( = no) + とき ( = toki)

気分 = きぶん = kibu = mood

→気分のとき =きぶんのとき = kibun no toki

(negative form)

気分ではないとき = きぶんではないとき = kibun dewa nai toki

(casual) 気分じゃないとき = きぶんじゃないとき = kibunja nai toki

(past tense)

Noun + だった ( = datta ) + とき ( = toki)

気分だったとき = きぶんだったとき = kibun datta toki

(negative form)

気分ではなかったとき = きぶんではなかったとき = kibun dewa nakatta toki/

(casual)

気分じゃなかったとき = きぶんじゃなかったとき = kibunja ankatta toki

How to use とき ( = toki)

Basically とき ( = toki) means “when” / “the time” and express

→“When someone does / did something / something happens / happened + what will happen/ what happened / what one will do/does/did”

とき ( = toki) / ときに ( = toki ni ) / ときは ( = toki wa) / ときには ( = toki niwa) :

  • ときに ( = toki ni) :

Ex. 電話がかかってきたとき荷物がきた。

= でんわがかかってきたときにもつがきた。

= Denwa ga kakatte kita toki nimotsu ga kita.

= When the phone rang, the package arrived.

When you emphasize the specific time, you use に ( = ni) .

ときに ( = tokini ) at the time when

→ 電話がかかってきたときに荷物がきた。

= でんわがかかってきたときににもつがきた。

= Denwa ga kakatte kita toki ni nimotsu ga kita.

= When the phone rang, the package arrived.

(Emphasizing the time when the phone rang more than just とき ( = toki) )

  • ときは ( = toki wa):

(1) When you bring up a specific time (or case) as a topic, use it with は.

ときは ( = toki wa)= when ~ / as for the time when ~

Ex. 日本にいたときは、何をしていたの?(casual)

= にほんにいたときは、なにをしていたの?

= Nihon ni ita toki wa, nani wo shite ita no?

= What were you doing when you were in Japan?

(Introducing a topic: As for the time when you were in Japan)

Note: You can use this with the honorific form as well.

日本にいらっしゃったときは、何をされていたのですか?(polite)

= にほんにいらっしゃったときは、なにをされていたのですか?

= Nihon ni irasshatta toki wa, nani wo sarete itano desu ka?

= What were you doing when you were in Japan?

(2) When you want to show the contrast between two different time periods, you also use ときは ( = tokiwa)

Ex. 今は、エンジニアの仕事をしているけど、日本にいたときは、何をしていたの?

= いまは、エンジニアのしごとをしているけど、にほんにいたときは、なにをしていたの? (casual)

= Ima wa, enjinia no shigoto wo shiteiru kedo, nihon ni ita toki wa, nani wo shiteita no?

= You’re currently working as an engineer, but what were you doing when you were in Japan?

(Showing the contrast: the present time vs. the time when the listener was in

Japan.)

  • ときには ( = toki niwa): In the particular time when ~ (emphasizing when something happens/happened) / by the time when ~

Ex. 失恋したときには友達に話した方が気が楽になります。

= しつれんしたときにはともだちにはなしたほうがきがらくになります。

= Shitsuren shita toki niwa tomodachi ni hanashita hou ga ki ga raku ni narimasu.

= When you have a broken heart, talking to friends makes you feel better.

You often use ときには ( = tokiniwa) when something is too late or something is completed by the time when ~.

Ex. 空港に着いたときには、もう飛行機は出てしまっていた。

= くうこうについたときには、もうひこうきはでてしまっていた。

= Kuukou ni tsuita toki niwa, mou hikouki wa dete shimatte ita.

= When I arrived at the airport, the plane had already taken off.

(As for the time when I arrived at the airport, ~)

Note: 時には = ときには ( = toki niwa) also means “sometimes”. I will explain this use later in this lesson.)

Subject of the sentence ~ とき ( = toki) (S1) , (S2) :

The subject of the first sentence with とき ( = toki)(S1) and the subject in the following sentence (S2) can be the same or different.

A + とき ( = toki) (S1) + A (S2)

or →A + とき ( = toki) (S1) + B (S2)

A (S1) + A (S2) (the same subject)

Ex. 私が学生だったときは、毎日図書館で勉強していた。

= わたしががくせいだったときは、まいにちとしょかんでべんきょうしていた。

= Watashi ga gakusei datta toki wa, mainichi toshokan de benkyou shiteita.

= When I was a student, I used to study at the library every day.

The subject of S1 and S2 is 私 = わたし = I

A (S1) + B(S2) (different subject)

Ex. 母が機嫌がいいときは、父も機嫌がいい。

= ははがきげんがいいときは、ちちもきげんがいい。

= Haha ga kigen ga ii toki wa, chichi mo kigen ga ii.

= When my mother is in a good mood, my father is also in a good mood.

The subject of S1 = 母 = はは = haha = my mother

The subject of S2 = 父 = ちち = chichi = my father

The tense of verb/adjective/noun before とき ( = toki).

1) The cases when you can use both present tense and past tense with とき( = toki):

When you are talking about the state of something/someone or when you use a progressive tense or いる ( = iru ) to be, there is, you can use either present tense or past tense, and the tense you use doesn’t change the meaning.

(state)

Ex. 円が高いときは/高かったときは、よく海外旅行に行った。

= えんがたかいときは/たかかったときは、よくかいがいりょこうにいった。

= En ga takai toki wa/takakatta toki wa, yoku kaigairyokou ni itta.

= When the yen was strong, I used to go on overseas trips frequently.

Ex. 学生のときは/学生だったときは、お金がなくてバイトばかりしていた。

= がくせいのときは/がくせいだったときは、おかねがなくてバイトばかりしていた。

= Gakusei no toki wa /Gakusei datta toki wa, okane ga nakute baito bakari shite ita.

= When I was a student, I didn’t have much money, so I was always working part-time jobs.

Ex. 若いときは/若かったときは、どれだけ食べても太らなかった。

= わかいときは/わかかったときは、どれだけたべてもふとらなかった。

= Wakai toki wa/Wakakattta toki wa, doredake tabetemo futoranakatta.

= When I was young, no matter how much I ate, I didn’t gain weight.

Ex. 日本語がわからないときは/わからなかったときは、マギー先生に質問した。

= にほんごがわからないときは/わからなかったときは、マギーせんせいにしつもんした。

= Nihongo ga wakaranai toki wa/wakaranakatta toki wa, Maggie Sensei ni shitsumon shita.

= When I didn’t understand Japanese/didn’t understand Japanese, I asked Maggie-sensei.

(progressive form)

Ex. 夕食を作っているときに/作っていたときに誰かが玄関のチャイムを鳴らした。

= ゆうしょくをつくっているときに/つくっていたときにだれかがげんかんのチャイムをならした。

= Yuushoku wo tsukutte iru toki ni/tsukutte ita toki ni dareka ga genkan no chaimu wo narashita.

= When I was preparing dinner, someone rang the doorbell.

Ex. 私が試験勉強でがんばっているとき/いたとき、彼は、家でグーグー寝ていた。

= わたしがしけんべんきょうでがんばっているとき/いたとき、かれはいえでグーグーねていた。

= Watashi ga shikenbenkyou de ganbatte iru toki/ ita toki, kare wa ie de guuguu neteita.

= While I was working hard on exam preparation, he was sound asleep at home.

(verb いる = iru = to be/stay)

Ex. その子は、親が一緒にいる/いたときは機嫌がよかったのに親がいなくなった途端に泣き始めた。

= そのこは、おやがいっしょにいるときは/いたときはきげんがよかったのにおやがいなくなったとたんになきはじめた。

= Sono ko wa, oya ga issho ni iru toki wa/ita toki wa kigen ga yokatta noni oya ga inaku natta totan ni nakihajimeta.

= That child was in a good mood when he/she was with his/her parents, but the moment the parents were no longer there, he/she started crying.

2) When the verb before とき is a movement verb (Ex. 帰る = かえる = to return, go home, 行く = いく ( = iku) to go, 来る = くる ( = kuru) to come, etc) or an action verb, the meaning of the sentence changes depending on whether the verb before “とき ( = toki)” is in the past or present tense.

(present tense)

Ex. 家に帰るときに雨が降ってた。

= いえにかえるときにあめがふってた。

= Ie ni kaeru toki ni ame ga futte ita.

= It was raining on my way home.

Note: In this case, 帰る = かえる ( = kaeru) = going home in this sentence is an on-going action and you haven’t arrived home yet.

If you use the past tense with とき ( = toki), it implies the action is completed and you are home.

(past tense)

Ex. 家に帰ったときに雨が降り始めた。

= いえにかえったときにあめがふりはじめた。

= Ie ni kaetta toki ni ame ga furihajimeta.

= When I got home, it started to rain.

(present tense)

Ex. 日本に来るときは連絡してね。

= にほんにくるときはれんらくしてね。

= Nihon ni kuru toki wa renraku shite ne.

= Please let me know when you are coming to Japan.

Note: You want the person to contact you before they come to Japan.

(past tense)

Ex. 日本に来たときは連絡してね。

= にほんにきたときはれんらくしてね。

= Nihon ni kita toki wa renraku shite ne.

= Please let me know when you get to Japan.

Note: You want the person to contact you once they have already arrived in Japan.

(present tense)

Ex. 今度、日本に行くときはいいホテルを予約します。

= こんど、にほんにいくときはいいホテルをよやくします。

= Kondo, nihon ni iku toki wa ii hoteru wo yoyaku shimasu.

= When I go to Japan the next time, I will book a good hotel

Note: You are talking about booking the hotel before you go to Japan.

(past tense)

Ex. 日本に行ったときは美味しいラーメンを食べたい。

= にほんにいったときはおいしいラーメンをたべたい。

= Nihon ni itta toki wa oishii raamen wo tabetai.

= When I go to Japan, I would like to eat delicious ramen.

Note: You are talking about what you want to do after you get to Japan.

(present tense)

Ex. 家を出るときに傘を持っていくのを忘れないで。

= いえをでるときにかさをもっていくのをわすれないで。

= Ie wo deru toki ni kasa wo motte iku no wo wasurenai de.

= Don’t forget to take an umbrella with you when you leave the house.

Note: Talking about the time before you leave the house.

(past tense)

Ex. 家を出たときに傘を忘れたことに気がついた。

= いえをでたときにかさをわすれたことにきがついた。

= Ie wo deta toki ni kasa wo wasureta koto ni ki ga tsuita.

= I realized I had forgotten the umbrella when I left the house.

Note: Talking about the time after you left the house

Ex. 学校に着いたとき、授業はもう終わっていた。

= がっこうについたとき、じゅぎょうはもうおわっていた。

= Gakkou ni tsuita toki, jugyou wa mou owatte ita.

= When I arrived at school, the class was already over.

(X 着くとき = つくとき = tsuku toki) wrong


Let’s see more examples with とき ( = toki)

Talking about conditions / Talking about what you do/did/are going to do when you are/were in a certain situation/state.

Ex. お酒を飲んでいるときはなかなか眠れない。

= おさけをのんでいるときはなかなかねむれない。

= Osake wo nonde iru toki wa nakanaka nemurenai.

= When I drank alcohol, I couldn’t sleep easily.

(Talking about one’s state after drinking alcohol.)

Ex. 彼女といるときは幸せだ。

= かのじょといるときはしあわせだ。

= Kanojo to iru toki wa shiawase da.

= When I am with her, I am happy.

Ex. お金がないときは、昼ごはんを抜きます。

= おかねがないときは、ひるごはんをぬきます。

= Okane ga nai toki wa, hirugohan wo nukimasu.

= When I don’t have money, I (will) skip lunch.

Ex. 暇なときは、電話するよ。(casual)

= ひまなときは、でんわするよ。

= Himana toki wa, denwa suru yo.

= I will give you a call when I am free and have nothing to do.

Ex. お腹がすいたときは、このパン食べていいからね。(casual)

= おなかがすいたときは、このパンたべていいからね。

= Onaka ga suita toki wa, kono pan tabete ii kara ne.

= You can eat this bread when you are hungry, OK?

Talking about simultaneous actions/ two actions or events happening at the same time. / While ~, something happens/happened, someone does/did something

Ex. 私の猫は、私が寝ているときは、足元に来て一緒に寝てくれる。

= わたしのねこは、わたしがねているときは、あしもとにきていっしょにねてくれる。

= Watshi no neko wa, watashi ga nete iru toki wa, ashimoto ni kite issho ni nete kureru.

= My cat comes to my feet and sleeps with me when I’m sleeping.

Ex. 夕食を作っているときに停電があった。

= ゆうしょくをつくっているときにていでんがあった。

= Yuushoku wo tsukutte iru toki ni teiden wa atta.

= There was a power outage when I was preparing dinner.

Ex. エアコンのスイッチを入れたときに変な音がした。

= エアコンのスイッチをいれたときにへんなおとがした。

= Eakon no suicchi wo ireta toki ni henna oto ga shita.

= I heard a strange noise (A strange noise occurred) when I turned on the air conditioner.

Talking about one’s habits: Whenever ~ + making a habit of doing something

Ex. 喉が痛いとき、生姜湯を飲むと楽になる。

= のどがいたいとき、しょうがゆをのむとらくになる。

= Nodo ga itai toki, shougayu wo nomu to raku ni naru.

= When I have a sore throat, drinking ginger tea eases the discomfort.

Ex. 落ち込んだときは、この曲を聴くと元気になる。

= おちこんだときは、このきょくをきくとげんきになる。

= Ochikonda toki wa, kono kyoku wo kiku to genki ni naru.

= When I’m feeling down, listening to this song cheers me up.

Ex. 大阪に行ったときはいつも串カツを食べに行く。

= おおさかにいったときはいつもくしカツをたべにいく。

= Oosaka ni itta toki wa, itsumo kushikatsu wo tabeni iku.

= Whenever I go to Osaka, I always go to eat kushikatsu.

Ex. 朝ごはんを食べる時は、ニュースを観ます。

= あさごはんをたべるときは、ニュースをみます。

= Asagohan wo taberu toki wa, nyuusu wo mimasu.

= When I have breakfast, I watch the news.

Ex. 彼はいつもデートのときに遅れてくる。

= かれはいつもデートのときにおくれてくる。

= Kare wa itsumo deeto no toki ni okurete kuru.

= He’s always late to his dates.

*Talking about one’s habits in the past.:

Ex. そのお菓子、子供のときによく食べたよ。(casual)

= そのおかし、こどものときによくたべたよ。

= Sono okashi, kodomo no toki ni yoku tabeta yo.

= I used to eat that snack a lot when I was a child.

Note: You can also use 頃 = ころ ( = koro) instead of とき ( = toki)

頃 = ころ ( = koro) = around the time of ~ . 頃 = ころ ( = koro) is more vague and refers to a general time.

→子供の頃 = こどものころ = kodomo no koro = one’s childhood

Ex. 思春期の時は、好きな子を見ただけでどきどきしたものだ。

= ししゅんきのときは、すきなこをみただけでどきどきしたものだ。

= Shishunki no toki wa, sukina ko wo mita dake de dokidoki shita mono da.

= In my adolescence, just seeing the person I had a crush on would make my heart race.

Ex. 東京に住んでいた時に、毎週末、秋葉原に行っていた。

= とうきょうにすんでいたときに、まいしゅうまつ、あきはばらにいっていた。

= Toukyou ni sunde ita toki ni, maichuumastsu, Akihabara ni itteita.

= When I lived in Tokyo, I used to go to Akihabara every weekend.

Talking about a specific time/time period:

Ex. 彼から絵葉書を受け取ったときとても嬉しかった。

= かれからえはがきをうけとったときとてもうれしかった。

= Kare kara ehagaki wo uketotta toki totemo ureshikatta.

= I was really happy when I received a postcard from him.

Ex. その人は、息子が転んだときにすぐに助けてくれた。

= そのひとは、むすこがころんだときにすぐにたすけてくれた。

= Sono hito wa, musuko ga koronda toki ni sugu ni tasukete kureta.

= That person immediately helped my son when he fell.

Ex. 地震が起きたとき、どこにいましたか?

= じしんがおきたとき、どこにいましたか?

= Jishin ga okita toki, doko ni imashita ka?

= Where were you when the earthquake hit?

Ex. 日本に来て、メニューが読めたときに初めて日本語を勉強してよかったと思った。

= にほんにきて、メニューがよめたときにはじめてにほんごをべんきょうしてよかったとおもった。

= Nihon ni kite, menyuu ga yometa toki ni hajimete nihongo wo benkyou shite yokatta to omotta.

= When I came to Japan and was able to read menus, that’s when I first thought it was good that I had studied Japanese.

Ex. 友達との待ち合わせの時間は1時だったと気がついたときはもう遅かった。

= ともだちとのまちあわせのじかんはいちじだったときがついたときはもうおそかった。

= Tomodachi no machiawase no jikan wa ichiji datta to kigatsuita toki wa mou osokatta.

= When I realized the meeting time with my friend(s) was 1 o’clock, it was already too late.

Giving advice/suggestion/warning: In case of ~/ When something happens + what do to/what not to do

Ex. 具合が悪くなったときは、呼び出しボタンを押してください。

= ぐあいがわるくなったときは、よびだしボタンをおしてください。

= Gutai ga waruku natta toki wa, yobidashi botan wo oshite kudasai.

= When you feel unwell, please press the call button.

Ex. 何かあったときには、すぐに駆けつけます。

= なにかあったときには、すぐにかけつけます。

= Nani ka atta toki niwa, sugu ni kaketsukemasu.

= When something happens to you/If something happens to you, I will come immediately.

Ex. 疲れたときは、寝るのが一番です。

= つかれたときは、ねるのがいちばんです。

= Tsukareta toki wa, neru no ga ichiban desu.

= When you’re tired, the best thing to do is to sleep.

Ex. 緊急のとき*は、こちらにお電話ください。

= きんきゅうのときは、こちらにおでんわください。

= Kinkyuu no toki wa, kochira ni odenwa kudasai.

= In case of an emergency, please call this number.

(You can also say 緊急時 = きんきゅうじ = kinkyuuji )

Ex. 気持ちが悪いときは横になった方がいい。

= きもちがわるいときはよこになったほうがいい。

= Kimochi ga warui toki wa yoko ni natta hou ga ii.

= When you feel sick, you should lie down.

Ex. 辛いときは頼っていいんだよ。

= つらいときはたよっていいんだよ。

= Tsurai toki wa tayotte iindayo.

= It’s okay to rely on me when you’re going through a tough time, OK?

Ex. テレビを見るときは、目に悪いから1メートル以上離れて見た方がいいよ。

= テレビをみるときは、めにわるいからいちメートルいじょうはなれてみたほうがいいよ。

= Terebi wo miru toki wa, me ni warui kara ichimeetoru ijou wa hanareta mita hou ga ii yo.

= When watching TV, it’s better to watch from a distance of more than one meter because it’s bad for your eyes.

Ex. パソコンが遅くなったときは、キャッシュを消去したほうがいい。

= パソコンがおそくなったときは、キャッシュをしょうきょしたほうがいい。

= Pasokon ga osoku natta toki wa, kyasshu wo shoukyo shita hou ga ii.

= When your computer becomes slow, it’s a good idea to clear the cache.

Ex. 赤いランプがついたときは、電池を取り替えてください。

= あかいランプがついたときは、でんちをとりかえてください。

= Akai ranpu ga tsuita toki wa, denchi wo torikaete kudasai.

= When the red light is on, please replace the battery.

Ex. 困った時はお互い様 (Saying)

= こまったときはおたがいさま

= Komatta toki wa otagai sama.

= We help each other in times of trouble/It’s a mutual thing when we’re in trouble./I scratch your back if you scratch my back.

ときが = emphasizing a topic/ when ~ + feelings (talking about how you feel about the time)

Ex. ついに彼との別れのときがきた。

= ついにかれとのわかれのときがきた。

= Tsui ni kare tono wakare no toki ga kita.

= At last, the time for parting with him has come.

Ex. マギーといるときが一番幸せだ。

= マギーといるときがいちばんしあわせだ。

= Maggie to iru toki ga ichiban shiawase da.

= I am the happiest when I am with you, Maggie.

Ex. 友達とたわいもない話をしているときが一番楽しい。

= ともだちとたわいもないはなしをしているときがいちばんたのしい。

= Tomodachi to tawaimo nai hanashi wo shiteiru toki ga ichiban tanoshii.

= I enjoy the most when I’m having trivial conversations with friends.

ときから ( = toki kara) since ~ , from the time ~ / ときまで ( = toki made) = until ~ ,up to the time ~

Ex. 5歳のときからピアノを習っています。

= ごさいのときからピアノをならっています。

= Gosai no toki kara piano wo naratte imasu.

= I have been taking piano lessons since I was five years old.

Ex. 彼女は、生まれたときから苦労をしたことがない。

= かのじょは、うまれたときからくろうをしたことがない。

= Kanojo wa, umareta toki kara kurou wo shita koto ga nai.

= She has never experienced hardship since the day she was born.

Ex. 乗車券は、降りるときまでなくさないようにしてください。

= じょうしゃけんは、おりるときまでなくさないようにしてください。

= Joushaken wa, oriru toki made nakusanai you ni shite kudasai.

= Please make sure to hold on to your ticket until you get off.

ときも ( = toki mo) = when ~ also, anytime, even when

Ex. コンビニは、日曜日に荷物を出したいときも使える。

= コンビニは、にちようびににもつをだしたいときもつかえる。

= Konbini wa, nichiyoubi ni nimotsu wo dashitai toki mo tsukaeru.

= Convenience stores can also be used when you want to send a package on

Sundays.

Ex. 叔母は、私が高校を卒業したときもきれいな花を贈ってくれた。

= おばは、わたしがこうこうをそつぎょうしたときもきれいなはなをおくってくれた。

= Oba wa, watashi ga koukou wo sotsugyou shita toki mo kireina hana wo

okutte kureta.

= My aunt gave me beautiful flowers even when I graduated from high school.

Ex. 父はどんなときも私の味方だった。

= ちちはどんなときもわたしのみかただった。

= Chichi wa donna toki mo watashi no mikata datta.

= My father was always on my side, no matter the circumstances.

ときでも ( = toki demo) even when, even in the case of, no matter what

Ex. どんなときでも私を支えてくれてありがとう。

= どんなときでもわたしをささえてくれてありがとう。

= Donna toki demo watashi wo sasaete kurete arigatou.

= Thanks for always being there for me.

Ex. 姉は、自分が経済的に苦しい時でも助けてくれた。

= あねは、じぶんがけいざいてきにくるしいときでもたすけてくれた。

= Ane wa, jibun ga keizaiteki ni kurushii toki demo tasukete kureta.

= My big sister helped me even when she was financially struggling.

ときこそ = (one should do something ) especially the time when ~

Ex. 暑いときこそ、温かいものを飲んだ方がいいらしい。

= あついときこそ、あたたかいものをのんだほうがいいらしい。

= Atsui toki koso, atatakai mono wo nonda hou ga ii.

=They say you should drink warm things, especially when it’s hot.

Ex. 苦しいときこそがんばれる

= くるしいときこそがんばれる。

= Kurushii toki koso ganbareru.

= When it’s tough, that’s when you can push yourself.

Check my こそ ( = koso) lesson to learn more: Click here.

ときに限って = ときにかぎって ( = toki ni kagitte) = only when/ whenever

Ex. 忙しいときに限って友達が遊びにくる。

= いそがしいときにかぎってともだちがあそびにくる。

= Isogashii toki ni kagitte tomodachi ga asobini kuru.

= My friends come over whenever I am busy. (They don’t usually come over

but they only come when I am busy.

Check: How to use 限る = かぎる ( = kagiru) lesson: Click here

Other expressions with 時 = とき ( = toki)

With demonstrative adjectives

この ( = kono) /その ( = sono) /あの ( = ano) + 時 /とき ( = toki) = this/that/ that time (*referring to a time more distant)

  • こんな ( = konna) /そんな ( = sonna) /あんな ( = anna) *

= こういう ( = kouiu) /そういう ( = souiu) /*ああいう ( = aaiu ) + 時 /とき ( = toki) = in a situation like this/that / in such a situation

(Looking back one’s past)

Ex. あの時、彼女に好きだと言えばよかった。

= あのとき、かのじょにすきだといえばよかった。

= Ano toki, kanojo ni suki dato ieba yokatta.

= I should have told her that I loved her at that time.

Ex. こういうとき/こんなとき、どうしたらいいんだろう。

= Kouiu toki/Konna toki, doushitara iindarou.

= I wonder what I should do in a situation like this.

Ex. そういうときは/そんなときは、私を呼んでください。

= そういうときは/そんなときは、わたしをよんでください。

= Souiu toki wa/Sonna toki wa, watashi wo yonde kudasai.

= In that kind of situation/ If that happens again, please call me.

時々 = ときどき = tokidoki = sometimes, once in a while, frequently

Ex. 時々、別れた彼女のことを考える。

= ときどき、わかれたかのじょのことをかんがえる。

= Tokidoki, wakareta kanojo no koto wo kangaeru.

= I think about my ex-girlfriend once in a while.

Ex. A: 「日本のテレビ番組は観る?」(casual)

= にほんのテレビばんぐみはみる?

= Nihon no terebi bangumi wa miru?

= Do you watch Japanese TV shows?

B: 「うん、時々観るよ。」(casual)

= うん、ときどきみるよ。

= Un, tokidoki miru yo.

= Yeah, I watch them once in a while.

時には = ときには ( = toki niwa) = once in a while, sometimes (formal)

Ex. 時には一人になりたいこともある。

= ときにはひとりになりたいこともある。

= Toki niwa hitori ni naritai koto mo aru.

= At times, I also want to be alone.

時として = ときとして ( = toki to shite) = sometimes / in some situations / in some cases (formal/written language)

Ex. 時として正直であることが人を傷つける。

= ときとしてしょうじきであることがひとをきずつける。

= Toki to shite shoujiki de aru koto ga hito wo kizutsukeru.

= Sometimes being honest can hurt people./Being honest can hurt people in some situations./ Sometimes being honest can hurt people’s feelings.

時と場合による = ときとばあいによる ( = toki to baai ni yoru ) = Depends on the time and situation/ It depends/That depends.

Ex. A:「出張に行ったらいつもお土産を買うの?」(casual)

= しゅっちょうにいったらいつもおみやげをかうの?

= Shucchou ni ittara itsumo omiyage wo kau no?

= Do you always buy souvenirs when you go on business trips?

B: 「そうだなあ、時と場合によるよ。」(casual)

= そうだなあ、ときとばあいによるよ。

= Souda naa, toki to baai ni yoru yo.

= Well, it depends on the time and situation.


マギー先生より = マギーせんせいより = Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

Doggo先生、ありがとう! = Doggo せんせい、ありがとう!= Doggo Sensei, arigatou! = Thank you, Doggo Sensei

Doggo先生に会いたくなったときは、遊びに行きますよ。そのときは、からかわないでね。

= Doggo せんせいにあいたくなったときは、あそびにいきますよ。そのときは、からかわないでね。

= Doggo Sensei ni aitaku natta toki wa, asobini ikimasu yo. Sono toki wa, karakawanai dene.

= When I want to see you, I’ll come to visit you. Please don’t tease me then.


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「あのう…何か食べたいんですが...」

= あのう…なにかたべたいんですが...

= Anou…Nanika tabetain desuga…

= Umm... I’d like to eat something...(Can you feed me?)

Hi everyone! I’m Tama, your guest teacher today. The people in this neighborhood are wonderful, and they always feed me well.

Today’s lesson is when and how to use たいのですが/たいんですが ( = tai no desu ga/ tain desu ga)

First, when you want to express your desire ― or something that you want to do. ― you say

(polite form) Vたい + です ( = V tai + desu) / (casual form ) Vたい ( = V tai)

How to form:

verb masu-stem + たい ( = tai)

Ex. 行きます = いきます = ikimasu

→delete ます ( = masu) and attach たい (tai)

→行き + たい = いき + たい = iki + tai

→行きたい = いきたい = ikitai = want to go

Ex. します = shimasu = to do

→delete ます ( = masu) and attach たい ( = tai)

→し ( = shi) + たい ( = tai)

→したい = shitai = want to do

Ex. 会います = あいます = aimasu = to meet / to see (someone)

→delete ます ( = masu) and attach たい (= tai)

→会い + たい = あい + たい = ai + tai

→会いたい = あいたい = aitai = want to meet/see

Vたい ( = tai) is not a question or request. It’s just how you express your desire, what you want to do.

Ex. 渋谷に行きたいです/ (casual) 渋谷に行きたい

= しぶやにいきたいです/ しぶやにいきたい

= Shibuya ni ikitai desu/Shibuya ni ikitai

= I want to go to Shibuya.

Ex. マギーに会いたいです。/(casual) マギーに会いたい。

= マギーにあいたいです。/マギーにあいたい。

= Maggie ni aitai desu./ Maggie ni aitai.

= I want to see/meet Maggie.

It conveys the straightforward desire to go to Shibuya.

Related Lesson: How to use たい/がる = tai/garu

→ https://shorturl.at/eqFK0

たいのです/たいんです = taino desu / tain desu

When you emphasize your desire, you use たいのです/たいんです ( = taino desu / tain desu)

→渋谷に行きたいのです/(casual) 渋谷に行きたいんです。

= しぶやにいきたいのです/ しぶやにいきたいんです。

= Shibuya ni ikitai no desu/ Shibuya ni ikitain desu.

The translation could be the same, “I want to go to Shibuya. “

But when you use の ( =no) /ん ( = n) , it adds an explanatory tone and emphasizes your desire more.

It depends on the context, but it means,

→I really want to go to Asakusa/ I am telling you, I want to go to Asakusa.

/ But what I am saying is I want to go to Asakusa.

Related Lesson: How to use ん ( です・のです・んです) = n ( desu・nodesu・ndesu)

→ https://shorturl.at/qQT26

たいのですが/たいんですが ( = taino desu ga/ tain desu ga)

Now let’s move on to today’s theme, Verb たいのですが/たいんですが/たいんだけど

( = Verb taino desu ga/ tain desu ga/ tain dakedo)

You use たいのですが/たいんですが/たいんだけど( = taino desu ga/ tain desu ga/ tain dakedo) when you seek information/ advice/help or when you want to make a gentle request.

Note: The difference between のです ( = nodesu) and んです ( = n desu)

ん ( = n) is a casual contraction of の ( = no) .

のですが ( = no desu ga) is more formal than んですが ( = n desu ga) . You might hear んですが ( = n desu ga) more in conversation.

  1. When you want to get information/advice: I would like to do ~ + Could you please…? / Would it be possible to…

(place)に行きたいんですが…

= (place) にいきたいんですが…

= (place) ni ikitain desuga…

= I’d like to go to (place)

This might be the most useful phrase pattern you’ll ever learn ― especially when you are traveling in Japan.

→渋谷に行きたいのですが/渋谷に行きたいんですが…

= しぶやにいきたいのですが/しぶやにいきたいんですが…

= Shibuya ni ikitai no desu ga/Shibuya ni ikitain desu ga…

= I would like to go to Shibuya.

You can continue the sentence with a specific question.

→どうやって行ったらいいですか?

= どうやっていったらいいですか?

= Douyatte ittara ii desu ka?

= How could I get there?

→どうやって切符を買ったらいいですか?

= どうやってきっぷをかったらいいですか?

= Douyatte kippu wo kattara ii desu ka?

= How can I buy a ticket?

→行き方を教えていただけますか?

= いきかたをおしえていただけますか?

= Ikikata wo oshiete itadakemasu ka?

= Could you tell me how to get there?

But even without a following sentence, the listener can assume you want to get more information/advice/help.

Leaving the sentence with が softens the sentence and adds politeness.

Ex. A: 「すみません。浅草寺に行きたいんですが…」

= 「すみません。せんそうじにいきたいんですが…」

= Sumimasen. Sensouji ni ikitain dseu ga…

= Excuse me, I’d like to go to Sensouji Temple…

B: 「浅草寺ですね。銀座線に乗って浅草で降りてください。」

= 「せんそうじですね。ぎんざせんにのってあさくさでおりてください。」

= Sensouji desu ne. Ginza sen ni notte Asakusa de orite kudasai.

= Sensouji-temple, right? Please take the Ginza Line and get off at Asakusa.

At a Rent-a-Car shop

Ex. A: 「1週間レンタカーを借りたいんですが…」

= 「いっしゅうかんレンタカーをかりたいんですが…」

= Isshuukan rentakaa wo karitain desu ga…

= I’d like to rent a car for one week…

B: 「はい、どんな車がよろしいですか?」

= 「はい、どんなくるまがよろしいですか?」

= Hai, donna kuruma ga yoroshii desu ka?

= Sure, what type of car would you prefer?

Ex. 彼の連絡先を知りたいんですが…

= かれのれんらくさきをしりたいんですが…

= Kare no renrakusaki wo shiritain desuga…

= I’d like to know his contact information. (Would it be possible?/Could you give me his contact information?)

You only end the sentence with ‘が’ ( = ga) when it is obvious to the listener what you are talking about and what kind of information or help you need. If it’s not, add the specific question.

Ex. ちょっとお聞きしたいのですが、特急券はいくらですか?

= ちょっとおききしたいのですが、ときゅうけんはいくらですか?

= Chotto okikishitain no desu ga, tokyuuken wa ikura desu ka?

= May I ask you how much the express train ticket is?

Ex. 2時の急行に乗りたいんですが、間に合いますか?

= にじのきゅうこうにのりたいんですが、まにあいますか?

= Niji no kyuukou ni noritain desuga, maniaimasu ka?

= I want to catch the 2 o’clock express, will I make it in time?

Ex. 神戸牛を食べたいんですが、おすすめの店はありますか?

= こうべぎゅうをたべたんですが、おすすめのみせはありますか?

= Koubegyuu wo tabetain desu ga, osusume no mise wa arimasu ka?

= I want to eat Kobe beef, do you have any recommended restaurants?

Ex. スマホ決済を試してみたいんですが、どれがいいですか?

= スマホけっさいをためしてみたいんですが、どれがいいですか?

= Sumaho kessai wo tameshite mitain desuga, dore ga ii desu ka?

= I would like to try smartphone payments, but which one is good?

Ex. ちょっとお伺いしたいんですが、この辺にコンビニはありますか?

= ちょっとおうかがいしたいんですが、このへんにコンビニはありますか?

= Chotto oukagai shitain desuga, kono hen ni konbini wa arimasuka?

= I would like to ask you something. Is there a convenience store around here?

Ex. 株を始めたいんですが、どこの株を買ったらいいですか?

= かぶをはじめたいんですが、どこのかぶをかったらいいですか?

= Kabu wo hajimetain desu ga, doko no kabu wo kattara ii desu ka?

= I want to start buying stocks, but which stocks should I buy?

Ex. 一つ確認したいのですが、申請書はいつまでに提出しなければいけませんか?

= ひとつかくにんしたいのですが、しんせいしょはいつまでにていしゅつしなければいけませんか?

= Hitotsu kakunin shitai no desu ga, shinseisho wa itsumadeni teishutu shinakereba ikemasen ka?

= I want to confirm one thing. By when do I need to submit the application form? / What’s the due date for the application form?

For advanced learners:

You can rephrase this sentence with Vさせてもらいたい ( = sasetemoraitai)

→一つ確認させてもらいたいのですが

= ひとつかくにんさせてもらいたいのですが

= Hitotsu kakunin sasete moraitai no desu ga

The literal meaning is “I would like you to allow me to do something” but it means

“I’d like to confirm one thing.”

(polite expression) させて頂きたいのですが = させていただきたいのですが = sasete itadakitai no desu ga

→一つ確認させていただきたいのですが

= ひとつかくにんさせていただきたいのですが

= Hitotsu kakunin sasete itadakitai no desu ga

= I’d like to confirm one thing.

Casual form たいんだけど = tain dakedo

たいんだけど ( = tain dakedo) is a casual form of たいのですが/たいんですが ( = taino desu ga/ tain desu ga)

You use たいんだけど ( = taindakedo) in very informal situations, such as with your friends, family, or someone you know very well, or with someone who is the same age as you or younger.

Ex. 新しいカーテンを買いたいんだけど何色がいいと思う? (casual)

= あたらしいカーテンをかいたいんだけどなにいろがいいとおもう?

= Atarashii kaaten wo kaitain dakedo naniiro ga ii to omou?

= I want to buy new curtains. What color do you think would be good?

Ex. 髪型を変えたいんだけどどんなのが似合うと思う? (casual)

= かみがたをかえたいんだけどどんなのがにあうとおもう?

= Kamigata wo kaetain dakedo donna no ga niau to omou?

= I want to change my hairstyle, but I’m not sure what would look good. Any suggestions?

Ex. “さっぽろ雪まつり”に行きたいんだけど、飛行機の予約はいつ頃したらいい?(casual)

= “さっぽろゆきまつり”にいきたいんだけど、ひこうきのよやくはいつごろしたらいい?

=“Sapporo Yukimatsuri” ni ikitain dakedo, hikouki no yoyaku wa itsugoro shitara ii?

= I want to go to the Sapporo Snow Festival. When should I make a flight reservation?

Ex. 猫を飼いたいんだけど、どう思う?(casual)

= ねこをかいたいんだけど、どうおもう?

= Neko wo kaitain dakedo, dou omou?

= I want to get a cat, what do you think?

2) When you want someone’s help/ask someone for a favor./ When you make a request

Note: The English translation is “I would like to do ~.” but it implies, “Would you help me?/ Could you do ~ for me?

Ex. ちょっとお金を貸りたいんだけど…

= ちょっとおかねをかりたいんだけど…

= Chotto okane wo karitain dakedo…

= I would like to borrow some money. (Is it possible?)

Ex. 昨日、ここで買った靴の交換をしたいのですが…

= きのう、ここでかったくつのこうかんをしたいのですが…

= Kinou, koko de katta kutsu no koukan wo shitai no desu ga…

= I would like to exchange the shoes I bought here yesterday. (Would it be possible?)

Ex. 今日の6時に10名で予約をしたいんですが…

= きょうのろくじにじゅうめいでよやくをしたいんですが…

= Kyou no rokuji ni juumei de yoyaku wo shitain desu ga…

= I would like to make a reservation for 10 people for 6 o’clock today.

Ex. そろそろ帰りたいんですが…

= そろそろかえりたいんですが…

= Sorosoro kaeritain desu ga…

= I would like to go home soon.

(Would you let me go?/ Would it be OK if I leave now?)

Ex. もう寝たいんだけど、静かにしてくれる? (casual)

= もうねたいんだけど、しずかにしてくれる?

= Mou netain dakedo, shizuka ni shite kureru?

= I want to sleep now. Can you be quiet?

Ex. 今から会って話したいんだけど… (casual)

= いまからあってはなしたいんだけど…

= Ima kara atte hanashitain dakedo…

= I’d like to meet and talk now.

Ex. 早く結果が知りたいんですが…

= はやくけっかがしりたいんですが…

= Hayaku kekka ga shiritain desu ga…

= I’d like to know the result soon.

Ex. 予約を変更したいのですが…

= よやくをへんこうしたいのですが…

= Yoyaku wo henkou shitai no desu ga…

= I’d like to change my reservation…

Ex. コピーを取りたいのですが…

= コピーをとりたいのですが…

= Kopii wo toritai no desu ga…

= I would like to make copies.

Note: If you want something, you can say

noun (+ が = ga) + 欲しいのですが/欲しいんですが = ほしいのですが/ほしいんですが= hoshii no desu ga/hoshiin desu ga

→ コピーが欲しいのですが…

= コピーがほしいのですが…

= Kopii ga hoshii no desu ga…

= I would like to have a copy. (Can you make a copy?/Can I have a copy?)

Ex. このデザインで大きめのサイズが欲しいんですが…

= このデザインでおおきめのサイズがほしいんですが…

= Kono dezain de ookime no saizu ga hoshiin desu ga…

= I want a larger size in this design. (Do you have one?)

Polite expression:

noun + を ( = wo) + 頂きたいのですが/頂きたいんですが = いただきたいのですが/いただきたいんですが = itadakitai no desu ga/ itadakitain desu ga

Ex. お水のお代わりをいただきたいんですが…

= おみずのおかわりをいただきたいんですが…

= Omizu no okawari wo itadakitain desu ga…

= I would like a refill of water, please.

It sounds more polite than

お水のお代わりください。

= おみずのおかわりください。

= Omizu no okawari wo kudasai.

If you want someone to do something for you, you use Vてもらいたい = V te moraitai /(polite) ていただきたい ( = te itadakitai) +の ( = no) /ん( = n) ですが ( = desuga) / (casual けど ( = kedo)) : “I would like you to do something” /“Could you do ~ for me?”

Ex. この料理の作り方を教えていただきたいのですが…

= このりょうりのつくりかたをおしえていただきたいのですが…

= Kono ryouri no tsukurikata wo oshiete itadakitai no desu ga…

= Could you teach me how to cook this dish?

Ex. 私の絵を描いてもらいたいのですが…

= わたしのえをかいてもらいたいのですが…

= Watashi no e wo kaite moraitai no desu ga…

= Could you draw a picture of me?

Ex. カードは使えないので現金でお支払いいただきたいのですが…

= カードはつかえないのでげんきんでおしはらいいただきたいのですが…

= Kaado wa tsukaenai node genkin de oshiharai itadakitai nodesu ga…

= We don’t accept cards, so would you pay in cash, please?

Ex. ちょっと相談に乗っていただきたいのですが…

= ちょっとそうだんにのっていただきたいのですが…

= Chotto soudan ni notte itadakitai no desu ga…

= Would you give me advice on something?

Ex. 明日までに企画書を提出してもらいたいんだけど… (casual)

= あしたまでにきかくしょをていしゅつしてもらいたいんだけど…

= Ashita made ni kikakusho wo teishutsu shite moraitain dakedo …

= Could you submit the business proposal by tomorrow?

Ex. マギー先生に伝えてもらいたいんですが、明日の授業はキャンセルになりました。

= マギーせんせいにつたえてもらいたいんですが、あしたのじゅぎょうはキャンセル

なりました。

= Maggie Sensei ni tsutaete moraitain desu ga, ashita no jugyou wa kyanseru

ni narimashita.

= I’d like you to tell Maggie Sensei that tomorrow’s class got canceled.

Ex. 帰りにドッグフードを買ってきてもらいたいんだけど… (casual)

= かえりにドッグフードをかってきてもらいたいんだけど…

= Kari ni doggufuudo wo kattekite moraitain dakedo…

= Can you buy some dog food on your way back home?

Ex. 車で駅まで送ってもらいたんだけど…いいかな? (casual)

= くるまでえきまでおくってもらいたいんだけど…いいかな?

= Kurumade eki made okutte moraitain dakedo…ii kana?

= I’d like you to drive me to the station. Would that be okay?

3) When you ask for someone’s permission: Would it be possible if I do ~ ? /I would like to do ~. Would that be OK?

Ex. ここに駐車したいんですが…

= ここにちゅうしゃしたいんですが…

= Koko ni chuusha shitain desu ga…

= I’d like to park here. (Can I park here?)

Ex. 写真を撮りたいんですが、いいですか?

= しゃしんをとりたいんですが、いいですか?

= Shashin wo toritain desu ga, ii desu ka?

= I would like to take a picture (of you). Would that be OK?

Ex. 部長、家庭の事情で仕事をやめたいんですが…

= ぶちょう、かていのじじょうでしごとをやめたいんですが…

= Buchou, katei no jijou de shigoto wo yametain desuga…

= (Talking to one’s manager) I would like to quit my job due to family circumstances.

(Talking to one’s teacher)

Ex. 先生、トイレに行きたいんですが…

= Sensei, toire ni ikitain desu ga…

= せんせい、トイレにいきたいんですが…

= Excuse me, Sir/Ma’am, May I go to the bathroom?

Ex. 明日、休みたいんですが…いいですか?/ (more polite) よろしいでしょうか?

= あした、やすみたいんですが…いいですか? / よろしいでしょうか?

= Ashita, yasumitain desuga ii desu ka? / yoroshii deshouka?

= I would like to take a day off tomorrow. Would that be OK?

/Would it be OK if I take a day off tomorrow?

(A husband is talking to his wife.)

Ex. 新しい車買いたいんだけど…

= あたらしいくるまをかいたいんだけど…

= Atarashii kuruma wo kaitain dakedo…

= I’d like to buy a new car. Would that be OK? / Would that be OK if I buy a new car?

(4) Expressing one’s desire and implying a problem/obstacle

I would like to do ~ but /however + mentioning a problem or obstacle

In this usage, が ( = ga) means “but/however”

Ex. 日本に行きたいのですがお金がありません。

= にほんにいきたいのですがおかねがありません。

= Nihon ni ikitai no desu ga okane ga arimasen.

= I would like to go to Japan but I have no money.

→Omitting the following part

日本に行きたいのですが…

= にほんいいきたいのですが…

= Nihon ni ikitai no desu ga…

= I would like to go to Japan but…(suggesting there is some kind of problems)

→Casual speech

日本に行きたいんだけど…

= にほんにいきたいんだけど…

= Nihon ni ikitain dakedo…

Ex. A: 今年は日本に行かないんですか?

= ことしはにほんにいかないんですか?

= Kotoshi wa Nihon ni iknain desu ka?

= You are not going to Japan this year?

Ex. B: 行きたいんですが…

= いきたいんですが…

= Ikitain desu ga…

= I would like to go but.. (there is a problem.)

Note: You often use the word ちょっと(= chotto) to add ambiguity and avoid mentioning the exact reason.

→行きたいんですがちょっと…

= いきたいんですがちょっと…

= Ikitain desu ga chotto…

= I would like to go but…

Ex. 一度、富士山に登ってみたいんですが、日本に行くのが冬なので…

= いちど、ふじさんにのぼってみたいんですが、にほんにいくのがふゆなので…

= Ichido, Fujisan ni nobotte mitain desuga, Nihon ni iku no ga fuyu nano de…

= I would like to try climbing Mount Fuji once, but I’m going to Japan in winter, so…

(It implies, the speaker can’t climb Mount Fuji.)

Ex. A: 「ほら、もっと食べてください。」

= 「ほら、もっとたべてください。」

= Hora, motto tabete kudasai.

= Come on, please eat more.

B: 「食べたいんですが、もうお腹いっぱいです。」

= 「たべたいんですが、もうおなかいっぱいです。」

= Tabetain desuga, mou onaka ippai desu.

= I want to eat, but I’m already full.

Ex. もっと痩せたいのですが、秋は美味しいものがいっぱいあるから…ねえ…

= もっとやせたいのですが、あきはおいしいものがいっぱいあるから…ねえ…

= Motto yasetai no desu ga, aki wa oishii mono ga ippai aru kara…Nee…

= I want to lose more weight, but there are so many delicious foods in the fall so…, right?

Ex. 洗濯干したいんだけど、雨、降るかなあ。(casual)

= せんたくほしたいんだけど、あめ、ふるかなあ。

= Sentaku hoshitain dakedo, ame furu kanaa.

= I want to hang out the laundry, but I wonder if it is going to rain.

Ex. 明日、お酒みんなと飲みたいんだけど車で行くから飲めないよ。(casual)

= あした、おさけみんなとのみたいんだけどくるまでいくからのめないよ。

= Ashita, osake minna to nomitain dakedo kurumade iku kara nomenai yo.

= I want to drink with you all tomorrow, but I’ll be driving, so I can’t drink.

Ex. 野球の試合、観たいんだけど、残業で遅くなるから観られないなあ。(casual)

= やきゅうのしあい、みたいんだけど、ざんぎょうでおそくなるからみられないなあ。

= Yakyuu no shiai, mitain dakedo zangyou de osokunaru kara mirarenai naa.

= I want to watch the baseball game, but I’ll be working late, so I won’t be able to watch it.

Ex. A: 「そろそろ新しいスマホ買わないの?」 (casual)

=「そろそろあたらしいスマホかわないの?」

= Sorosoro atarashii sumaho kawanai no?

= Aren’t you going to buy a new smartphone soon?

B: 「買いたいんだけどさあ…」 (casual)

= 「かいたいんだけどさあ…」

= Kaitain dakedo saa…

= I want to buy one, but…


マギー先生より = マギーせんせいより = Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

たま先生、ありがとう!= たませんせい、ありがとう! = Tama Sensei, arigatou! = Thank you, Tama Sensei

この機会にいつもこのサイトで勉強してくれているみんなにお礼を言いたいのですが…

= このきかいにいつもこのサイトでべんきょうしてくれているみんなにおれいをいいたいのですが…みんなありがとう!

= Kono kikai ni itsumo kono saito de benkyou shite kureteiru minna ni orei wo iitai no desuga… Minna arigatou!

= I’d like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who has been studying with us on maggiesensei.com. Thank you, everyone!!

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「誰がその箱に入れたの?」

= だれがそのはこにいれたの?

= Dare ga sono hako ni ireta no?

= Who put you in the box?

「自分で入ったの。」

= じぶんではいったの。

= Jibun de haitta no.

= I got in by myself.

Hi everyone! Today’s guest teacher is Nao-sensei!

She looks comfy in the box, doesn’t she?

Today’s lesson is on how to use 自動詞 & 他動詞 ( = じどうし&たどうし = jidoushi & tadoushi), Intransitive verbs & Transitive verbs in Japanese.

First let’s make sure everyone understands the meaning of 自動詞 & 他動詞 ( = じどうし&たどうし = jidoushi & tadoushi) Intransitive verbs & Transitive verbs.

自動詞(じどうし)jjidoushi = intransitive verb

→a verb that does not take a direct object to complete the meaning of the sentence.

他動詞(たどうし) tadoushi = transitive verb

→a verb that takes a direct object. The action affects someone else/something else.

One of the difference between English and Japanese:

English:

Ex. 1) to open

A: The door opened. (intransitive verb)

B: Someone opened the door. (transitive verb)

Note: You use the same verb for intransitive and transitive verb.

Ex. 2 ) to start

C: The class started. (intransitive verb)

D: someone started the class. (transitive verb)

Note: You use the same verb for intransitive and transitive verb.

Ex. 3) to grow/ to raise

E: The child grows. (intransitive verb)

F: The parents raised their child. (transitive verb)

Note: You have two different verbs for intransitive verb and transitive verb

Though there are some Japanese verbs that are both intransitive and transitive – like in English – there are many “pair verbs” for intransitive and transitive forms in Japanese.

Japanese:

Ex. 1)

→A: ドアが開く = ドアがあく = Doa ga aku

→B: ドアを開ける = ドアをあける = Doa wo akeru

Ex. 2 )

→C: クラスが始まる = クラスがはじまる = Kurasu ga hajimaru

→D: クラスを始める = クラスをはじめる = Kurasu wo hajimeru

Ex. 3)
→E: 子供が育つ = こどもがそだつ = kodomo ga sodatsu

→F: 親が子供を育てる = おやがこどもをそだてる = oya ga kodomo wo sodateru.

In this lesson we will focus on these “pair verbs.”

The basic sentence patterns:

他動詞 = たどうし = tadoushi = transitive verb

→Someone/Something + は ( = wa) (or が ( = ga)) + something + を ( wo) + transitive verb

自動詞 = じどうし = jidoushi = intransitive verb

→Someone/something + は ( = wa) (or が ( = ga) ) + intransitive verb

Note: When you emphasize the subject (who does/did something) , you use が ( = ga)

は ( = wa) indicates either a general topic or when you want to emphasize contrast.

A did something but B did something else. (Here we show the contrast between A and B)

OK, Look at the picture below.

There are two ways to describe this picture. Either focusing on Godzilla or the egg. An egg falls or Godzilla drops an egg.

「あっ、卵を落としましたよ。」

=「あっ、たまごをおとしましたよ。」

= Ah, tamago wo otoshimashitayo.

= Hey, you dropped an egg.

When you describe this situation focusing on Godzilla who dropped an egg, you say,

ゴジラは卵落とす/落とします

= ゴジラはたまごおとす/おとします

= Gojira wa tamago wo otosu / otoshimasu

= Godzilla drops an egg

→past tense

ゴジラは卵落とした/落としました

= ゴジラはたまごおとした/おとしました

= Gojira wa Tamago wo otoshita/otoshimashita

= Godzilla dropped an egg.

The subject is ゴジラ = Gojira = Godzilla

The object is 卵 = たまご = tamago = an egg

を ( = wo) is an object marker

落とす = おとす = otosu = to drop

When the action takes a direct object (in this case 卵 = たまご = tamago = an egg) you use an object marker, を ( = wo) after the direct object and follow it with 他動詞 ( = たどうし = tadoushi ) a transitive verb.

So 落とす = おとす = otosu , to drop, is a transitive verb.

When you describe this picture focusing on the egg, you say

落ちる/落ちました

= たまごおちる/おちました

= tamago ga ochiru /ochimashita

= an egg falls

→past tense

落ちた/落ちました

= たまごおちた/おちました

= tamago ga ochita / ochimashita

= An egg fell

落ちる = おちる = ochiru = to fall is an intransitive verb and it doesn’t require a direct object. It falls/fell by itself.

The verb form difference:

So, in this lesson, we’ve looked at four pair-verbs so far.

  • 開く& 開ける = あく & あける = aku & akeru

  • 始める & 始める = はじまる & はじめる = hajimeru & hajimaru

  • 育つ & 育てる = そだつ & そだてる = sodatsu & sodateru

  • 落ちる & 落とす = おちる & おとす = ochiru & otosu

They all look similar, and use the same kanji but they are slightly different.

You may wonder how you can learn the pattern. Like Japanese verbs have patterns when you conjugate, u-verb, ru-verb, irregular verbs…

There are certain patterns for converting intransitive verbs into transitive verbs in Japanese. However, the conversion may not always follow a consistent pattern, and there are many exceptions and irregularities. So, I won’t go too deep into explaining all the patterns but I’ll just show you some of the patterns here.

(自) = intransitive verb

(他) = transitive verb

1) -aru → -eru

(自) 変わる = かわる = kawaru = someone/something changes

→ (他) 変える = かえる = kaeru = someone changes something

2) -iru → -osu

(自) 起きる = おきる = okiru = to get up, to wake up

→ (他) 起こす = おこす = okosu = to wake someone up

3) -eru → -asu

(自) 増える = ふえる = fueru = something increases

→(他) 増やす = ふやす = fuyasu = to increase something

(自) 出る = でる = deru = to leave

→(他) 出す = だす = dasu = to take out

4) -eru → -u

(自) 折れる = おれる = oreru = something breaks

→ (他) 折る = おる = oru = to break something

5) -ru → -seru

(自) 乗る = のる = noru = to ride / to get in a car/ to take a train

→ (他) 乗せる = のせる = noseru = to give someone a ride

6) -waru → -eru

(自) 備わる = そなわる = sonawaru = to be equipped,

→ (他) 備える = そなえる = sonaeru = to get ready, to equip, to be ready for

7) -reru →-su

(自) 壊れる = こわれる = kowareru = something breaks

→ (他) 壊す = こわす = kowasu = to break something


The basic sentence patterns are

/ Something + は (or が)+ intransitive verb

= / Something + wa (or ga)+ intransitive verb

は (or が)+ something + を + transitive verb

= wa (or ga)+ something + wo + transitive verb

However, verbs don’t always follow these patterns. Native speakers sometimes drop the subject or object if it is obvious between speakers and listeners. Additionally, the particle rules may change depending on the verb or context.

Ex. Someone + は ( = wa) (or が ( = ga))

→could be “someone + も ( = mo) = also, etc.

Ex. something + を ( = wo) → could be “something + も ( = mo) /と ( = to), etc.

So, I will show you how to use intransitive and transitive verbs with example sentences, including some that don’t follow the basic patterns.

(自) 上がる = あがる = agaru = something goes up/ increases/raises

(他) 上げる = あげる = ageru = to raise something/ increase something/to put something up

Ex. 勉強をしたからテストの点数上がった。

= べんきょうをしたからテストのてんすうあがった。

= Benkyou wo shita kara tesuto no tensuu ga agatta.

= I studied, so my test scores improved.

Ex. テストの点数上げるにはどうしたらいいのだろう。

= テストのてんすうあげるにはどうしたらいいのだろう。

= Tesuto no tensuu wo ageru niwa doushitara iinodarou.

= What should I do to improve my test scores?

(自) 集まる = あつまる = atsumaru = to gather

(他) 集める = あつめる = atsumeru = to collect

Ex. 駅前に10時に集まろう。

= えきまえにじゅうじにあつまろう。

= Ekimae ni juuji ni atsumarou.

= Let’s meet in front of the station at 10 o’clock.

Ex. ポケモンカード集めている。

= ポケモンカードあつめている。

= Pokemon kaado wo atsumete iru.

= I have been collecting Pokemon cards. 

Note: Subjects are omitted in both sentences.

(自) 起きる = おきる = okiru = to get up, to wake up

(他) 起こす = おこす = okosu = to wake up someone / to pick up something fallen

Ex. いつも何時に起きるの? (casual)

= いつもなんじにおきるの?

= Itsumo nanji ni okiru no?

= What time do you usually get up?

Ex. 8時に起こしてくれる? (casual)

= はちじにおこしてくれる?

= Hachiji ni okoshite kureru?

= Can you wake me up at eight?

Note: You will see/hear this type of sentences often in daily conversation or casual writing. There are hidden subjects and objects.

→(あなた or the listener’s name) はいつも何時に起きるの?

= (あなた or the listener’s name) はいつもなんじにおきるの?

= (anata or the listener’s name) wa itsumo nanji ni okiru no?

→( 私)8時に起こしてくれる?

= (わたし)はちじにおこしてくれる?

= (Watashi wo) hachiji ni okoshite kureru?

(自) かかる = kakaru = to be splashed/ to cost / to take (time)

(他) かける = kakeru = to hang / to put on / to make a phone call / to bet / to take one’s time

Ex. 日本に行くのに20時間以上かかった。

= にほんにいくのににじゅうじかんいじょうかかった。

= nihon ni iku noni nijuujikan ijou kakatta.

= It took me more than 20 hours to get to Japan.

Ex. 20時間以上かけて日本に着いた。

= にじゅうじかんいじょうかけてにほんについた。

= Nijuujikan ijou kakete nihon ni tsuita.

= I spent more than 20 hours to get to Japan.

Note: In this case the hidden subject and object are 時間 ( = じかん = jikan),

time

→日本に行くのに(時間) 20時間以上かかった。

= にほんにいくのに(じかん)にじゅうじかんいじょうかかった。

= Nihon ni iku noni ( jikan ga ) nijuujikan ijou kakatta.

→20時間以上、(時間)かけて日本に着いた。

= にじゅうじかんいじょう、(じかん)かけてにほんについた。

= Nijuujikan ijou, (jikan wo) kakete nihon ni tsuita.

(自) 乾く = かわく = kawaku = something dries

(他) 乾かす = かわかす = kawakasu = to dry something

Ex. 明日までに洗濯物乾くかなあ。

= あしたまでにせんたくものかわくかなあ。

= Ashita made ni sentaku mono ga kawaku kanaa.

= I wonder if the laundry will dry by tomorrow.

Ex. 洗濯物外で乾かしておいて。

= せんたくものそとでかわかしておいて。

= Sentaku mono wo soto de kawakashite oite.

= Can you dry the laundry outside?

Note: this おいて ( = oite) implies leaving the laundry outside to dry and have it done.

(自) 聞こえる = きこえる = kikoeru = to be heard / to be audible

(他) 聞く = きく = kiku = to listen/hear something

Ex. 1) 隣の部屋から話し声聞こえる。

= となりのへやからはなしごえきこえる。

= Tonari no heya kara hanashigoe ga kikoeru.

= I can hear voices coming from the next room.

Ex. 2) 私の話聞いてくれる?

= わたしのはなしきいてくれる?

= Watashi no hanashi mo kiite kureru?

= Will you also listen to me (my story)?

Note: Ex. 1) the verb 聞こえる = きこえる ( = kikoeru) = hear things naturally

uses the same pattern as the potential form of the verb
So you do not say
~を聞こえる = をきこえる = wo kikoeru (wrong) 

You say

聞こえる = がきこえる = ga kikoeru (right) 

Ex. 2) In this sentence, we use も ( = mo) instead of を ( = wo) to add the nuance of “also”

(自) 決まる = きまる = kimaru = to be decided / to be settled / to be determined

(他) 決める = きめる = kimeru = to decide / to determine / to settle

Ex. 来年、日本に行くこと決まりました。

= らいねん、にほんにいくこときまりました。

= Rainen, niho ni iku koto ga kimarimashita.

= Going to Japan next year has been decided.

Ex. 来年、日本に行くことに決めました。

= らいねん、にほんにいくことにきめました。

= Rainen, nihon ni iku koto ni kimemashita.

= I have decided to go to Japan next year.

Note: The particle for the verb 決める = きめる ( = kimeru) can vary depending

on what comes before it.

Note 1)

Verb (dictionary form) ことに決める = Vことにきめる = V koto ni kimeru

Noun を決める = Noun をきめる = Noun wo kimeru

Sentence / verb + と決める = sentence/verb + ときめる = sentence/verb + to

kimeru

Note 2)
The similar verb 決定する = けっていする = ketteisuru = can be used for both intransitive and transitive verb. (to be decided and to decide)

Ex. 会議の日時が決定した (intransitive verb)

= かいぎのにちじがけっていした。

= Kaigi no nichiji ga ketteishita.

= The date and time of the meeting have been fixed.

Ex. 会議の日時を決定した。(transitive verb)

= かいぎのにちじをけっていした。

= Kaigi no nichiji wo kettei shita.

= We fixed the date and time of the meeting.

(自) こぼれる = koboreru = to overflow / to spill

(他) こぼす = kobosu = to spill / to drop / to scatter

Ex. 水がこぼれちゃった。何か拭くものある?(casual)

= みずがこぼれちゃった。なにかふくものある?

= Mizu ga koborechatta. Nanika fuku mono aru?

= Water got spilled. Do you have something to wipe it with?

Ex. 水をこぼさないように気をつけて。

= みずをこぼさないようにきをつけて。

= Mizu wo kobosanai you ni ki wo tsukete.

= Be careful not to spill the water, okay?

(自) 助かる = たすかる = tasukaru = to be saved

(他) 助ける = たすける = tasukeru = to help someone

Ex. 傘があって助かった。

= かさがあってたすかった。

= Kasa ga atte tasukatta.

= (the literal translation) I was saved by having an umbrella.

= I was lucky to have an umbrella.

One more useful phrase is

助かりました。

= たすかりました。

= tasukarimashita.

= Thank you. (←I was saved.)

You say this when someone really helped you.

You can also say,

Ex. おかげで助かりました。

= おかげでたすかりました。

= Okage de tasukarimashita.

= It’s all thanks to you.

Ex. 困ったときにマギーが助けてくれた。

= こまったときにマギーがたすけてくれた。

= Komatta toki ni Maggie ga tasukete kureta.

= When I was in trouble, Maggie saved me.

Note: The object 私を ( = わたしを = watashi wo) is omitted.

Ex.誰か助けて!

= だれかたすけて!

= Dareka tasukete!

= Somebody help me!

Note: The object 私を ( = わたしを = watashi wo) is omitted.

(自) 届く = とどく = todoku = to arrive / to reach

(他) 届ける = とどける = todokeru = to deliver / to submit / to notify

Ex. 今日、注文した商品が届きました。

= きょう、ちゅうもんしたしょうひんがとどきました。

= Kyou, chuumon shita shouhin ga todokimashita.

= The item I ordered has arrived today.

Ex. ご注文いただいた商品は、明日、お届けします。

= ごちゅうもんいただいたしょうひんは、あした、おとどけします。

= Gochuumon itadaita shouhin wa, ashita, otodokeshimasu.

= I will deliver the item you ordered tomorrow.

Note: お届けする = おとどけする ( = otodokesuru) is a polite form of 届けます =とどけます ( = todokemasu)

(自) 治る = なおる = naoru = to be cured / to recover / to heal

(他) 治す = なおす = naosu = to cure / to treat

Ex. 早く、風邪治るといいね。 (casual)

= はやく、かぜなおるといいね。

= Hayaku, kaze ga naoru to iine.

= I hope your cold gets better soon

Ex 早く、風邪治してね。 (casual)

= はやく、かぜなおしてね。

= Hayaku kaze wo naoshite ne.

= I hope you recoverer from cold soon.

(自) 冷える = ひえる = hieru = to become cold

(他) 冷やす = ひやす = hiyasu = to cool or to chill

Ex. ビールキンキンに冷えている。

= ビールキンキンにひえている。

= Biiru ga kinkin ni hiete iru.

= The beer is ice-cold.

Ex. ビールキンキンに冷やす。

= ビールキンキンにひやす。

= Biiru wo kinkin ni hiyasu.

= to chill the beer to be ice-cold.

(自) 減る = へる = heru = something decreases / reduces / diminishes

(他) 減らす = へらす = herasu = to reduce / to decrease / to lessen

Ex. 体重全然、減らないなあ。(casual)

= たいじゅうぜんぜん、へらないなあ。

= Taijuu ga zenzen, heranai naa.

= My weight isn’t decreasing at all.

Ex. 体重もっと減らしたい。

= たいじゅうもっとへらしたい。

= Taijuu wo motto herashitai.

= I want to lose more weight.

(自) 焼ける = やける = yakeru = to be burned / to be roasted

(他) 焼く = やく = yaku = to bake / to roast

Ex. 1: 肉焼けましたよ。

= にくやけましたよ。

= Niku ga yakemashita yo.

= The meat is cooked.

Ex. 2: 豚肉、よく焼いてください。

= ぶたにくよくやいてください。

= Butaniku wa yoku yaite kudasai.

= Please cook the pork well.

Note: Ex. 2. You can use は ( =wa) instead of を ( = wo) to indicate a contrast or a specific focus. In this case, it suggests that while cooking beef may not require the same level of thoroughness, the speaker is specifically emphasizing the need to cook pork well.

(自) 沸く = わく = waku = something boils

(他) 沸かす = わかす = wakasu = to boil something

Ex. お風呂沸きました。

= おふろわきました。

= Ofuro ga wakimashita.

=The bath is ready (the water has boiled).

Note: Have you ever heard the voice of the automated bathing systems in Japan? When the bath is ready, it announces “お風呂が沸きました。= おふろがわきました。( = ofuro ga wakimashita) , the bath is ready.

Ex. これからお風呂沸かします。

= これからおふろわかします。

= Korekara ofuro wo wakashimasu.

= I will now heat up the bath.

(自) 割れる = われる = wareru = something breaks / cracks

(他) 割る = わる = waru = to break / to divide / to split

Ex. 誕生日に彼女からもらったコーヒーカップ割れてしまった。

= たんじょうびにかのじょからもらったコーヒーカップわれてしまった。

= Tanjoubi ni kanojo kara moratta koohii kappu ga wareteshimatta.

= The coffee cup that I received from my girlfriend on my birthday broke

Ex. 誕生日に彼女からもらったコーヒーカップ割ってしまった。

= たんじょうびにかのじょからもらったコーヒーカップわってしまった。

= Tanjoubi ni kanojo kara moratta koohii kappu wo watteshimatta.

= I accidentally broke the coffee cup that I received from my girlfriend on my birthday.

Note: Adding “しまった” (shimatta) in the Japanese sentences indicates a sense of regret or expressing regretful feelings.

Check my ちゃう ( = chau) & ちゃった( = chatta) lesson.

Link → Click here

Note:

1) Motion verbs:

These verbs describe actions of movement or motion.

Ex. 家出る = いえでる = ie wo deru = to leave the/one’s house

Ex. 橋渡る = はしわたる = hashi wo wataru = to cross the bridge

Ex. 公園歩く = こうえんあるく = kouen wo aruku = to walk in the park

Ex. 校庭走る = こうていはしる = koutei wo hashiru = to run in the school yard.

Ex. 角曲がる = かどまがる = kado wo magaru = to turn a corner

Although they are followed by を (wo), which might make you think they are transitive verbs, they are actually intransitive verbs. The English translation will use a preposition like “in“, “at” “or “on” to indicate the location of the action.

2) There are verbs that are used exclusively as intransitive verbs

泳ぐ =およぐ = oyogu = to swim

行く =いく = iku = to go

歩く = あるく = aruku = to walk

泣く = なく = naku = to cry

働く = はたらく = hataraku = to work, etc

or exclusively as transitive verbs

食べる = たべる = taberu = to eat

飲む = のむ = nomu = to drink

読む = よむ = yomu = to read

買う = かう = kau = to buy, etc.

3) Some verbs can be used for intransitive verb or transitive verb.

For example

終わる = おわる = owaru is an intransitive verb but it can be used as a transitive verb.

Ex. 先生:これでクラスを終わります。

= せんせい: これでクラスをおわります。

= Sensei: Kore de kurasu wo owarimasu.

= Teacher: (The literal meaning) I will finish the class here.→That’s all for today’s lesson.

Ex. 生徒:やっとクラスが終わった。

= せいと: やっとクラスがおわった。

= Seito: yatto kurasu ga owatta.

= Student: (The literal meaning) The class finally finished. →The class is finally over.

Note: 終える = おえる = oeru is a transitive verb = to finish / to complete something

Related Lesson:

The difference between 開く( = ひらく・あく ) & 開ける ( = ひらける・あける )

= hiraku・aku & hirakeru・akeru

Link: Click here

出る vs 出す= でる vs だす = Deru vs Dasu

Link: Click here


マギー先生より = Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

なお先生、ありがとう!

= なおせんせい、ありがとう!

= Nao sensei, arigatou!

= Thank you, Nao-Sensei!

私もその箱に入ってもいい?

= わたしもそのはこにはいってもいい?

= Watashi mo sono hakou ni haittemo ii?

= Can I get in the box, too?


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Intransitive/ Transitive Verb list →Click here

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ねえ、お腹すいたから何か食べさせて。

= ねえ、おなかすいたからなにかたべさせて。

= Nee, onaka suita kara nanika tabesasete.

= Hey, I’m hungry. Feed* me something.

(* Give me something to eat.)

Hi everyone!

I’m Mochi, your guest teacher for today. I’m hungry right now but I will teach you first before my family feeds me. がんばります! = Ganbarimasu! = I’ll do my best.

We are going to study 使役形 ( = しえきけい = shiekikei ) = causative form today.

Maggie made an introductory lesson many years ago but it is time to make a new lesson with a little more information.

How to form:

★ru-verb

~る ( = ru)

→させる ( = saseru) / させます ( = sasemasu)

Ex. 食べる = たべる = taberu = to eat

→食べさせる = たべさせる = tabesaseru / 食べさせます = たべさせます = tabesasemasu

= to make someone eat / to let, to allow someone eat/ to allow someone to eat

(Note: I will explain all the details later but the causative verb can be used when you “force” someone to do something or “allow” someone to do something)

★u-verb

Ex. 買う = かう = kau = to buy

1)Make a negative form:

→買わない = かわない = kawanai = to not buy

2) Delete ない ( = nai) and attach せる ( = seru)/せます ( = semasu)

→買わせる = かわせる = kawaseru / 買わせます = かわせます = kawasemasu

= to make someone buy/ to allow/let someone buy

★irregular

  • 来る = くる = kuru = to come

→(causative form ) 来させる = こさせる = kosaseru / 来させます = こさせます = kosasemasu)

= to make someone come/to let/allow someone buy something

  • する = suru = to do

→(causative form )させる = saseru / させます = sasemasu

= to make someone do ~ /to let/allow someone do ~

Special short form:

You may not learn this form in your Japanese class or textbooks, but I’ll teach you this short special form anyway because we actually use it quite often in conversation.

★ru-verb

~る ( = ru) →さす ( = sasu)

  • 食べる = たべる = taberu = to eat

→(short causative form ) 食べさす = たべさす = tabesasu

= to make someone eat / to let someone eat

Ex. 子供にバナナを食べさせた。

= こどもにバナナをたべさせた。

= Kodomo ni banana wo tabesaseta

= I fed my child a banana/I made my child eat a banana.

↓ Short form:

  • 子供にバナナを食べさした。

= こどもにバナナをたべさした。

= Kodomo ni banana wo tabesashita.

★ u-verb

Make a negative form and delete ない ( = nai) and attach す ( = su)/します ( = shimasu)

  • 話す = はなす = hanasu = to speak, talk

→(negative form) 話さない = はなさない = hanasanai

→delete ない ( = nai) and attach す ( = su)

(short causative form) 話さす = はなさす = hanasasu

= to make someone talk / to let/allow someone talk

Ex. は、 を 泣(な)かせた。

= wa、 wo nakaseta。

= made cry.

↓ Short form:

  • は、 を泣 (な) かした。

= wa、 wo nakashita.

= made cry.

★irregular verbs:

  • 行く ( = いく = iku) to go

→(short causative form) 行かす = いかす = ikasu

= to make someone go / to let/allow someone go

  • 来る = くる = kuru = to come

→(short causative form) 来さす = こさす = kosasu

= to make someone come / to let/allow someone come

  • する = suru = to do

→(short causative form) さす = sasu

= to make someone do ~ /to let/allow someone do ~

Sentence patterns:

With intransitive verb:

  1. Aは ( or が)、B を / B に + verb* causative form

= A wa, B wo / B ni + verb* causative form

= A makes B do /forces B to do something or A lets B do something

(* verb: 自動詞 = じどうし = jidoushi = intransitive verb)

Ex. A は、B を 立たせた。

= A は、B を たたせた。

= A wa, B wo tataseta.

= A made B stand (up).

Note (1) Aは or A が = A wa or A ga

When you emphasize A, who does/did it, you use が ( = ga) instead of は ( = wa)

Ex. A が、Bを立たせた。

= A が、Bをたせた。

= A ga, B wo tataseta.

= A made B stand (up). (Emphasizing A, who made B stand.)

Ex. 誰が B を 立たせましたか?

= だれが B を たたせましたか?

= Dare ga B wo tatasemashita ka?

= Who made B stand (up)?

Note (2) A (the subject) can be omitted if it is obvious.

B を / B に + verb* causative form

= B wo / B ni + verb* causative form

Ex. 子供を泳がせます。

= こどもをおよがせます。

= Kodomo wo oyogasemasu.

= I will make my children swim.

Ex. 子供に泳がせます。

= こどもにおよがせます。

= Kodomo ni oyogasemasu.

= I will let my children swim.

(Omitting 私は = わたしは = watashi wa = I)

Note (3): を ( = wo) VS に ( = ni)

Aは (or が )、B を / B に + causative form

= A wa (or ga), B wo / B ni + causative form

There are exceptions depending on the context but the basic rule is:

B を ( = B wo): A makes/forces B to do something

B に ( = B ni ): A lets/allows B to do something. (B has the will to do something and A lets B do that.)

Ex. A は B を 座らせた。

= A は B をすわらせた。

= A wa B wo suwaraseta.

= A made B sit down.

(B might have not wanted to sit down but A told B to sit down and made B sit down.)

Ex. A は B に 座らせた。

= A は B に すわらせた。

= A wa B ni suwaraseta.

= A let B sit down.

( B wanted to sit down and A let B sit down.)

With transitive verb:

  1. Aは、B に + something (someone) を + verb* causative form

= A wa、B ni + something (someone) wo + verb* causative form

= A makes B do /forces B to do something or A lets/allows B to do something

(* verb: 他動詞 = たどうし = tadoushi = transitive verb)

Note: Transitive verbs need an object and you use を ( = wo ) as an object marker but you want to avoid using を ( = wo) twice in a sentence. So to avoid using を ( = wo) after B, use に ( = ni) after B instead.

に を 食べさせる

= に を たべさせる

= ni wo tabesaseru

= to make eat .

You can’t say:

X を を 食べさせる (wrong)

= を を たべさせる

= wo wo tabesaseru

How to use:

1) to force/make someone do something

★A は B を + verb (intransitive verb) causative form

= A wa B wo + verb (intransitive verb) causative form

★A は B に ~ を + verb (transitive verb)

= A wa B ni ~ wo + verb (transitive verb)

A makes B do something regardless of whether B wants to do it or not.

The common relationship between A and B is:

  • parents → children

  • older people→ younger people

  • boss → staff (in business situations)

  • coach→ players

  • higher position → lower position

Ex. コーチは、私達を暗くなるまで走らせた。

= コーチは、わたしたちをくらくなるまではしらせた。

= Koochi wa, watashitachi wo kuraku naru made hashiraseta.

= The coach made us run until it got dark.

Ex. 自分自身を成長させなければいけない。

= じぶんじしんをせいちょうさせなければいけない。

= Jibun jishin wo seichou sasenakereba ikenai.

= You have to make yourself grow.

Ex. 子供に宿題をやらせる。

= こどもにしゅくだいをやらせる。

= Kodomo ni shukudai wo yaraseru.

= to make one’s child/children to do their homework.

Ex. 赤ちゃんに薬を飲ませるのは大変だ。

= あかちゃんにくすりをのませるのはたいへんだ。

= Akachan ni kusuri wo nomaseru no wa taihen da.

= It is hard to have my baby take medicine.

Ex. いつもおごっているから今日は、友達にランチをおごらせた。

= いつもおごっているからきょうは、ともだちにランチをおごらせた。

= Itsumo ogotteiru kara kyou wa, tomodachi ni ranchi wo ogoraseta.

= I always treat my friend so I made him/her buy me lunch today.

Ex. マギーに夕飯を作らせたら悲惨な結果になった。

= マギーにゆうはんをつくらせたらひさんなけっかになった。

= Maggie ni yuuhan wo tsukurasetara hisanna kekka ni natta.

= I made Maggie make dinner, and it turned out to be a disaster.

Ex. 上司はいつも彼を遅くまで働かせていた。

= じょうしはいつもかれをおそくまではたらかせていた。

= Joushi wa itsumo kare wo osokumade hatarakasete ita.

= The boss always made him work late.

Ex. 子供にそんな甘いケーキを食べさせたくない。

= こどもにそんなあまいケーキをたべさせたくない。

= Kodomo ni sonna amai keeki wo tabesasetakunai.

= I don’t want (my) children to eat such sweet cake.

Ex. 息子に荷物を運ばせます。

= むすこににもつをはこばせます。

= Musuko ni nimotsu wo hakobasemasu.

= I will make my son carry the baggage.

Note: You use the topic marker, は ( =wa) when you bring up a topic instead of using the object marker, を ( = wo)

→ 荷物は、息子に運ばせます。

= にもつは、むすこにはこばせます。

= Nimotsu wa, musuko ni hakobasemasu.

= As for the baggage, I will make my son carry it.

2) to let someone do something / to allow someone to do something/to give permission someone to do something

★A は B に + verb (intransitive verb) causative form

= A wa B ni + verb (intransitive verb) causative form

★Aは B に ~ を + (transitive verb) causative form

= A wa B ni ~ wo + (transitive verb) causative form

A lets/allows B do something that B wants/wanted to do.

Ex. 子供の頃から娘には好きなことをさせてきた。

= こどものころからむすめにはすきなことをさせてきた。

= Kodomo no koro kara musume niwa sukina koto wo sasete kita.

= I have been letting my daughter do whatever she likes since she was a child.

Ex. この漫画は、子供に読ませたくない。

= このまんがは、こどもによませたくない。

= Kono manga wa, kodomo ni yomasetaku nai.

= (The literal meaning) As for this comic book, I don’t want to let my children read it.

= I don’t want my children to read this comic book.

Ex. 彼は娘の誕生日は、なんでも欲しいものを買わせた。

= かれはむすめのたんじょうびは、なんでもほしいものをかわせた。

= Kare wa musume no tanjoubi wa, nandemo hoshii mono wo kawaseta.

= He let his daughter buy anything she wanted on her birthday.

(Note: The hidden indirect object: 娘に = むすめに = musumeni)

Ex. 私は、子犬に好きなだけ食べさせた。

= わたしは、こいぬにすきなだけたべさせた。

= Watashi wa, koinu ni sukina dake tabesaseta.

= I let the puppy eat as much as it wanted.

Ex. あの子、よく寝ているね。日曜日だからあと1時間寝させておこう。

= あのこ、よくねているね。にちようびだからあといちじかんねさせておこう。

= Anoko, yoku nete iru ne. Nichiyoubi dakara ato ichijikan nesasete okou.

= He is sound asleep. It’s Sunday so why don’t we let him sleep one more hour?

(Note: verb causative te-form ~て ( = te) + おく = oku = to let someone do something and leave them for a while.)

Ex. まだ親に彼女を会わせたくない。

= まだおやにかのじょをあわせたくない。

= I don’t want my parents to meet my girlfriend yet.

(I don’t want to introduce my girlfriend to my parents yet.)

You can use a causative form with くれる ( = kureru) when someone lets you do something and express your appreciative feelings. And くれない ( = kurenai) when someone doesn’t let you do something and express your disappointment/frustration.

Ex. 父は日本に行かせてくれた。

= ちちはにほんにいかせてくれた。

= Chichi wa nihon ni ikasete kureta.

= My father let me go to Japan.

Ex. 父は日本に行かせてくれない。

= ちちはにほんにいかせてくれない

= Chichi wa nihon ni ikasete kurenai.

= My father won’t let me go to Japan.

Ex. 先生の話は、やる気を起こさせてくれる。

= せんせいのはなしは、やるきをおこさせてくれる。

= Sensei no hanashi wa, yaruki wo okosasete kureru.

= The teacher’s talk motivates me/us.

And when you let someone do something for their sake, you use

Causative form + あげる ( = ageru)

Ex. プレーステーション使わせてあげるからスイッチ使わせて。

= プレーステーションつかわせてあげるからスイッチ使わせて。

= Pureesuteishon tsukawasete ageru kara suicchi tsukawaste.

= I’ll let you use my Play Station so let me use your Switch.

Ex. 私が食べさせてあげる。あーんして!

= わたしがたべさせてあげる。あーんして!

= Watashi ga tabesasete ageru. Aan shite.

= I am going to feed you. Open your mouth!

3) Asking for a permission to do something.: Will you let me do ~?

★ B (the speaker) に* + verb (intransitive verb) causative form te-form

= B (the speaker) ni + verb (intransitive verb) causative form te-form

★B (the speaker) に* ~ を + (transitive verb) causative form te-form

= B (the speaker) ni ~ wo + (transitive verb) causative form te-form

  • ください ( = kudasai) /くれますか ( = kuremasu ka) /もらえますか ( = moraemasu ka) / (more polite) いただけますか ( = itadakemasu ka) / いただいてもいいですか ( = itadaite mo ii desu ka) /くださいますか ( = kudasaimasu ka), etc.

Ex. 私に海外出張へ行かせてください。

= わたしにかいがいしゅっちょうへいかせてください。

= Watashi ni kaigaishucchou e ikasete kudasai.

= Let me go abroad on a business trip.

Ex. 私にも一口食べさせて。

= わたしにもひとくちたべさせて。

= Watashi ni mo hitokuchi tabesasete.

= Will you let me have a bite? / Can I have a bite?

Note: We often omit the subject and object in conversations. So listeners often have to guess from the context.

For example

Did you buy a piano? Can you let me play the piano sometime?

The textbook Japanese or the literal translation will be:

→あなたはピアノを買いましたか? 今度、あなたはそのピアノを私に弾かせてくれますか?

= あなたはピアノをかいましたか? こんど、あなたはそのピアノをわたしにひかせてくれますか?

= Anata wa pia no wo kaimashita ka? Kondo, anata wa sono piano wo watashi ni hikasete kuremasu ka?

But nobody talks like this in conversation.

You say:

Ex. ピアノ買ったの?今度、弾かせて。

= ピアノかったの?こんど、ひかせて。

= Piano katta no? Kondo, hikasete.

= You bought a piano? Let me play it sometime.

Ex. 次の集まりに参加させてもらえますか?

= つぎのあつまりにさんかさせてもらえますか?

= Otouto mo sanka sasete moraemasu ka?

= Would you let me join the next gathering?

Ex. 一晩、考えさせてください。

= ひとばん、かんがえさせてください。

= Hitoban, kangaesasete kudasai.

= Let me sleep on it, please.

Ex. 明日、休みをとらせていただけますか?

= あした、やすみをとらせていただけますか?

= Ashita, yasumi wo torasete itadakemasu ka?

= Can I take the day-off tomorrow?

(Negative form):

Telling someone to not make you do something.

negative causative form ~ないで ( = naide) + ( くれる = kureru/もらえる = moraeru/ くれますか = kuremasu ka)

Ex. こんなことを私に言わせないで。

= こんなことをわたしにいわせないで。

= Konnakoto wo watashi ni iwasenaide.

= Don’t make me say such a thing.

Ex. 子供にチョコレートを食べさせないでもらえる?

= こどもにチョコレートをたべさせないでもらえる?

= Kodomo ni chokoreeto wo tabesasenai de moraeru?

= Can you not let children eat chocolates?

4) to have someone let you do something/to take the liberty of doing something that one can benefit from.

causative te-form て ( = te) + もらう ( = morau) / もらいます ( = moraimasu) /(more polite) いただきます ( = itadakimasu) 

Ex. 昨日は、友達のうちに泊まらせてもらった。

= きのうは、ともだちのうちにとまらせてもらった。

= Kinou wa, tomodachi no uchi ni tomarasete moratta.

= I had my friend let me stay over at his/her place.

Ex. 冷蔵庫にあったビール飲ませてもらったよ。

= れいぞうこにあったビールのませてもらったよ。

= Reizouko ni atta biiru nomasete moratta yo.

= I took the liberty of drinking the beer in the fridge.

Ex. マギーのアイデアを使わせてもらったよ。

= マギーのアイデアをつかわせてもらったよ。

= Maggie no aidea wo tsukawasete moratta yo.

= I took the liberty to use your idea, Maggie.

Ex. その仕事、私にやらせてもらえますか?

= そのしごと、わたしにやらせてもらえますか?

= Sono shigoto, watashi ni yarasete moraemasu ka?

= Will you let me do that work?

Ex. 一言、言わせてもらいますがそれは違います。

= ひとこと、いわせてもらいますがそれはちがいます。

= Hitokoto, iwasete moraimasu ga sore wa chigaimasu.

= Let me say one thing. That is wrong.

Polite expressions:

Ex. この件については明日、説明させていただきます。

= このけんについてはあした、せつめいさせていただきます。

= Kono ken ni tsuite wa ashita, setsumei sasete itadakimasu.

= As for this matter, allow me to explain tomorrow.

Ex. 喜んで披露宴に出席させていただきます。

= よろこんでひろうえんにしゅっせきさせていただきます。

= Yorokonde hirouen ni shusseki sasete itadakimasu.

= I’d love to attend the/your wedding reception.

Ex. 少し疲れたので部屋に戻って休ませていただきます。

= すこしつかれたのでへやにもどってやすませていただきます。

= Sukoshi tsukaretanode heya ni modotte yasumasete itadakimasu.

= As I’ve gotten a little tired. Allow me to go back to my room and rest.

Ex. プレゼントありがとうございました。大切に使わせていただきます。

= プレゼントありがとうございました。たいせつにつかわせていただきます。

= Purezento arigatou gozaimashita. Taisetsu ni tsukawasete itadakimasu.

= Thank you for the gift. I will take good care of it.

5) To express one’s apologetic feelings for making someone do something.

If the listener is the object, you can omit it.

Ex. 待たせてごめんなさい。

= またせてごめんなさい。

= Matasete gomennasai.

= Sorry to keep you waiting.

(Omitting direct object: あなたを = anata wo = you, the listener)

Ex. 急がせてすみません。

= いそがせてすみません。

= Isogasete sumimasen.

= I am sorry to rush you.

(Omitting direct object: あなたを = anata wo = you, the listener)

Ex. お手間を取らせて申し訳ありません。

= おてまをとらせてもうしわけありません。

= Otema wo torasete moushiwake arimasen.

= I am sorry to have troubled you.

(Omitting indirect object あなたに = anata ni = you, the listener)

You can also express your apologetic feelings or regret with てしまう ( = te shimau)

Causative form te-form て ( = te) + しまう ( = shimau)

Ex. 彼女に嫌な思いをさせてしまった。

= かのじょにいやなおもいをさせてしまった。

= Kanojo ni iyana omoi wo sasete shimatta.

= (I didn’t intend to, but) I made her feel uncomfortable. /I offended her.

Ex. なにもかもやらせちゃって悪かったね。

= なにもかもやらせちゃってわるかったね。

= Nanimo kamo yarasechatte warukatta ne.

= Sorry that I ended up making you do everything.

(Note: やらせちゃって = yarasechatte is a casual contraction of やらせてしまって = yarasete shimatte)

6) to provoke someone’s emotions, and feelings: to make someone feel angry/happy/disappointed, etc.

Aは ( = wa) 、Bを ( = wo) + verb causative form

Ex. 母をまたがっかりさせたくないから今度の試験はがんばろう。

= ははをまたがっかりさせたくないからこんどのしけんはがんばろう。

= Haha wo gakkari sasetaku nai kara kondo no shiken wa ganbarou.

= I don’t want to disappoint my mother again, so I am going to do my best on these next exams.

Ex. 彼はいつもどうやって観客を楽しませることができるか考えています。

= かれはいつもどうやってかんきゃくをたのしませることができるかかんがえています。

= Kare wa itsumo douyatte kankyaku wo tanoshimaseru koto ga dekiru ka kangaete imasu.

= He is always thinking about how to entertain the audience.

Ex. 彼女を怒らせたら怖いから気をつけてね。

= かのじょをおこらせたらこわいからきをつけてね。

= Kanojo wo okorasetara kowai kara ki wo tsukete ne.

= She’s scary if you make her angry so be careful, OK?

Ex. 泣かせてごめんね。もう悲しませるようなことは絶対にしないから。

= なかせてごめんね。もうかなしませるようなことはぜったいにしないから。

= Nakasete gomen ne. Mou kanashimaseru youna koto wa zettai ni shinai kara.

= Sorry to make you cry. I will never do things to make you feel sad.

Ex. 子犬を怖がらせたくないから静かにドアを閉めてね。

= こいぬをこわがらせたくないからしずかにドアをしめてね。

= Koinu wo kowagarasetaku nai kara shizuka ni doa wo shimete ne.

= I don’t want to scare the puppy so close the door quietly, OK?

Ex. 彼女を喜ばせようと思って高いアクセサリーを買ったのに気に入ってもらえなかった。
= かのじょをよろこばせようとおもってたかいアクセサリーをかったのにきにいってもらえなかった。

= Kanojo wo yorokobaseyou to omotte takai akusesarii wo katta noni ki ni itte moraenakatta.

= Wanting to make my girlfriend happy, I bought her some expensive jewelry but she didn’t like it.

7) You can use the causative form with non-living things/situations/environment

  1. to make something in some state. / to allow something ~ / to let something ~ / make itself ~ / to change the state/condition / to leave something and see how it changes

★B を ( = wo) + verb (intransitive verb) causative form

Ex. このプロジェクトは是非とも成功させたい。

= このプロジェクトはぜひともせいこうさせたい。

= Kono purojekuto wa zehitomo seikou sasetai.

= I would like to make this project succeed at all costs.

Ex. 早く仕事を終わらせて友達と合流したい。

= はやくしごとをおわらせてともだちとごうりゅうしたい。

= Hayaku shigoto wo owarasete tomodachi to gouryuu shitai.

= I want to finish my work as soon as possible and get together with my friends.

Ex. 納豆は、大豆を発酵させて作ります。

= なっとうは、だいずをはっこうさせてつくります。

= Nattou wa, daizu wo hakkou sasete tsukurimasu.

(The literal translation: As for Natto, you make it by making the soybeans ferment.)

= You make Natto by fermenting soybeans.

Ex. この桜の木は、毎年きれいな花を咲かせる。

= このさくらのきは、まいとしきれいなはなをさかせる。

= Kono sakura no ki wa, maitoshi kireina hana wo sakaseru.

= This cherry tree produces beautiful flowers that bloom every year.

Ex. 刺身を冷蔵庫に入れるのを忘れて腐らせてしまった。

= さしみをれいぞうこにいれるのをわすれてくさらせてしまった。

= Sashimi wo reizoukou ni ireru no wo wasurete kusarasete shimatta.

= By forgetting to put the sashimi (sliced raw fish) in the fridge, I let it go bad.

Note: 刺身を腐らせる = さしみをくさらせる = sashimi wo kusaraseru = to let spoil sashimi / to let sashimi go bad

Ex. マンゴを凍らせて食べたら美味しいよ。

= マンゴをこおらせてたべたらおいしいよ。

= Mango wo koorasete tabetara oishii yo.

= (the literal meaning: If you freeze mango, it tastes good.)

= Frozen mango tastes good.

OK, I hope you learned something from this lesson.

We will make 使役受身形 = しえきうけみけい = shieki ukemikei = Passive causative form some other time.


マギー先生より = マギーせんせいより = Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

Mochi先生、ありがとう。早くごはんを食べさせてもらってくださいね。

= Mochi先生、ありがとう。はやくごはんをたべさせてもらってくださいね。

= Mochi Sensei, arigatou. Hayaku gohan wo tabesasete moratte kudasaine.

= Thank you Mochi Sensei. Let them feed you now, OK?


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「最近、調子どう?」

= さいきん、ちょうしどう?

= Saikin, choushi dou?

= How’s life been treating you?

「どうもこうもないよ。この暑さなんとかしてよ。」

どうもこうもないよ。このあつさなんとかしてよ。

= Doumokoumo naiyo. Kono atsusa nantoka shite yo.

= It has been horrible. Do something about this heat!

Hi everyone! I am your guest teacher for today, Conrad

I am going to teach you how to use どう ( = dou)

It’s a basic Japanese word, but it’s part of many useful conversational expressions.

I hope you all learn something from this lesson.

★どう ( = dou ) + ですか ( = desu ka) ? / (casual) どう ( = dou)?
(past tense) どうでしたか ( = dou deshita ka) ? / (casual) どうだった ( = doudatta ) ?

1) How is (are)

Ex. 体調(たいちょう)はどうですか? / (casual) 体調(たいちょう)、どう?

= Taichou wa dou desu ka? / Taichou dou?

= How are you feeling?

Note: More polite expression for どうですか ( = dou desuka) is いかがですか ( = ikaga desu ka)

Ex. 風邪(かぜ)はどうですか?/ (casual) 風邪(かぜ)はどう?

= Kaze wa dou desu ka? / Kaze wa dou?

= How’s your cold?

Ex. お母(かあ)さんはどうですか? / (casual) お母(かあ)さんどう?

= Okaasan wa dou desu ka?/ Okaasan dou?

= How is your mother.

Note: This implies that the listener’s mother was not doing well (either physically or mentally) and you are worried about her.

Ex. 試験(しけん)はどうでしたか?/ (casual) 試験(しけん)はどうだった?

= Shiken wa dou deshita ka? / Shiken wa dou datta?

= How was the exam?

Ex. 彼女(かのじょ)とは最近(さいきん)どうですか?/ (casual) 彼女(かのじょ)とは最近(さいきん)どうなの?

= Kanojo towa saikin dou desu ka/ Kanojo towa saikin dou nano?

= How are things with your girlfriend recently?

Ex. (Serving food and checking if the listener likes it or not)

A: どうですか? / (casual) どう?

= Dou desu ka? / Dou?

= How is it? / How do you like it?

B: 美味(おい)しいです。/ (casual) 美味(おい)しいよ。

= Oishii desu. / Oishii yo.

= It’s good! / It’s delicious!

You can use どう ( = dou) for greetings.

Ex. 調子(ちょうし)はどうですか? / (casual) 調子(ちょうし)どう?

= Choushi wa dou desu ka? / Choushi dou?

= How are things going? / How is it going?

Ex. 最近(さいきん)、どうですか? / (casual) 最近(さいきん)、どう?

= Saikin, dou desu ka? / Saikin, dou?

= How are things going recently? / What’s new?

Ex. 仕事(しごと)の方(ほう)はどうですか?/ (casual) 仕事(しごと)の方(ほう)はどう?

= Shigoto no hou wa dou desuka? / Shigoto hou wa dou?

= How’s work?

Note: You can reverse the word order in casual speech.

→どう、仕事(しごと)の方(ほう)は?

= Dou, shigoto no hou wa?/ Dou, shigoto no hou wa?

= How’s work?

And the common phrase which follows this is:

うまくいっていますか?/ (casual) うまくいってる?

= Umaku itte imasu ka? / Umaku itteru?

= Is it going well?

2) Would you like / How about ~ ?

Ex. コーヒーはどうですか?/ (casual) コーヒーはどう?

= Koohii wa dou desu ka? / Koohii wa dou?

= Would you like some coffee? / You wanna some coffee?

Ex. 待ち合わせ7時ぐらいはどうですか?/ (casual) 待ち合わせ7時ぐらいはどう?

= まちあわせしちじぐらいはどうですか?/ まちあわせしちじぐらいはどう?

= Machiawase shichiji gurai wa dou desuka?/ Machiawase shichiji gurai wa dou?

= How about meeting around 7:00?

3) Giving suggestions/ Thinking about the possibilities : How about ~ ?

どうでしょう = dou deshou

(casual) どうかな = doukana

(casual) どうだろう = doudarou

Ex. A: 「夕食(ゆうしょく)にカレーライスはどう?」

= Yuushoku ni kareeraisu wa dou?

= How about curry and rice for dinner?

B: 「いいねえ。」

= iinee

= Sounds good!

Ex. 夏休みに伊豆に行くのはどうかな?

= なつやすみにいずにいくのはどうかな?

= Natsuyasumi ni Izu ni iku no wa dou kana?

= How about going to Izu for summer vacation?

Ex. お母さん、一人暮らしは寂しいから猫でも飼ったらどう?

= おかあさん、ひとりぐらしはさびしいからねこでもかったらどう?。

= Okaaasan, hitorigurashi wa sabishii kara neko demo kattara dou?

= Mom, it can be lonely to live on your own so how about getting a cat?

Ex. ちょっとお疲れのようですが、少し休まれたらどうでしょうか?

= ちょっとおつかれのようですが、すこしやすまれたらどうでしょうか?

= Chotto otsukare no you desu ga, sukoshi yasumaretara dou deshou ka?

= You seems to be a little tired. How about getting some rest?

★どう ( = dou ) + verb = how, how to do something, what to do

Ex. 「ねこ」という漢字(かんじ)は、どう書(か)きますか?

= Neko toiu kanji wa dou kakimasu ka?

= How do you write the kanji, “neko = cat”?

Ex. この漢字(かんじ)は、どう読(よ)むの?

= Kono kanji wa, dou yomu no?

= How do you read this kanji?

Ex. 新宿(しんじゅく)までどう行(い)ったらいいですか?/どう行(い)けばいいですか?

= Shinjuku made dou ittara ii desu ka? / Dou ikeba ii desu ka?

= How can I get to Shinjuku?

Ex. 彼(かれ)にこのことをどう伝(つた)えたらいいのだろう。

= Kare ni kono koto wo dou tsutaetara ii no darou .

= I wonder how I should tell him about this.

Now that you’ve read this far, you might think the English equivalent for どう ( = dou) is “how” but actually you can use it to mean “what” as well.

Ex. どうしたんですか?顔色(かおいろ)が悪(わる)いですよ。

= Doushitandesu ka? Kaoiro ga warui desu yo.

= What’s wrong? You look pale.

Ex. みんな、今日(きょう)は静(しず)かだけどどうしたの?

= Minna, kyou wa shizuka dakedo dou shita no?

= You are all quiet today. What’s wrong?

Ex. A: 「大学(だいがく)も卒業(そつぎょう)したし、これからどうしたいの?」

= Daigaku mo sotsugyou shitashi, kore kara dou shitai no?

= Now that you graduated from the university, what would you like to do now?

B: 「う〜ん、将来(しょうらい)どうしようかな。」

= Uun, shourai dou shiyou kana.

= Hmm, What should I do in my future.

At the restaurant.

A: 「デザート何食べる?」

= デザートなにたべる?

= Dezaato nani taberu?

= What are you going to eat for dessert?

B: 「どうしようかな。」

= Doushiyou kana.

= Let me see..

Ex. どうすればいいのかわからない。

= Dousureba ii no ka wakaranai.

= I don’t know what to do.

Ex. ねえ、聞(き)いてる?上の空(うわのそら)だけどどうしちゃったの? 

= Nee, kiiteru? Uwano soradakedo doushichatta no?

= Hey, are listening to me? You seems to be spaced out. What’s the matter with you?

Ex. A: 「来月(らいげつ)のライブどうする?」

= Raigetsu no raibu dousuru?

= What should we do about the live concert next month?

B: 「お金(かね)ないから今回(こんかい)はやめとくよ。」

= Okane nai kara konkai wa yametoku yo.

= I am short on money so I’ll pass this time.

Ex. その後(ご)、あの二人(ふたり)はどうなったの?

= Sonogo, ano futari wa dou natta no?

= What happened to those two after all?

Ex. このドラマ、展開が早いね。これからどうなるんだろう。

= このドラマ、てんかいがはやいね。これからどうなるんだろう。

= Kono dodrama, tenkai ga hayai ne. Korekara dounarundarou.

=This TV show is fast-paced. I wonder what is going to happen now.


OK, now let’s look at some more expressions with どう ( = dou).

★どうか = douka = please, I am begging you, I wish ~

When you beg for something or when you ask someone for something.

(Note: It expresses one’s strong feelings so it may sound a little dramatic when you just ask for something.)

Ex. どうか許(ゆる)してください。

= Douka yurushite kudasai.

= Please forgive me.

Ex. どうか忘(わす)れてください。

= Douka wasurete kudasai.

= Please forget about it.

When you wish for something.

Ex. どうか早(はや)くよくなりますように。

= Douka hayau yoku narimasu you ni.

= Please get well soon.

Ex. どうか世界(せかい)が平和(へいわ)になりますように。

= Douka sekai ga heiwa ni narimasu youni.

= I wish for world peace.

★~かどうか = ~ ka dou ka = whether ~ or not.

Ex. 彼(かれ)が私(わたし)のこと好(す)きかどうかわからなくなってきた。

= Kare ga watashi no koto suki ka dou ka wakaranaku natte kita.

= I can’t tell whether he likes me or not anymore.

Ex. 今年、花火大会があるかどうか知ってる?

= ことし、はなびたいかいがあるかどうかしってる?

= Kotoshi, hanabitaikai ga aru ka dou ka shitteru?

= Do you know whether there is a firework festival this year or not.

Note: I have a lesson with more a detailed explanation.

Link is here.

★どうにか = dounika = somehow, barely

Ex. どうにか試験に受かった。

= どうにかしけんにうかった。

= Dounika shiken ni ukatta.

= I somehow passed the exam.

Ex. 物価(ぶっか)が値上(ねあ)がりしてきたがどうにかやりくりしている。

= Bukkaga neagari shite kita ga dounika yarikuri shiteiru.

= The cost of living has been going up but I’m making ends meet somehow.

Ex. どうにかあの子(こ)を助(たす)けてくれませんか?

= Dounika anoko wo tasukete kuremasen ka?

= Can you help that child/him/her somehow?

★どう ( = dou) + verb ても ( = temo) = No matter how much one does/did something

Ex. 彼の言っていることはどう考えてもおかしい。

= かれのいっていることはどうかんがえてもおかしい。

= Kare no itte iru koto wa dou kangaete mo okashii.

= What he is saying is ridiculous anyway you slice it.

Ex. 彼女はどう見てもまだ未成年だ。

= かのじょはどうみてもまだみせいねんだ。

= Kanojo wa doumitemo mada miseinen da.

= To all appearances, she is still under age.

★どうしても = doushitemo = no matter what, at any cost/ really need to do/want to do

Ex. この服、高かったけどどうしても欲しかったから買っちゃった。(casual)

= このふく、たかかったけどどうしてもほしかったからかっちゃった。

= Kono fuku, takakatta kedo doushitemo hoshikatta kara kacchatta.

= This clothes was really expensive but I bought it anyway because I really want it.

Ex. 土砂降りだけどどうしても出かけなくてはいけない。

= どしゃぶりだけどどうしてもでかけなくてはいけない。

= Doshaburi dakedo doushitemo dekakenakute wa ikenai.

= It is pouring, but I really have to go out.

Ex. どうしても私(わたし)が行(い)かなきゃいけないの?

= Doushite mo watashi ga ikanakya ikenai no?

= Do I really have to go? (no matter what?)

★どうしようもない = doushiyoumonai

1) どうしようもない ( = doushiyoumonai) + noun = helpless ~ , hopeless ~

Ex. あんなどうしようもない人のことは忘れてどこか遊びに行こうよ。

= あんなどうしようもないひとのことはわすれてどこかあそびにいこうよ。

= Anna doushiyoumo nai hito no koto wa wasurete dokoka asobini ikou yo.

= Forget about that hopeless guy/woman, and let’s go somewhere.

2) どうしようもない ( = doushiyoumonai) = There is nothing one can do about it / can’t be helped/ to be hopeless/helpless

Similar expression: どうすることもできない = dousuru koto mo dekinai

Ex. A: 「もっと日本語(にほんご)の勉強(べんきょう)がんばったら?」

= Motto nihongo no benkyou ganbattara?

= Why don’t you study Japanese harder?

B: 「ずっとがんばってるし、これ以上(いじょう)、どうしようもないよ。」

= Zutto ganbatterushi, koreijou, doushiyou mo nai yo.

= I have been trying hard. There is nothing more I can do.

★どうぞ = douzo = please

Ex. どうぞおかけください。

= Douzo okake kudasai.

= Please take a seat.

Ex. こちらへどうぞ。

= Kochira e dou zo.

= This way, please.

Ex. どうぞよろしくお願(ねが)いします。

= Douzo yoroshiku onegai shimasu.

= Nice to meet you/ Thank you in advance./ I really appreciate it.

Note: This is one of the most common greetings in Japanese but there is no equivalent English translation. You say that before you start some activities, business, classes with someone or when you meet someone for the first time and you expect that person will do some sort of work for you or you might trouble that person.

★どうでもいい = doudemo ii = I don’t care, / Who cares / It is not a big deal/ something frivolous

Ex. A: 「そんなことはどうでもいいよ。」 (casual)

= Sonna koto wa doudemo iiyo.

= I don’t care about that./ Who cares!/ It is not a big deal!

B: 「どうでもよくないよ!」

= Doudemo yokunai yo.

= I care! / I do. /Sure it is.

Ex. 彼(かれ)はどうでもいいことばかり言(い)っている。

= Kare wa doudemo ii koto bakari itteiru.

= He is always talking nonsense.

★どうのこうの = douno kouno = to nag/to complain saying this and that// blah blah blah, yada yada, (It has negative connotations)

(Similar expression: あれこれ = arekore/ ああだこうだ = aada kouda = this and that)

Ex. もうどうのこうの言(い)うのはやめて。

= Mou dounokouno iu no wa yamete.

= Stop nagging anymore.

Ex. 私はどうのこうの言える立場ではない。

=わたしはどうのこうのいえるたちばではない。

= Watsahi wa dounokou no ieru tachiba dewa nai.

= I am not in a position to say anything.

Ex. 周りの人達はどうのこうの文句を言うかもしれないが自分が信じる道を行けばいい。

= まわりのひとたちはどうのこうのもんくをいうかもしれないがじぶんがしんじるみちをいけばいい。

= Mawari ni hitotachi wa dounokouno monku wo iu kamo shirenai ga jibun ga shinjiru michi wo ikeba ii.

= People around you might complain (say this and that), but you just go on the path that you believe.

The shorten version is ↓

★どうこう ( = doukou)

Ex. 子供が病気のときに仕事がどうこう言っていられない。

= こどもがびょうきのときにしごとがどうこういっていられない。

= Kodomo ga byouki no toki ni shigoto ga doukou itte irarenai.

= It is not the time to talk about work when my child is sick.

★どうたらこうたら = doutara koutara.

It means the same as どうのこうの ( = dounokouno), but it’s more casual.

Sometimes you just say the first part, どうたら ( = doutara)

Ex. 妻は、私がこの車を買ったときはデザインがどうたらこうたら文句を言っていたが今ではとても気に入っている。 

=つまは、わたしがこのくるまをかったときはデザインがどうたらこうたらもんくをいっていたがいまではとてもきにいっている。

= Tsuma wa watashiga kono kuruma wo katta toki wa dezain ga doutara koutara monku wo itte itaga ima dewa totemo ki ni itteiru .

= When I bought this car, my wife was complaining, “I don’t like the design” and this and that but after all she likes it now.

Ex. そこの会場は、音響がどうの照明がどうのと心配していたがとてもいいコンサートだった。

= そこのかいじょうは、おんきょうがどうのしょうめいがどうのとしんぱいしていたがとてもいいコンサートだった。

= Sokono kaijou wa, onkyou ga douno shoumei ga douno to shinpai shite itaga totemo ii konnsaato datta.

= I was worried about the venue thinking there might be a problem with the sound or the lighting but it turned out to be a good concert.

★どうにか = dounika = somehow, to manage to do something, by any means

Ex. どうにか試験(しけん)に受(う)かった。

= Dounika shiken ni ukatta.

= I somehow passed the exam.

Ex. どうにかひらがなが読(よ)めるようになった。

= Dounika hiragatana ga yomeru you ni natta.

= I somehow managed to learm to read hiranaga.

Ex. どうにかしてください。

= Dounika shite kudasai.

= I want you to do something about it.

★どうにも = dounimo

1)どうにも~ない = dounimo ~nai /どうにも〜ません ( = dounimo ~ masen) : (in a negative sentence)

There is nothing one can do about it/One can not do anything

Ex. 私(わたし)にはどうにもできません。

= Watashi niwa dounimo dekimasen.

= I can’t do anything about it.

Ex. 不満を言ってもどうにもならない。自分で解決策を見つけるだけだ。

= ふまんをいってもどうにもならない。じぶんでかいけつさくをみつけるだけだ。

= Fuman wo itte mo dounimo naranai. Jibun de kaiketsusaku wo mitsukeru dakeda.

= There’s no use complaining about it. You just need to find yourself solution.

Ex. もうどうにもがまんできない。

= Mou dounimo gaman dekinai.

= I can’t stand it anymore.

2) どうにも ( = dounimo) ~ = very

When you describe someone/some situation in a negative way.

Ex. どうにも困(こま)ったことになった。

= Dounimo komatta koto ni natta.

= We are in a big trouble.

★どうにもこうにも = dounimokounimo = in anyway, ~ can’t be helped no matter how much one tries/can’t manage the situation. It is similar to どうにも ( = dounimo) but it sounds stronger.

Ex. どうにもこうにもならない時は、少し休んだ方がいい。

= どうにもこうにもならないときは、すこしやすんだほうがいい。

= Dounimo kounimo naranai toki wa, sukoshi yasunda hou ga ii.

= When things can not be helped no matter how much you try, you should rest a little.

Ex. 彼は借金でどうにもこうにも首が回らないらしい。

= かれはしゃっきんでどうにもこうにもくびがまわらないらしい。

= Kare wa shakkin de dounimo mouni mo kubi ga mawaranai rashii.

= I heard he is in deep debt and can’t do anything about it.

★どうも = doumo

  1. very, so / Nice to meet you/Thank you/ Sorry.

Ex. どうもありがとう

= Doumo arigatou.

= Thank you very much.

Ex. どうもすみませんでした。

= Doumo sumimasen deshita.

= I am very sorry.

Sometimes you just say どうも ( = doumo) when you greet people.

When you first meet someone.

Ex. あっ、どうも… (casual)

= Ah, doumo..

= Hi, (nice to meet you.)

When you see someone you know, you just nod a little and say

Ex. あっ、どうも… (casual)

= Ah, doumo..

= Oh hello!

You sometimes repeat it twice.

Ex. どうも、どうも

= Doumo, doumo

= Hello!

(In casual conversation, especially among young people, you just say)

Ex. どもども = domodomo

You sometimes omit ありがとう ( = arigatou) thank you / すみません ( = suminase), ごめんなさい ( = gomennasai) sorry and just say どうも ( = doumo)

Ex. この間(あいだ)は、どうも…

= Konoaida wa doumo…

= Thank you / Sorry about the other day.

2) somehow, it is kind of, a little ~

Ex. 彼(かれ)、最近(さいきん)どうもおかしいよね。

= Kare, saikin doumo okashii youne.

= He has been acting kind of strange recently, right?

Ex. どうもよくわからない。

= Doumo yoku wakaranai.

= I don’t quite get it.

Ex. 彼女とは性格がどうも合わない。

= かのじょとはせいかくがどうもあわない。

= Kanojo towa seikaku ga doumo awanai.

= I don’t quite get along well with her.

You also use this expression when you avoid expressing some negative feelings.

Ex. A: 「新しい仕事どう?」

= あたらしいしごとどう?

= Atarashii shigoto dou?

= How’s your new job?

B: 「う~ん、どうもね…」

= Uun, doumo ne…

= Hmm how can I say this…it’s kind of…

Ex. A: 「日本の生活には慣れた?」

= にほんのせいかつにはなれた?

= Nihon no seikatsu niwa nareta?

= Did you get used to the life in Japan?

B: 夏の湿気がどうもね…

= なつのしっけがどうもね…

= Natsu no shikke ga doumo ne.

= If it weren’t for the humidity in summer..

★どうもこうも(ない) = doumokoumo(nai) = to have no choice / the situation is awful/terrible

Ex. A: 「アキラのサプライズパーティーはどうだった?」

= Akira no sapuraizu paatii wa dou datta?

= How was the surprise party for Akira?

B: 「どうもこうもないよ。みんな狭い部屋で2時間も待っていたのに結局本人が来なかったんだ。」

= どうもこうもないよ。みんなせまいへやでにじかんもまっていたのにけっきょくほんにんがこなかったんだ。

= Doumo koumo nai yo. Minna semai heya de nijikan mo matte ita noni kekkyoku ohnnnin ga konakattanda.

= It was awful. Everybody was waiting in the small room for two hours, and in the end he didn’t even show up.

★どうやら = douyara

1) apparently, it seems like, I heard.., seemingly

Ex. ずっと雨が降っていたけれどもどうやら明日は晴れそうだ。

= ずっとあめがふっていたけれどもどうやらあしたははれそうだ。

= Zutto ame ga futte ita keredomo douyara ashita wa haresou da.

= It has been raining the whole time, but it seems like it is going to be nice tomorrow.

Ex. 二人はどうやら別れたらしい。

= ふたりはどうやらわかれたらしい。

= Futari wa douyara wakareta rashii.

= I heard they broke up.

Ex. あの噂(うわさ)はどうやら本当(ほんとう)みたいだ。

= Ano uwasa wa douyara hontou mitai da.

= The rumor seems to be true.

2) barely, somehow

Ex. 給料は安いがどうやら生活はできている。

= きゅうりょうはやすいがどうやらせいかつはできている。

= Kyuuryou wa yasui ga douyara seikatsu wa dekite iru.

= My salary is low, but I manage to live.

Ex. 目的地(もくてきち)までガソリンがどうやらもちそうだ。

= Mokutekichi made gasorin ga douyara mochisou da.

= We seem to have enough gas to make it to the destination somehow.


マギー先生より = Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

Conrad先生ありがとう!

= Conrad Sensei arigatou

= Thank you, Conrad-Sensei.

暑い日が続いていますがみなさんもどうぞ体に気をつけてくださいね。

= あついひがつづいていいますがみなさんもどうぞからだにきをつけてくださいね。

= Atsuihi ga tsuzuite imasu ga minasan mo douzo karada ni ki wo tsukete kudasaine.

= It has been very hot but please take care, everyone!


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「私と彼女、どっちが好き?」

= わたしとかのじょ、どっちがすき?

= Watashi to kanojo, docchi ga suki?

= Who do you like better? Me or her?

(こういう場合どうしたらいいんだろう…)

= こういうばあいどうしたらいいんだろう…

= Kona baai wa doushitara ii no kanaa…

= I wonder what I should do in this kind of situation…

みなさん、こんにちは! 寅次郎(とらじろう)です。

= Minasan, Konnichiwa! I am Torajirou.

This is another request lesson taken from the comment section!

Today we’re going to learn how to use 場合 ( = ばあい = baai).

First, in case you haven’t seen it, back in 2010 I made this related lesson:

その場合は VS それなら ( = sonobaai wa vs sorenara)

In this new lesson I will try to cover more usages of 場合 ( = ばあい = baai).

★How to form:

  • noun + の ( = no) + 場合 ( = baai) + (は = wa) ~

Ex. 雨 = あめ = ame = rain

→雨の場合 (は ) = あめのばあい (は) = ame no baai (wa)

past tense:

→ noun + だった ( = datta) + 場合 ( = baai) + (は = wa) ~

雨だった場合(は)= あめだったばあい(は)= ame datta baai (wa)

  • verb dictionary form + 場合(は)= ばあい(は)= baai (wa)

Ex. 取る = とる = toru = to take

→取る場合(は)= とるばあい(は)= toru baai (wa)

Note: You don’t use masu-form with 場合 ( = baai)

取ります場合(は) = とりますばあい(は)= torimasu baai(wa) 

past tense

→取った場合(は)= とったばあい(は)= totta baai (wa)

You can also use many different verb forms. Check these example patterns below.

  • continuous form:

→取っている場合 (は) = とっているばあい (は) = totteiru baai (wa)

  • past tense:

→取っていた場合 (は) = とっていたばあい (は) = totteita baai (wa)

  • causative form:

→取らせる場合 (は) = とらせるばあい (は) = toraseru baai (wa)

  • past tense:

→取らせた場合 (は) = とらせたばあい (は) = toraseta baai (wa)

  • passive causative form

→取らせられる場合 (は) = とらせられるばあい (は) = toraserareru baai (wa)

  • past tense

→取らせられた場合 (は) = とらされたばあい (は) = torasareta baai (wa)

  • honorific form / passive form

→取られる場合 (は) = とられるばあい (は) = torareru baai (wa)

  • past tense

→取られた場合 (は) = とられたばあい (は) = torareta baai (wa)

  • adjective

i-adjective ~ い ( = i) + 場合 ( = baai) + (は = wa) ~

Ex. 小さい ( = ちいさい = chiisai ) = small

present tense:

→ 小さい場合 (は) = ちいさいばあい (は) = chiisai baai ( wa)

past tense:

→小さかった場合 (は) = ちいさかったばあい (は) = chiisakatta baai (wa)

na-adjective ~な ( = na) + 場合 ( = baai) + (は = wa) ~

Ex. 危険な = きけんな = kikenna = dangerous

present tense:

→危険な場合 (は) = きけんなばあい (は) = kikenna baai (wa)

past tense:

→危険だった場合 (は) = きけんだったばあい (は) = kikendatta baai (wa)

★How to use 場合 ( = ばあい = baai)

1) In the case of / If ~ / When ~ / In the event of ~ + what one is supposed to do / how one will take care of the situation / what is going to happen / giving or asking for advice, instructions / warning

(with a noun)

Ex. 緊急の場合はこの番号に電話をかけてください。

= きんきゅうのばあいはこのばんごうにでんわをかけてください。

= Kinkyuu no baai wa kono bangou ni denwa wo kakete kudasai.

= In the case of emergency, please call this number.

Ex. 留守の場合は、車庫に荷物を置いておいてください。

= るすのばあいは、しゃこににもつをおいておいてください。

= Rusu no baai wa, shako ni nimotsu wo oite oite kudasai.

= If nobody is home, please leave the package in the garage.

Ex. シニアの場合、映画のチケット料金は1200円になります。

= シニアのばあい、えいがのチケットりょうきんはせんにひゃくえんになります。

= Shinia no baai, eiga no chiketto ryoukin wa sennihyakuen ni narimasu.

= In the case of senior citizens, the movie ticket price will be ¥1,200.

Ex. 夏になるとみんな食欲が落ちるようですが、私の場合は違います。

= なつになるとみんなしょくよくがおちるようですが、わたしのばあいはちがいます。

= Natsu ni naru to minna shokuyoku ga ochiruyou desu ga, watashi no baai wa chigaimasu.

= It seems like everybody loses appetite in summer but that’s not true in my case.

Ex. うちの会社の場合、給料は能力次第だ。

= うちのかいしゃのばあい、きゅうりょうはのうりょくしだいだ。

= Uchi no kaisha no baai, kyuuryou wa nouryoku shidai da.

= In my company’s case, the salary depends on one’s ability.

Ex. PCR検査の結果が陰性の場合は問題ありませんが、陽性の場合は飛行機に乗れません。

= PCRけんさのけっかがいんせいのばあいはもんだいありませんが、ようせいのばあいはひこうきにのれません。

= PCR kensa no kekka ga insei no baai wa mondai arimasen ga, yousei no baai wa hikouki ni noremasen.

= If the result of PCR test is negative there is no problem but if it is positive, you can not get on a plane.

Ex. 雨 (or 雨天) の場合、このイベントは中止になります。

= あめ (or うてん)のばあい、このイベントはちゅうしになります。

= Ame (or Uten no baai, kono ibento wa chuushi ni narimasu.

= In case of rain, this sports event will be cancelled.

→Let’s change the pattern from a noun to a verb.

(with a verb)

Ex. 雨が降った場合、このイベントは中止になります。

= あめがふったばあい、このイベントはちゅうしになります。

= Ame ga futta baai, kono ibento wa chuushi ni narimasu.

= If it rains, the event will be cancelled.

You don’t say 雨が降る場合は ( = あめがふるばあいは = ame ga furu baai wa)

(Note 1) Which tense to use.

You may wonder which tense to use before 場合 ( = ばあい = baai)

→non-past tense or past tense.

Verb A + 場合 ( = ばあい = baai) + B (what one should or will do/what something will happen.)

If the premise for B is

→before doing something/something happens → use non-past tense for A

→after doing something/when the action is completed → use past tense for A

Ex. 車で行く場合は、家を8時に出なくてはいけない。

= くるまでいくばあいは、いえをはちじにでなくてはいけない。

= Kurumade iku baai wa, ie wo hachiji ni denakute wa ikenai.

= In case I go there by car, I have to leave my house at eight.

Note: You use the non-past tense because the sentence is referring to a situation before departure.

Ex. 車で行った場合は、近くの駐車場を利用してください。

= くるまでいったばあいは、ちかくのちゅうしゃじょうをりようしてください。

= Kurumade itta baai wa, chikaku no chuushajou wo riyou shite kudasai.

= If you go there by car, please use the nearby parking lot.

Note: In this case, the sentence is referring to where the listener will be after they arrive, so past tense is used.

Ex. 一次試験に受かった場合、月末に二次試験を受けなくてはいけません。

= いちじしけんにうかったばあい、げつまつににじしけんをうけなくてはいけません。

= Ichiji shiken ni ukatta baai, getsumatsu ni nijishiken wo ukenakute wa ikemasen.

= If you pass the first-stage exam, you’ll have to take the second-state exam at the end of the month.

Note: You don’t say 受かる場合 ( = うかるばあい = ukaru baai). The point of view is after passing the exam.

Ex. このイベントに参加する場合は8月1日までにお知らせください。

= このイベントにさんかするばあいははちがつついたちまでにおしらせください。

= Kono ibento ni sanka suru baai wa hachigatsu tsuitachi madeni oshirase kudasai.

= If you want to participate in this event, please let us know by August 1st.

→ You are talking about what to do before an event so you use the present tense.

Note: You are talking about an event before signing up, so you use non-past tense.

Ex. 気温が30度以上になった場合は外での運動は控えましょう。

= きおんがさんじゅうどいじょうになったばあいはそとでのうんどうはひかえましょう。

= Kion ga sanjuudo ijou ni natta baai wa soto deno undou wa hikaemashou.

= Avoid exercising outside when the temperature gets higher than 30 degrees.

Note: Talking about the time period after the temperature hits higher than 30 degrees.

The tense of adjectives:

Ex. サイズが小さい/小さかった場合は商品を大きいものにお取り替えいたします。

= サイズがちいさい/ちいさかったばあいはしょうひんをおおきいものにお取り替えいたします。

= Saizu ga chiisai/chiisakatta baai wa shouhin wo ookii mono ni otorikaeitashimasu.

= In case the size is too small, we will exchange it for a bigger one.

小さい or 小さかった ( = ちいさい or ちいさかった = chiisai or chiisakatta)

Unlike verbs, using the non-past tense or the past tense with an adjective could give the sentence a more subtle and subjective meaning. But the English translation could be the same.

The nuance difference is

小さい = ちいさい = chiisai → something looks small (bringing up possibilities)

小さかった = ちいさかった = chiisakatta → something was small (maybe you tried it on or tried to measure it and it was smaller than you had expected.)

Ex. 冷房の設定温度は28度にしてください。それでも暑い/暑かった場合は、扇風機を使ってください。
= れいぼうのせっていおんどはにじゅうはちどにしてください。それでもあつい/あつかったばあいは、せんぷうきをつかってください。

= Reizou no settei ondo wa nijuuhachido ni shite kudasai. Soredemo atsui/atsukatta baai wa, senpuuki wo tsukatte kudasai.

= Please set the air conditioner to 28 degrees. In case you still feel hot, please use the fan.

Note: The speaker/writer can decide which tense to use depending on their point of view. The past tense implies you are in the room for a while and feel hot.

Ex. 参加人数が少ない/少なかった場合、講演は中止になるかもしれません。

= さんかにんずうがすくない/すくなかったばあい、こうえんはちゅうしになるかもしれません。
= Sanka ninzuu ga sukunai/sukunakatta baai, kouen wa chuushi ni naru kamo shiremasen.

= If there are not enough participants, the lecture might be cancelled.

Note: When you are just talking about the possibility 少ない ( =すくない = sukunai). But for example when you are thinking about the passing the application deadline, use the past tense.

(Note 2)

★場合 ( = ばあい = baai) vs. たら ( = tara)

(1) 場合 ( = ばあい = baai) is similar to たら ( = tara) when you are talking about possible cases/situations.

The difference is 場合 ( = baai) is more formal and more limited. たら ( = tara) is more conversational and general.

Ex. 台風が来た場合は、身の安全を確保しましょう。

= たいふうがきたばあいは、みのあんぜんをかくほしましょう。

= Taifuu ga kita baai wa, mino anzen wo kakuho shimashou.

= In case of a typhoon, please ensure your own safety.

→Ex. 台風が来たら、身の安全を確保しましょう。

= たいふうがきたら、みのあんぜんをかくほしましょう。

= Taifuu ga kita ra, mi no anzen wo kakuho shimashou.

= When the typhoon hits this area, please ensure your safety.

(2) While you can use たら ( = tara) when you think about a hypothetical situation and also when you are certain something will happen/you will do something, you use 場合 ( = ばあい = baai) when you are not certain something will happen/one will do something.

Ex. 着いたら電話します。

= ついたらでんわします。

= Tsuitara denwa shimasu.

= I will call you when I get there.

It will be unnatural to say

着いた場合は電話します。(wrong)

= ついたばあいはでんわします。

= Tsuita baai wa denwa shimasu.

= In case I arrive there, I will call you.

This is unnatural because it sounds like you are not sure if you can get there or not.

→Instead you can say

Ex. 遅れる場合は電話します。

= おくれるばあいはでんわします。

= Okureru baai wa denwa shimasu.

= In case I am late, I will call you.

(3) You can’t use 場合 ( = baai) when you talk about an imaginary situation which is impossible to happen.

Ex. 明日、日曜日だったら遊びにいけるのに。

= あした、にちようびだったらあそびにいけるのに。

= Ashita, nichiyoubi dattara asobini ikeru noni.

= If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would be able to go out.

(But it’s not Sunday tomorrow.)

→ 明日、日曜日の場合、遊びにいけるのに。(wrong)

= あした、にちようびのばあいあそびにいけるのに。

= Ashita, nichiyoubi no baai asobini ikeru noni.

Ex. 私が、マギーだったらそんなことは言わない。

= わたしが、マギーだったらそんなことはいわない。

= Watashi ga, Maggie dattara sonna koto wa iwanai.

= If I were you ( = Maggie), I wouldn’t say things like that.

→ 私がマギーだった場合そんなことは言わない。(wrong)

= わたしがマギーだったばあいそんなことはいわない。

= Watashi ga Maggie datta baai sonna koto wa iwanai.

(Note 3)

★場合 ( = ばあい = baai) vs. 時 ( = とき = toki)

You can use both 場合 ( = ばあい = baai) and 時 ( = とき = toki) for hypothetical situations. 場合 ( = ばあい = baai) is more formal than 時 ( = とき = toki) but they are interchangeable.

I will change the English translation on purpose to show you the slight difference but they could be translated the same way. (when, if, in case, etc.)

Ex. 熱がある場合は、まず保健所に連絡してください。

= ねつがあるばあいは、まずほけんじょにれんらくしてください。

= Netsu ga aru baai wa, mazu hokenjo ni renraku shite kudasai.

= In case you have a fever, contact the health care center first.

→ 熱がある時は、まず保健所に連絡してください。

= ねつがあるときは、まずほけんじょにれんらくしてください。

= Netsu ga aru toki wa, mazu hokenjo ni renraku shite kudasai.

= When you have a fever, contact the health care center first.

Ex. 落とし物を拾った時は警察に届けてください。

= おとしものをひろったときはけいさつにとどけてください。

= Otoshimono wo hirotta toki wa keisatsu ni todokete kudasai.

= When you pick up some lost property, please take it to the police station.

→Ex. 落とし物を拾った場合は警察に届けてください。

= おとしものをひろったばあいはけいさつにとどけてください。

= Otoshimono wo hirotta baai wa keisatsu ni todokete kudasai.

= In case you pick up lost property, please take it to the police station.

You can also use たら ( = tara). It is more conversational

Ex. 落とし物を拾ったら警察に届けてください。

= おとしものをひろったらけいさつにとどけてください。

= Otoshimono wo hirottara keisatsu ni todokete kudasai.

= If you find lost property, please take it to the police station.

Ex. 地震の時は、エレベーターの使用は避け、階段を使ってください。

= じしんのときは、エレベーターのしようはさけ、かいだんをつかってください。

= Jishin no toki wa, erebeetaaa no shiyou wa sake, kaidan wo tsukatte kudasai.

= Please avoid using the elevators and use the stairs when there’s an earthquake.

→Ex. 地震の場合は、エレベーターの使用は避け、階段を使ってください。

= じしんのばあいは、エレベーターのしようはさけ、かいだんをつかってください。

= Jishin no baai wa, erebeetaa no shiyou wa sake, kaidan wo tsukatte kudasai.

= In case of an earthquake, please avoid using the elevators and use the stairs.

(2) You can’t use 場合 ( = ばあい = baai) for one’s habitual actions.

Ex. 彼女がうちに来る時はいつもワインを持ってくる。

= かのじょがうちにくるときはいつもワインをもってくる。

= Kanojo ga uchi ni kuru toki wa itsumo wain wo mottekuru.

= Whenever she comes over, she brings a bottle of wine.

→ 彼女が来る場合はいつもワインを持ってくる。 (wrong)

= かのじょがうちにくるばあいはいつもワインをもってくる。

= Kanojo ga uchi ni kuru baai wa itsumo wain wo mottekuru.

(3) You can’t use 場合 ( = ばあい = baai) when you talk about the past.

Ex. この本は日本に行った時に買いました。

= このほんはにほんにいったときにかいました。

= Kono hon wa nihon ni itta toki ni kaimashita.

= I bought this book when I went to Japan.

この本は、日本に行った場合に買いました。(wrong)

= このほんは、にほんにいったばあいにかいました。

= Kono hon wa, nihon ni itta baai ni kaimashita.

Ex. 電話をもらった時はすでに家を出ていました。

= でんわをもらったときはすでにいえをでていました。

= Denwa wo moratta toki wa sudeni ie wo dete imashita.

= When you called me, I had already left the house.

電話をもらった場合はすでに家を出ていました。(wrong)

= でんわをもらったばあいはすでにいえをでていました。

= Denwa wo moratta baai wa sudeni ie wo dete imashita.

2) There are some cases that ~ / in some cases / sometimes / there are possibility that ~ / might

場合がある/あります = ばあいがある/あります = baai ga aru /arimasu

場合もある/あります = ばあいもある/あります = baai mo aru/arimasu

Note: も ( = mo) adds the nuance of “even” (emphasizing what comes before.) or “also”.

Ex. 予定が変わる場合があります。

= よていがかわるばあいがあります。

= Yotei ga kawaru baai ga arimasu.

= The schedule might change. /There is a possibility for the schedule to change.

→予定が変わる場合もあります。

= よていがかわるばあいもあります。

= Yotei ga kawaru baai mo arimasu.

= There is a case that even the schedule might change

/There is also a possibility for the schedule to change.

Ex. 退職届を出してもすぐに受け付けてくれない場合があります。

= たいしょくとどけをだしてもすぐにうけつけてくれないばあいがあります。

= Taishokutodoke wo dashite mo sugu ni uketsukete kurenai baai ga arimasu.

= Even if you submit your resignation letter, there is a case that they might not accept it right away.

Ex. 並んで待っても買えない場合があります。

= ならんでまってもかえないばあいがあります。

= Narande mattemo kaenai baai ga arimasu.

= There are cases where you won’t be able to buy one even if you wait in line.

Ex. バッテリーが古いとスマホが熱くなる場合があります。

= バッテリーがふるいとスマホがあつくなるばあいがあります。

= Batterii ga furui to sumaho ga atsuku naru baai ga arimasu.

= There are cases where the smartphone will get hot if the battery is old.

3) Vている場合ではない = Vているばあいではない = V te iru baai dewa nai.

(casual) 場合じゃない = ばあいじゃない = baaijanai

= It is not the right time to do something. /There are more important things to do now/There is no time to do ~

I said 場合 ( = ばあい = baai) is a formal expression in the usage 1) but you use this expression in daily conversation.

Ex. こんなことやっている場合じゃなかった。勉強しないと…

= こんなことやっているばあいじゃなかった。べんきょうしないと…

= Konna koto yatte iru baai janakatta. Benkyou shinaito.

= I don’t have time to do this. I have to study…

Ex. 明日、試験なのにゲームで遊んでいる場合じゃないでしょ。

= あした、しけんなのにゲームであそんでいるばあいじゃないでしょ。

= Ashita, shiken nanoni geemu de asonde iru baai ja nai desho.

= You have an exam tomorrow. There is not time to be playing games, right?

Ex. 文句を言っている場合じゃないよ。行動に移したら?

= もんくをいっているばあいじゃないよ。こうどうにうつしたら?

= Monku wo itte iru baai janai yo. Koudou ni utsushitara?

= There is no time to be complaining. Take some action!

4)Other Expressions with 場合 ( = ばあい = baai)

  • 時と場合による

= ときとばあいによる

= toki to baai ni yoru

= depending on the time and situation

Ex. 年下の人と飲みにいくとおごることもありますが、時と場合によります。

= とししたのひととのみにいくとおごることもありますが、ときとばあいによります。

= Toshishita no hito to nomini iku to ogoru koto mo arimasuga, toki to baai ni yorimasu.

= I sometimes pay when I go out for a drink with someone who is younger than I am, but it depends on the time and situation.

  • 場合による・場合によりけり

= ばあいによる・ばあいによりけり

= baai ni yoru・baai ni yorikeri

= It depends

Ex. A: 「ねえ、お金貸してって言ったら貸してくれる?」

= 「ねえ、おかねかしてっていったらかしてくれる?」

= Nee, okane kashitette ittara kashite kureru?

= Hey, if I ask you to lend me some money, will you?

B: 「場合によるね。/場合によりけりだね。」

= 「ばあいによるね。/ばあいによりけりだね。」

= Baai ni yoru ne. / Baai ni yorikeri dane.

= It depends.

  • 場合によっては

= ばあいによっては

= baai ni yotte wa

= in some cases / sometimes

Ex. 保証期間中ですが場合によっては修理代を請求されることもあります。

= ほしょうきかんちゅうですがばあいによってはしゅうりだいをせいきゅうされることもあります。

= Hoshoukikanchuu desuga baai ni yotte wa shuuridai wo seikyuu sareru koto mo arimasu.

= It is under warranty but you are sometimes asked to pay repair charges depending on the case.

  • ~ 場合に備えて

= ~ ばあいにそなえて

= ~ baai ni sonaete

= to be prepared for ~ in case of ~

Ex. 緊急の場合に備えて飲料水と食料品は余分に置いてあります。

= きんきゅうのばあいにそなえていんりょうすいとしょくりょうひんはよぶんにおいてあります。
= Kinkyuu no baai ni sonaete inryousui to shokuryouhin wa yobun ni oite arimasu.

= I put aside extra water and food in case of emergency.

  • 万一の場合に備えて 

= まんいちばあいにそなえて

= manichi no baai ni sonaete

= to be prepared for a rainy day

Ex. 万一の場合に備えて貯金はしておいた方がいいよ。

= まんいちのばあいにそなえてちょきんはしておいたほうがいいよ。

= Manichi no baai ni sonaete chokin wa shite oita hou ga iiyo.

= You should save money for a rainy day.

  • 最悪の場合

= さいあくのばあい

= saiaku no baai

= in the worst case / in the worst-case scenario

Ex. 「彼と最近、うまくいってないんだ。最悪の場合、別れるかもしれない。」

= 「 かれとさいきん、うまくいってないんだ。さいあくのばあい、わかれるかもしれない。」
= Kare to saikin, umaku ittenain da. Saiaku no baai, wakareru kamo shirenai.

= I am not doing well with my boyfriend. We might break up in the worst case scenario.

Ex. 終電に間に合わないかもしれない。最悪の場合、歩いて家まで帰らないといけないなあ…
= しゅうでんにまにあわないかもしれない。さいあくのばあい、あるいていえまでかえらないといけないなあ…

= Shuuden ni maniawanai kamoshirenai. Saiaku no baai, aruite ie made kaeranai to ikenai naa…

= I may not make the last train. Worse comes to worst, I guess I have to walk back home.


マギー先生より =マギーせんせいより = Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

寅ちゃん先生、ありがとう!

=とらちゃんせんせい、ありがとう!

=Tora-chan sensei arigatou! = Thank you, Tora-chan Sensei!

そういう場合は、君が一番好きだよって言ったらいいんじゃない?

= そういうばあいは、きみがいちばんすきだよっていったらいいんじゃない?

= Souiu baai wa, kimi ga ichiban sukidayotte ittara iin janai?

= In that kind case, I think you should just day “I like you the most.”


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Cookie「どうしたらもっと強くなれますか?」

= どうしたらもっとつよくなれますか?

= Doushitara motto tsuyoku naremasu ka?

= How can I become stronger?

Yoda「覚えることはまだたくさんある。」

= おぼえることはまだたくさんある。

= Oboeru koto wa mada takusan aru.

= “Much to learn, you still have.”

Hi everyone! I am Cookie.

Today I am going to teach you how to use the potential form in Japanese.

★How to make a potential forms:

  • ことができる ( = koto ga dekiru)

verb dictionary form + ことができる ( = koto ga dekiru)/(polite) ことができます = koto ga dekimasu ( = koto ga dekimasu)

Ex. 行くことができる = いくことができる = iku koto ga dekiru = can go

I’ve already made a lesson on the use of 出来る = dekiru. Please click here if you need to review or are seeing this for the first time.

How to use 出来る = できる = dekiru

Now, we are going to learn another potential form.

Compared to ことができる ( = koto ga dekiru), these potential forms are more conversational.

★ru-verb

  • 食べる = たべる = taberu = to eat

1) Delete る ( = ru)

→食べ = たべ = tabe

2) Attach られる ( = rareru)

→食べられる = たべられる = taberareru

= to be able to eat /edible

  • Past tense:

られる = rareru →られた = rareta

*食べられた = たべられた = taberareta

  • Negative from:

られる = rareru → られない = rarenai

*食べられない = たべられない = taberarenai

= not be able to eat/inedible

Past tense:

られない = rarenai→られなかった = rarenakatta

  • 食べられなかった = たべられなかった = taberarenakatta

masu-form (more polite)

  • 食べます = たべます = tabemasu

1) Delete ます ( = masu)

→食べ = たべ = tabe

2) Attach られます ( = raremasu)

→食べられます = たべられます = taberaremasu

Present Negative form:

られます = raremasu→られません = raremasen

→食べられません = たべらません = taberaremasen

Past Negative form:

られません = raremasen →られませんでした = raremasen deshita.

→食べられませんでした = たべられませんでした= taberaremasendeshita

Note:

The potential form of ru-verb is the same as that of the 受身形 = うけみけい = ukemikei = passive form and the 敬語 = けいご = keigo = honorific form

食べられる = たべられる = taberareru

(potential form)

Ex. ぶどうは皮まで食べられる 

= ぶどうはかわまでたべられる

= Budou wa kawa made taberareru

= You can even eat grape skin.

(passive)

Ex. 鮫に食べられないように気をつけて。

= さめにたべられないようにきをつけて。

= Same ni taberarenai you ni ki wo tsukete.

= Be careful not to be eaten by sharks.

(honorific)

Ex. 朝ご飯はもう食べられましたか?

= あさごはんはもうたべられましたか?

= Asagohan wa mou taberaremashita ka?

= Did you already have breakfast?

Note: You can also say

召し上がりましたか? ( = めしがりましたか = meshiagarimashita ka)?

お食べになりましたか? ( = Otabeni narimashita ka)?

Note: ら抜き言葉 ( = ra nuki kotoba), ‘ra’-removed word.

Though it is grammatically wrong and your Japanese teachers would probably correct you right away, I bet you hear many people drop ら ( = ra) in casual conversation, especially among young people or in some regions in Japan.

★ru-verb

食べられる = たべられる = taberareru = can eat/ 食べられない = taberarenai = can’t eat.

→(ら抜き= ra-nuki) 食べれる = たべれる = tabereru = can eat /食べれない = taberenai = can’t eat.

★irregular verb

来られる = こられる = korareru = can come / 来られない = こられない = korarenai = can’t come

→(ら抜き= ra-nuki) 来れる = これる = koreru/来れない = これない = korenai

You only drop ら ( = ra) in potential form and not in passive form or honorific form.

Passive form / Honorific form:

食べられる = たべられる = taberareru・食べられない = たべられない = taberarenai) →You can’t drop ら ( = ra )

★u-verb

  • 読む = よむ = yomu = to read

→Change the last vowel, “u”, to “e” and attach ”ru”

u”→”eru

→読める = よめる = yomeru = to be able to read, can read

masu-form:

→(masu form) 読めます = よめます = yomemasu

Present Negative form:

Change the last vowel, “u”, to “e” and attach “ない = nai”

“u”→ ”enai”

→読めない = よめない = yomenai = can’t read

→(masu form) 読めません = よめません = yomemasen

Past Negative form:

ない = nai →なかった = nakatta

→読めなかった = よめなかった = yomenakatta = couldn’t read

→(masu form) 読めませんでした = よめませんでした = yomemasen deshita

(Note: You can also attach です ( = desu) after a casual form 読めなかったです = yomenakatta desu)

★Irregular

  • 来る = くる = kuru = to come

→来られる = こられる = korareru = to be able to come

(negative form) 来られない = こられない = korarenai

(Masu form) 来られません = こられません = koraremasen

  • する = to do →出来る/できる = dekiru/ (masu form) 出来ます/できます = dekimasu = can do

Negative form:

出来ない/できない = dekinai / (masu form) 出来ません/できません = dekimasen = can’t do

Past tense:

出来た/できた = dekita / (masu form) 出来ました/できました = dekimashita = could do

Past negative:

出来なかった/できなかった= dekinakatta / (masu form) 出来ませんでした/できませんでした = dekimasen deshita = couldn’t do

Note 1) When you see/hear things naturally without your will, you don’t use the potential form.

  • 見える = みえる = mieru = to be able to see

Ex. この部屋からきれいな海が見えます。

= このへやからきれいなうみがみえます。

= Kono heya kara kireina umi ga miemasu.

= You can see the beautiful ocean from this room.

Note: You use the particle が ( = ga) with an object. Not を ( = wo).

X 海を見えます = うみをみえます = umi wo miemasu (wrong)

Ex. 後ろの席だったのでステージがよく見えなかった。

= うしろのせきだったのでステージがよくみえなかった。

= Ushiro no seki datta node suteeji ga yoku mienakatta.

= I sat at the back so I couldn’t see the stage well.

Ex. A: 「すみません、画面が小さくて見えないのでもう少し大きくしてもらえますか?」
= すみません、がめんがちいさくてみえないのでもうすこしおおきくしてもらえますか?
= Sumimasen, gamen ga chiisakute mienai node mousukoshi ookiku shite moraemasu ka?

= I am sorry. The screen is so small and I can’t see well. Can you make the screen bigger?

B: 「これでどうですか?」(Enlarging the screen)

= Kore de dou desu ka?

= How about now?

A: 「よく見えます。有難うございます。」

= よくみえます。ありがとうございます。

= Yoku miemasu. Arigatou gozaimasu.

= I can see well now. Thank you!

  • 聞こえる = きこえる = kikoeru = to hear something naturally

(On the phone)

Ex. 「聞こえますか?」

= きこえますか?

= Kikoemasu ka?

= Can you hear me?

「電波が悪くて、聞こえません」

= でんぱがわるくて、きこえません。

= Denpa ga warukute, kikoemasen.

= The connection is so bad that I can’t hear you well.

But if you try to intentionally listen or see something, you use the potential form.

  • 見られる = みられる = mirareru = to be able to see

Ex. 恥ずかしくてマギーの顔が見られません。

= はずかしくてマギーのかおがみられません。

= Hazukashikute Maggie no kao ga miraremasen.

= I am too embarrassed to look at your face, Maggie.

Ex. その映画はネトフリでも見られるよ。

= そのえいがはネトフリでもみられるよ。

= Sono eiga wa Netofuri demo mirareru yo.

= You can watch that movie on Netflix, too.

Note: ネトフリ = netofuri is an abbreviation of ネットフリックス = Nettofurikkusu = Netflix

  • 聞ける = きける = kikeru = to be able to hear

Ex. このアプリで世界中のポッドキャストが聞けます。

= このアプリでせかいじゅうのポッドキャストがきけます。

= Kono apuri de sekaijuu no poddokyasuto ga kikemasu.

= You can listen to Podcasts around the world with this app.

Ex. 東京ではそのラジオ番組は聞けません。

= とうきょうではそのラジオばんぐみはきけません。

= Toukyou dewa sono rajio bangumi wa kikemasen.

= We can’t listen to the radio program in Tokyo.

Note 2) the verbs ある = aru / いる = iru = to be/to exist/ there is/are

You can’t change these to potential forms:

Ex. 机の上に本があります。

= つくえのうえにほんがあります。

= Tsukue no ue ni hon ga arimasu.

= There is a book on the desk.

Ex. マギーは日本にいます。

= マギーはにほんにいます。

= Maggie wa nihon ni imasu.

= Maggie is in Japan.

However, when you are talking about the possibility that something might happen or might be possible, you can say

あり得る = ありうる/ありえる = ariuru/arieru

Ex. 飛行機がキャンセルになることもあり得る。

= ひこうきがキャンセルになることもありうる/える。

= Hikouki ga kyanseru ni naru koto mo ariuru/eru.

= It is possible./There is a chance that the flight might be canceled.

Note 3) Intransitive verbs without wills: There are no potential forms.

Ex. 雨が降る = あめがふる = Ame ga furu = It rains

→X No potential forms

Ex. 鍵が見つかる = かぎがみつかる = Kagi ga mitsukaru = the key is found

→X No potential forms

Ex. 時間がかかる = じかんがかかる = Jikan ga kakaru = to take (time)

→X No potential forms

Ex. ドアが開く = ドアがあく = doa ga aku = the door opens

→X No potential forms

Note 4) The verbs such as わかる ( = wakaru) and 知る ( = shiru )

There are no potential forms with

  • わかる = wakaru = to understand/know/tell

  • 知る = しる = shiru = to know

However, you can make a potential form with できる ( = dekiru)

verb (dictionary form) こと ( koto) + が ( = ga) + できる (= dekiru)

知ることができる

= しることができる

= shiru koto ga dekiru

= to be able to know

Note 5) What particle to use with an object.

  • topic + は ( = wa) + verb potential form

When you bring up a topic or show the contrast, you use は ( = wa)

Ex. この漢字は読めます。

= このかんじはよめます。

= Kono kanji wa yomemasu.

= I can read this kanji. (Showing the contrast: I may not be able to read other kanji but I can read this one. )

Ex. この漢字は読めますか?

= このかんじはよめますか?

= Kono kanji wo yomemasu ka?

=1) (As for this kanji) Can you read it?

2) Can you read this kanji? (Showing the contrast: Checking if someone can read other kanji and then ask them if they can read this kanji.)

Ex. 料理はできますか?

= りょうりはできますか?

= Ryouri wa dekimasu ka?

= Can you cook? (bringing up the topic, 料理 = りょうり = ryorui = cooking)

  • object + が ( = ga) / を ( = wo) + verb potential form

Ex. この漢字が読めます。(more common)

= このかんじがよめます。

= Kono kanji ga yomemasu.

= I can read this kanji.

Ex. この漢字を読めます。

= このかんじをよめます。

= Kono kanji wo yomemasu.

Note: Though you hear people use を ( = wo) as an object marker with potential form, が ( = ga) is more common.

Let’s see the nuance difference:

Ex. この漢字が読めますか? (more common)

= このかんじがよめますか?

= Kono kanji ga yomemasu ka?

= Can you read this kanji?

︎Focusing on “this kanji”

Ex. この漢字を読めますか? 

= このかんじをよめますか?

= Kono kanji wo yomemasu ka?

︎Focusing on whether the listener can read this kanji or not.  

Be careful! You don’t use を ( = wo) with できます ( = dekimasu) / できません ( = dekimasen)

Ex. 料理ができますか?

= りょうりができますか?

= Ryouri ga dekimasu ka?

= Can you cook?

料理をできますか? (not natural)

= りょうりをできますか?

= Ryouri wo dekimasu ka?

Ex. はい、料理ができます。

= はい、りょうりができます。

= Hai, ryouri ga dekimasu.

= Yes, I can cook.

料理をできます。(not natural)

= りょうりをできます。

= Ryouri wo dekimasu.

Ex. いいえ、料理ができません。

= いいえ、りょうりができません。

= Iie, ryouri ga dekimasen.

= No, I can’t cook.

料理をできません。(not natural)

= りょうりをできません。

= Ryouri wo dekimasen.

Note 6) What particle to use after a subject.

When it is clear who you are talking about, you omit the subject.

Ex. A: 「明日会える?」

= あしたあえる?

= Ashita aeru?

= Can you see me tomorrow?

B: 「うん、会えるよ。」

= うん、あえるよ。

= Un, aeru yo.

= Yeah, I can (see you).

A: 「じゃあ、7時にうちに来られる?」

= じゃあ、しちじにうちにこられる?

= Jaa, shichiji ni uchi ni koreru?

= OK, then can you come over at 7:00?

B: 「7時は行けないけど、8時だったら行けるよ。」

= しちじはいけないけど、はちじだったらいけるよ。

= Shichiji wa ikenai kedo, hachiji dattara ikeru yo.

= I can’t go there at 7:00, but I can at 8:00.

I won’t go into too much detail here, but when you stress the subject, you use particles such as

は ( = wa) / に ( = ni) (in a question) / も ( = mo) also/ にも ( = nimo) also, even /でも ( = demo) also, even /なら ( = nara) If it’s someone / だけ ( = dake) only

  • In a negative sentence

には ( = niwa) / しか ( = shika) only/ だけしか ( = dakeshika)/だけでは ( = dakedewa) not just ~, etc. depending on the context.

Ex. この曲は難しいからマギーには弾けないよ。

= このきょくはむずかしいからマギーにはひけないよ。

= Kono kyoku wa muzukashii kara Maggie niwa hikenai yo.

= This song is so difficult for you that you won’t be able to play it, Maggie.

Note: You only use には ( = niwa) / にも ( = nimo) / でも ( = demo) when you are talking about one’s ability not one’s availability.

Ex. 明日、私は出かけられません。

= あした、わたしはでかけられません。

= Ashita watashi wa dekakeraremasen.

= I can’t go out tomorrow.

→ X 明日、私には出かけられません。(wrong)

= あした、わたしにはでかけられません。

= Ashita, watashi niwa dekakeraremasen.

Ex. この曲は私にも/でも弾ける。

= このきょくはわたしにも/でもひける。

= Kono kyoku wa watashi nimo/demo hikeru.

= Even I can play this song.

Ex. この曲は彼しか弾けない。

= このきょくはかれしかひけない。

= Kono kyoku wa kare shika hikenai.

= Only he can play this song.

Ex. マギーなら弾けるよ。

= マギーならひけるよ。

= Maggie nara hikeru yo.

= I believe you can play it, Maggie.

(Emphasizing マギー = Maggie)

Ex. 私は弾けるけど、マギーは弾けないでしょ。

= わたしはひけるけど、マギーはひけないでしょ。

= Watashi wa hikeru kedo, Maggie wa hikenai desho.

= I can play it, but you won’t be able to play it, Maggie.

(Showing the contrast between 私 = わたし = watashi and マギー = Maggie )

★How to use

1) Talking about something can do something/can’t do something (physically, mentally) / Talking about one’s ability

Ex. 「マギー、泳げないって本当?」

= マギー、およげないってほんとう?

= Maggie, oyogenai tte hontou?

= Maggie, is it true that you can’t swim?

Maggie: 「そうなの。実は、かなづちなんだ。」

= そうなの。じつはかなづちなんだ。

= Sounano. Jitsu wa kanazuchi nanda.

= Yeah, that’s right. I can’t swim at all.

Note: The literal meaning of 金槌 = かなづち ( = kanazuchi) is “a hammer”, but it also refers to a person who can’t swim /someone who sinks like a stone.

Ex. A:「こちらの用紙にご記入ください。」

= こちらのようしにごきにゅうください。

= Kochira no youshi ni gokinyuu kudasai.

= Please fill out this form.

B: 「漢字がまだ読めないので手伝ってもらえますか?」

= かんじがまだよめないのでてつだってもらえますか?

= Kanji ga mada yomenai node tetsudatte moraemasu ka?

= I still can’t read kanji so would you help me?

Ex. 新しいゲームが欲しいんだけどお金がないから買えない。

= あたらしいゲームがほしいんだけどおかねがないからかえない。

= Atarashii geemu ga hoshiin dakedo okane ga nai kara kaenai.

= I want to buy a new game but I can’t afford it. (I can’t buy it because I don’t have money.)

Ex. ひらがなは書けますが、カタカナはまだ書けません。

= ひらがなはかけますが、カタカナはまだかけません。

= Hiragana wa kakemasu ga, katakana wa mada kakemasen.

= I can write hiragana, but I can’t write katakana yet.

Ex. 熱くて食べられません。

= あつくてたべられません。

= Atsukute taberaremasen.

= This is too hot. I can’t eat it.

Ex. うちの子はまだ歩けません。

= うちのこはまだあるけません。

= Uchi no ko wa mada arukemasen.

= My child still can’t walk.

Ex. 彼女の名前は何度聞いても難しくて覚えられない。

= かのじょのなまえはなんどきいてもむずかしくておぼえられない。

= Kanojo no namae wa nando kiitemo muzukashikute oboerarenai.

= Her name is difficult so no matter how many times I ask, I can’t remember her name.

Ex. テストの問題が難しくて半分以上答えらなかった。= テストのもんだいがむずかしくてはんぶんいじょうこたえられなかった。

= Tesuto no mondai ga muzukashikute hanbun ijou kotaerarenakatta.

= The questions in the test were too difficult and I couldn’t answer more than half of them.

Ex. 夜、コーヒーを飲むと眠れない。

= よる、コーヒーをのむとねむれない。

= Yoru, koohii wo nomu to nemurenai.

= If I drink coffee at night, I can’t fall asleep.

Ex. 父は食べきれないほどの料理を注文した。

= ちちはたべきれないほどのりょうりをちゅうもんした。

= Chichi wa tabekirenai hodo no ryouri wo chuumon shita.

= My father ordered so much food (that we couldn’t finish eating).

Ex. そんな高価なものを受け取れません。

= そんなこうかなものをうけとれません。

= Sonna koukana mono wo uketoremasen.

= I can’t accept such an expensive thing. (This is way too nice.)

1) Availability

Ex. 来週は仕事に来られません。

= らいしゅうはしごとにこらません。

= Raishuu wa shigoto ni koraremasen.

= I can’t come to work the next week.

Ex. 明日は行けませんが明後日なら行けます。

=あしたはいけませんがあさってならいけます。

= Ashita wa ikemasen ga, asatte nara ikemasu.

= I can’t go tomorrow, but I can go the day after tomorrow.

Ex. 昨夜は、隣の部屋がうるさくて全然寝られなかった。

= さくやは、となりのへやがうるさくてぜんぜんねられなかった。

= Sakuya wa, tonari no heya ga urusakute zenzen nerarenakatta.

= The next-door neighbors were so loud that I couldn’t sleep at all last night.

Ex. こんなシャツ、ダサすぎて着られないよ。(Casual)

= こんなシャツ、ダサすぎてきられないよ。

= Konna shatsu, dasasugite kirarenaiyo.

= This shirt is too dorky to wear. (This shirt is too dorky. I can’t wear it.)

3) Talking about some situation/circumstances/conditions where or when one can or cannot do something.

Ex. ここではタバコは吸えません。

= ここではタバコはすえません。

= Kokodewa tabako wa suemasen.

= You are not allowed to smoke here.

Ex. 二十歳になるまでお酒が飲めません。

= はたちになるまでおさけがのめません。

= Hatachi ni narumade osake ga nomemasen.

= You are not allowed to drink until (you are) 20 years old.

Ex. どこで切符が買えますか?

= どこできっぷがかえますか?

= Dokode kippu ga kaemasu ka?

= Where can I buy a ticket?

Ex. こんなうるさいところで勉強できない。

= こんなうるさいところでべんきょうできない。

= Konna urusai tokoro de benkyou dekinai.

= I can’t study in a noisy place like this.

Ex. 図書館では話せないからコーヒーショップに行こうか。

= としょかんでははなせないからコーヒーショップにいこうか。

= Toshokan dewa hanasenai kara koohii shoppu ni ikou ka.

= We can’t talk (we are not allowed to talk) in the library so why don’t we go to a coffee shop?

Ex. A:「明日は人間ドックなので食べられません。」

= あしたは、にんげんドックなのでたべられません。

= Ashita wa ningen dokku nanode taberaremasen.

= I have a medical checkup tomorrow, so I can’t eat.

B:「夜の8時までなら食べられるんじゃないの?」

= よるのはちじまでならたべられるんじゃないの?

= Yoru no hachiji made nara taberarerun janai no?

= You can eat until 8:00 pm, right?

Ex. A: 「Suicaはどこで買えますか?」

= Suicaはどこでかえますか?

= Suica wa doko de kaemasu ka?

= Where can I get a Suica card ?

B:「ネットでも買えますよ。」

= ネットでもかえますよ。

= Netto demo kaemasu yo.

= You can buy it on the Internet as well.

A: 「デパートでも使えますか?」

= デパートでもつかえますか?

= Depaato demo tsukaemasu ka?

= Can we use it at the department stores?

B: 「いえ、デパートでは使えないと思います。」

= いえ、デパートではつかえないとおもいます。

= Ie, depaato dewa tsukaenai to omoimasu.

= No, I don’t think you can use it at the department store

Note: Suica: Prepaid IC card that you can use for transportation and shopping.

Ex. ここのテーマパークは子供から大人まで楽しめます。

= ここのテーマパークはこどもからおとなまでたのしめます。

= Kokono teemapaakuwa kodomo kara otona made tanoshimemasu.

= Anyone from adults to children can enjoy themselves at this theme park.

3) Modifying a noun: something ~ able/un ~ able

Ex. 今日はありがとう。忘れられない思い出になると思います。

= きょうはありがとう。わすれられないおもいでになるとおもいます。

= Kyou wa arigatou. Wasurerarenai omoide ni naru to omoimasu.

= Thank you for today. I’m sure this will be an unforgettable memory.

Ex. もう着られなくなった服は誰かに寄付しよう。

= もうきられなくなったふくはだれかにきふしよう。

= Mou kirarenaku natta fuku wa dareka ni kifu shiyou.

= I am going to donate the clothes I can’t wear anymore (to someone).

Ex. 信じられないことが起こった。

= しんじられないことがおこった。

= Shinjirarenai koto ga okotta.

= Something unbelievable happened.

マギー先生より = Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

これからもみんなが楽しめるレッスンを作っていきますね。

= これからもみんながたのしめるレッスンをつくっていきますね。

= Korekara mo minna ga tanoshimeru ressun wo tsukutte ikimasune.

= We’ll keep making more lessons that you all can enjoy, OK?

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「魚でも日本語の先生になれますか?」

= Sakana demo nihongo no sensei ni naremasu ka?

= Even a fish can be a Japanese teacher?

Hi, everyone!

We are your guest teachers for today, Sakana (Fish) Sensei!

We are going to teach you how to use でも ( = demo)

We will teach you the basic usages and also the one that may not cover in your text book.

How to use:

  1. but:

There are a few ways to say “but / however” in Japanese.

けれども ( = keredomo)

けど ( = kedo)

が ( = ga)

だが ( = daga)

しかし ( = shikashi)

しかしながら ( = shikashinagara), etc.

Unlike けれども ( = keredomo) 、けど ( = kedo) 、が ( = ga), you can’t connect sentence with でも ( = demo) .

I am busy today but I am free tomorrow.

今日は忙しいけれども、明日は暇です。

= Kyou wa isogashii keredomo, ashita wa hima desu.

今日は忙しいけど、明日は暇です。(casual/more conversational)

= Kyou wa isogashii ashita wa hima desu.

今日は忙しいが、明日は暇だ。(written form)

= Kyou wa isogashii ga, ashita wa hima da.

You can’t connect sentences with でも( = demo).

X 今日は忙しいでも、明日は暇です。(wrong)

= Kyou wa isogashii demo, ashita wa hima desu.

You say something first and then start a new sentence with でも ( = demo).

→今日は忙しいです。でも明日は暇です。

= Kyou wa isogashii desu. Demo ashita wa hima desu.

You can also start a sentence with しかし ( = shikashi) / だが ( = daga) but compared to them, でも ( = demo) is much more casual.

しかし ( = shikashi) / だが ( = daga) is used more in writing.

でも ( = demo) is for casual conversation.

It would be unnatural to use しかし ( = shikashi) in conversation.

今日は忙しいです。しかし明日は暇です。(Not natural in conversation.)

= Kyou wa isogashii desu. Shikashi ashita wa hima desu.

or

今日は忙しいです。だが明日は暇です。(Also not natural.)

= Kyou wa isogashii desu. Daga ashiat wa hima desu.

しかし ( = shikashi) / だが ( = daga) are used for more formal writing/speech.

Ex. インターネットは情報を集めるのにとても便利だ。しかしネット上の全ての情報が正しいとは限らない。

= Intaanetto wa jouhou wo atsumeru noni totemo benrida. Shikashi netto jou no subete no jouhou ga tadashii to wa kagiranai.

= Internet is very convenient for gathering information. However, the information on the internet is not always correct.

(1) A is ~ . But B is ~ (Showing the contrast/something paradoxical)

Ex. 母は私に厳しい。でも弟には優しい。

= Haaha wa watashi ni kibishii. Demo otouto niwa yasashii .

= My mom is strict with me. But she is sweet to my little brother.

Ex. 今日はいいお天気だったね。でも明日は雨が降るみたいだよ。

= Kyou wa ii otenki dattane. Demo ashita wa ame ga furu mitai dayo.

= The weather was lovely today. But I heard it was going to rain tomorrow.

Ex. 彼女はきれいだよ。でも性格がちょっと*ね…

= Kanojo wa kirei dayo. Demo seikaku ga chotto ne…

= She is beautiful. But she has some problems with her personality.

(*ちょっと( = chotto): You finish the sentence with ちょっと( = chotto) to avoid straight forward way to say 性格が悪い ( = seikaku ga warui) to have a bad personality.)

Ex. 日本食は好きです。でも納豆は苦手です。

= Nihonoshoku wa suki desu. Demo nattou wa nigate desu.

= I like Japanese food. But I am not fond of Natto. (fermented soybeans)

Ex. 試合に負けちゃったね。でもみんなよくがんばったよ。

= Shiai ni makechatta ne. Demo minna yoku ganbatta yo.

= It’s too bad that we lost the game. But everybody did their best.

(2) When you object/talk back to someone/ deny what someone said

Ex. 母:「早く寝なさい!」

Haha = Hayaku nenasai.

Mother = Go to bed already!

B: 子供「でも、まだ宿題が終わってないもん*。」

Kodomo = Demo, mada shukudai ga owate nai mon.

Child = But I haven’t done my homework yet.

Note: Children or young girls use もん ( = mon) suffix when they make their point.

Ex. A: 「今日は割り勘ね。」

= Kyou wa warikan ne.

= We split the check today.

B:「でも、この間、お昼をおごってくれるって言ったじゃない」

= Demo, konoaida, ohiru wo ogotte kurerutte ittajenai.

= But the other day you said you were going to treat me to lunch.

(3) When you add more information to the previous sentence and don’t just negate it.

Ex. 犬が好きです。でも猫も好きです。

= Inu ga suki desu. Demo neko mo suki desu.

= I like dogs. But I also like cats.

Ex. 彼の気持ちもよくわかります。でも彼にはもっと強くなってほしいです。

= Kare no kimochi mo yoku wakarimasu. Demo kare ni wa motto tsuyoku natte hoshii desu.

= I understand how he feels. But I want him to become stronger.

Ex. A: 「やっとケーキが出来た!」

= Yatto keiki ga dekita!

= I finally finished the cake!

B: 「でももっと生クリームをのせた方が美味しくなるよ」

= Demo motto namakuriimu wo noseta hou ga oishiku naru yo.

= But it will be more delicious if you add more whipped cream.

Ex. A: 「お腹いっぱい!もうこれ以上食べられないよ。」

= Onaka ippai! Mou kore ijou taberarenai yo.

= I am stuffed. I can’t eat anymore!

B:「でもデザートは別腹っていうよ。」

= Demo dezaato wa betsubaratte iu yo.

= But you know we say “there is always room for dessert”

Ex. A: 「あきらくん、りさと結婚するんだって。」

= Akira-kun, Risa to kekkon surun datte.

= I heard Akira will get married to Risa.

B:「でも付き合っていた彼女はどうなったの?」

= Demo tsukiatte ita kanojo wa dounatta no?

= But what happened to the girl he was dating?

Ex. A: 「ナオミがいなくなると寂しくなるな。」

= Naomi ga inaku naruto samishiku naruna.

= I am going to miss you when we graduate.

Naomi:「でもすぐまた会えるよ。」

= Demo sugu mata aeru yo.

= But we can see each other soon!

  1. ~ and so on / and something: When you suggest something bring up some examples.

  2. noun + (particle) + でも ( = demo) : something like ~

For example, when you offer someone specifically a cup of tea, you say:

Ex. お茶飲まない?

= Ocha nomanai?

= Do you want some tea?

But if you say:

→ お茶でも飲まない?

= Ocha demo nomanai?

= Would you like some tea or something?

It sounds softer and gives the listener some other choices. Would you like tea or some other drinks?

Ex. 次の週末、京都にでも行かない?

= Tsugi no shuumatsu, Kyouto ni demo ikanai?

= Do you want to go to Kyoto or somewhere next weekend?

Ex. 暇だからゲームでもしようかな。

= Hima dakara geemu demo shiyou kana.

= I am bored. I guess I am going to play a game or something.

Ex. お腹がすいたの? たこやきでも食べる?

= Onakaga suita no? Takoyaki demo taberu?

= Are you hungry? Would you like takoyaki (octopus balls) or something? 

Ex. 一人暮らしが寂しいなら猫でも飼ったら?

= Hitori gurashi ga samishii nara neko demo kattara?

= If you feel lonely living by yourself, why don’t you get a cat?

Ex. 寝られなかったら本でも読んだら?

= Nerarenakattara hon demo yondara?

= If you can’t sleep, why don’t you read a book or something?

  1. Even ~

  2. noun + でも ( = demo)

Ex. マギー先生のサイトでは魚でもゲスト先生になれます。

= Maggie Sensei no saito de wa sakana demo gesuto sensei ni naremasu.

= Even fish can be a guest teacher on Maggie Sensei’s site.

Ex. 宿題は、明後日でもいいですか?

= Shukudai wa, asatte demo ii desu ka?

= Do you mind if I turn in my homework the day after tomorrow?

Note: For more usage of でもいい ( = demo ii), check out this lesson!

Ex. これでもがんばっているつもりだよ。

= Kore demo ganbatte iru tsumori dayo.

= literal translation (Even this, I think I am doing my best.)

= It may not seem good enough but I am doing my best.

  1. AでもBでも = A demo B demo = even A and B

Ex. 忘年会には、お菓子でも飲み物でも好きなものをなんでも持ってきてください。

= Bouennkai niwa, okashi demo nomimono demo sukina mono wo nandemo motte kite kudasai.

= Please bring snacks, drinks or whatever you like to the year end party.

Ex. この料理にはマヨネーズでもケチャップでもなんでも好きなものをつけてください。

= Kono ryouri ni wa mayoneezu demo kechappu demo nandemo sukina mono wo tsukete kudasai.

= You can put mayo, ketchup or anything you want for this dish.

Ex. 今日でも明日でもいいから充電コード買ってきてね。

= Kyou demo ashita demo ii kara juuden koodo katte kitene.

= It doesn’t matter whether you do it today or tomorrow but get a charging cable for me, OK?

  1. verb te-form Vて ( = te) + でも( = demo) at all costs, by all means/you want to do something even doing something extreme. In order to achieve something, you even do something extreme.:expressing one’s strong desire or will

It sounds stronger than Vても( =temo) / でも(=demo)

Ex. 友達にうそをついてでも彼に会いたかった。

= Tomodachi ni uso wo tuite demo kare ni aitakatta.

= Even I lie to my friends, I wanted to see him.

(It shows stronger will than うそをついても( = uso wo tsuitemo)

Ex. 徹夜で勉強してでもこの試験には受からないといけない。

= Tetsuya de benkyou shite demo kono shiken ni wa ukaranai to ikenai.

= Even I study all night long, I have to pass this exam.

Ex. 何としてでもチケットが欲しい。

= Nanto shite demo chiketto ga hoshii.

= No matter what it takes, I want the ticket.

  1. Any ~

How to form:

  • interrogative pronoun + (particle) + でも ( = demo): any ~ /whatever, whichever, whoever, where

Ex. A: 「明日、どこに行きたい?」

= Ashita, doko ni ikitai ?

= Where do you want to go tomorrow?

B: 「どこでもいいよ。」

= Dokodemo ii yo.

= Anywhere is fine with me.

Ex. こんな仕事は誰に*でもできるよ。

= Konna shigoto wa dareni demo dekiru yo.

= Anybody can do this job.

  • You can also say 誰でもできる( = daredemo dekiru)

In case you wonder, you sometimes use a particle に ( = ni) with potential form or a verb which has a potential meaning.

For example,

私が出来る= watashi ga dekiru

→私に出来ることならなんでもやります。

= Watashi ni dekiru koto nara nandemo yarimasu.

= If it’s anything I am able to do, then I’ll do it.

マギーはわかる ( = Maggie wa wakaru)

→マギーにわかるかな。

= Maggie ni wakaru kana.

= I wonder if Maggie understands.

For more usages of: interrogative word + particle (+ verb + ) ても( = temo ) /でも ( = demo)

check out this lesson!


マギー先生より= Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

魚先生、ありがとう!

= Sakana sensei, arigatou!

= Thank you Sakana-Sensei!

もっと日本語を勉強したかったら私のTwitterでもPatreonでもフォローしてね。

= Motto nihongo wo benkyou shitakattara watashi no Twitter demo Patreon demo forrou shite ne.

= If you want to study more, follow me on Twitter, Patreon and something.


I REALLY appreciate your support! サポートありがとう!

My supporters can access audio files for many lessons on my Patreon page and many many special mini lessons and quiz.

Audio Files for this lesson

Click here.

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「今日は、なにやるの?」

= Kyou wa nani yaru no?

= What are you going to do today?

「今からスパに行こうか考え中…」

= Ima kara supa ni ikou ka kangaechuu…

= I am thinking about whether I should go to spa or not…

Hi everyone!

I’m your guest teacher, Marron.

It’s lovely out here. Should I go to the spa or teach you Japanese?

Hmmm….I guess I will teach you Japanese first.

Today we are going to learn how to make indirect questions with か ( = ka) and かどうか ( = ka douka)

〜か ( = ka)

1) with interrogative words (+ particle) + か ( = ka) / のか ( = noka) or なのか ( = nanoka)

Note: When you emphasize the meaning, uncertainty or doubts, you add の ( = no)

→verb or i-adjecitve + のか ( = noka) / noun or na-adjecitve + な ( = na) + のか ( = noka)

  • 何 = なに ( = nani) = what ~

  • 何〜 = なん〜 ( = nan) = what ~ / how many/much ~

  • どこ ( = doko) = where / where

  • どちら ( = dochira) = where (polite) / which ~

  • 誰 = だれ ( = dare) = who

  • 誰の = だれの = whose ~

  • いつ ( = itsu) = when ~

  • どんな ( = donna) = what kind of ~ / how ~

  • どうやって/どう ( = douyatte / dou) = how ~

You use か ( = ka) for indirect questions.

I’ll show you the pattern first.

  • What time is it now?

→今、何時ですか?

= Ima, nanji desu ka?

Change it to an indirect question

  • Do you know what time it is now?

→今、何時かわかりますか?

= Ima, nanji ka wakarimasu ka?

(more casual)

→今、何時かわかる?

= Ima, nanji ka wakaru?

*How much will it cost to get to Shinjuku?

→新宿までいくらですか?

= Shinjuku made ikura desu ka?

(casual)

→新宿までいくら?

= Shinjuku made ikura?

Change it to an indirect question

*Will you tell me how much it will cost to Shinjuku?

→新宿までいくらか教えてくれますか?

= Shinjuku made ikura ka oshiete kuremasu ka?

(casual)

→新宿までいくらか教えて。

= Shinjuku made ikura ka oshiete.

So far so good?

Now let’s look at the next sentence.

  • Where do you live?

→どこに住んでいますか?

= Doko ni sunde imasu ka?

an indirect question

  • Can you tell me where you live?

You might want to say,

X どこに住んでいますか教えてください。(wrong)

= Doko ni sunde imasu ka oshiete kudasai.

But that would be wrong. Even if you are talking politely, you never use masu-form before か ( = ka)

You have to change it to plain form once.

→住んでいる

= sundeiru

→どこに住んでいるか教えてください。

= Doko ni sunde iru ka oshiete kudasai.

(casual)

どこに住んでいるか教えて。

= Dokoni sunde iru ka oshiete.

  • Marron: Does Maggie like Max?

= マロン:「マギーはマックスのことが好きなの?」

= Marron: “Maggie wa Max no koto ga suki nano?

indirect question

  • Marron asked if Maggie liked Max.

マロンはマギーがマックスのことが好きなのか聞いた。

= Marron wa Maggie ga Max no koto ga suki nano ka kiita.

The verbs that you often use with か ( = ka) are:

  • 知っていますか?( = shitte imasuka)? / * わかりますか? ( = wakarimasu ka) Do you know ?

  • 知らない ( = shiranai) / * 知りません ( = shirimasen) don’t know

  • わかる?( = wakaru?) / * わかりますか?( = wakarimasu ka?) Do you know?

  • わからない ( = wakaranai) / * わかりません ( = wakarimasen) = don’t know

  • 覚えている? ( = oboete iru?) / * 覚えていますか? ( = oboete imasuka? ) = Do you remember ?

  • 覚えていない ( = oboete inai) / * 覚えていません ( = oboete imasen) = don’t remember

  • 教えて ( = oshiete ) / * 教えてください ( = oshiete kudasai) = Tell me

Others: * 調べる ( = shiraberu) to check / * 心配する( = shinpai suru) to worry/ * 見る( = iru) to see, etc.


(Pointing a person in a picture)

Ex. これ誰かわからない。

= Kore dare ka wakaranai.

= I don’t know who it is.

When you emphasize uncertainty add なの ( = nano)

Ex.これ誰なのかわからない。

= Kore dare nano ka wakaranai.

= I don’t know who this is.

Ex. これ誰の傘かわかる?

= Kore dare no kasa ka wakaru?

= Do you know whose umbrella this is?

Ex. このプレゼント誰からかわかる?

= Kono purezento dare kara ka wakaru?

= Do you know who this present is from?

Ex. 彼がどんな人か覚えていない。

= Kare ga donna hito ka oboete inai.

= I don’t remember how he looked / what kind of person he was.

Ex.その本、どこで売っているか知ってる?

= Sono hon, doko de utte iru ka shitteru?

= Do you know where they are selling the book?

Ex. マギーの誕生日はいつか知ってる?

= Maggie no tanjoubi wa itsu ka shitteru?

= Do you know when Maggie’s birthday is?

Ex. これ、何か知ってる?

= Kore, nani ka shitteru?

= Do you know what this is?

Ex. これ、何のためにあるか知ってる?

= Kore, nan no tame ni aru ka shitteru?

= Do you know what this is for?

Ex. ううん、何のためにあるのかわからない。

= Uun, nan no tame ni aru no ka wakaranai.

= No, I don’t (know). I have no idea what it’s for.

(の= no = emphasizing uncertainty)

Ex. ここで何が起きたか知っていますか?

= Koko de nani ga okita ka shitte imasu ka?

= Do you know what happened here?

Ex. 今日が何曜日なのかわからなくなった。

= Kyou ga nan-youbi nano ka wakaranaku natta.

= I don’t know what day of the week it is.

Ex. 一番近い地下鉄の駅はどこか教えてくれますか?

= Ichiban chikai chikatetsu wa doko ka oshiete kuremasu ka?

= Could you tell me where the closest subway station is?

Ex. 今度の飲み会、誰が幹事かわかる?

= Kondo no nomikai, dare ga kanji ka wakaru?

= Do you know who is organizing the next drinking party?

Ex. わんわん病院はどこにあるかわかりますか?

= Wanwan byouin wa doko ni aru ka wakarimasu ka?

= Do you know where Wanwan hospital is?

Ex. 夏休みにどこに行くかまだ決めていません。

= Natsuyasumi ni doko ni iku ka mada kimete imasen.

= I haven’t decided where to go in summer vacation.

Ex. この写真の真ん中の人誰か覚えている?

= Kono shashin no mannaka no hito dare ka oboete iru?

= Do you remember who is the person in the middle of this picture?

Ex. この曲、誰が歌っているか教えて。

= Kono kyoku, dare ga utatte iru ka oshiete.

= Can you tell me who is singing this song?

Ex. 自分がどこの病院で生まれたか知らなかった。

= Jibun ga dokono byouin de umareta ka shiranakatta.

= I didn’t know what hospital I was born in.

Ex.彼が会社でどんな仕事をしているのかわからない。

= Kare ga kaisha de donna shigoto wo shiteiru no ka wakanarai.

= I don’t know what kind of job he does at work.

Ex. 自分がどうやってここに来たのか覚えていない。

= Jibun ga douyatte koko ni kita no ka oboete inai.

= I don’t know how I got here.

2) noun (+ particle) + か ( = ka) / なのか ( = nano ka)

negative

  • noun (+ particle) + ではない ( = dewanai)/ じゃない ( = janai) + か ( = ka) / のか ( = noka)

past tense

  • past tense noun (+ particle) + だった ( = datta) か ( = ka) / のか ( = no ka)

past negative

*noun + (+ particle) ではなかった ( = dewa nakatta) / じゃなかった ( = janakatta) + か ( = ka) / のか ( = noka)

Ex. 最初、マギー先生は人間なのかと思った。

= Saisho, Maggie sensei wa ningen nano ka to omotta.

= I thought Maggie Sensei was a human being at first.

Ex. 彼が言ったことは事実かそのうちわかるでしょう。

= Kare ga itta koto wa jijitsu ka sono uchi wakaru deshou.

= We’ll eventually find out if what he said is true.

Ex. 今日の試験0点じゃないか心配です。

= Kyou no shiken reiten ja nai ka shinpai desu.

= I worry if I will get a zero in today’s lesson.

Ex. A: 「ねえ、行きたかった店、ここじゃない?」

= Nee, ikitakatta mise, koko ja nai?

= Hey, isn’t this the restaurant you always wanted to go to?

「う〜ん、この店だったかよく覚えていないよ。」

= Uun, kono mise datta ka yoku oboete inaiyo.

= Hmmm, I don’t remember whether the restaurant (I was talking about) is this place or not.

When you wonder something, you can attach か with な ( = na) / なあ ( = naa)

(Click this lesson to learn more. )

Ex. 今、電話してきたの田中さんかなあ。

= Ima, denwa shite kita no Tanaka-san ka naa.

= I wonder if the person who just called me was Tanaka-san.

Ex. 明日、雨かな。

= Ashita, ame kana.

= I wonder if it’ll rain tomorrow.

(The translation is “to rain”, a verb, but 雨 ( = ame) is a noun, a rain)

  • noun A + か ( = ka) or + noun B + か ( = ka): Whether A or B

Ex. それは訓読みか音読みか辞書で調べてください。

= Sore wa kun-yomi ka on-yomi ka jisho de shirabete kudasai.

= Please check if it’s the kun reading or the on-reading.

Ex. 早希さんおめでたみたいだよ。まだ男の子か女の子かわからないけど。

= Saki-san omedeta mitai dayo. Mada otokonoko ka onnano ko ka wakaranai kedo.

= I heard Saki is expecting. I don’t know if it’s a boy or a girl yet, though.

Ex. 彼が言ったことが嘘か本当か確かめたい。

= Kare ga itta koto ga uso ka hontou ka tashikametai.

= I’d like to verify if what he said is true or not.

  • adjective + か ( = ka)

Ex. 京子さんは元気かなあ?

= Kyouko san wa genki kanaa.

= I wonder if Kyoko-san is doing OK.

Ex. どっちの映画が面白いか教えて。

= Docchi no eiga ga omoshiroi ka oshiete .

= Tell me which movie is interesting.

Ex. 友達に明日忙しいか聞かれた。

= Tomodachi ni ashita isogashii ka kikareta.

= My friend asked me if I was busy tomorrow.

Ex. 息子のアパートが汚くないか心配だ。

= Musuko no apaato ga kitanaku nai ka shinpai da.

= I worry if my son’s apartment is messy.

  • verb (any tense) / auxiliary verb + (の= no) か ( = ka)

Ex. 自分がなにをやりたいのかわからない。

= Jibun ga nani wo yaritai no ka wakaranai.

= I don’t know what I want to do.

Ex. どこに住んでいるか教えてくれる?

= Doko ni sunde iru ka oshiete kureru?

= Can you tell me where you live?

Ex. 明日、東京に行くかまだ決めていない。

= Ashita, Toukyou ni iku ka mada kimete inai.

= I haven’t decided yet whether or not I’m going to Tokyo tomorrow.

Ex. 今日は晴れるかと思った。

= Kyou wa hareru ka to omotta.

= I thought it would be sunny today.

Ex. 今までどれだけ自分ががんばって勉強してきたのか誰も知らない。

= Imamade doredake jibun ga ganbatte benkyou shitekita no ka dare mo shiranai.

= Nobody knows how hard I have been studying.

  • verb (affirmative form) + (の= no) か ( = ka) + verb (negative form/contrast verb) + (の= no) か ( = ka)

When you emphasize the contrast whether one does something or not.

Ex. 仕事を辞めるか辞めないか迷っている。

= Shigoto wo yameru ka yamenai ka mayotte iru.

= I can’t decide whether or not to quit my job.

Ex. マギーがまだ寝ているか起きているか見てくる。

= Maggie ga mada nete iru ka okite iru ka mite kuru.

= I’ll go check and see if Maggie is sleeping or already up.

  • adjective (affirmative form) + (の= no/なの= nano) か ( = ka) + adjective(negative form/contrast adjective) + (の= no/なの= nano) か ( = ka)

Ex. 私のこと、好きなのか好きじゃないのかはっきりして!

= Watashi no koto suki nano ka suki ja nai no ka hakkiri shite.

= Make up mind if you like me or not.

Ex. 会議室が十分、広いか狭いか調べてください。

= Kaigishitsu ga juubun, hiroi ka semai ka shirabete kudasai.

= Please check whether the meeting room is spacious enough or too small.


かどうか ( = ka douka) /(な)のかどうか ( = ( na) no ka dou ka)

= “if ~ or not / whether ~ or not”

Ex. A: 明日までに行くか行かないか教えて。

= Ashita made ni iku ka ikanai ka oshiete.

= Let me know by tomorrow whether you are going or not going.

→ B: 明日までに行くかどうか教えて。

= Ashita made ni iku ka dou ka oshiete.

= Let me know by tomorrow whether you are going or not.

1) noun +(なの= nano) + かどうか ( = ka dou ka)

(past tense: noun + だった(の)かどうか ( = datta (no) ka douka)

Ex. 身分証明書が必要かどうか教えてください。

= Mibunshoumeisho ga hitsuyou ka douka oshiete kudasai.

= Can you tell me if I need my i.d. or not?

Ex. 試合は明日なのかどうかコーチに聞いてきます。

= Shiai wa ashita nano ka douka koochi ni kiite kimasu.

= I will go ask my coach to find out if the game is tomorrow or not.

Ex. マギー先生はきれいなので、元モデルだったのかどうか気になります。

= Maggie sensei wa kirei nano de, moto moderu datta noka dou ka ki ni narimasu.

= Maggie sensei is beautiful so I am curious as to whether she used to be a model or not.

2) adjective (present/past) + (i-adjective + の ( = no) /na-adjective なの ( = nano) ) + かどうか ( = ka dou ka)

Ex. このアプリは便利かどうか使ってみないとわからない。

= Kono apuri wa benri ka dou ka tsukatte minai to wakaranai.

= I can’t know if this app is useful or not until I use it.

Ex. 彼女のことが本当に好きなのかどうかわからなくなってきた。

= Kanojo no koto ga hontou ni suki nano ka dou ka wakaranaku natte kita.

= I don’t know if I really like her or not anymore.

Ex. お味噌汁、作ったんだけどおいしいかどうか味見して。

= Omisoshiru, tsukuttan dakedo oishii ka dou ka ajimi shite.

= I made miso soup. Do you want to taste it to see if it’s good?

Ex.こっちの店の方が高いかどうか調べてみるね。

= Kocchi no mise no hou ga takai ka dou ka shirabete miru ne.

= I will check if this store is more expensive or not.

Ex. 明日、暑いかどうか天気予報を見てみよう。

= Ashita , atsui ka dou ka tenki youhou wo mite miyou.

= Let’s check the weather forecast if it is going to be hot tomorrow or not.

3) verb (any tense) + (の= no) + かどうか ( = ka dou ka)

Ex. 息子が試験に受かったかどうかわからない。

= Musuko ga shiken ni ukatta ka douka wakaranai.

= I don’t know if my son passed the exam or not.

Ex. 道が渋滞しているかどうか行ってみないとわからない。

= Michi ga juutai shite iru ka dou ka itte mitani to wakaranai.

= We don’t know if there is traffic or not until we go.

Ex. 明日の飲み会に行くかどうかまだ決めていない。

= Ashita no nomikai ni iku ka dou ka mada kimte inai.

= I haven’t decided whether or not I’ll go to the drinking party tomorrow.

Ex. マギーが寝ているかどうか見てきて。

= Maggie ga nete iru ka dou ka mite kite.

= Can you go check to see whether Maggie is sleeping or not?

Ex. 彼女が僕とデートをしたいのかどうか知りたい。

= Kanojo ga boku to deeto wo shitai no ka dou ka shiritai.

= I want to know whether she wants go out with me or not.

Ex. うまくいくかどうかやってみないとわからない。

= Umaku iku ka douka yatte minai to wakaranai.

= You never know if it is going to work out OK or not until you try.


マギー先生より = Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

マロン先生、ありがとう!

= Maron Sensei arigatou!

= Thank you, Marron Sensei!

レッスンが終わったからゆっくりスパを楽しんできてください。

= Ressun ga owatta kara yukkuri supa wo tanoshinde kite kudasai.

= Now that the lesson is over, you can go to spa and enjoy yourself.


I REALLY appreciate your support! サポートありがとう!

My supporters can access audio files for many lessons on my Patreon page and lots of mini lessons and quiz.

Audio Files for this lesson

Part 1 Click here.

Part 2 Click here.

Part 3 Click here.

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「大きくなったらライオンになるつもりです。」

= Ookiku nattara raion ni naru tsumori desu.

= I am going to be a lion when I grow up.

Hi everyone! Today’s guest teacher is Dai Sensei.

He is just a few months old but all ready to be your teacher today.

Today we are going to study how to use つもり ( = tsumori)

Before I explain the usage, how would you tell someone what you are going to do/ you intend / you have decided?

Well, you could simply use dictionary form or masu form.

  • 彼女と秋に結婚する/結婚します。

= Kanojo to aki ni kekon suru/ kekkon shimasu.

= I am going to marry her in the fall.

Or you can use the volitional verb form + 思っている ( = omotte iru) /と思っています ( = omotte imasu) It sounds a little softer because you add 思っています ( = omotte imasu), thinking

→ 彼女と秋に結婚しようと思っている/思っています。

= Kanojo to aki ni kekkon shiyou to omotte iru/omotte imasu.

= I am thinking about marrying her in fall.

If you have been thinking whether or not you are going to marry her and then finally decide you are going to marry her, you would tell people about your decision by saying,

→ 彼女と秋に結婚することにしました。

= Kanojo to aki ni kekon suru koto ni shimashita.

= I decided to marry her in the fall.

Now, if you’ve already decided to marry her and you’ve set the wedding day, the place, and invited the people, etc. you would say,

→ 彼女と秋に結婚する予定です。

= Kanojo to aki ni kekkon suru yotei desu.

= I am planning to marry her in fall.

予定 ( = yotei) is used when you have decided more details. (For example, you’ve already fixed the schedule/ time / place/ itinerary / accommodations / transportation, etc. ). 予定 ( = yotei) doesn’t express your intention. It represents your plans.

Finally, if you just want to focus on expressing your strong intentions, you would use つもり ( = tsumori)

Ex. 彼女と秋に結婚するつもりです。

= Kanojo to aki ni kekkon suru tsumori desu.

= I intend to marry her in the fall.

Note:

1) Since つもり ( = tsumori) expresses your strong intention, even if the English translation is “I’m going to ~ “, you don’t use it for daily activities that you can do easily without making big decisions.

I’m getting thirsty. I am going to the kitchen and get some water.

→喉が渇いたから台所に行って水を飲んでくるつもりです。(Not natural)

= Nodo ga kawaita kara daidokoro ni itte mizu wo nonde kuru tsumori desu.

→水を飲んできます。( = mizu wo nonde kimasu) is more natural.

2) You don’t use つもり ( = tsumori) with someone superior.

Talking to your boss.

Are you going to attend the meeting tomorrow?

→ 明日、会議に出るつもりですか?

= Ashita, kaigi ni deru tsumori desu ka? (←This sounds impolite.)

→明日、会議に出られますか?

= Ashita, kaigi ni deraremasu ka? (←This sounds natural.)

3) You can’t use つもり ( = tsumori) if you just decide to do something.

Ex.「デパートで夏のバーゲン始まったよ。」

= Depaato de natsu no baagen hajimatta yo.

= The summer sales at the department store just started.

OK, I’ll go now.

→「じゃあ、今からいくつもりです。」(Not natural)

= Jaa, ima kara iku tsumori desu.

It will be more natural to say

→「じゃあ、今から行ってくる。」

= Jaa, ima kara itte kuru.

= OK, I will go now.

or use could use the volitional form:

→「じゃあ、今から行こうかな。」

= Jaa, ima kara ikou kana.

= OK, I guess I will go now.

4) When you talk about someone else’s intention

It is OK to use it in a question form

Ex. いつ日本に留学するつもりなの?

= Itsu nihon ni ryuugaku suru tsumori nano?

= When are you going to study in Japan?

Ex. 彼はいつ日本に留学するつもりなのだろう。

= Kare wa itsu nihon ni ryuugaku suru tsumori nano darou.

= I wonder when he is going to study in Japan.

But when you state someone’s intention,

→ 彼は6月に日本に留学するつもりだ。

= Kare wa rokugatsu ni nihon ni ryuugaku suru tsumori da.

It doesn’t sound natural unless you are talking about someone close to you that you can empathize with.

It would be more natural to use らしい ( = rashii) / ようだ ( = youda) / みたい ( = mitai) which means “It seems like, I heard ~”

→彼は6月に日本に留学するつもりらしい。(OK)

= Kare wa rokugatsu ni nihon ni ryuugakusuru tsumori rashii.

= It seems like he is going to study in Japan in June.


Here are some more important points about how to use つもり ( = tsumori).

How to use つもり ( = tsumori)

  1. to express one’s intention: going to / decide to / intend to / mean to do something

★How to form:

1) verb dictionary form + つもり ( = tsumori) + だ  ( = da) / です* ( = desu)

2) verb negative form Vない ( = nai) + つもり( = tsumori) + だ ( = da) / です ( = desu)

verb dictionary form + つもり ( = tsumori) + は ( = wa) + ない ( = nai)

3) verb dictionary form + つもり ( = tsumori) + だった ( = datta) / でした ( = deshita)

4) verb negative form Vない ( = nai) + つもり( = tsumori) + だった( = datta) / でした ( = deshita)


1) verb dictionary form + つもり ( = tsumori) + だ ( = da) / です* ( = desu)

→talking about what you are going to do /what you intend to do.

Ex. これからもっと日本語の勉強をがんばるつもりです。

= Korekara motto nihongo no benkyou wo ganbaru tsumori desu.

= I am going to study Japanese harder from now on.

Note: It sounds more determined compared to がんばります ( = ganbarimasu).

Ex. 彼に本当のことを言うつもりです。

= Kare ni hontou no koto wo iu tsumori desu.

= I am going to tell him the truth.

Ex. 来年は新しい車を買うつもりだ。

= Rainen wa atarashii kuruma wo kau tsumori da.

= I am going to buy a new car next year.

Ex. もしJLPTの試験に受かったら日本の会社で働くつもりだ。

= Moshi JLPT no shiken ni ukattara nihon no kaisha de hataraku tsumori da.

= If I pass the JLPT test, I am going to work for a Japanese company.

Ex. 「バイトをやめてこれからどうするつもりなの?」

= Baito wo yamete korekara dousuru tsumori nano?

= What are you going to do now after quitting your part time job?

「もっと自分に合った仕事を探すつもりです。」

= Motto jibun ni atta shigoto wo sagasu tsumori desu.

= I am going to look for more suitable work for me.

Ex. 何があっても家族を守るつもりです。

= Nani ga attemo kazoku wo mamoru tsumori desu.

= No matter what happens, I am going to protect my family.

Ex. こんな遅くにどこへ行くつもり?

= Konna osoku ni doko e iku tsumori?

= Where are you going this late at night?

2)

a) verb negative form Vない ( = nai) + つもり ( = tsumori) + だ ( = da) / です ( = desu)

b) verb dictionary form + つもり ( = tsumori) + は ( = wa)/ では ( = dewa) / (casual) じゃ ( = ja) + ない ( = nai) / ありません (= arimasen ) (It sounds stronger)

→Talking about what you are NOT going to do/ what you don’t intend to do.

Note: b) expresses stronger will.

Ex. やせるまで甘いものは何も食べないつもりだ。

= Yaseru made amai mono wa nani mo tabenai tsumori da.

= I am not going to eat any sweets until I lose weight.

And if you want to show your decision even more clearly,

→やせるまで甘いものは何も食べるつもりはない。

= Yaseru made amai mono wa nani mo taberu tsumori wa nai.

= I have no intention of eating sweets until I lose weight.

Ex. 彼には私が結婚することを言わないつもりです。

= Kare niwa watashi ga kekkon suru koto wo iwanai tsumori desu.

= I am not going to tell him that I am going to get married.

→彼に私が結婚することを言うつもりはありません。

= Kare ni watashi ga kekkon suru koto wo iu tsumori wa arimasen.

= I have no intention of telling him that I am going to get married.

Ex. このことは誰にも言わないつもりだ。

= Kono koto wa dare nimo iwanai tsumori da.

= I am not going to tell anybody about this.

Ex. 旅行に行ったら危ないところには近づかないつもりです。

= Ryokou ni ittara abunai tokoro niwa chikazukanai tsumori desu.

= I am not going to go near dangerous areas when I go traveling.

(= I am going to stay away from the dangerous areas when I go traveling.)

Ex. 今日は1日雨だからどこにも行かないつもりだ。

= Kyou wa ichinichi ame dakara doko nimo ikanai tsumori da.

= It’s raining all day today so I am not going anywhere.

Ex. このプロジェクトを諦めるつもりはありません。

= Kono projekuto wo akirameru tsumori wa arimasen.

= I am not going to give up on this project.

Ex. 日本語の勉強をやめるつもりはないです。

= Nihongo no benkyou wo yameru tsumori wa nai desu.

= I am not going to quit studying Japanese.

3) verb dictionary form + つもり ( = tsumori) + だった ( = datta) / でした ( = deshita)

→Talking about what you were going to do/what you intended to but you didn’t do that after all.

Ex. 京都までは車でいくつもりだったがやっぱり電車で行くことにした。

= Kyouto made wa kuruma de iku tsumori datta ga yappari densha de iku koto ni shita.

= I was going to go to Kyoto by car but I changed my mind and decided to go there by train instead.

Ex. 週末、旅行に行くつもりだったが台風でキャンセルになった。

= Shuumatsu, ryokou ni iku tsumori dattaga taifuu de kyanseru ni natta.

= I was going to go traveling over the weekend but cancelled because of the typhoon.

Ex. 日本人と話すときは日本語だけで話すつもりだったが、思ったより難しそうだ。

= Nihonjin to hanasu toki wa nihongo dake de hanasu tsumori datta ga, omotta yori muzukashisouda.

= I was going to speak only in Japanese when I talk to Japanese people but it seems harder than I thought it would be.

Ex. もっと安い服を買うつもりだったのにこの高い服を買っちゃった。

= Motto yasui fuku wo kau tsumori datta noni kono takai fuku wo kacchatta.

= I was going to buy cheaper clothes but I ended up buying this expensive clothes.

4)

  • verb + つもり ( = tsumori) +は ( = wa) /では ( = dewa) / (casual) じゃ ( = ja) + なかった ( = nakatta) / ありませんでした ( = arimasen deshita)

  • verb negative form Vない ( = nai) + つもり( = tsumori) + だった( = datta) / でした ( = deshita)

→Talking about what you decided NOT to do/ what you intended NOT to do but you did do after all.

Ex. 彼は飲み会に誘わないつもりだったのに、誰かが誘ったみたいだ。

= Kare wa nomikai ni sasowanai tsumori datta noni, dareka ga sasotta mitai da.

= I was not going to invite him to the drinking party but it seems like someone invited him.

Ex. 愚痴は言わないつもりだったが今の職場はひどすぎる。

= Guchi wa iwanai tsumori datta ga ima no shokuba wa hidosugiru.

= I was not going to whine, but the current work place is terrible.

Ex. 詳細が決まるまで誰にも言わないつもりでしたが、実は来年日本に行きます。

= Shousai ga kimaru made dare ni mo iwanai tsumori deshitaga, jitsu wa rainen nihon ni ikimasu.

= I was not going to say anything until the details were decided but actually I’m going to Japan next year.

Ex. みんなをだますつもりじゃなかったんだ。ごめんね。

= Minna wo damasu tsumori ja nakattan da. Gomenne.

= I didn’t mean to deceive everyone. Sorry.


  1. When the outcome/reality is different from one’s original intention.

  2. to think / believe ~ but the reality is different

  3. to be convinced that one is ~ but the reality is different

  4. meant to do / be ~ but it turned out to be different.

★How to form:

1) verb te-form: Vて ( = te) + いる ( = iru) + つもり ( = tsumori)

2) verb ta-form: Vた ( = ta) / Vんだ ( = V nda) / Vった ( = tta) / Vていた( = te ita) + つもり( = tsumori)

3) noun + の ( = no) + つもり ( = tsumori)

4) i-adjective ~ い ( = i) + つもり ( = tsumori) / na-adjecitve ~ な ( = na) + つもり ( = tsumori)

→present tense Vだ ( = da) /です ( = desu)

→past tense Vだった ( = datta) / でした ( = deshita)

*~つもり ( = tsumori) +で ( = de) + verb: modifying a verb

*You can also connect with が ( = ga) / なのに ( = nanoni) / なんだけど ( = nandakedo), etc. when you talk about the contradicted result.

1) verb te-form Vて ( = te) + いる ( = iru) + つもり ( = tsumori) to believe ~ but the reality is different

Ex. 自分ではちゃんと発音しているつもりなんだけど私の日本語が通じないことがある。

= Jibun dewa chanto hatsuon shite iru tsumori nan dakedo watashi no nihongo ga tsuujinai koto ga aru.

= I think I am pronouncing properly but sometimes people don’t understand my Japanese.

Ex. 私は私なりにがんばっているつもりだけど..。

= Watashi wa watashi nari ni ganbatte iru tsumori dakedo.

= I think I am doing my best in my way but…

Ex.

A:「実際、舞台に立っているつもりで歌ってください。」

= Jissai, butai ni tatte iru tsumori de utatte kudasai.

= Please sing as if you were standing on the stage.

B:「わかりました。観客がいるつもりで歌います。」

= Wakarimashita. Kankyaku ga iru tsumori de utaimasu.

= OK, I will sing as if there was audience.

2) verb ta-form Vた ( = ta) / Vんだ ( = V nda) / Vった ( = tta) / Vていた ( = te ita) + つもり( = tsumori) :

(1) You thought you did but actually you didn’t.

to think one did something / thought one had done something (but it was different in reality) / one meant to do/be ~ (but it turned out to be different.)

Ex.

A: 「エアコンがつけっぱなしだよ。」

= Eakon ga tsukeppanashi dayo.

= You left the air-conditioner on.

B: 「ごめん、ごめん。消したつもりだったけど..」

= Gomen, gomen. Keshita tsumori datta kedo..

= I thought I turned it off but…

Ex. 「つもり」の使い方はわかっていたつもりだが、意外に難しかった。

= “Tsumori” no tsukaikata wa wakatte ita tsumori daga, igai ni muzukashikatta.

= I thought I knew how to use “tsumori” but it was unexpectedly difficult.

Ex. きっかり一万円払ったつもりだったが、100円足りなかった。

= Kikkari ichimanen haratta tsumori dattaga, hyakuen tarinakatta.

= I thought I paid exactly 10,000 yen, but actually it was 100 yen short.

Ex. 鈴木さんにもお土産をあげたつもりだったがあげていなかったみたいだ。

= Suzuki san nimo omiyage wo ageta tsumori dattaga agete inakatta mitaida.

= I thought I gave Suzuki-san a gift (souvenir), but I guess I didn’t.

Ex. 今回の試験は、自分ではよくできたつもりが、落ちてしまった。

= Konkai no shiken wa, jibun dewa yoku dekita tsumori ga, ochite shimatta.

= I thought I did well on the exam this time, but actually I failed.

Ex. それで掃除したつもりなの?

= Sore de souji shita tsumori nano?

= Is that what you call cleaning?! (I don’t think so!)

Ex. 住所をきちんと書いたつもりだったけれどもアパート名が抜けていた。

= Juusho wo kichinto kaita tsumori datta keredomo apaato mei ga nukete ita.

= I thought I wrote the address properly but the name of the apartment building was missing.

Ex. 傘を持ってきたつもりだったが家に忘れてきたようだ。

= Kasa wo motte kita tsumori datta ga ie ni wasurete kita you da.

= I thought I brought an umbrella with me, but it seems like I left it home.

Ex. もう試合に勝ったつもりでいたら最後のゲームで負けてしまった。

= Mou shiai ni katta tsumori de itara saigo no geemu de makete shimatta.

= I thought we already won the tournament, but we ended up losing in the last game.

Ex. メールを出したつもりが、送信されていなかった。

= Meeru wo dashita tsumori ga, soushin sarete inakatta.

= I thought I sent the email, but it wasn’t sent.

Ex. がんばっているつもりなのに誰も評価してくれない。

= Ganbatteiru tsumori nanoni daremo hyouka shite kurenai.

= I thinkI am doing my best but nobody recognizes that.

(2) to do /did something as if ~ / pretending ~

Ex. 大船に乗ったつもりでまかせてください。

= Oobune ni notta tsumori de makasete kudasai.

= (The literal meaning) Please leave it to me as if you were on a big ship.

= You can fully depend on me. (Idiomatic expression)

Ex. モデルになったつもりでこちらに歩いてきてください。

= Moderu ni natta tsumori de kochira ni aruite kite kudasai.

= Please walk towards this way as if being a model.

Ex. 誰かがそこにいるつもりで話す練習をすると会話力が上達しますよ。

= Dareka ga soko ni iru tsumori de hanasu renshuu wo suruto kaiwaryoku ga joutatsu shimasuyo.

= If you practice by speaking as if you were talking to someone, your conversation skills will improve.

3) noun + の ( = no) +つもり( = tsumori) : as ~ / to believe X is Y/ to pretend to be ~ .

Ex. 発表会本番のつもりでピアノの練習しなさい。

= Happyoukai honban no tsumori de piano no renshuu shinasai.

= Practice piano as if you were actually performing.

Ex. 冗談のつもりで言ったのに本気だと思われた。

= Joudan no tsumori de itta noni honki dato omowareta.

= I meant it as a joke but they took it seriously.

We also use this expression in a sarcastic way sometimes.

Ex. 何様のつもり?

= Nanisama no tsumori?

= Who do you think you are?

Ex. 彼、あれで先生のつもりなの?

= Kare, are de sensei no tsumori nano?

= Does he think of himself as a teacher like that?

(* “like that” implies his usual behavior/attitude/qualifications are not proper for a teacher.)

4) i-adjective ~ い ( = i) + つもり ( = tsumori)

  • na-adjecitve ~ な ( = na) + つもり ( = tsumori)

Ex. まだ若いつもりでいたが最近、疲れやすくなった。

= Mada wakai tsumori de ita ga, saikin tsukareyasuku natta.

= I thought I was still young, but I seem to tire easily recently.

Ex. うちの子は自分ではもう大きいつもりらしい。

= Uchi no ko wa jibun dewa mou ookii tsumori rashii.

= My child believes he / she is already big.


5.) Others:

(1) When you ask someone’s intention, accuse what other people did, you use

どういう ( = douiu) /なんの ( = nanno)

accusing someone.

Ex. 「どういうつもりであんなこと彼女に言ったの?」

= Douiu tsumori de anna koto kanojo ni itta no?

= What were you thinking telling her such a thing.

Ex. こんな夜中に電話してくるなんてどういうつもり?

= Konna yonaka ni denwa shite kuru nante douiu tsumori?

= What are you thinking calling in the middle of night?

(2) You can refer to what mentioned in the previous sentence with その ( = sono) + つもり ( = tsumori)

Ex. 「えっ?この寒いのに泳ぐの?」

= Eh? Kono samui noni oyogu no?

= What? Are you going to swim in this cold weather?

「もちろん、その*つもりだよ!」

= Mochiron, sono tsumori dayo.

= Of course, that’s my plan.

(*その ( = sono) = 泳ぐつもり = oyogu tsumori)

Ex. 「そのコスプレ、ナルトのつもり?」

= Sono kosupure, Naruto no tsumori?

= Is that cosplay supposed to be Naruto?

「うん、その*つもりだけど文句ある?」

= Un, sono tsumori dakedo monku aru?

= Yes, it is. Do you have any problem?

(*その ( = sono) = ナルト( = Naruto) )

(3) When you negate the intention, you use そういう ( = souiu) /そんな ( = sonna) +つもり( = tsumori)

Ex.

A:「明日、忙しい?」

= Ashita, isogashii?

= Are you busy tomorrow?

B: 「えっ?デートに誘ってるの?」

= Eh? Deeto ni sasotteru no?

= What? Are you asking me out?

A: 「そういう*つもりで聞いたんじゃないよ。」

= Souiu tsumori de kiitan ja nai yo.

= That’s not why I was asking.

→ * そういう( = souiu) = デートに誘うつもり ( = deeto ni sasou tsumori) intention of asking B out.

Ex. なんか、彼女を傷つけてしまったなあ。そんな*つもりじゃなかったのに。

= Nanka, kanojo wo kizutsukete shimatta naa. Sonna tsumori janakatta noni.

= I somehow hurt her feelings. I didn’t mean to, but…

→ *そんな( = sonna) = 彼女を傷つけるつもり ( = kanojo wo kizutsukeru tumori) intention of hurting her


マギー先生より = Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

大先生、ありがとう!= Dai Sensei arigatou! = Thank you, Dai Sensei!

いいライオンになれるといいね。

= ii raion ni nareru to iine. = I hope you can be a good lion.


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「ここまでかわいい先生はいないでしょ。」

= Koko made kawaii sensei wa inai desho.

= I bet you can’t find this cute teacher.

Hi everyone!

I’m your guest teacher Suzu. 小さい頃、かわいかったでしょ〜。( = Chiisai koro, kawaikatta deshou.) See how adorable I was when I was a kitten?

Today we are going to study how to use まで ( = made). 

(The kanji is 迄= まで= made but I will use hiragana in this lesson.)

This lesson should cover from JLPT N4 level to N1 level.

So pick the level that best fits your ability.


Usage Summary:

  1. indicating a time period:

(1) until certain period of time/until someone does something

(a) noun (time related word) + まで *( = made): until certain time

(b) verb dictionary form + まで ( = made): until one does ~ / until something happens

(2) by/before ~

までには ( = madeni) / までには ( = made niwa): (to do something) by certain period of time /by the time or before someone does something/something happens

(a) noun (time related word) + までに ( = madeni) or までには ( = made niwa): by ~

(b) verb dictionary form (present) + までに ( = madeni) or までには ( = made niwa) : by the time/before ~

  1. indicating a place: to somewhere

  2. (place) + まで ( = made): up to, to ~

  3. an indirect object marker:

(1) someone / certain place / organization / entity + まで ( = made) + verb

= to contact / to report/to call + someone/ certain place / organization / entity

(2) (noun) + にまで ( = ni made) : some action is done even to someone / group / organization / entity

  1. indicating certain categories, ages, groups of people, species

  2. even

(1) noun + まで ( = made) = even /also

(2) ここ・そこ・あそこ( koko・soko・asoko) + まで ( = made): to this / that extent, this much, that much

(3) Vて ( verb te-form) + まで ( = made): to do something even doing something/ to go so far as ~

  1. Vまでだ ( = made da ) /Vまでのことだ ( = made no koto da)

just / only: (When something happen): just do/did something and nothing else.

(a) with present tense:

  • verb dictionary form + までだ ( = made da) / までです( = made desu)

  • verb dictionary form + までのことだ ( = made no koto da) / までのことです ( = made no koto desu)

(b) with past tense:

  • verb past tense + V までだ (= made da) / Vまでです( = made desu)

  • verb past tense + V までのことだ ( = made no koto da) / までのことです ( = made no koto desu.)

  • それまで/これまで ( = sore made/ kore made) + だ ( = da) / です( = desu)

  • Vまでもない ( = made mo nai): not even worth doing something / no need to do something

  • Formal writing: 〜まで ( = made) / までに ( = madeni)


We can better understand the usage by looking at some example sentences:

1. indicating a time period

(1) until ~ : until certain time

(a) noun (time related word) + まで ( = made): until / to ~

Ex. 月曜日から土曜日まで仕事です。

= Getsuyoubi kara doyoubi made shigoto desu.

= I work from Monday to Saturday.

Ex. 昼休みは12時から1時までです。

= Hiruyasumi wa juuniji kara ichiji made desu.

= The lunch break is from twelve to one.

Ex. 郵便局は何時から何時まで開いていますか?

= Yuubinkyoku wa nanji kara nanji made aite imasu ka?

= What times does the post office open?

Ex.

A: 「銀行は何時までやっていますか?」

= Ginkou wa nanji made yatte imasu ka?

= How late does the bank open?/ What time does the bank close?

B:「窓口は午後3時までです。」

= Madoguchi wa gogo sanji made desu.

= The counter is open until 3pm.

Ex. 今までありがとう。

= ima made arigaotu.

= Thank you for everything (you’ve done for me until now.)

Ex. ここまでがんばったんだからやめないで。

= Koko made ganbattan dakara yamenai de.

= Don’t quit. You’ve worked so hard and come so far.

Ex. これまで我慢していたけれどももう限界だ。

= Koremade gaman shite ita keredomo mou genkai da.

= I’ve been putting up with it until now but I can’t stand it anymore.

Ex. (casual)

A:「日本にいつまでいるの?」

= Nihon ni itsumade iru no?

= Until when are you going to stay in Japan?

B:「来年の春までだよ。」

= Rainen no haru made dayo.

= Until next spring.

Ex. (casual)

A:「休みはいつまで?」

= Yasumi wa itsu made?

= When does your vacation end? /How long is your vacation?

B:「明日まで」

= Ashita made.

= Until tomorrow.

When you emphasize the time, you add は ( = wa)

Ex. 明日までは休みです。

= Ashita made wa yasumi desu.

= I am on vacation until tomorrow. (But I have to go back to work the day after tomorrow.)

(︎ Jump to the summary above)

(b) verb dictionary form +まで ( = made): until one does ~ /until something happens

Ex. 大学生になるまで親元で生活をします。

= Daigakusei ni naru made oyamoto de seikatsu wo shimasu.

= I am going to live with my parents until I go to university.

Ex. 試験に合格するまでがんばります。

= Shiken ni goukaku suru made ganbarimasu.

= (literal meaning) I’ll do my best until I pass the exam.

= I’ll do my best to pass the exam.

Ex. 日本語が話せるようになるまで国に帰らない。

= Nihongo ga hanaseru you ni naru made kuni ni kaeranai.

= I won’t go back to my country until I am able to speak Japanese.

Ex. 彼女が許してくれるまで謝り続けます。

= Kanojo ga yurushite kureru made ayamari tsuzukemasu.

= I‘m going to keep apologizing until she forgives me.

Ex. 子供が幼稚園に入るまで仕事は休みます。

= Kodomo ga youchien ni hairu made shigoto wa yasumimasu.

= I am going to take a break from work until my child goes to kindergarten.

Ex. 日本では20歳になるまではお酒を飲んではいけません。

= Nihon dewa hatachi ni narumade wa osake wo nonde wa ikemasen.

= You are not allowed to drink until you’re 20 in Japan.

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(2) by/before

までに ( = made ni) / までには ( = made niwa):by certain period of time /by the time or before someone does something/something happens

(a) noun (time related word) + までに ( = made ni) or までには ( = made niwa): by ~

Note: You use は ( = wa) to emphasizing the time limit.

Ex. 明日までにレポートを提出してください。

= Ashita made ni repooto wo teishutsu shite kudasai.

= Please turn in your paper by tomorrow.

Ex. (casual)

A:「何時までに駅に着いていないといけない? 」

= Nanji made ni eki ni tsuite inai to ikenai?

= By what time should I be at the station?

B:「遅くとも9時までには来て。」

= Osokutomo kuji made niwa kite.

= Be there by nine at the latest.

Ex. Maggie: 6月末までには新しいレッスンを作ります。

= Rokugatsu sue made niwa atarashii ressun wo tsukurimasu.

= I will make a new lesson by the end of June.

(b) verb dictionary form (present) + までに ( = made ni) or までには ( = made niwa): by the time/before ~

Ex. 子供たちが帰るまでには家に着いていないといけない。

= Kodomotachi ga kaeru made niwa ie ni tsuite inai to ikenai.

= I have to be home before my children come back.

Ex. 本格的に暑くなるまでにはエアコンが欲しい。

= Honkakuteki ni atsuku naru made niwa eakon ga hoshii.

= Before it gets really hot, I would like to get an air conditioner.

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2. indicating a place: to somewhere

  • (place) + まで ( = made): up to, to ~

Ex. 大阪から東京まで新幹線でいくらかかりますか?

= Oosaka kara Toukyou made shinkansen de ikura kakarimasu ka?

= How much does it cost to (go to) Tokyo from Osaka by shinkansen (bullet train).

Ex. 家から学校まで自転車で20分だ。

= ie kara gakkou made jitensha de nijuppun da.

= It takes 20 minutes from my house to school.

(In a taxi)

Ex.

タクシー 運転手:「どちらまで? 」

= Takushii untenshu: Dochira made?

Taxi driver = Where to?

客:「品川駅までお願いします。 」

= Kyaku: Shinagawaeki made onegai shimasu.

Passenger: To Shinagawa Station, please.

Ex. 品川駅までどうやって行ったらいいですか?

= Shinagawaeki made douyatte ittara ii desu ka?

= How can I get to Shinagawa Station?

Note: You use は ( = wa) to show the contrast

→ 品川駅まではどうやって行ったらいいですか?

= Shinagawaeki made wa douyatte ittara ii desu ka?

I know how to get to the other places but how do I get to Shinagawa station?

I am specifically asking for directions to Shinagawa station.

Ex. 渋谷まではここから30分かかりますよ。

= Shibuya made wa koko kara sanjuppun kakarimasu yo.

= It will take 30 minutes to get to Shibuya from here.

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3. an indirect object marker:

(a) someone / certain place / organization / entity + まで ( = made) + verb

= to contact/to report/to call + someone/ certain place / organization / entity

You use まで ( = made) instead of に ( = ni) in formal speech/writing.

Ex. 不審物を見つけたらただちに警察までご連絡ください。

= Fushinbutsu wo mitsuketara tadachi ni keisastsu made gorenraku kudasai.

= If you see a suspicious object, contact police immediately.

Ex. ご質問がありましたらこちらまでご連絡ください。

= Goshitsumon ga arimashitara kochira made gorenraku kudasai.

= Please contact us if you have any questions.

Ex. お手数ですが本社までお電話ください。

= Otesuu desu ga honsha made odenwa kuasai.

= I apologize for the inconvenience you but please call the head office.

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(b) (noun) + にまで ( = ni made) : some action is done even to someone / group / organization / entity

Ex. 鍵をなくして交番にまで行ったのにポケットに入っていた。

= Kagi wo nakushite kouban ni made itta noni poketto ni haitte ita.

= I thought I lost my key, and I even went to the police station but it was in my pocket all along.

Ex. 自分のことで親にまで迷惑をかけたくない。

= Jibun no koto de oya ni made meiwaku wo kaketaku nai.

= I don’t want my personal matters to go so far as to trouble my parents.

Ex. 母は、会社にまで電話をしてくる。

= Haha wa, kaisha ni made denwa wo shite kuru.

= My mom even called me at the office.

Ex. 彼に二人の写真をインスタグラムにまで投稿された。

= Kare ni futari no shashin wo insutaguramu ni made toukou sareta.

= He uploaded our picture even on Instagram.

(The literal translation: Our picture was uploaded by him even on Instagram. By using the past tense, the speaker can express one’s annoyed feelings.)

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4. indicating certain category, age, group of people, species

Ex. このゲームは子供から大人まで楽しめます。

= Kono geemu wa kodomo kara otona made tanoshimemasu.

= Anyone from children to adults can enjoy this game.

Ex. 3歳から5歳までのクラス

= Sansai kara gosai made no kurasu.

= The class from three to five year’s old.

Ex. 高校生まで親のことを「パパ、ママ」と呼んでいた。

= Koukousei made oya no koto wo “papa, mama” to yonde ita.

= I called my parents, Papa and Mama, until I was a high school student.

Ex. 30歳までに結婚したいと思っていた。

= Sanjussai made ni kekkon shitai to omotte ita.

= I wanted to get married before I turned 30.

Ex. このペットホテルは小型犬から大型犬まで泊まることができます。

= Kono petto hoteru wa kogataken kara oogataken made tomaru koto ga dekimasu.

= Dogs from small to large sizes can stay at this pet hotel.

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5. even

(1) noun + まで ( = made) = even ~ / also

Ex. 彼女は歌もうまいしピアノも弾ける。その上作曲までできるらしい。

= Kanojo wa utamo umaishi piano mo hikeru. Sonoue sakkyoku made dekiru rashii.

= She can sing well and play the piano. On top of that I heard she can even compose the music.

Ex. 周りの人まで巻き込んで彼と喧嘩はしたくない。

= Mawari no hito made makikonde kare to kenka wa shitaku nai.

= I don’t want to end up involving people around us by fighting with him.

Ex. もう、泣かないで。私まで悲しくなるよ。(casual)

= Mou, nakanai de. Watashi made kanashiku naru yo.

= Don’t cry anymore. That makes me feel sad, too.

Ex. 彼と結婚するの?おめでとう!私まで嬉しくなってきた。

= Kare to kekkon suru no? Omedetou! Watashi made ureshiku natte kita.

= Are you getting married to him? Congrats! That makes me happy, too.

Ex. このエビフライは尻尾まで食べられます。

= Kono ebifurai wa shippo made taberaremasu.

= You can even eat this deep-fried shrimp’s tail.

Ex. 怒った顔までかわいいね。(casual)

= Okotta kao made kawaii ne.

= Even your angry face is cute.

Ex. この話は映画にまでなった。

= Kono hanashi wa eiga ni made natta.

= This story was even made into a movie.

Ex. えっ?お母さんまでそんなことを言うの?

= Eh? Okaasan made sonna koto wo iu no?

= What? Even you say things like that, Mom?

(It implies that the speaker thought their mother would be the last person who would say something like that.)

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(2) ここ・そこ・あそこ( koko・soko・asoko) + まで ( = made): to this/that extent, this much, that much

From the picture above:

「ここまでかわいい先生はいないでしょ。」

= Koko made kawaii sensei wa inai desho.

= I bet you can’t find a teacher this cute.

Ex.

A: 「息子がゲームばかりやっているから携帯を取り上げたの。」

= Musuko ga geemu bakari yatte iru kara keitai wo toriageta no.

= My son was always playing games so I took away his cellphone.

B:「そこまでしなくてもいいのに。」

= Soko made shinakutemo iinoni.

= You don’t have to go that far.

Ex. お客さんが来るからと言ってあそこまできれいにしなくてもいいのに。

= Okyakusan ga kuru kara to itte asoko made kirei ni shinakutemo ii noni.

= Even though we have a guest, you don’t need to clean up that much.

Ex. 彼がここまでがんばるとは思わなかった。

= Kare ga koko made ganbaru towa omowanakatta.

= I had no idea he would try this hard.

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(3) Vて ( verb te-form) + まで ( = made): to do something even doing something/ to go so far as ~

Ex. 家族を犠牲にしてまで出世したいの?

= Kazoku wo gisei ni shite made shusse shitai no?

= Do you want to get promoted even if it meant sacrificing your family?

Ex. 人にお金を借りてまで車を買いたいとは思わない。

= Hito ni okane wo karite made kuruma wo kaitai towa omowanai.

= I wouldn’t go so far as to borrow money to buy a car.

Ex. あの映画は、お金を払ってまで観なくてもいい。

= Ano eiga wa, okane wo haratte made minakute mo ii.

= It is not worth paying money to see the movie.

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6. Vまでだ ( = made da ) /Vまでのことだ ( = made no koto da)

just / only: (When something happen): just do/did something and nothing else.

(1) with present tense:

  • verb dictionary form + までだ ( = made da) / までです ( = made desu)

  • verb dictionary form + までのことだ ( = made no koto da) /までのことです( = made no koto desu)

To tell someone what you would/will do in certain situation./ There is no more to do other than ~

It is often used in the conditional form 〜たら ( = tara) /ば ( = ba) / 〜ても ( = temo) / 〜ときは ( = tokiwa),etc.

Ex. 飲み会がつまらなかったらすぐに帰ってくるまでだ。/ 帰ってくるまでのことだ。

= Nomikai ga tsumaranakattara sugu ni kaette kuru made da./ kaette kurumade no kotoda.

= If the drinking party is boring, I’ll just leave there (and go home). That’s all.

Ex. 彼がまた浮気をしたら別れるまでだ。/別れるまでのことだ。

= Kare ga mata uwaki wo shitara wakareru made da. / wakareru made no koto da.

= If he cheats on me again, I just break up with him. That’s all.

Ex. 先生に聞かれたら本当のことを話すまでだ。/話すまでのことだ。

= Sensei ni kikaretara hontou no koto wo hanasu made da. / hanasu made no koto da.

= If my teacher asks me, I just tell him/her the truth. That’s all.

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(2) with past tense:

  • verb past tense + までだ ( = made da) / までです( = made desu)

  • verb past tense + までのことだ ( = made no koto da) /までのことです ( = made no koto desu)

When you explain why you did something.: I just did something. That’s all. / There is no more intentions other than this.

Ex. 当然のことをしたまでのことだ。

= Touzen no koto wo shita made no koto da.

= I just did the right thing.

Ex. 上司に言われた通りにやったまでのことです。

= Joushi ni iwareta toori ni yatta made no koto desu.

= I just did exactly what my boss told me.

Ex. (casual)

「私が太ったっていうの?ひどい!」

= Watashi ga futottatte iu no ? Hidoi!

= Are you tell me I got fat? How dare you!

「事実を言ったまでのことだよ。」

= Jijitsu wo itta made no koto dayo.

= I just told you the truth.

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7. それまで/これまで ( = sore made / kore made) +だ ( = da) / です( = desu)

  • 〜 たら/ば ( = ~ tara/ba) +それまでだ ( = sore made da) / それまでです ( = sore made desu)

If someone does something, everything will be in vain. /it’s over. / There is no use for ~

Ex. 彼女が僕に気がないと言われたらそれまでだ。

= Kanojo ga boku ni ki ga nai to iwaretara sore made da.

= If she says she is not into me, that’s an end to the matter.

Ex. 日本語をここであきらめたらもうそれまでですよ。

= Nihongo wo koko de akirametara mou soremade desu yo.

= If you give up on your Japanese now, everything will have been in vain.

Ex. 一度罪をおかしたらそれまでだ。

= Ichido tsumi wo okashitara soremade da.

= Once you commit a crime, it’s over.

Ex. 文句を言われたら言い返すまでだ。

= Monku wo iwaretara iikaesu made da.

= If they complain, I just talk back to them. That’s all.

  • これ ( = kore) + まで ( = made) + だ ( = da)/ です ( = desu): It’s over.

Ex.僕の人生はもうこれまでだ!

= Boku no jinsei wa mou koremade da!

= I’m through. My life is over.

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8. Vまでもない ( = made mo nai): not even worth doing something/ no need to do something

When you talk about something obvious. It is not necessary to do anything.

Ex. 彼女が僕のことをどう思っているかなんて聞くまでもないよ。明らかに嫌われているんだから。

= Kanojo ga boku no koto wo dou omotte iru ka nante kiku made mo naiyo. Akiraka ni kirawarete irun dakara.

= I don’t even have to ask how she feels. She obviously hates me.

Ex. JLPTN4は簡単だから試験を受けるまでもないと思っていたら落ちてしまった。

= JLPT N4 wa kantan dakara shiken wo ukeru mademo nai to omotte itara ochite shimatta.

= I thought JLPT N4 was so easy that I didn’t have to bother taking it, but I failed.

Ex. 地図をみるまでもない。

= Chizu wo miru made mo nai.

= (It is easy to get there) There is no need to check the map.

Ex. 電子レンジの取説*なんて読むまでもないよ。

= Denshirenji no toritsetsu nante yomu made mo naiyo.

= I don’t even have to bother reading the instruction manual for the microwave oven.

Note: A casual way to say 取扱説明書 ( = とりあつかいせつめいしょ) = toriatsukai setsumeisho = instruction manual

Ex. 彼は言うまでもなくダンスも上手い。

= Kare wa iumade mo naku dansu mo umai.

= Needless to say, he is also good at dancing.

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9. Formal writing: ~ まで ( = made) / までに ( = madeni)

  • You finish the formal letter or email with まで ( = made) to conclude your text.

So you write some information that you want to tell someone and then conclude the letter with

ご連絡させていただきます。( = gorenraku sasete itadakimasu) /ご連絡いたします。( = gorenraku itashimasu.)

→ご連絡まで。( = gorenraku made.)

So instead of saying

Vさせていただきます。( = sasete itadakimasu) = Please allow me to do ~ / Please let me do ~

or

Vいたします。( = itasimasu) = I do something (honorific expression)

you just finish the sentence with まで ( = made)

Ex. ご参考まで。

= Gosankou made

= This (above mentioned matter) is just for your reference.

Ex. まずはご報告まで。

= Mazu wa gohoukoku made.

= This was just quick note/announcement.

Ex. 取り急ぎご報告まで。

= Toriisogi gohoukoku made.

= This is just a short note to inform you.

Ex. 取り急ぎ確認まで。

= Toriisogi kakunin made.

= I just wanted to confirm/make sure

Ex. ご挨拶まで。

= Goaisatsu made

= (the literal meaning) I just wanted to greet you.

Note: 挨拶= aisatsu means “to greet someone” but in this case, to express one’s gratitude, feelings of sincerity

So it is like the salutations such as “Best regards. / Sincerely” in English.

**

  • 〜までに( = madeni)

Note: You use 参考まで ( = sankou made) with に ( = ni)

ご参考までに

= Gosankou made ni…

= For your information …

Ex. 当社の製品は他社のものより1割安くなっております。ご参考までに。

= Tousha no seihin wa tasha no mono yori ichiwari yasuku natte orimasu. Gosankou madeni.

= Our products are 10 pct cheaper than other companies’ products. Just for your information.

You can start the sentence with ご参考までに ( = gosankou madeni)

Ex. ご参考までに当社の製品は他社のものより1割安くなっております。

= Gosankou madeni tousha no seihin wa tasha no mono yori ichiwari yasuku natte orimasu.

= Just for your information, our products are 10% cheaper than other companies’ products.

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マギー先生より= Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

スズ先生ありがとう!= Suzu Sensei arigatou! = Thank you, Suzu-Sensei!

私もかわいいけどスズ先生には負けます。

= Watashi mo kawaii kedo Suzu Sensei niwa makemasu.

= I know I am cute, too, but I can’t hold a candle to her!


I REALLY appreciate your support! サポートありがとう!

My supporters can access audio files for many lessons on my Patreon page and some mini lessons and quiz.

Audio Files for this lesson

Part 1 (introduction part) Click here.

Part 2 (#1~#4) Click here.

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「今日は1日ごろごろします。」

= Kyou wa ichinichi gorogoro shimasu.

= I am going to lie around doing nothing today.

Hi everyone!

Today we are going to learn onomatopoeia. Yes, finally!

So many people asked me to make a lesson in the past and I tried to avoid making one because there are countlessof onomatopoeia.

I will focus on the ones with repetitive sound like きょろきょろ= kyorokyoro (kyoro x 2 ) There are more than 200 words here but I won’t be able to cover all of them.

  • 擬音語 = ぎおんご = giongo = onomatopoeia = based on sound

  • 擬態語 = ぎたいご = gitaigo = mimetic words = describing movement/action/state

Technically you are supposed to write 擬音語 ( = ぎおんご = giongo) onomatopoeia in katakana and 擬態語 ( = ぎたいご = gitaigo ) mimetic words in hiragana

  • 彼はがりがりだ。

= Kare wa garigari da.

= He is skinny.

(がりがり= garigari = describe a skinny person.)

  • がりがり勉強する

= Garigari benkyou suru.

= to study like crazy

(がりがり= garigari = describe the way you study a lot)

  • アイスキャンディーをガリガリ食べる。

= Aisukyandii wo garigari taberu.

= to crunch a popsicle.

(ガリガリ= garigari = crunching sound)

but I will type them in both hiragana and katakana because you will see them written both ways.

You may see the similar words with the same translation.

For example ぷくぷく ( = pukupuku) and ぶくぶく ( = bukubuku).

Basically when there are two dots 「 ゛」Ex. がぎぐげご( = ba bi bu be bo) ・ざじずぜぞ ( = za ji zu ze zo) ・ばびぶべぼ ( = ba bi bu be bo), it sounds stronger or has a slightly negative nuance and many of the words which start with ぱぴぷぺぽ ( = pa pi pu pe po) sound cuter.

So if you see a chubby baby, you can say ぷくぷく ( = pukupuku) but if you say ぶくぶく( = bukubuku) to an adult, you may offend that person. For the same reason, ぷよぷよ ( puyopuyo) sounds cuter than ぶよぶよ( = buyobuyo) .

カタカタ ( = katakata) is a clattering sound. ガタガタ ( = gatagata) describes louder clattering sound.

The windows are clattering.

1) 窓がカタカタ鳴っている。 = mado ga katakata natteiru.

2) 窓がガタガタ鳴っている。 = mado ga gatagata natteiru.

We can assume the wind is stronger with ガタガタ ( = gatagata) than カタカタ ( = katakata).

When you emphasize a movement you sometimes add a little っ/ッ ( = tsu)

ぴかぴか / ピカピカ ( = pikapika) →ぴっかぴか/ピッカピカ ( = pikkapika) in casual writing/conversation.

Some of these words have a few different meanings. I marked these words with an asterix * if they have different usages.

★How to use:

The way you use onomatopoeia/mimetic words are slightly different depending on whether they are used as adjectives/adverbs or verbs.

1) ~の ( = no) + noun

2) ~した ( = shita) + noun

3) ~する ( = suru)

4) (Subject + が ( = ga)・は ( = wa) ) + 〜 + verb

5) (Subject + が ( = ga)・は ( = wa)) ~と + verb

6) (Subject + が ( = ga)・は ( = wa) ) ~だ・です ( = da/ desu)

7) (Subject + が ( = ga)・は ( = wa)) ~している ( = shiteiru) 

8) (conversational)  Subject + ~

9) (onomatopoeia) + (verb) 音がする ( = oto ga suru) + (verb) oto ga suru

(onomatopoeia) + ( と( = to)) 鳴っている ( = natte iru) / いっている ( = itte iru)

10) (Subject + が ( = ga)・は ( = wa)) ~になる ( = ni naru)

11) others

1) ぐちゃぐちゃの髪の毛 

= Guchagucha no kami no ke

= messy hair

2) ごちゃごちゃした部屋

= gochagocha shita heya

= cluttered room

3) いらいらする

= iraira suru

= to feel irritated

4) ビールをゴクゴク飲む。

= biiru wo gokugoku nomu

= to gulp down some beer

5) よろよろと歩く

= Yoroyoro to aruku

= to walk unsteadily, to totter

6) 肌がかさかさだ。

= Hada ga kasakasa da.

= My skin is so dry

7) 胸がきゅんきゅんする。

= Mune ga kyunkyun suru.

= My heart is thumping.

8) お腹ぺこぺこ

= Onaka pekopeko

= I’m hungry!

9) 火がパチパチ燃える音がする

= Hi ga pachipachi moeru oto ga suru.

= I hear a crackling fire sound.

10) 1日働いたらくたくたになった。

= Ichinichi hataraitara kutakuta ni natta.

= I got exhausted after working all day long.


You use them to describe people, things, weather, situations, etc. — basically anything. They often sound“cutesy” but you can use them to describe serious situations as well.

You may be surprised by how useful they are. You can even use them at the doctors to express your symptoms. I’ve put these words into categories, so hopefully they’ll make it easier for you to focus on what you want to learn first.

(︎Since it is a long lesson, I put the flower marks here and there to jump back here.)

List of usage:

(1) one’s figure / physical appearance

(2) the textures/appearance of one’s hair

(3) the textures of one’s skin

(4) physical conditions/pain

(5) emotions/ feelings/attitude

(6) motions/situation/attitude/behavior

(7) relationships

(8) smiles/laughter 

(9) talking/speaking/communicating with others

(10) walking

(11) eating, drinking

(12) sleeping

(13) looking/seeing/watching


(14) weather

(15) the texture of food/drink

(16) cooking sounds/to describe how one cook

(17) how things look/move/smell/feel

(18) change / growth

(19) sounds in general


OK, now that you see the list, please not that I will not give you examples for every word, but if you have any questions, feel free to ask in the comment section below.

(1) to describe one’s figure/ physical appearance

  • がりがり/ ガリガリ(*) = garigari = skinny

  • くりくり/クリクリ (*) = kurikuri = describe round eyes

Ex. あの子は目がくりくりしている。

= Anoko wa me ga kurikuri shite iru.

= He/She/That child has round eyes.

  • ばきばき/バキバキ = bakibaki = muscular/six-pack

Ex. 見て、彼、バキバキだね。

= Mite, kare, bakibaki dane.

= Check out his six-pack!

  • ひょろひょろ/ヒョロヒョロ = hyorohyoro = tall and skinny

  • ぷくぷく/プクプク = pukupuku = chubby in a cute way

  • ぶくぶく/ブクブク = bukubuku = fat (negative)

Ex. 最近、ぶくぶく太ってきた。

= Saikin, bukubuku futotte kita.

= I have been getting fat lately.

  • ぷよぷよ/ プヨプヨ (*) = puyopuyo = flabby in a cute way

  • ぷにゅぷにゅ = punyupunyu= (casual) flabby in a cute way (more conversational)

  • ぶよぶよ/ ブヨブヨ(*) = buyobuyo = flabby

  • むきむき/ムキムキ = mukimuki = muscular

Ex. 体を鍛えてむきむきになりたい。

= Karada wo kitaete mukimuki ni naritai.

= I would like work out and get muscular.

(→Click the flower to go back to the list)

(2) to describe the textures/appearance of one’s hair

くしゃくしゃ/クシャクシャ() = kushakusha = messy

*ぐしゃぐしゃ/クシャクシャ = gushagusha = messy (messier than くしゃくしゃ= kushakusha)

  • くちゃくちゃ/クチャクチャ(*) = kuchakucha = messy

  • ぐちゃぐちゃ/グチャグチャ = guchagucha = messy

(It sounds stronger than くちゃくちゃ( = kushakusha)・くしゃくしゃ(kushakusha))

  • くるくる/クルクル = kurukuru /くりくり/クリクリ= kurikuri = curly

Ex. 髪の毛くりくりだね。

= Kaminoke kurikuri dane.

= Your hair is curly.

  • さらさら/ サラサラ = sarasara = smooth and silky

  • ちりちり/チリチリ = chirichiri = frizzy

Ex. パーマで髪がちりちりになっちゃった。(casual)

= Paama de kami ga chirichiri ni nacchatta.

= My got permed and my hair got too frizzy.

  • つやつや/ツヤツヤ = tsuyatsuya = shiny/glossy

  • ふさふさ/ フサフサ = fusafusa = bushy/full head of hair/abundant hair

Ex. 祖父は年のわりに髪の毛がふさふさしている。

= Sofu wa toshi no wari ni kami no ke ga fusafusa shiteiru.

= My grandfather hasa lot of hairfor his age.

  • ぼさぼさ/ボサボサ = bosabosa = messy hair

  • ぼうぼう/ボウボウ or ぼーぼー/ボーボー = boubou = messy hair, growing hair in a messy way. (You can also use it to describe overgrown weeds)

  • もじゃもじゃ/モジャモジャ= mojamoja = shaggy, bushy (hair, beard, eyebrows)

Ex. ヒゲがもじゃもじゃになってきたからもう剃ったら?

= Hige ga mojamoja ni natte kita kara mou sottara?

= Your beard is getting bushy. Isn’t it about time for a shave?

(→Click the flower to go back to the list)

(3) to describe the textures of one’s skin

  • ざらざら/ザラザラ = zarazara = sandy, rough feeling

  • すべすべ / スベスベ = subesube = smooth

  • かさかさ/カサカサ = kasakasa = dry and rough

  • がさがさ/ガサガサ = gasagasa = dry and rough

(drier and more rough than かさかさ = kasakasa)

Ex. 踵ががさがさだ。

= Kakato ga gasagasa da.

= (The skin on) my heels are really dry.

  • ぎとぎと/ギトギト = gitogito = greasy

  • つるつる/ツルツル = tsurutsuru = smooth /glossy

Ex. エステに行ったら肌がつるつるになった。

= Esute ni ittara hada ga tsurutsuru ni natta.

= I had a facial and my skin got so smooth.

  • てかてか/テカテカ = tekateka = greasy/oily

Ex. 顔がてかてかしている。

= Kao ga tekateka shiteiru.

= One’s face gets oily.

  • べとべと/ベトベト = betobeto = sticky, greasy

(→Click the flower to go back to the list)

(4) to describe one’s physical condition/pain

  • からから/ カラカラ = karakara = thirsty, dried out

Ex. 喉がからからだ。

= nodo ga karakara da.

= I’m thirsty.

  • がんがん/ガンガン= gangan = a loud sound, splitting ache.

Ex. 頭ががんがんする

= atama ga gangan suru

= I have a splitting headache.

  • きりきり / キリキリ= kirikiri = sharp pain

Ex. 胃がきりきり痛む

= i ga kirikiri itamu.

= I have a sharp stomachache.

  • きんきん/キンキン(*)= kinkin = sharp pain/ringing in the ear/hearing high pitched noise.

Ex. 耳がキンキンする。

= Mimi ga kinkin suru.

= My ears are ringing.

  • ぐうぐう/グウグウ or ぐーぐー/ グーグー(*) = guuguu = hungry, one’ stomach is growling

Ex. お腹がグーグー鳴っている。

= Onaka ga guuguu natte iru.

= one’s stomach is growling. (being hungry)

  • くたくた/ クタクタ = kutakuta = tired, exhausted

  • こちこち / コチコチ = kochikochi = stiff, tight

Ex. 肩がこちこちだ。

= Kata ga kochikochi da.

= My shoulders are so tight.

  • ごろごろ/ゴロゴロ(*) = gorogoro = one’s stomach is grumbling loudly (when you have a diarrhea)

Ex. お腹がゴロゴロいっている。

= Onaka ga gorogoro itteiru.

= My stomach is grumbling loud.

  • じんじん / ジンジン = jinjin = stinging pain, feeling numb, tingling

  • ずきずき / ズキズキ = zukizuki = a throbbing pain in the head

  • ぴちぴち/ ピチピチ = pichipichi = young and full of life

  • ひりひり/ヒリヒリ = hirihiri = stinging pain (Ex. sunburn)

Ex. 日焼けで背中がひりひりする。

= Hiyake de senaka ga hirihiri suru.

= My back has a stinging pain for sunburn

  • よぼよぼ/ ヨボヨボ = yoboyobo = decrepit (describes how old people walk or move unsteadily)

*ぴんぴん/ ピンピン = pinpin = alive and kicking, full of life, fit as a fiddle

Ex. うちのおじいちゃは95歳だがまだぴんぴんしている。

= Uchi no ojiichan wa kyuujuugosai daga mada pinpin shite iru.

= My grandpa is 90 year’s old, but he is alive and kicking.

ぶつぶつ/ブツブツ () = butsubutsu = little spots, pimples

Ex. 顔にぶつぶつができた。

= Kao ni butsubutsu ga dekita.

= I got spots on my face.

ふらふら/フラフラ() = furafura = dizzy 

Ex. 朝からなにも食べていないのでふらふらする。

= Asa kara nanimo tabete inai node furafura suru.

= I feel dizzy because I haven’t had anything to eat since this morning.

  • へとへと/ ヘトヘト= hetoheto = exhausted

Ex. 1日働いてへとへとだ。

= Ichinichi hataraite hetoheto da.

= I am exhausted from working all day.

  • ぺこぺこ / ペコペコ = pekopeko = hungry

Ex. お腹がぺこぺこです。

= Onaka ga pekopeko desu.

= I’m hungry.

  • むかむか/ムカムカ(*) = mukamuka = queasy

Ex. 胃がむかむかする。

= i ga mukamuka suru.

= I feel sick to my stomach.

  • よろよろ/ ヨロヨロ= yoroyoro = tottering, wobbling

(→Click the flower to go back to the list)

(5) to describe one’s emotion/ feelings/attitude

  • いらいら/イライラ = iraira = irritating, irritated, ticked off

Ex. 彼の顔を見るだけでいらいらする。

= Kare no kao wo miru dake de irairasuru.

= Just looking at his face irritates me.

  • かりかり/カリカリ(*) = karikari = edgily, touchily,

  • かんかん/カンカン = kankan = furious

  • がみがみ/ガミガミ = gamigami = nagging

Ex. お母さん、そんなにガミガミ言わないで。

= Okaasan sonnani gamigami iwanai de.

= Mom, stop nagging me like that.

  • きびきび / キビキビ = kibikibi = moving briskly, to do things smoothly/energetically

Ex. 彼女はいつもきびきび働いている。

= Kanojo wa itsumo kibikibi hataraite iru.

= She is always working briskly.

  • きゅんきゅん/キュンキュン (*) = kyunkyun = heart throbbing

Ex. この曲を聞いていると胸がきゅんきゅんする。

= Kono kyoku wo kiite iru to mune ga kyunkyun suru.

= When I listened to this music, I got this tingling sensation in my chest.

  • しぶしぶ / シブシブ = shibushibu = doing something reluctantly

Ex. 会議にしぶしぶ出席する。

= Kaigi ni shibushibu shusseki suru.

= to attend a meeting reluctantly.

  • そわそわ / ソワソワ = sowasowa = being restless

Ex. 明日から旅行に行くのでいまからそわそわする。

= Ashita kara ryokou ni Iku node ima kara sowasowa suru.

= I am going on a vacation tomorrow and I feel restless.

  • ちゃらちゃら / チャラチャラ = charachara = to describe a person (especially a man) who is shallow, frivolous, superficial

  • つんつん/ ツンツン(*) = tsuntsun = being cold, unfriendly

  • でれでれ/デレデレ = deredere = flirtatious, mushy, overly affectionate

Note: The slang word ツンデレ ( = tsundere) describes a woman who is cold at the beginning but gets flirtatious with time.

  • どきどき/ドキドキ = dokidoki = being nervous/excited / heart beat sound

Ex. 明日のデートのことを考えただけでドキドキする。

= Ashita no deeto no koto wo kangaeta dake de dokidoki suru.

= Just thinking about the date for tomorrow makes me feel nervous.

*のびのび/ノビノビ = nobinobi = feeling relaxed, freely

Ex. 今日はうるさい上司がいないのでのびのびできる。

= Kyou wa urusai joushi ga inai node nobinobi dekiru.

= My annoying boss is not in today, so I can relax.

  • はらはら/ハラハラ = harahara = feeling uneasy/ anxious

Ex. はらはらして試合を観ていたが勝ててよかった。

= Harahara shite shiai wo mite ita ga katete yokatta.

= I watched the game nervously, but I am happy that they won the game.

  • ぴりぴり/ピリピリ = piripiri = feeling uptight, edgy

Ex. なんか、今日ぴりぴりしてるね。大丈夫?(casual)

= Nanka, kyou piripiri shiteru ne. Daijoubu?

= You seem a little edgy today. Are you okay?

  • ぷんぷん/ プンプン(*)= punpun = being angry

Ex. 「デート中、携帯でゲームしていたら彼女がぷんぷん怒ってさあ…」(casual)

= 「Deeto chuu keitai de geemu shiteitara kanojo ga punpun okottete saa.」

= “My girlfriend got pissed off because I was playing a game on my cellphone while on our date…”

  • へらへら/ヘラヘラ= herahera = frivolous

  • ぽろぽろ/ポロポロ = poroporo = tears pouring down

Ex. 彼のことを考えるだけで涙がぽろぽろ出てくる。

= Kare no koto wo kangaeru dake de namida ga poroporo dete kuru.

= Just thinking about him makes me tear up.

  • ぼろぼろ/ボロボロ (*) = boroboro = tears pouring down

  • むかむか/ ムカムカ(*) = mukamuka = queasy, angry

Ex. ああ、むかむかするから一言いってやりたい。

= Aah, mukamuka suru kara hitokoto itte yaritai.

= Ugh, I got so pissed off.I want to give him a piece of my mind.

  • むずむず/ムズムズ = muzumuzu = itchy/have an itch for something/to have a strong desire to do something/being impatient

Ex. ずっと病気で家にいたから出かけたくてむずむずしている。

= Zutto byouki de ie ni ita kara dekaketakute muzumuzu shiteiru.

= I have been staying home sick so I can’t wait to go out.

  • めそめそ/メソメソ = mesomeso = weeping (negative)

Ex. 留学したての頃はホームシックでめそめそ泣いていた。

= Ryuugaku shitate no koro wa hoomushikku de mesomeso naite ita.

= I used to weep with homesickness when I just started studying abroad.

  • もじもじ / モジモジ = mojimoji = being shy, hesitantly, fidgeting

Ex. もじもじしていないでもっと自分の意見をはっきり言いなさい。

= Mojimoji shite inai de motto jibun no iken wo hakkiri iinasai.

= Don’t be shy and state your opinion clearly.

*わくわく/ワクワク = wakuwaku = to get excited

Ex. コンサートのことを考えただけでわくわくする。

= Konsaato no koto wo kangaeta dake de wakuwaku suru.

= Just thinking about concert makes me feel excited.

  • わんわん/ワンワン = wanwan = to cry loudly, to wail

Or how we bark (Bow Wow! )

For animal sounds, check this lesson 動物 ( = どうぶつ = doubutsu = Animal Related Japanese)

(→Click the flower to go back to the list)

(6) to describe one’s motions/situation/attitude/behavior

  • うろうろ/ ウロウロ = urouro = hanging around, wandering around

Ex. 一人で夜の街をうろうろしていると危ないんじゃない? (casual)

= Hitori de yoru no machi wo urouro shiteiru to abunain janai?

= Isn’t it dangerous to hang around in the town at night by yourself?

  • がりがり/ガリガリ(*) = garigari = to study like crazy (negative)

(ガリ勉 = gariben = abbreviation of がりがり勉強する( = garigari benkyou suru) to cram)

*がんがん/ ガンガン = gangan = vigorously/ to talk to someone in a pushy manner/ to do something crazy non-stop.

Ex. あまりがんがん誘うと女の子はひいちゃうよ。(casual/slang)

= Amari gangan sasou to onnano ko wa hiichau yo.

= If you are too pushy asking girls out, they will turn them down, you know.

  • ぐいぐい/グイグイ= guigui = being pushy, to push without hesitation

Ex. 彼は、ぐいぐい来すぎる。

= Kare wa, guigui kisugiru.

= He is coming on too strong/too pushy

  • ぐずぐず / グズグズ = guzuguzu = procrastinating, lingering, taking too much time to do something

Ex. ぐずぐずしているとバスに乗り遅れるよ。

= Guzuguzu shite iru to basu ni noriokureru yo.

= Hurry up! (Don’t dawdle!) You are going to miss the bus.

  • くねくね/ クネクネ = kunekune = wiggling / zigzag

Ex. 彼は体をくねくねして踊る。

= Kare wa karada wo kunekune shite odoru.

= He wiggles his body when he dances.

  • くるくる / クルクル (*)= kurukuru = spinning/ turning round and round

Ex. 尻尾を追いかけてくるくる回る犬

= Shippo wo oikakete kurukuru mawaru inu

= A dog who spins chasing its tail

  • ぐるぐる / グルグル(*) = guruguru = spinning/ turning round and round

Ex. ロープでぐるぐる巻きにする

= Roopu de guruguru maki ni suru

= to wind something up with a rope

  • くんくん /クンクン = kunkun = sniffing

Ex. マギーは靴の臭いをくんくん嗅いでいた。

= Maggie wa kutsu no nioi wo kunkun kaide ita.

= Maggie sniffed the shoe(s).

  • こそこそ/ コソコソ = kosokoso = sneakily/secretly (negative)

Ex.こそこそしないで正直に思っていることを言ってほしい。

= Kosokoso shinai de shoujiki ni omotte iru koto wo itte hoshii.

= Stop sneaking around and tell me what you honestly think.

  • ごそごそ/ ゴソゴソ = gosogoso = to rummage around ~ making noise

*こつこつ/コツコツ = kotsukotsu = diligently, steadily

Ex. 毎日、こつこつ勉強する。

= Mainichi, kotsukotsu benkyou suru.

= to study diligently everyday.

Ex. こつこつ貯金する。

= Kotsukotsu chokin suru.

= to save money little by little/steadily

  • ごろごろ/ゴロゴロ (*) = gorogoro = being lazy, and doing nothing (lying down)

From the picture above:

「今日は1日ごろごろします。」

= Kyou wa ichinichi gorogoro shimasu.

= I am going to lie around doing nothing today.

  • だらだら / ダラダラ = daradara = being lazy and doing nothing

Ex. 日曜日はだらだら過ごす。

= Nichiyoubi wa daradara sugosu.

= I just relax doing nothing at home on Sundays.

Note: You can replace it with ごろごろ( = gorogoro). The nuance difference is だらだら ( = daradara) is just being lazy doing nothing. ごろごろ ( = gorogoro) implies doing nothing lying down. (Like me in the picture above)

  • のろのろ/ ノロノロ = noronoro = to move slowly

Ex. のろのろ運転

= noronoro unten

= driving slowly

  • ぱくぱく / パクパク(*) = pakupaku = opening and closing one’s mouth repeatedly

  • ばたばた/ バタバタ (*) = batabata = being busy/being busy taking care of some problems/ running around in a busy way/ struggling

Ex. 今週はばたばたしているから来週にしない?

= Konshuu wa batabata shite iru kara raishuu ni shinai?

= I am swamped this week. How about next week?

  • ぱたぱた/ パタパタ (*) = patapata = pitter-patter

  • ぶらぶら/ ブラブラ = burabura =hang around/ doing nothing without a job

Ex. ちょっとこの辺をぶらぶらしてきます。

= Chotto kono hen wo burabura shitekimasu.

= I will hang around here.

  • ふらふら/フラフラ (*) = furafura = hang around without any specific purpose

(→Click the flower to go back to the list)

(7) to describe one’s relationships

  • いちゃいちゃ/イチャイチャ = ichaicha = 1) flirting, 2) making out

Ex. 映画館で彼といちゃいちゃしてるの見ちゃったよ。(casual)

= Eigakan de kare to ichaicha shiteru no michatta yo.

= I saw you were making out with your boyfriend in the movie theater.

  • ぎすぎす/ギスギス = gisugisu = to describe some awkward situation/relationships.

Ex. ぎすぎすした関係

= Gisugisu shita kankei.

= An awkward relationship

  • ばちばち/バチバチ = bachibachi = to be on bad terms with each other, fighting

Ex. 母と妹がばちばち喧嘩している。

= Haha to imouto ga bachibachi kenka shiteiru.

= My mom and little sister are fighting like cats and dogs.

  • めろめろ/ メロメロ = meromero = madly in love with someone

Ex. 彼は彼女にめろめろだ。

= Kare wa kanojo ni meromero da.

= He is madly in love with her.

  • もてもて / モテモテ = motemote = being popular with girls/boys, being attractive

Ex. マギー、もてもてだね。

= Maggie, motemote dane.

= You are very popular with boys, Maggie.

(→Click the flower to go back to the list)

(8) to describe the way one smile/laugh

  • くすくす / クスクス = kusukusu = giggling

Ex. 彼のジョークに女の子達はクスクス笑っていた。

= Kare no jooku ni onnanokotachi wa kusukusu waratteita.

= Girls were giggling at his joke.

  • けらけら/ケラケラ= kerakera = laughing in a cackling manner

  • げらげら/ゲラゲラ = geragera = laughing out loud (louder than ケラケラ= kerakera)

Ex. 妻はお笑い番組を見てゲラゲラ笑っている。

= Tsuma wa owarai bangumi wo mite geragera waratte iru.

= My wife was cracking up so hard watching a comedy show.

  • にこにこ/ニコニコ = nikoniko = smiling (positive)

Ex. 彼女はいつもにこにこ笑って感じがいい。

= Kanojo wa itsumo nikoniko waratte kanji ga ii.

= She is a pleasant personand is always smiling.

  • にたにた / ニタニタ = nitanita = grinning/smirking 

  • にやにや/ニヤニヤ = niyaniya = grinning/smirking (*similar to にたにた= nitanita)

Ex. 何にやにや笑ってるの?

= Nani niyaniya waratteru no?

= What are you smirking at?

  • へらへら/ヘラヘラ = herahera = to laugh foolishly

(→Click the flower to go back to the list)

(9) to describe how one talks/speaks/communicate with others

  • きゃあきゃあ/ キャアキャア(きゃーきゃー/キャーキャー)= kyakyaa

= screaming in high voice(girls/children) for joy, for fear

Ex. 彼はどこに行ってもファンにキャーキャー騒がれる。

= Kare wa doko ni ittemo fan ni onna no ko ni kyaakyaa sawagareru.

= Wherever he goes, he gets screaming fans.

  • ぎゃあぎゃあ / ギャアギャア = gyaagyaa = screaming, being noisy/ complaining in a loud way

(louder than キャアキャア・キャーキャー( = kyaakyaa)

  • ずけずけ/ ズケズケ= zukezuke = outspoken  

Ex. あの人はなんでもずけずけ言うから苦手だ。

= Ano hito wa nandemo zukezuke iu kara nigate da.

= I don’t like him/her because he/she says whatevercomes to mind.

  • すらすら/ スラスラ = surasura = to answer/read/read say things smoothly, fluently

Ex. よくそんな嘘がすらすら出てくるね。

= Yoku sonna uso ga surasura dete kuru ne.

= How dare you to lie through your teeth like that!

  • ねちねち / ネチネチ = nechinechi = nagging, insistent, sticky

Ex. もう終わったことだからねちねち言わないで。

= Mou owatta koto dakara nechinechi iwanai de.

= That was a long time ago. Stop nagging.

  • はきはき / ハキハキ = hakihaki = briskly, to speak clearly.

  • ぶつぶつ / ブツブツ= butsubutsu = mumbling, grumbling to oneself

Ex. ブツブツ文句ばかり言っていないで手伝って。

= Butsubutsu monku bakari itte inai de tetsudatte.

= Stop grumbling to yourself and help me.

  • ぶうぶう/ブウブウ or ぶーぶー/ブーブー = buubu = complaining

Ex. 宿題を出したら生徒にブーブー文句を言われた。

= Shukudai wo dashitara seito ni buubuu monku wo iwareta.

= I gave my students homework, and they all complained

  • べらべら/ ベラベラ = berabera = chattering, blah-blah

Ex. 彼女は、人の秘密をベラベラしゃべるから気をつけた方がいいよ。

= Kanojo wa, hito no himitsu wo berabera shaberu kara ki wo tsuketa hou ga ii yo.

= Be careful with her. She tells otherpeople’s secret.

  • ぺらぺら/ ペラペラ = perapera = chattering, to speak language fluently

Ex. マギーは犬語がぺらぺらだ。

= Maggie wa inugo ga perapera da.

= Maggie speaks dog language fluently.

  • ぼそぼそ/ ボソボソ = bosoboso = to speak in a mumble, talking in a whispering voice

Ex. あの先生はいつもボソボソ話すからよく聞こえない。

= Ano sensei wa itsumo bosoboso hanasu kara yoku kikoenai.

= That teacher always mumbles, so it is hard to hear what he/she is saying.

  • わいわい/ ワイワイ = waiwai = making a noise (in a fun way) / having a blast in a group

Ex. またみんなでわいわいしたいね。

= Mata minna de waiwai shitaine.

= I’d love to have a blast with everybody again.

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(10) to describe how one walks/steps

  • かつかつ/ カツカツ = katsukatsu = walking in heels

  • つかつか/ ツカツカ= tsukatsuka = walking up to someone without hesitation

Ex. 知らない人がツカツカ近づいてきて「マギー先生ですか?」と話しかけてきた。

= Shiranai hito ga tsukatsuka chikazuite kite “Maggie sensei desu ka?” to hanashikakete kita.

= A stranger walked up to me withoout hesitation and talked to me, “Are you Maggie Sensei?”

  • ぞろぞろ / ゾロゾロ = zorozoro = moving(going/coming in/walking) in a crowd

Ex. 建物の中から人々がぞろぞろ出てきた。

= Tatemono no naka kara hitobito ga zorozoro dete kita

= Lots of people are coming out from the building one after the other.

  • ちょろちょろ/チョロチョロ = chorochoro = water is coming out a little constantly/ when someone (especially a little child or small animal) moves around restlessly.

  • てくてく/ テクテク= tekuteku = walking a long distance

Ex. バスがこなかったからてくてく歩いてきたよ。(casual)

= Basu ga konakatta kara tekuteku aruite kita yo.

= The bus didn’t come, so I walked all the way.

  • とことこ /トコトコ = tokotoko = toddling / running with short steps (a small child/baby)

Ex. その子はとことこお母さんのところへ歩いていった。

= Sono ko wa tokotoko okaasan no tokoro e aruite itta.

= The child toddled towards his/her mother.

  • どしんどしん/ドシンドシン(*) = doshindoshin = walking with heavy steps

  • とぼとぼ/ トボトボ = tobotobo = walking in a lonely way, walking wearily

Ex. 暗がりをとぼとぼ歩いて家に帰った。

= Kuragari wo tobotobo aruite ie ni kaetta.

= I walked home in the dark. (in a lonely way/feeling depressed)

  • ぱたぱた / パタパタ (*) = patapata = walking with slippers in a noisy way.

  • よちよち/ ヨチヨチ = yochiyochi = toddling around (It is used for a baby)

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(11) to describe how one eats/drinks

  • がつがつ/ ガツガツ= gatsugatsu = eating large amount of food fast, gobble food hungrily

Ex. 朝から何も食べていなかったからガツガツ食べた。

= Asa kara nanimo tabete inakatta kara gatsugatsu tabeta.

= Since I didn’t have anything from the morning, I gobbled the food.

  • かりかり/ カリカリ(*) = karikari = nibbling sound

  • がりがり/ ガリガリ = garigari = crunching sound

Ex. ねずみがガリガリ壁を噛む音がする。

= Nezumi ga garigari kabe wo kamu oto ga suru.

= I hear a mouse chewing at the wall.

  • くちゃくちゃ/ クチャクチャ = kuchakucha = chewing sound

Ex. 気持ちが悪いからクチャクチャ音を立てて食べるのをやめて。

= Kimochi ga warui kara kuchakucha oto wo tatete taberu no wo yamete.

= It’s disgusting. Stop making the loud chewing sound when you eat.

  • ぐびぐび/ グビグビ = gubigubi = gulping alcohol / taking quick gulps

Ex. ビールをグビグビ 飲む。

= Biiru wo gubugubi nomu.

= to gulp down a beer.

  • ごくごく/ ゴクゴク = gokugoku = gulping sound

Ex. 息子は喉が渇いていたのか水をゴクゴク飲んでいた。

= Musuko wa nodo ga kawaite ita no ka mizu wo gokugoku nonde ita.

= I guess my son was thirsty because he drank water in big gulps.

That is one thing that dogs can’t do because we don’t have a long neck.

  • ずるずる/ ズルズル = zuruzuru = sound of slurping noodle (in a noisy way)

Ex. ラーメンをズルズルすするのは「ヌーハラ」って言うんだって。(casual)

= Raamen wo zuruzuru susuru no wa “Nuuhara” tte iun datte.

= I heard slurping ramen noodles is called “Nu-hara” ( = Noodle harassment)

  • ちゅうちゅう / チュウチュウ or ちゅーちゅー/ チューチュー = chuuchuu = sound of sucking up drink through a straw.

  • つるつる/ ツルツル (*) = tsurutsuru = sound of slurping noodle smoothly

  • むしゃむしゃ/ ムシャムシャ = mushamusha = chomping on

  • もぐもぐ / モグモグ= mogumogu = chewing food with one’s mouth closed

Ex. もぐもぐタイム = mogumogu taimu (slang) = snack (nom-nom) time.

A buzz word from the 2018 Winter Olympics. Japan Women’s Curling Team had a snack during the break and people started to call the snack time, もぐもぐタイム (= mogumogu taimu )

  • ぱくぱく / パクパク(*) = pakupaku = gobbling(Opening and closing one’s mouth repeatedly)

Ex. うちの犬はなんでもパクパク食べる。

= Uchi no inu wa nandemo pakupaku taberu.

= My dog munches anything.

  • ぺろぺろ/ ペロペロ pero pero = licking sound, licking something constantly.

Ex. 犬に顔をぺろぺろ舐められた。

= Inu ni kao wo peropero namerareta.

= I got my face licked by a dog. (passive form)

= My dog licked my face.

  • ぼりぼり/ ボリボリ(*) = boribori = munching, crunching

Ex. あられをボリボリ食べる。

= Arare wo boribori taberu.

= to crunch rice crackers

  • ぽりぽり/ ポリポリ(*) = poripori = munching, crunching (louder than ポリポリ= poripori)

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(12) to describe how one sleeps

  • うとうと/ウトウト = utouto = dozing off

Ex. 電車の中でうとうとした。

= Densha no naka de utouto shita.

= I was dozing off on the train.

  • ぐうぐう/グウグウ or ぐーぐー/グーグー(*) = guuguu = sound asleep /zzz…

Ex. お父さんはまだグーグー寝ています。

= Otousan wa mada guuguu nete imasu.

= My dad is still sound asleep.

  • すやすや/スヤスヤ= suyasuya = sound peacefully

Ex. 赤ちゃんはすやすや眠っていた。

= Akachan wa suyasuya nemutte ita.

= The baby was sleeping peacefully.

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(13) to describe how one see/watch/look

  • きょろきょろ/ キョロキョロ= kyorokyoro = looking around restlessly

Ex. あたりをきょろきょろ見回してハチ公の銅像を探した。

= Atari wo kyorokyoro mimawashite Hachikuo no douzou wo sagashita.

= I looked around restlessly to find the Hachikou statue (the famous dog statue in Shibuya in Tokyo)

  • じろじろ/ジロジロ = jirojiro = staring someone/something (in a rude manner)

Ex. じろじろ見ないでください。

= Jirojiro minai de kudasai.

= Don’t stare at me.

  • ちらちら/ チラチラ = chirachira = glancing at someone/something

Ex. あの人、さっきからこっちをちらちら見てるよ。知ってる人かな?(casual)

= Ano hito, sakki kara kocchi wo chirachira miteru yo. Shitteru hito kana?

= He/She/That person keeps glancing at us. Do we know him/her?

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(14) to describe the weather

  • かんかん/カンカン(*) = kankan = blazing sun

Ex. 今日はかんかん照りだ。

= Kyou wa kankan deri da.

= It’s scorching hot today.

*ぎらぎら/ ギラギラ = giragira = glaring sun 

Ex. 太陽がぎらぎらしている。

= Taiyou ga giragira shite iru.

= The sun is glaring.

  • ごろごろ/ゴロゴロ (*) = gorogoro = rumbling thunder

Ex. 雷がゴロゴロ鳴っている。

= Kaminari ga gorogoro natte iru.

= The thunder is rambling.

  • ざあざあ/ザアザア =zaazaa = pouring rain

Ex. 外はざあざあ降りだ。

= Soto wa zaazaa buri da.

= It is pouring outside.

  • しとしと/シトシト = shito shito = drizzling, raining quietly

Ex. 雨がしとしと降っている。

= Ame ga shitoshito futte iru.

= It is drizzling.

*じめじめ/ジメジメ= jimejime = humid

Ex. 梅雨の季節はじめじめしている。

= Tsuyu no kisetsu wa jimejime shiteiru.

= It’s humid in the rainy season.

*しんしん/シンシン= shinshin = to snow in silent 

Ex. 雪がシンシン降っている。

= Yuki ga shinshin futte iru.

= It is snowing quietly.

  • そよそよ = soyosoyo = to describe nice breeze, breeze gently/softly

Ex. 風がそよそよ吹く。

= Kaze ga soyosoyo fuku.

= There is a nice and gentle breeze.

  • むしむし/ムシムシ = mushi mushi = humid, muggy 

Ex. 今日はむしむしするね。

= Kyou wa mushimushi surune.

= It’s humid today, isn’t it?

  • ぱらぱら/ パラパラ = parapara = sprinkling rain

Ex. 雨がぱらぱら降ってきた。

= Ame ga parapara futte kita.

= It has started to sprinkle.

  • ぴかぴか/ピカピカ (*)= pikapika = lightening 

Ex. 稲妻がぴかぴか光った。

= Inazuma ga pikapika hikatta.

= Lightening flashed.

  • ぴゅうぴゅう/ピュウピュウ or ぴゅーぴゅー/ ピューピュー = pyuu pyuu = howling wind 

Ex. 風がピューピュー吹いている。

= Kaze ga pyuupyuu fuite iru.

= The wind is howling.

  • びゅうびゅう/ビュウビュウ or びゅーびゅー/ ビュービュー = byuu byuu

= howling wind (stronger than ピュウピュウ( = pyuu pyuu) )

  • ぽかぽか/ ポカポカ= pokapoka = nice and warm weather

Ex. 今日はぽかぽか陽気だ。

= Kyou wa pokapoka youki da.

= It’s nice and warm today.

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(15) to describe the texture of food/drink

  • かちかち/ カチカチ = kachikachi = something hard

Ex. お餅がかちかちになった。

= Omochi ga kachikachi ni natta.

= The rice cake got harder.

  • きんきん/ キンキン = kinkin = very cold, ice-cold (drink)

Ex. きんきんに冷えたビール

= kinkin ni hieta biiru.

= ice-cold beer

  • さくさく / サクサク= sakusaku = soft and crispy

Ex. このクッキー、さくさくだね。

= Kono kukkii, sakusaku dane.

= This cookie is nice and crispy.

  • ざらざら/ザラザラ = zarazara = feeling rough

  • しゅわしゅわ/ シュワシュワ = shuwa shuwa = Sound of bubble/describe fizziness, bubbly

  • つるつる/ツルツル(*) = tsuru tsuru = sound of slurping noodles /slippery/smooth surface

Ex. つるつるのうどん

= Tsurutsuru no udon

= smooth udon-noodle

  • とろとろ/ トロトロ = torotoro = describe something smooth/creamy, runny

(or とろーり/トローリ = toroori )

  • どばどば/ドバドバ = dobadoba (casual)

= pouring some liquid generously, pouring out in large amounts

Ex. マヨラーは何にでもマヨネーズをどばどばかける。

= “Mayoraa” wa nan ni demo mayoneizu wo dobadoba kakeru.

=“Mayoler” ( mayo lovers) pour out a large amount of mayo on anything.

  • ねばねば / ネバネバ = nebaneba = gooey, sticky, stringy

Ex. 納豆はねばねばした食べ物です。

= Nattou wa nebaneba shita tabemono desu.

= Natto (fermented soybeans) is a sticky/stringy food.

  • ぱさぱさ / パサパサ = pasapasa = dry

Ex. スポンジケーキがパサパサしている。

= Suponjikeeki ga pasapasa shiteiru.

= The sponge cake is dried out.

  • ぱりぱり/ パリパリ = paripari = sound of eating crispy/crunchy food

  • ふわふわ/ フワフワ = fuwafuwa = soft / fluffy

Ex. ふわふわのケーキ

= Fuwafuwa no keeki

= fluffy cake

  • ぷるんぷるん/ プルンプルン = purunpurun = wobbly, shaky, describing something jelly-like

Ex. 見て、このゼリー、ぷるんぷるん!

= Mite, kono zerii, purunpurun!

= Look at this jelly. It’s nice and wobbly.

  • べとべと/ ベトベト = beto beto = describe something sticky

  • ほかほか / ホカホカ= hokahoka = nice and warm (food)

Ex. ほかほか弁当

= hokahoka bentou

= hot / nice and warm boxed lunch

  • もちもち / モチモチ = mochimochi = chewy (positive)

  • べたべた/ベタベタ = betabeta = sticky, greasy

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(16) Cooking sound/describing how one cooks

  • ことこと/コトコト= kotokoto = simmering over low heat (to simmer something for a long time)

Ex. カレーをことこと煮る。

= Karee wo kotokoto niru.

= to simmer curry sauce

  • じゅうじゅう/ジュウジュウ or じゅーじゅー/ ジュージュー= juujuu = sizzling sound

Ex. 肉をジュージュー焼く匂いがしてきた。

= Niku wo juujuu yaku nioi ga shite kita.

= I smell sizzling meat.

  • ぐつぐつ/グツグツ = gutsugutsu = simmering sound

Ex. シチューをぐつぐつ2時間煮込んでください。

= Shichuu wo gutsugutsu nijikan nikon de kudasai.

= Simmer the stew for two hours.

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(17) to describe how things look/move /smell/feel

  • がらがら/ ガラガラ (*) = (some space/transportation is) nearly empty

Ex. 日曜日はバスががらがらだ。

= Nichiyoubi wa basu ga garagara da.

= The bus is (nearly) empty on Sundays./There are very few people on the bus on Sundays.

  • ぎゅうぎゅう/ギュウギュウ or ぎゅーぎゅー/ ギューギュー= gyuugyuu = packed

Ex. ぎゅうぎゅう電車の通勤はストレスがたまる。

= Gyuugyuu densha no tsuukin wa sutoresu ga tamaru.

= I get stressed out commuting when the train is packed.

  • きらきら/ キラキラ = kirakira = shining/glittering

Ex. きらきらした目

= kirakira shita me

= sparkling eyes.

  • くしゃくしゃ/クシャクシャ(*) = kushakusha = wrinkled

Ex. シーツがくしゃくしゃになってしまった。

= Shiitsu ga kushakusha ni natte shimatta.

= The bed sheet got wrinkled.

  • くちゃくちゃ/クチャクチャ(*) = kuchakucha = messy, wrinkled

  • ぐちゃぐちゃ/グチャグチャ(*) = guchagucha = messy, wrinkled, slushy

Ex. 今、部屋の中がぐちゃぐちゃだから来ないで。(casual)

= Ima, heya no naka ga guchagucha dakara konai de.

= My room is messy right now. Don’t come over.

  • ごちゃごちゃ/ゴチャゴチャ = gochagocha = messy, cluttered, mixed up

Ex. スペイン語とポルトガル語を同時に勉強し始めたら頭の中がごちゃごちゃになってきた

= Supeingo to porutogarugo wo douji ni benkyou shihajimetara atama no naka ga gochagocha ni natte kita.

= I’ve started to study Spanish and Portuguese at the same time, and I got them mixed up in my head.

  • ごみごみ / ゴミゴミ= gomigomi = crowded, cluttered, to be in disorder, chaotic, jumbled

Ex. 東京の街はごみごみしている。

= Toukyou no machi wa gomigomi shite iru.

= The city of Tokyo is all jumbled up.

  • だぶだぶ/ダブダブ = dabudabu = buggy, clothes are too loose

Ex. 痩せてパンツがだぶだぶだ。

= Yasete pantsu ga dabudabu da.

= I lost weight and my pants are too big.

  • ばらばら/バラバラ = barabara = coming apart, falling apart, breaking up

Ex. コンピューターをばらばらにしたら元に戻せなくなった。

= Konpyuutaa wo barabara ni shitara moto ni modosenaku natta.

= I took the computer apart, but I couldn’t put it back together.

  • ぴかぴか/ ピカピカ (*)= pikapika = shiny, spick and span

Ex. 床をぴかぴかに磨く

= Yuka wo pikapika ni migaku.

= to polish up the floor.

Many Japanese people associate this word with this expression from a TV commercial.

Ex. ぴかぴかの一年生

= Pikapika no ichinensei

= A shiny first grader.

*びしょびしょ/ビショビショ = bishobisho = soaking wet

Ex. 雨でびしょびしょになった。

= Ame de bishobisho ni natta.

= I got soaking wet in the rain.

  • ひらひら/ヒラヒラ= hirahira = fluttering (flower petals or some thin items falling)

Ex. 桜の花びらがひらひらと舞う

= Sakura no hanabira ga hirahira to mau.

= Cherry blossom petals are fluttering. (The literal meaning is “dance around”)

  • びりびり/ビリビリ= biribiri 1) ripping/tearing up some paper/cloth 2) getting an electric shock

Ex. 手紙をビリビリ破る。

= Tegami wo biribiri yaburu.

= to rip up a letter.

  • ぷかぷか / プカプカ = pukapuka = floating on the water / puffing a cigar

  • ぷんぷん/ プンプン(*) = punpun = strong smell

Ex. この部屋は香水の匂いがぷんぷんする。

= Kono heya wa kousui no nioi ga punpun suru.

= The smell of perfume in this room is strong.

  • ぺらぺら/ペラペラ(*) = perapera = to describe something thin

Ex. この本はぺらぺらだから1時間で読めるよ。(casual)

= Kono hon wa perapera dakara ichijikan de yomeru yo.

= This book is so thin, that I can finish reading in an hour.

  • ぽたぽた/ポタポタ = potapota = dripping

Ex. 天井から水がぽたぽた落ちている。

= Tenjou kara mizu ga potapota ochite iru.

= Water is dripping from the ceiling.

  • ぼたぼた/ボタボタ = botabota = dripping

  • ぼろぼろ/ ボロボロ = boroboro = shabby, crumbling

Ex. 兄は、ぼろぼろの服を着ていても平気だ。

= Ani wa, boroboro no fuku wo kite ite mo heiki da.

= My big brother doesn’t mind wearing shabby clothes.

  • もくもく / モクモク= mokumoku = smoking 

Ex. 煙突から煙がもくもく出ている。

= Entotsu kara kemuri ga mokumoku dete iru.

= The smoke is rising up from the chimney.

  • もこもこ / モコモコ = mokomoko = describe fluffy fur/animal /sweater, etc.

  • ゆらゆら / ユラユラ = yurayura = to sway slowly

Ex. ろうそくの火がゆらゆら揺れていた。

= Rousoku no hi ga yurayura yurete ita.

= The candle flame flickered.

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(18) to describe some change / growth

  • ぐんぐん/グングン = gungun = (to progress) steadily, rapidly, significantly

Ex. マギー先生のサイトで勉強すると日本語がぐんぐん伸びます。

= Maggie sensei no saito de benkyou suruto nihongo ga gungun nobimasu.

= If you study with Maggie Sensei’s site, your Japanese will improve significantly.

  • じわじわ/ジワジワ = jiwajiwa = gradually, something affects you slowly , a little by little

Ex. 彼の言葉がじわじわ心に響いてきた。

= Kare no kotoba ga jiwajiwa kokoro ni hibiite kita.

= His words have touched my heart gradually.

  • すくすく/スクスク= sukusuku = to grow quickly (in a healthy manner)

Ex. 子供達はすくすく育っています。

= Kodomotachi wa sukusuku sodatte imasu.

= (Literally: Children are raised up so quickly.) Children grow up so fast.

  • どんどん/ドンドン = dondon = more and more, significantly, rapidly, steadily

Ex. どんどん食べて。

= Dondon tabete.

= Eat more! / Eat! Eat!! Eat!!

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(19) sounds in general

  • かたかた / カタカタ = katakata = clatter

Ex. 地震で食器棚の皿がカタカタ鳴った。

= Jishin de shokkidana no sara ga katakata natta.

= The dishes in the cupboard clattered due to the earthquake.

  • がらがら/ガラガラ(*) = garagara = rattling sound

  • がちゃがちゃ/ガチャガチャ= gachagacha = clatter (stronger)

The name of a machine from which you buy little toys in a capsule is from this sound.

  • ぎしぎし/ギシギシ = gishigishi = creaking/squeaking sound

Ex. 床がギシギシいう。

= Yuka ga gishigishi iu.

= The floor squeaks.

  • きいきい/キイキイ or きーきー/キーキー = kiikii = squeaking

  • くちゃくちゃ/クチャクチャ(*) = kuchakucha = chewing something noisily.

  • こんこん/ コンコン = konkon = coughing sound, sound of knocking

Ex. 一晩中、コンコン咳が出た。

= Hitobanjuu, konkon seki ga deta.

= I was coughing all night long.

*ごほごほ/ゴホホゴ = gohogoho = stronger cough

  • ざわざわ/ザワザワ = zawazawa = the sound that a crowd makes / feeling uneasy

  • じゃあじゃあ/ジャアジャア or じゃーじゃー/ジャージャー = jaajaa

Ex. 水がジャージャー漏れていた。

= Mizu ga jaajaa morete ita.

= The water was leaking a lot.

  • じょきじょき/ ジョキジョキ = jokijoki = snipping with scissors

  • ちょきちょき/ チョキチョキ = chokichoki =snipping with scissors

Ex. はさみでチョキチョキ切る。

= Hasami de chokichoki kiru.

= to cut something with scissors

  • とんとん /トントン = tonton = knocking/tapping sound/ tapping someone’s shoulders

Ex. ドアをトントンと叩く音で目が覚めた。

= Doa wo tonton to tataku oto de me ga sameta.

= I woke up from the tapping sound on the door.

  • ばきばき/ バキバキ = bakibaki = cracking sound

Ex.ストレッチをすると肩がバキバキいう。

= Sutorecchi wo suru to kata ga bakibaki iu.

= When I do some stretching, my shoulders crack and pop.

  • ぱしゃぱしゃ/パシャパシャ= pashapasha = shooting off pictures one after another

Ex. 写真をパシャパシャ撮る。

= Shashin wo pashapasha toru.

= to take pictures one after another.

  • ぱちぱち/パチパチ= pachipachi = clapping hands / cracking fire

Ex. 手をパチパチ叩く。 

= Te wo pachipachi tataku.

= to clap one’s hands/ to applaud

  • ぽきぽき/ポキポキ = pokipoki = snapping sound

Ex. 小枝をポキポキ折る。

= Koeda wo pokipoki oru.

= to snap a twig

  • ぼきぼき/ボキボキ = bokiboki = cracking sound

  • ぽたぽた/ポタポタ = potapota = dripping sound

Ex. 洗濯物から水がぽたぽたしたたっている。

= Sentakumono kara mizu ga potapota shitatatte iru.

= Water is dripping from the laundriy

  • ぽたんぽたん/ ポタンポタン = potan potan = dripping sound (slower than ぽたぽた ( = potapota)

  • ぱたぱた / パタパタ (*) = patapata = flapping sound / fanning sound

Ex. 扇子でパタパタ扇ぐ。

= Sensu de patapata aogu.

= to fan briskly with a (folding) fan.

(→Click the flower to go back to the list)

**

マギー先生より = Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

やっとこのレッスンを作ることができました。

= Yatto kono ressun wo tsukuru koto ga dekimashita.

= I finally made this lesson.

まだまだカバーしきれなかった言葉がいっぱいあると思いますが、アシスタントのゆかりがもうくたくただと言っているのでこのへんにしますね。

= Madamada kabaa shikirenakatta kotoba ga ippai aru to omoimasu ga, asisutanto no Yukari ga mou kutakuta dato itte iru node kono hen ni shite okimasune.

= There are so many more words that I wanted to cover but my assistant, Yukari is saying she is exhausted so we will stop here.

みんな、こつこつ勉強してね。

= Minna, kotsukotsu benkyou shitene.

= OK, everyone! Be diligent and study hard.


I REALLY appreciate your support! サポートありがとう!

My supporters can access an audio file for this lesson on my Patreon page and some mini lessons and quiz.

Audio File for this lesson

Part 1 (introduction part) Click here.

Part 2 (#1~#4) Click here.

Part 3 (#5~#6)Click here.

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Part 5 (#11~#19)Click here.

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お疲れになりましたか?ゆっくりおやすみください。

= Otsukare ni narimashita ka? Yukkuri oyasumi kudasai.

= Are you tired? Sleep well.

Hi everyone! Those cute guest teachers, Phineas and Parker are back.

We just studied 謙譲語 (けんじょうご = kenjougo), humble form, the other day.

Now it is time to study more about 敬語 ( = keigo), honorific expressions.

I made an introductory 敬語 lesson many years ago.

We will focus on the verb form today.


Hello again. We are Phineas and Parker.

As you studied in the previous lesson, when you talk about your own actions, you use “humble form”.

When you talk about the action of someone “superior” (again, “superior” here means your boss, older people, customers, clients, etc.) or their family, you use honorific form to show your respect.

I doubt you’ll use this form so often in your daily life unless you work for a Japanese company. However you will hear this form a lot at stores, banks, restaurants or on the train — basically anywhere you could be considered a customer.

There are many special honorific verb forms just like humble forms.

Let’s start with the basic one first.

1) (ら)れる = (ra)reru

How to form:

It is the same form as the passive or potential form.

  • Group 1 verb (u-verb):

Ex. 行く = いく= iku = to go

(1) Make a negative form ~ない ( = nai)

→行かない = いかない = ikanai = not to go

(2) delete ない ( = nai)

→行か = いか = ika

(3) add れる( = reru)

→行かれる ( = ikareru)

Ex. どちらまで行かれますか?

= Dochira made ikaremasu ka?

= Where are you going?

*Group 2 verb (ru-verb)

治る = なおる = naoru = to be cured/healed

(1) Make a negative form ~ない ( = nai)

→治らない = なおらない = naoranai = not to be cured/healed

(2) delete ない ( = nai) and add れる ( = reru)

→治られる = なおられる= naorareru

Ex. 風邪はもう治られましたか?

= Kaze wa mou naoraremashita ka?

= Have you gotten over from your cold now?

*帰る= かえる = kaeru = to return, to go home

→帰らない = かえらない= kaeranai = not to return/ go home

→帰ら= かえら = kaera + れる ( = reru)

→帰られる = かえられる= kaerareru

Ex. 鈴木さんは先ほど帰られました。

= Suzuki san wa sakihodo kaeraremashita.

= Mr./Ms. Suzuki just left (or went home).

*irregular verbs:

  • する ( = suru) to do →される( = sareru)

Ex. お仕事は何をされているのですか?

= Oshigoto wa nani wo sarete iru no desu ka?

= What do you do for living?

  • 来る = くる ( = kuru) to come → 来られる = こられる = korareru

Ex. 部長が来られたら教えてください。

= Buchou ga koraretara oshiete kudasai.

= Please let me know when the manager gets here.

Note: The compound words which combine two verbs

  • ~て来る ( = てくる= tekuru) → ~て来られる ( = てこらられる = te korareru)

  • ~て行く ( = ~ teiku) → ~て行かれる ( = ていかれる = te ikareru)

Ex. お客様が持って行かれました。

= Okyakusama ga motte ikaremashita.

= The guests took (something) with them.

(*more polite 持っていらっしゃいました = motte irasshaimashita.)

Ex. お客様が持って来られました。

= Okyakusama ga motte koraremashita.

= The guests brought (something).

More polite:

2-A) お ( = o) + verb masu-stem + になる ( = ni naru)

  • 使う= つかう = tsukau = to use

masu stem of 使う( = つかい = tsukaiu) to use → 使い ( = つかい= tsukai)

お ( = o) + 使い ( = tsukai) + になる ( = ni naru)

→お使いになる = otsukai ni naru

Note: You can’t make this form with する ( = suru) to do / 見る ( = miru) to see,watch, look / 着る ( = kiru) to wear, put on/ 行く( = iku) to go/ 来る ( = kuru) to come

Ex. お箸はお使いになりますか?

= Ohashi wa otsukai ni narimasu ka?

= Would you like to use chopsticks?

Ex. 田中さんは今、新聞をお読みになっています。

= Tanaka-san wa ima, shinbun wo oyomi ni natteimasu.

=Mr./Ms. Tanaka is reading newspaper now.

2-B) ご ( = go) + verb noun form (Chinese origin word) + になる ( = ni naru)

  • 利用 ( = riyou ) using/usage

→ ご利用 = goriyou

Ex. ホテルに滞在中、スパがご利用になれます。

= Hoteru ni taizaichuu, supa ga goriyou ni naremasu.

= While you’re staying at the hotel, you can use the spa.

Note-1) Be careful with 二重敬語 ( = nijuu keigo), double honorific expression.

Don’t use 1) and 2) together. That will be considered as 二重敬語 ( = nijuu keigo ), double honorific expression.

You say:

1) 使われる = tsukawareru = someone uses

or

2) お使いになる = otsukai ni naru = someone uses

But you don’t say:

X お使いになられる = otsukai ni narareru

Note-2) When you offer someone something or ask someone to do something, you say:

お ( = o) + verb masu stem + ください ( = kudasai)

or ご ( = go) + verb noun form + ください ( = kudasai)

You see this form a lot in instructional manuals.

Ex. こちらにお名前をお書きください。

= Kochira ni onamae wo okaki kudasai.

= Please write your name here.

or

こちらにお名前をご記入ください。

= Kochirani onamae go gokinyuu kudasai.

= Please write your name here.

Ex. 緊急時は階段をお使いください。

= Kinkyuuji wa kaidan wo otsukai kudasai.

= Please use stairs in case of emergency.

or

緊急時は階段をご利用ください。

= Kinkyuuji wa kaidan wo goriyou kudasai.

= Please use stairs in case of emergency.

Note-3) When you ask someone superior to do something, using いただけますか ( = itadakemasu ka) or いただけますでしょうか ( = itadakemasu deshou ka) are much more polite than お/ご~てください ( = o / go ~ kudasai).

As you may remember from previous lesson, you use いただく ( = itadaku) as a humble form for もらう ( = morau) to receive a favor from someone.

Ex. ここに名前を書いてください。

= Koko ni namae wo kaite kudasai.

= Please write your name here.

more polite

→ こちらにお名前をお書きください。

= Kochira ni onamae wo okaki kudasai.

= Please write your name here.

more polite

→ こちらにお名前をお書きいただけますか?

= Kochira ni onamae wo okaki itadakemasu ka?

= Will you write your name here please?

more polite

→こちらにお名前をお書きいただけますでしょうか。

= Kochira ni onamae wo okaki itadakemasu deshouka?

= Would you mind writing your name here, please?

Note: Which one to use お ( = o)  or  ご ( = go)

There are exceptions but you use お ( = o) for Japanese origin words with kun-reading and ご ( = go) for Chinese origin word with on-reading.


Some verbs have their own specific humble verb form. Here are some examples:

*する = suru = to do

→ なさる = nasaru

→ なさいます = nasaimasu

It is more polite than される ( = sareru)

Ex. 日本語を勉強(を)されているそうですね。

= Nihongo wo benkyou (wo) sarerte iru sou desu ne.

= I heard you are studying Japanese.

(more polite)

Ex.日本語を勉強なさっているそうですね。。

= Nihongo wo benkyou (wo) nasatte iru sou desune.

= I heard you are studying Japanese.

Ex. どうぞごゆっくりお買い物をなさってください。

= Douzo goyukkuri okaimono wo nasatte kudasai.

= Please take your time and enjoy your shopping.

To a sick person:

Ex. どうぞお大事になさってください。

= Douzo odaiji ni nasatte kudasai.

= Please take care of yourself.

**

  • いる = iru = to be / to have

→いらっしゃる = irassharu

→いらっしゃいます = irasshaimasu

→おいでになる= oide ninaru

→おいでになります = oide ni narimasu

Ex. お子さんはいらっしゃいますか?

= Okosan wa irasshaimasu ka?

= Do you have any children?

Ex. 明日はお宅においでになりますか?

= Ashita wa otaku ni oide ni narimasu ka?

= Are you going to be home tomorrow?

Note:

verbて ( = te) / で ( = de) +いる( = teiru) → verbて ( = te) / で ( = de) + いらっしゃる( = irassharu)

adjective +て ( = te) / で ( = de) + いらっしゃる ( = irassharu)

Ex. お元気でいらっしゃいますか?

= Ogenki de irasshaimasu ka?

= How are you? / How have you been? / Have you been well?

*来る = くる = kuru = to come

→ いらっしゃる = irassharu

→ いらっしゃいます = irasshaimasu

→ おいでになる = oide ninaru

→ おいでになります = oide ni narimasu

→ お見えになる = omie ni naru ( to show up / to come to see someone)

→ お見えになります = omie ni narimasu

→ お越しになる = okoshi ni naru ( to come / to come all the way)

→ お越しになります = okoshi ni narimasu

Ex. 今日はお車でいらっしゃいましたか?

= Kyou wa okuruma de irasshaimashita ka?

= Did you drive here today?

Ex. お近くにおいでになることがありましたらご連絡ください。

= Ochikaku ni oide ni naru koto ga arimashitara gorenraku kudasai.

= Please let me know when you get here.

Ex. 川口様がお見えになりました。

= Kawaguchi sama ga omie ni narimashita.

= Mr/Ms. Kawaguchi just came/arrived.

Talking to customers:

Ex. お車でお越しのお客様はいらっしゃいますか?

= Okurumade okoshi no okyakusama wa irasshaimasu ka?

= Did anybody come here by car?

Note: When you modify a noun:

お越しの/ お見えの ( = okoshi no / omie no) + noun

おいでになった/いらっしゃった ( = oide ni natta/ irasshatta) + noun

  • 行く = いく= iku = to go

→ いらっしゃる = irassharu

→ いらっしゃいます = irasshaimasu

→ おいでになる = oide ninaru

→ おいでになります = oide ni narimasu

Ex. 今度の日曜日はどちらにいらっしゃいますか?

= Kondo no nichiyoubi wa dochira ni irasshai masu ka?

= Where are you going next Sunday?

Ex. 京都にはもうおいでになりましたか?

= Kyouto ni wa mou oide ni narimashita ka?

= Have you been to Kyoto already?


  • 見る = みる = miru = to see / to watch / to look

→ ご覧になる = ごらんになる= goran ni naru

→ ご覧になります = ごらんになります = goran ni narimasu

Ex. 新商品をご覧になりますか?

= Shinseihin wo goran ni narimasu ka?

= Would you like to see the new product?

  • 言う = いう= iu = to say, tell

→おっしゃる = ossharu

→おっしゃいます = osshaimasu

Ex. 今、なんとおっしゃいましたか?

= Ima, nanto osshaimashita ka?

= What did you just say?

Note: You sometimes use 敬語 ( = keigo) ,honorific for, sarcastically.

Ex. おっしゃる意味がわかりません。

= Ossharu imi ga wakarimasen.

= I don’t get what you are trying to say.

  • 食べる = たべる= taberu = to eat

  • 飲む = のむ= nomu = to drink

→ 召し上がる = めしあがる= meshiagaru

→ 召し上がります = meshiagaru

After serving a food:

Ex. どうぞお召し上がりください。

= Douzo omeshiagari kudasai.

= Please help yourself/enjoy your meal.

  • (Vて)くれる = (v-te) kureru = to give something to someone/to do something for someone

→(Vて)くださる = V-te kudasaru

→(Vて)くださいます = V-te kudasaimasu

Ex. マギー先生がおもちゃをくださいました。

= Maggie Sensei ga omocha wo kudasaimashita.

= Maggie Sensei gave me a toy.

Someone does something for you.

Ex. 留守の間、加藤さんが猫を預かってくださいます。

= Rusu no aida, Katou san ga neko wo azukatte kudasaimasu.

= While I am away,Mr./Ms. Kato will keep my cat for me.

Note: If you see from your point of view as a receiver, you use humble form,

  • (Vて)もらう = (v-te) morau = to receive

→(Vて)いただく = V-te kudasaru

→(Vて)いただきます = V-te kudasaimasu

(honorific form)

Ex. 竹中さんが家まで車で送ってくださった。

= Takenaka san ga ie made kuruma de okutte kudasatta.

= Mr.Takenaka took me home by his car.

(humble form)

Ex. 竹中さんに家まで車で送っていただいた。

= Takenaka san ni ie made kuruma de okutte itadaita.

(literal meaning) I received a favor from Mr./Ms. Takanaka of taking me home by his car.

= Mr./Ms. Takenaka took me home by his car.

*知っている= しっている = shiru = to know

→ご存じです = ごぞんじです= gozonjji desu

Ex. 中村さんをご存じですか?

= Nakamura san wo gozonji desu ka?

= Do you knowMr./Ms. Nakamura?

*寝る = ねる= neru = to sleep

→お休みになる = oyasumi ni naru

Ex. 昨夜は、ゆっくりお休みになれましたか?

= Sakuya wa yukkuri oyasumi ni naremashita ka?

= Could you sleep well last night?

Note: なれる= nareru = is a potential form of なる( = naru)

  • 着る = きる = kiru = to wear

→お召しになる = おめしになる = omeshi ni naru

→お召しになります = おめしになります = omeshi ni narimasu

Ex. 「どちらが佐藤さんですか?」

= Dochiraga Satou-san desu ka?

= Which one isMr./Ms. Sato?

「白いコートをお召しになっている方です。」

= Shiroi kooto wo omeshi ni natte iru kata desu.

= The person who is wearing a white coat.

Note:

You also use 召す ( = mesu) for catching cold

風邪を召される

= kaze wo mesareru

(more formal)

風邪をお召しになる

= Kaze wo omeshi ni naru

Ex. 風邪を召されませんようお気をつけください。

= Kaze wo mesaremasen you okiwo tsuke kudasai.

= Please be careful not to catch a cold.


So how was it? Difficult?

Now you know both honorific and humble forms.

Just be careful not to mix them up.

Actually there are “picky” Japanese people who love to correct our mistakes.

Remember when you talk about your own action, you use humble form and when you refer to someone superior’s action, you use honorific form.

がんばって!= Ganbatte! = Good luck!


マギー先生より = Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

Phineas先生、Parker先生、ありがとうございました。

= Phineas Sensei, Parker Sensei arigatou gozaimashita.

= Thank you very much, Phineas and Parker.

お目覚めになりましたらミルクをお持ちいたします。

= Omezame ni narimashitara miruku wo omochi itashimasu.

= When you are awake, I will bring you some milk.


My supporters on Patreon can access an audio file for this lesson on my Patreon page and some mini lessons and quiz.

Audio File for this lesson

Part 1 Click here.

Part 2 Click here.

:rrrr: Quiz Click here

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Parker:「ベロが出てるよ。」

= Bero ga deteru yo.

= Your tongue is sticking out.

Phineas:「いいの、ほっといて」

= Iino, hottoite.

= Just leave me alone!

Parker: ベー

= Beeh

Phineas:「自分だって舌、出してるじゃん。」

= Jibun datte shita, dashiteru jan.

= You should talk. You are sticking out your tongue, too.

Hi everyone!

We are your guest teacher for today, Phineas and Parker. We love playing fetch and wrestling. How about you?

Are you ready to study with me?

You studied the difference between 入る ( = はいる = hairu ) and 入れる ( = いれる = ireru)

So today I am going to teach you the verbs 出る ( = でる = deru) + 出す ( = だす = dasu).

The basic difference is

出る ( = でる = deru) is an intransitive verb and 出す ( = だす = dasu) is transitive verb.

[Note: transitive verbs require objects. Intransitives verbs don’t.]

Someone left a comment in the comment section suggesting I give you a summary of the usage first and then give you all the example sentences. So let’s try that today and let me know how you like it.

★出る ( = でる = deru)

  • something / Someone + が + 出る

= something / Someone + ga + deru.

= something / Someone leaves / comes out

(1) to leave some place / to depart

  • 家を出る

= ie wo deru

= to leave one’s house

(2) graduate

  • 大学を出る

= daigaku wo deru

= to graduate from the university

(3) to attend a class / meeting / ceremony

  • 授業に出る

= jugyou ni deru

= to attend the class

(4) come out / show up

  • 月が出る

= tsuki ga deru

= the moon comes out

(5) drink / food is served

  • コーヒーが出る

= Koohii ga deru

= Coffee is served

(6) some feelings / emotions / opinions comes out

  • 意見が出る

= iken ga deru

= some opinion comes out

(7) bodily function

  • 熱が出る

= netsu ga deru

= to have a fever

(8) to be assigned

  • 課題が出る

= kadai ga deru

= to be assigned

(9) to stick out

  • お腹が出る

= onaka ga deru

= to gain weight in the belly

(10) to be published / released

  • 本が出る

= hon ga deru

= a book is published

(11) to answer the phone/ intercom

  • 電話に出る

= denwa ni deru

= to answer the phone

(12) to put on speed/ drive fast

  • スピードが出る

= supiido ga deru

= to be able to run fast

(13) to get some income/ to be rewarded

  • 給料が出る

= kyuuryou ga deru

= to get paid

(14) Other idiomatic expressions

  • 足が出る

= ashi ga deru

= to go over the budget


  • Someone + が + something + を + 出す

= (Someone) ga (something) wo dasu.

= (Someone) takes/pulls out (something).

(1) to take out something

  • ごみ(ゴミ)を出す

= gomi wo dasu

= to take out the trash

(2) to send someone out

  • 子供を学校へ出す

= kodomo wo gakkou e dasu

= to send one’s child to school

(3) to mail something

  • 手紙を出す

= tegami wo dasu

= to send a letter

(4) to stick out

  • 舌を出す

= shita wo dasu

= to stick out one’s tongue

(5) to serve, provide drink/food

  • コーヒーを出す

= koohii wo dasu

= to serve coffee

(6) to express opinions/ to show emotions

  • 感情を出す

= kanjou wo dasu

= to show one’s emotion

(7) to submit / to turn in

  • レポートを出す

= repooto wo dasu

= to turn in a term paper

(8) to assign

  • 宿題を出す

= shukudai wo dasu

= to assign homework

(9) to launch / open a store

  • 店を出す

= mise wo dasu

= to open a store

(10) to publish a book

*本を出す

= hon wo dasu

= to publish a book

(11) to have someone answer the phone / door / intercom

  • 電話に出す

= denwa ni dash

= to answer the phone

(12) to put forth strength / let one’s emotion out, etc.

*元気を出す

= genki wo dasu

= to cheer (oneself) up

(13) to put on speed

*スピードを出す

= supiido wo dasu

= to hit the gas, to speed up

(14) to pay money

*お金を出す

= okane wo dasu

= to pay money (to take out money and pay)

(15) idiomatic expressions

*口を出す

= kuchi wo dasu

= to put in a word


Let’s go through these one by one with example sentences.

★出る ( = でる = deru) intransitive verb

(1) to leave some place / to depart

Ex. 朝6時に家を出た。

= Asa rokuji ni ie wo deta.

= I left my house at six in the morning.

Note: 家を出る ( = ie wo deru) also means “to run away from one’s house”

Ex. 親と喧嘩して家を出た。

= Oya to kenka shite ie wo deta.

= I fought with my parents and ran away from my house.

(You also say *家出する= iede suru)

Ex. 3番ホームから電車が出ます。

= Sanban hoomu kara densha ga demasu.

= The train will leave from platform three.

Ex. 明日、何時に東京駅を出るの?

= Ashita, nanji ni Toukyoueki wo deru no?

= What time are you going to leave Tokyo station tomorrow?

Ex. 国を出てもう3年が経つ。

= Kuni wo dete mou sannnen ga tatsu.

= It has been already three yeas since I left my country.

(2) graduate

Ex. 彼は有名な大学を出ているらしい。

= Kare wa yuumei na daigaku wo dete iru rashii.

= I heard that he graduated from a famous university.

Ex. 高校を出たら車の免許を取りたい。

= Koukou wo detara kuruma no menkyo wo toritai.

= I would like to take a driver’s license after I graduate from high school.

(3) to attend a class/ meeting / ceremony

Ex. 部長、私の結婚式に出ていただけますか?

= Bushou, watashi no kekkonshiki ni dete itadakemasu ka?

= (Talking to the boss, department manager) Could you attend my wedding?

  • You also say 出席(しゅっせき)する = shusseki suru

Ex. 授業に出ないと単位を落とす。

= Jugyou ni denai to tan’i wo otosu.

= If I don’t attend the class, I will lose class credits.

(4) come out / show up / to appear

Ex. えんとつから煙が出ている。

= Entotsu kara kemuri ga dete iru.

= Smoke is coming out of the chimney.

Ex. じゃがいもの芽が出てきた。

= Jagaimo no me ga dete kita.

= Sprouts have started to come out of the potatoes.

Ex. この文法は試験に出ますか?

= Kono bunpou wa shiken ni demasu ka?

= Will this grammar be on the test?

Ex. 噂によるとこのホテルには幽霊が出るらしい。

= Uwasa ni yoru to kono hoteru niwa yuurei ga deru rashii.

= Rumor has it there are ghosts in this hotel.

Ex. シャワーのお湯が出ない。

= Shawaa no oyu ga denai.

= There is no hot water in the shower. (Literally: The shower’s hot water doesn’t come out.)

You often use it when you are talking about celestial bodies:

  • 月が出る =tsuki ga deru= the moon comes out

  • 星が出る = hoshi ga deru = the stars comes out

  • 太陽が出る = taiyou ga deru = the sun comes out

  • 虹が出る= niji ga deru = a rainbow comes out

Ex. 見て!虹が出てるよ!

= Mite! Niji ga deteru yo!

= Look! There’s a rainbow!

Ex. きれいな月が出ている。

= Kireina tsuki ga dete iru.

= A beautiful moon is out.

Ex. 太陽が出てきた。

= Taiyou ga dete kita.

= The sun is coming out.

(5) drink/food is served

Ex. あの店は女性だけに無料でデザートが出る。

= Ano mise wa josei dake ni muryou de dezaato ga deru.

= That restaurant serves free desserts just to women.

(6) some feelings / emotions/opinions comes out

Ex. 停電が続き、人々の間から不満が出ている。

= Teiden wa tsuduki, hitobito no aida kara fuman ga dete iru.

= Since the blackouts have continued, people started to complain about it.

Ex. 明日が試験なのに勉強不足で焦りが出てきた。

= Ashita ga shiken nano ni benkyou busoku de aseri ga dete kita.

= Even though I have exams tomorrow, I haven’t studied enough and I started to feel pressured.

Ex. 反対意見も出ているのでもう少し考えよう。

= Hantai iken mo dete iru node mousukoshi kangaeyou.

= Since there is a dissenting voice, we should think about this more.

(7) Bodily function

  • 熱が出る = netsu ga deru = to have a fever

  • 血が出る = chi ga deru = to bleed

  • 鼻水が出る = hanamizu ga deru = to have a runny nose

  • 涙が出る = namida ga deru = tears come out

  • 汗が出る = ase ga deru = sweat comes out→to sweat

(Note: to get sweat is 汗をかく ( = ase wo kaku)

  • 鼻血が出る = hanaji ga deru = one’s nose bleeds

  • よだれが出る = yodare ga deru = to salivate

Ex. 40度の熱が出た。

= Yonjuudo no netsu ga deta.

= I had a fever of 40 degrees Celsius.

Ex. 芝刈りをしていたら汗が出た。

= Shibakari wo shiteitara ase ga deta.

= I sweated mowing a lawn.

Ex. この曲を聞いていたら涙が出てきた。

= Kono kyoku wo kiite itara namida ga detekita.

(Literal meaning: When I was listening to this song, tears came out from my eyes.)

= Listening to this song made me cry.

Ex. 美味しそう!よだれが出るよ~。

= Oishisou! Yodare ga deru yoo.

= It looks delicious. It makes my mouth water.


  • ゲップが出る= geppu ga deru = to burp

  • あくびが出る = akubi ga deru = to yawn

  • くしゃみが出る = kushami ga deru = to sneeze

  • 咳が出る = seki ga deru = to cough

Note: You can also say ~をする( = wo suru)

→あくびをする = akubi wo suru = to yawn

The literal meaning of あくびが出る ( = akubi ga deru) is “yawn is coming out from one’s mouth)

Ex. 風邪をひいて声が出ない。

= Kaze wo hiite koe ga denai.

= I have a cold and I can’t talk.

Ex. あっ、くしゃみが出そう。

= Ah, kushami ga desou.

= Ah, I am gonna sneeze.

Ex. 咳が出るから飴、ちょうだい。

= Seki ga deru kara ame, choudai.

= I have a cough. Can I have some candy?

Ex. 日本ではチョコレートを食べすぎると鼻血が出るっていうよ。

= Nihon de wa chokoreeto wo tabesugiru to hanaji ga deru tte iu yo.

= In Japan they say if you eat too much chocolate, your nose will bleed.

(8) to be assigned

Ex. 今日はいっぱい宿題が出た。

= Kyou wa ippai shukudai ga deta.

(Literal translation) A lot of homework was assigned today.

= I got a lot of homework today.

(9) to stick out

Ex. 最近お腹が出てきた。

= Saikin onaka ga dete kita.

= My belly is starting to stick out.

Ex. 白線から前に出てはいけません。

= Hakusen kara mae ni dete wa ikemasen.

= Don’t cross the white line.

(10) to be published/released

Ex. ワンピースの最新刊いつ出るの?

= Wan piisu no saishinkan itsu deru no?

= When will the latest issue of One Piece be published?

Ex. 嵐の新しいCDが出たら買いたい。

= Arashi no atarashii CD ga detara kaitai.

= I would like to buy if Arashi releases a new CD.

Ex. Perfumeの新曲が出た。

= Perfume no shinkyoku ga deta.

= Perfume released a new song.

(11) to answer the phone/ door phone

Ex. 鈴木さんの家に電話をかけるといつも奥さんが電話に出る。

= Suzuki san no ie ni denwa wo kakeru to itsumo okusan ga denwa ni deru.

= Whenever I call Mr. Suzuki, his wife answers the phone.

Ex. チャイムを押したが誰も出ない。

= Chaimu wo oshitaga dare mo denai.

= I pushed the door bell but nobody answers.

(12) to put on speed/ drive fast

Ex. 新幹線は時速300km以上のスピードが出る。

= Shinkansen wa jisoku sanbyakkiro ijou no supiiido ga deru.

= The bullet trains can run over 300km/hour.

(13) to get some income/reward

Ex. 国から補助金が出た。

= Kuni kara hojokin ga deta.

= We have received government assistance.

Ex.給料が出たばかりだ。

= Kyuuryou ga deta bakarida.

= I just got paid.

(The literal meaning is “salary just came out”)

You can also say 給料が入った = kyuuryou ga haitta.

Ex. ボーナスはいつ出るの?なんか買ってね。

= Boonasu wa itsu deru no? Nanka katte ne.

= When will you get your bonus? Buy something, OK?

(14) idiom

Ex. 予算から足が出る

= Yosan kara ashi ga deru

= to go over the budget


★出す ( = だす = dasu) : transitive verb.

(1) to take out something

Ex. 今日は燃えるゴミを出す日だ。

= Kyou wa moeru gomi wo dasu hi da.

= We are supposed to take out the burnable trash today.

Ex. 鞄から財布を出す

= Kaban kara saifu wo toridasu.

= to take one’s wallet out of one’s bag.

(2) to send someone out

Ex. 日本では子供を一人でお使いに出すテレビ番組が人気です。

= Nihon de wa kodomo wo otsukai ni hitori de dasu terebibangumi ga ninki desu.

= A TV show in which children are sent out on errands by themselves is very popular in Japan.

(3) to mail a letter/postcard

Ex. 友達に京都から絵葉書を出した。

= Tomodachi ni Kyoto kara ehagaki wo dashita.

= I sent my friend a postcard from Kyoto.

Ex. まだ年賀状を出していない。

= Mada nengajou wo dashite inai.

= I haven’t mailed out my New Year’s cards yet.

(4) to stick out

Ex. 彼女はいつも間違えるとかわいく舌を出す。

= Kanojo wa itsumo machigaeru to kawaiku shita wo dasu.

= Whenever she makes a mistake, she sticks out her tongue out in a cute way.

Ex. 車の窓から手を出してはいけません。

= Kuruma no mado kara te wo dashite wa ikemasen.

= Do not stick your hands out of the car windows.

Ex. 窓から顔を出す。

= Mado kara kao wo dasu

= to stick out one’s face out of the window

Note: 顔を出す( = kao wo dasu )

can be “to stick one’s face out” or “to show up”

Ex. 同窓会に顔を出す

= Dousou kai ni kao wo dasu

= to drop by the school reunion.

(5) to serve, provide drink/food

Ex. 子供の頃、いつも友達のお母さんがおやつを出してくれた。

= Kodomo no koro, itsumo tomodachi no okaasan ga oyatsu wo dashite kureta.

= When I was a child, my friend’s mother used to serve us snacks.

Ex. 何も出さないでごめんなさい。

= Nani mo dasanai de gomennasai.

= Sorry that I didn’t serve you anything.

(6) to express opinions/feelings/emotions

Ex. 私は感情を表に出すのが苦手だ。

= Watashi wa kanjou wo omote ni dasu no ga nigate da.

= I am not good at expressing my emotions.

Ex.いろいろな意見を出してください。

= Iroirona iken wo dashite kudasai.

= Please give us various opinions.

(7) to submit / to turn in

Ex. 明日までにレポートを出さないといけない。

= Ashita made ni repooto wo dasanai to ikenai.

= I have to turn in my term paper by tomorrow.

Ex. 市役所に婚姻届けを出す。

= Shiyakusho ni kon’in todoke wo dasu.

= to submit a notification of marriage to City Hall.

Ex. 会社に退職願を出したばかりだ。

= Kaisha ni taishoku negai wo dashita bakarida.

= I just handed in my resignation letter to the company.

Ex. 車を修理に出さないといけない。

= Kuruma wo shuuri ni dasanai to ikenai.

= I need to take my car into a shop for repairs.

(8) to assign /to set questions

Ex.マギー先生はいつもたくさん宿題を出す

= Maggie sensei wa itsumo takusan no shukudai wo dasu.

= Maggie Sensei always assigns a lot of homework.

Ex. それではクイズの問題を出します。

= Soredewa kuizu no mondai wo dashimasu.

= I will give you a question for the quiz now.

(9) to launch / open a store

Ex. 郊外に店を出す予定だ。

= Kougai ni mise wo dasu yotei da.

= I am planning to open a store in suburbs.

(10) to publish a book

Ex. 「マギー先生」の本を出したい。

= “Maggie sensei” no hon wo dashitai.

= I would like to publish Maggie Sensei’s book.

(11) to have someone answer the phone/ door phone

Ex. 健太いたら電話に出して。

= Kenta itara denwa ni dashite.

= Is Kenta there? If so, put him on the phone.

(12) to put forth strength / let one’s emotions out, etc.

Ex. どうしたの?元気出して!

= Doushita no? Genki dashite!

= What’s wrong? Cheer up!

Ex. 怖いけれど勇気を出して一人でマギー先生にあやまってきます。

= Kowai keredo yuuki wo dashite hitori de Maggie sensei ni ayamatte kimasu.

= I am scared but I going to get up the nerve to go apologize to Maggie sensei by myself.

Ex. 力を出し合ってがんばろう!

= Chikara wo dashiatte ganbarou.

= Let’s work together and do our best.

Ex.声をもっと出して歌って

= koe wo dashite utatte.

= Sing louder.

Ex. 大きな声を出さないで。

= Ookina koe wo dasanai de.

= Don’t raise your voice.

(13) to put on speed

Ex. スピードを出しすぎないように気をつけて。

= Supiido wo dashisuginai you ni ki wo tsukete.

= Be careful not go too fast.

(14) to pay money

to pay money (at the store) in Japanese is 払う ( = harau) but 出す ( = dasu) is originally from taking out the money from your wallet / pocket.

Ex. 兄とお金を出し合って父の誕生日プレゼントを買った。

= Ani to okane wo dashiatte chichi no tanjoubi purezento wo katta.

= My big brother and I chipped in and bought our father a birthday present.

A robber might say:

Ex. 「金を出せ!」

= Kane wo dase!

= Hand over the money!

Ex. そんなにお金は出せない。

= Sonna ni okane wa dasenai.

= I can’t afford that much.

Ex. 父が大学の授業料を出してくれた。

= Chichi ga daigaku no jugyouryou wo dashite kureta.

= My father paid for my college tuition.

(15) idiomatic expressions

Ex. いい結果を出さなければ意味がない。

= Ii kekka wo dasanakereba imi ga nai.

= There is no point if you don’t get good results.

Ex. 人のやることに口を出さないで欲しい。

= Hito no yaru koto ni kuchi wo dasanai de hoshii.

= I don’t want you to meddle in my business.

  • 手を出す= te wo dasu = 1) to dabble 2) to make moves 3) to hit someone

Ex. 株に手を出して大金を失った。

= Kabu ni tewo dashite taikin wo ushinatta.

= I dabbled in stocks and lost lots of money.


From the picture above:

「ベロが出てるよ。」

= Bero ga deteru yo.

= Your tongue is sticking out.

「いいの、ほっといて」

= Iino, hottoite.

= Just leave me alone!

Note:

出てる = deteru: 出ている( = dete iru) →casual contraction 出てる

ベロ ( = bero) is a casual way to say 舌 = した = shita = tongue

ほっといて ( = hottoite) is a casual contraction of ほっておいて ( = hotte oite) Leave me alone.

ベー

= Beeh

「自分だって舌、出してるじゃん。」

= Jibun datte shita, dashiteru jan.

= You should talk. You are sticking out your tongue,too.

Note:

ベー ( = Beeh) is onomatopoeia for sticking one’s tongue out

自分だって ( = jibun datte) Say this when you accuse someone of doing the same thing. “You are doing the same thing.”

出している( = dashiteiru)→casual contraction 出してる ( = dashieru)

じゃん ( = jan) is a casual way to say じゃない ( = janai)


マギー先生より = Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

Phineas先生ありがとう。

= Phineas sensei arigatou.

= Thank you, Phineas Sensei.

それでは私からみんなに宿題を出します。

= Soredewa watashi kara minna ni shukudai wo dashimasu.

= OK, I will give you some homework.

なぜ、マギー先生が好きかコメントに書いてください。

= Naze, Maggie Sensei ga sukika komento ni kaite kudasai.

= Write in the comment section why you like me.


My supporters on Patreon can access an audio file for this lesson on my Patreon page and some mini lessons and quiz.

Audio File for this lesson

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Part 2 Click here.

Part 3 Click here.

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「この公園でちょっと遊んでいこうよ。」

= Chotto kono kouen de chotto asonde ikou yo.

= Why don’t we play in this park a little?

Hi everyone!

Today’s guest teacher is, Penny Sensei who came to Japan all the way from the U.S..


みなさん、はじめまして!Pennyです。

= Minasan, Hajimemashite! Penny desu.

= Nice to meet you, I am Penny!

みんなのためにがんばって日本語を教えます。

= Minna no tame ni ganbatte nihongo wo oshiemasu.

= I will do my best to teach Japanese for all of you.

We are going to study how to use volitional form in Japanese.

★How to form a volitional form:

  • ru-verb

*Delete る ( = ru) and add よう ( = you)

Ex. 見る = みる = miru = to see/watch/look

1) Delete る ( = ru)

→見 = み = mi

2) Add よう ( = you)

→見よう = みよう = miyou

Ex. 出る = でる = deru

→ 出 = で = de

→ 出よう = でよう = deyou

Ex. 寝る = ねる= neru = to sleep

→ 寝 = ね = ne

→ 寝よう = ねよう = neyou

Ex. 着る = きる = kiru = to put on/to wear

→ 着 = き = ki

→ 着よう = きよう = kiyou

Ex. 考える = かんがえる = kangaeru = to think

→ 考え = かんがえ = kangae

→ 考えよう = かんがえよう = kangaeyou

  • u-verb

Pay attention to the romaji, OK?

1) Change the last “u” sound to “o” and add う ( = u)

Ex. *yom”u” → yom”o” + う ( = u) → yomou

読む = よむ = yom”u” = to read

→ 読も = よも = yom”o”

→ 読もう = よもう = yom”ou”

Ex. kak”u” →kak”o” + う ( = u) → kakou

書く = かく= kak”u” = to write

→ 書こ= かこ = kak”o”

→ 書こう = かこう = kak”ou”

Ex. hanas”u” → hanas”o” + う ( = u) →hanasou

話す= はなす = hanas”u” = to talk/ speak

→ 話そ= はなそ = hanas”o”

→ 話そう= はなそう = hanas”ou”

Ex. kaer”u” →kaer”o” + う ( = u)→kaerou

帰る = かえる = kaer”u” = to return

→ 帰ろ = かえろ = kaer”o”

→ 帰ろう = かえろう = kaer”ou”

Note: 帰る = かえる( = kaeru ) ends with る ( = ru) but it actually belongs to “u-verb”

Some verbs which ends with ~ iru / ~ eru are classifieds as “u-verbs”

  • 切る = きる = kir”u” = to cut

→ 切ろう = きろう = kir”ou”

  • 知る = しる = shir”u” = to know / to find out

→ 知ろう = しろう= shir”ou”

  • 入る = はいる= hair”u” = to enter

→ 入ろう = はいろう = hair”ou”

  • 走る = はしる = hashir”u”= to run

→ 走ろう = はしろう = hashir”ou”

*変わる = かわる = kawar”u” = to change

→ 変わろ = かわろ = kawar”o”

→ 変わろう = かわろう = kawar”ou”

  • Irregular

する = sur”u” = to do

→ しよう = shiy”ou”

来る = くる = kur”u” = to come

→ 来よう = こよう = koy”ou”

Note: You can also use passive form or causative form in volitional form.

  • ほめられる = homerareru = to be praised

→ ほめられよう = homerareyou

*させる = saseru = to make someone do something

Ex. させよう = saseyou

But you can’t make a volitional form with the potential form:

飲める = nomeru = to be able to drink

X 飲めよう = nomeyou


Polite form

verb masu-stem + ましょう

Ex. 食べる = たべる = taberu = to eat

→ (masu form) 食べます = たべます= tabemasu

→ (masu stem) 食べ = たべ = tabe

→ + ましょう ( = mashou) 食べましょう = たべましょう= tabemashou

Ex. 読む = よむ = yomu = to read

→ (masu form) 読みます = よみます = yomimasu

→ (masu stem) 読み = よみ= yomi

→ + ましょう ( = mashou) 読みましょう = よみましょう= yomimashou

Ex. する = suru = to do

→ (masu form) します = shimasu

→ (masu stem) し = shi

→+ ましょう ( = mashou) しましょう = shimashou


★How to use:

1) When you suggest someone to do something together: Let’s do something / Why don’t we do ~

Ex. 帰り一緒にタクシーに乗ろうよ。

= Kaeri issho ni takushii ni norou yo.

= Why don’t we share a taxi on the way back home?

Ex. 明日、みんなで集まろうよ。

= Ashita, minna de atsumarou yo.

= Let’s get together tomorrow.

Ex. 「なんか、食べに行こうか?」

= Nanka, tabeni ikou ka?

= Do you want to go grab something to eat?

「行こう!行こう!」

= ikou! ikou!

= Yes, let’s!

Ex. まだ彼には何も言わないでおこうね。

= Mada kare niwa nani mo iwanai de okou ne.

= Let’s not say anything to him yet, OK?

Ex. 「サキちゃんの誕生日、何を買おうか。」

= Saki chan no tanjoubi , nani wo kaou ka.

= What should we buy for Saki for her birthday?

「お花は?」

= Ohana wa?

= How about flowers?

「いいね、そうしよう!」

= iine, soushiyou!

= That sounds good. Let’s do that.

Ex. いやなことは忘れて飲もうよ!

= iyana koto wa wasurete nomou yo!

= Let’s drink taking off from troubles.

Ex. もう帰ろうよ。

= Mou kaerou yo.

= Let’s go home already!

Ex. 一緒に遊ぼうよ。

= issho ni asobou yo.

= Let’s play together (for children)

= Let’s hang out together. (for adults)

Note: You use the verb 遊ぶ ( = asobu) not just “play” but also “hang out and do something fun” in Japanese.

2) When you offer someone to do something for them.

Ex. それでは私が彼に話しましょう。

= Sore dewa watashi ga kare ni hanashimashou.

= In that case, let me talk to him.

Ex. 地図を描きましょう。

= Chizu wo kakimashou.

= I will draw you a map.

Ex. ここは私が払おう。

= Koko wa watashi ga haraou.

= I will pay for things here.

Note: It sounds a bit rough if women use it.

3) volitional form + か ( = ka): When you ask someone if they want you to do something.

Ex. 明日、僕が車で迎えに行こうか。

= Ashita, boku ga kurumade mukae ni ikou ka.

= Do you want me to pick you up tomorrow?

Ex. 何か手伝おうか。

= Nani ka tetsudaou ka.

= Do you want me to help you?

Ex. お酒をつぎましょうか。

= Osake wo tsugimashou ka.

= Let me pour you some sake.

Ex. コピーあと3部、取りましょうか?

= Kopii wo ato sanbu, torimashou ka?

= Would you like me to make another three copies for you?

Ex. 肩、揉もうか?

= Kata, momou ka?

= Do you want a shoulder massage?

Ex. 起きたら、電話しましょうか。

= Okitara, denwa shimashou ka.

= Shall I call you when I get up?

4) When you tell someone to do something. / When you encourage someone to do something.

Ex. 明日までに宿題をしましょう。

= Ashita made ni shukudai wo shimashou.

= You should do your homework by tomorrow.

sounds softer than:

Ex.明日までに宿題をしなさい。

= Ashita made ni shukudai wo shinasai.

= Do your homework by tomorrow.

This might sound tricky but when you say:

「がんばりましょう」

= Ganbarimashou

It could mean, “Let’s do our best (together)!” / “We should work harder (together)!”

or

you could be telling someone, “Hang in there!” / “Work harder!” / “Do your best!”

So you have to figure out what the speaker meant by the context.

Parents or school teachers use this type of speech when they talk to their small children/students. So don’t say that to someone superior.

Ex. 手をきれいに洗いましょう。

= Te wo kirei ni araimashou.

= Please wash your hands well.

Ex. おはようの挨拶をしましょう。

= Ohayou no aisatsu wo shimashou.

= You should say good morning.

You also see this form in a sign board.

Ex. 芝生に入らないようにしましょう。

= Shibafu ni hairanai you ni shimashou.

= Keep off the grass.

Ex. ゴミはゴミ箱にすてましょう。

= Gomi wa gomibako ni sutemashou.

= Put the garbage in the trash can.

5) When you declare or express what you are going to/ trying to do something. (It could be used when you are talking to yourself.)

Ex. タバコは体に悪いからもうやめよう。

= Tabako wa karada ni warui kara mou yameyou.

= Smoking is bad for you so I’m going to stop smoking (now). (←when talking to yourself)

or it might mean:

= Smoking is bad for you so you should stop smoking (now). (←when talking to someone else)

Ex. あ~あ…あんな男はもう忘れよう。(talking to oneself)

= Ah-ah, anna otoko wa mou wasure you.

= Oh well, I will just forget about that guy. (←when talking to yourself)

or it might mean:

= Oh well, forget about that guy. (←when talking to someone else)

Ex. 無理はしないでおこう。

= Muri wa shinai de okou.

= Let’s not do too much / work too hard.

Ex. みんなに追いつこうと努力しています。

= Minna ni oitsukou to doryoku shiteimasu.

= I am doing my best to catch up with you all.

  • Conversational form: Volitional form + っと ( = tto)

You can add っと ( = tto) at the end to express what you are going to do. It doesn’t matter if someone is listening to you or not. You just say that when you talk to yourself.

How to form:

volitional form + っと ( = tto)

  • する = suru = to do

→ しよう ( = shiyou )

→add っと ( = tto)

→しようっと ( = shiyoutto)

variation:

(1) Drop う ( = u) at the end of a volitional form and add っと ( = tto)

→ しよう ( = shiyou )

Drop う ( = u) → しよ ( = shiyo)

Add っと ( = ttto) →しよっと ( = shiyotto)

(2) Drop う ( = u) and replace it with お ( = o)

→ しよう ( = shiyou )

→しよおっと ( = shiyootto)

Ex. さあ、勉強しよっと。/ 勉強しよおっと

= Saa, benkyou shiyoutto. / benkyou shiyootto

= OK, now it’s time to study. / I am going to study English now.

Ex. もう帰ろっと。

= Mou kaerotto.

= I guess I am going home now.

Ex. そろそろ寝よっと。

= Sorosoro neyotto.

= OK, it is time to go to bed now.

Ex. まだ寝ているからこのまま寝せておこっと。

= Mada nete iru kara konomama nesete okotto.

= He/She is still sleeping so I guess I will just let him/her sleep like this.

6) Volitional form + かな ( = kana)

When you are deciding / wondering what do do.

Check this lesson how to use かな ( = kana)

Ex. 何を食べようかな。

= Nani wo tabeyou kana.

= Let’s see. What should I eat…

Ex. 本でも読もうかな。

= Hondemo yomou kana.

= I guess I am going to read a book or something.

Ex. 明日はどこへ行こうかな。

= Ashita wa doko e ikou kana.

= Where should I go tomorrow.

Ex. 車で行こうかな。

= Kuruma de ikou kana.

= Should I drive there?

7) Volitional form + と思う ( = to omou ) / 思います( = omoimasu)

  • When you declare what you are going to do.

Note: The subject should be the first person.

(1) Volitional form + と思う ( = to omou ) / 思っている ( = omotte iru) /

masu form: 思います ( = omoimasu) / 思っています ( = omotte imasu)

Ex. 次の試験はもっとがんばろうと思います。

= Tsugi no shiken wa motto ganbarou to omoimasu.

= I think I am going to try harder for the next exam.

Ex. 彼と別れようと思っている*。

= Kare to wakare you to omotte iru.

= I am thinking about breaking up with him.

Note: You can also say 考えている ( = kangaete iru)

Ex. 次の日本語能力試験を受けようと思っています。

= Tsugi no nihongo nouryoku shiken wo ukeyou to omotte imasu.

= I am thinking about taking the next JLPT exam.

(1) Volitional form + と思った ( = to omou ) / 思っていた ( = omotte ita) /

masu form: 思いました ( = omoimashita) / 思っていました ( = omotte imashita)

Ex. どうして日本に行こうと思ったの?

= Doushite nihon ni ikou to omotta no?

= Why did you want to go to Japan? / Where did you get the idea of going to Japan?

Ex. もっと親を大切にしなくてはいけないと思いました。

= Motto oya wo taisetsu ni shinakute wa ikenai to omoimashita.

= I thought I should take care of my parents more.

Note: It is often followed by the conjunctions such のに ( = noni) / けど ( = kedo) / が ( = ga) / でも ( = demo) = but….

S was/were going to do something but ~

S was/were about to do something but ~

Ex. 「宿題やりなさい!」

= Shukudai yarinasai!

= Do your homework already!

「今、やろうと思ったのに。」

= Ima, yarou to omotta noni!

= I was about to do it now!

Ex. カレーライスを作ろうと思ったが材料がなかった。

= Kareeraisu wo tsukurou to omotta ga zairyou ga nakatta.

= I was going to cook curry and rice but I didn’t have ingredients.

Note: が ( = ga) is for written form. You use けど( = kedo) for conversation.

→カレーライスを作ろうと思ったけど材料がなかった。

= Kareeraisu wo tsukurou to omotta kedo zairyou ga nakatta.

Ex. 「どうしてずっと連絡してくれなかったの?」

= Doushite zutto renraku shite kurenakatta no?

= How come you haven’t contacted me for a long time?

「何度も電話しようと思ったよ。でも忙しかったんだ。」

= Nando mo denwa shiyou to omotta yo. Demo isogashikattan da.

= I kept thinking I have to call you. But I was so busy.

Ex. あのジャケット、買おうと思ったのにもう売れちゃった。

= Ano jaketto, kaou to omotta noni mou urechatta.

= I was going to buy the jacket but it was sold already. (→Someone bought it already.)

You can also use this form in conditional form:

Ex. 出かけようと思っていたら雨が降ってきた。

= Dekake you to omotte itara amega futte kita.

= It started to rain when I was about to leave.

Ex. 日本語を上達させようと思ったらマギー先生のサイトに来なくちゃ*!

= Nihongo wo joutatsu saseyou to omottara Maggie Sensei no saito ni konakucha!

= You know, if you want to improve your Japanese, you have to come to Maggie Sensei’s site.

(* 来なくちゃ ( = konakucha) is a casual way to say 来なくてはいけません・なりません( = konakute wa ikemasen/narimasen.) You have to come)

Ex. 何かやろうと思うと邪魔が入る。

= Nanika yarou to omou to jama ga hairu.

= Whenever I want to do something, I get interrupted.


8) Volitional form + とする ( = to suru) /としている( = to shiteiru) / past tense: とした ( = to shita) / としていた ( = to shit eita)

(1) about to do / about to happen

Something hasn’t happened yet but it is about to happen /It will start to happen soon.

You don’t usually use volitional form for things you can’t control.

For example

雨が降る = ame ga furu = It rains

X 雨が降ろう = ame ga furou

X 雨が降ろうとしている = ame ga furou to shiteiru

You say 雨が降りそうだ = Ame ga furisou da.

However, even if it is something you can’t control, you sometimes use volitional form if you are somehow involved in the event.

You often use this pattern to describe some change that involves you — especially in written form or a formal announcement.

Ex. 今、まさに新しい時代が始まろうとしています。

= Ima, masa ni atarashii jidai ga hajimarou to shiteimasu.

= At this very moment, a new era is about to begin.

Ex. 小さかった娘も、20歳になろうとしている。

= Chiisakatta musume mo hatachi ni narou to shite iru.

= My little daughter ( = My daughter who used to be little) is turning 20 now.

Ex. 長かった旅行も終わろうとしていた。

= Nagakatta ryokou mo owarou to shiteita.

= The long journey is coming towards an end.

(2) trying to do something

Ex. 彼女に告白しようとしたら話をそらされた。

= Kanojo ni kokuhaku shiyou to shitara hanshi wo sorasareta.

= Just when I was about to ask her to go out with me, she changed the subject.

Ex. なんとか彼に私の気持ちをわかってもらおうと手紙を書いた。

= Nantoka kare ni watashi no kimochi wo wakatte moraou to tegami wo kaita.

= I wrote a letter to him trying to make him understand my feelings somehow.

Ex. 電車に乗ろうとしたらドアが閉まった。

= Densha ni norou to shitara doa ga shimatta.

= Just as I was trying to get on the train, the door shut.

Ex. 今、私の携帯覗こうとしたでしょ。

= Ima, watashi no keitai nozokou to shita desho.

= You were just trying to peek my cellphone, weren’t you?

Ex. 地下鉄でお年寄りに席を譲ろうとしたら断られた*。

= Chikatetsu de otoshiyori ni seki wo yuzurou to shitara kotowarareta.

= When I was tried to give my seat to an elderly person, he/she declined.

Note: Actually 断られた ( = kotowarareta) is a passive form “I was declined”

Ex. 息子は目を合わせようとしない。

= Musuko wa me wo awaseyou to shinai.

= My son is trying to avoid eye contact.

(3) force something/someone to do something/ let someone to do something

Ex. 彼を説得しようとしたが無駄だった。

= Kare wo settoku shiyou to shitaga muda datta.

= I was trying to persuade him but it didn’t work out.

Ex. 子供を歯医者に連れていこうしたら泣き出した。

= Kodomo wo haisha ni tsurete ikou to shitara nakidashita.

= I was trying to take my child to the dentist but he/she started to cry.

With causative form

Ex. お子さんの食欲がないときは無理に食べさせようとしないでください。

= Okosan no shokuyoku ga nai toki wa muri ni tabesaseyou to shinai de kudasai.

= When your child doesn’t have any appetite, try not to force him/her to eat something.


マギー先生より = Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

Penny先生、ありがとう!

= Penny Sensei, arigatou!

= Thank you, Penny Sensei!

さて、今日は何をして遊ぼうかな?

= Sate, kyou wa nani wo shite asobou kana.

= OK, what should I do for fun today?


I REALLY appreciate your support! サポートありがとう!

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Devon:「明日、デートしようよ。」

= Ashita, deeto shiyouyo.

= Let’s go on a date tomorrow.

Navi:「明日は、無理かもしれない。」

= Ashita wa, muri kamo shirenai.

= I think it could be difficult tomorrow.

Devon:「ひょっとして僕、世界で一番かわいいかも…」

= Hyottoshite boku, sekai de ichiban kawaii kamo…

= (I might be wrong but) I could be the cutest in the world.

Hi everyone!

Today’s guest teachers are Navi-Sensei and Devon-Sensei.

They volunteered to be our guest teachers one year ago.

(FYI, if your doggies or kittens or other non-human friends want to be our guest teachers, send the pictures from About Us page. )


みなさん、こんにちは!DevonとNaviです。

= Minasan, konnichiwa! Devon to Navi desu.

= Hello everyone! Devon and Navi are here.

今日は、「かもしれない」の使い方を教えますよ。

= Kyou wa, “kamo shirenai” no tsukaikata wo oshiemasu yo.

= We will teach you how to use “kamo shirenai”

〜かもしれません ( = kamo shiremasen) formal  / かもしれない ( = kamo shirenai)

( You usually write this in kana but this is the kanji: かも知れません/ かも知れない = kamo shiremasen / kamo shirenai

★How to form: * verb (present tense/past tense/progressive form ) + かもしれません / かもしれない ( = kamo shiremasen/ shirenai)

  • 行くかもしれません/ しれない

= iku kamo shiremasen / shirenai.

= might go

→ negative form:

  • 行かないかもしれません/ しれない

= ikanai kamo shiremasen / shirenai. = might not go

→ past:

  • 行ったかもしれません/ しれない

= itta kamo shiremasen / shirenai.

= might have gone

→ past negative:

  • 行かなかったかもしれません/ しれない

= ikanakatta kamo shiremasen / shirenai.

= might not have gone

→ present progressive:

  • 勉強しているかもしれません/ しれない = benkyou shiteiru kamo shiremasen / shirenai.

= might be studying

→ negative form:

  • 勉強していないかもしれません/ しれない

= benkyou shite inai kamo shiremasen / shirenai.

= might not be studying

→ negative past perfect:

  • 勉強していなかったかもしれません/ しれない

= benkyou shite inakatta kamo shiremasen / shirenai.

= might not have been studying

  • noun + かもしれません/ しれない ( = kamo shiremasen/ shirenai)

  • 犬かもしれません/ しれない

= inu kamo shiremasen / shirenai.

= might be a dog

→ negative form:

  • 犬ではないかもしれません/ しれない

= Inu de wa nai kamo shiremasen / shirenai.

= might not be a dog

(more casual)

  • 犬じゃないかもしれません/ しれない

= Inu ja nai kamo shiremasen / shirenai.

= might not be a dog

→ past:

  • 犬だったかもしれません/ しれない

= Inu datta kamo shiremasen/ shirenai.

= could be a dog / might be a dog

→ past negative:

  • 犬ではなかったかもしれません/ しれない

= inu dewa nakatta kamo shiremasen / shirenai.

(more casual) 犬じゃなかったかもしれません/ しれない

= inu ja nakatta kamo shiremasen / shirenai.

= might not have been a dog

*adjective +かもしれません/ しれない ( = kamo shiremasen/shirenai)

i-adjecitve

  • 忙しいかもしれません/ しれない

= isogashii kamo shiremasen / shirenai.

= might be busy

  • 忙しくないかもしれません/ しれない

= isogashiku nai kamo shiremasen / shirenai.

= might not be busy

→ past tense:

  • 忙しかったかもしれません/ しれない

= isogashikatta kamo shiremasen.

= might have been busy

→ past negative:

  • 忙しくなかったかもしれません/ しれない

= isogashiku nakatta kamo shiremasen / shirenai.

= might have not been busy

na-adjetive

有名かもしれません/ しれない

= yuumei kamo shiremasen / shirenai.

= might be famous negative form:

有名ではないかもしれません/ しれない

= yuumei dewa nai kamo shiremasen / shirenai

= might not be famous

(more casual) = 有名じゃないかもしれません/ しれない

= yuumei janai kamo shireamsen/shirenai

= might not like ~

→ past :

有名だったかもしれません/ しれない

= yuumei datta kamo shiremasen/ shirenai.

→ past negative:

有名ではなかっかもしれません/ しれない

= yuumei dewa nakatta kamo shiremasen/ nakatta kamo shirenai

(more casual) 有名じゃなかったかもしれません/ しれない

= yuumei ja nakatta kamo shiremasen/ shirenai

= might not have been famous


When to use:

1) *When you are talking about some possibilities: might / could / maybe

  • When you are guessing / assuming what will happen in future / what is happening now / have happened in past

Ex. 明日は雨かもしれない。

= Ashita wa ame kamo shirenai.

or

明日は雨が降るかもしれない。

= Ashita wa ame ga furu kamo shirenai.

= It might rain tomorrow.

The speaker is not sure but guessing from what they see/ have heard.

Note: Weather reporters don’t say かもしれない ( = kamo shirenai) when they forecast the weather.

They say:

明日は、雨が降るでしょう。

= Ashita wa, ame ga furu deshou.

You wouldn’t say this in daily conversation.

From the picture above:

Devon:「明日、デートしようよ。」

= Ashita, deeto shiyouyo.

= Let’s go on a date tomorrow.

Navi:「明日は、無理かもしれない。」

= Ashita wa, muri kamo shirenai.

= I think it could be difficult tomorrow.

You sometimes add もしかしたら ( = moshika shitara) / ひょっとしたら ( = hyotto shitara) before the sentence when you emphasize the possibilities.

Ex. ひょっとしたら来年、日本に行くかもしれない。

= Hyotto shitara rainen, nihon ni iku kamo shirenai.

= There is a possibility that I might go to Japan next year.

Ex. もしかしたら*茜は司君のことが好きかもしれない。

= Moshikashitara Akane wa Tsukasa-kun no koto ga sukikamo shirenai.

= I could be wrong but (I think) Akane might like Tsukasa.

Ex. このレッスンはみんなには簡単かもしれません。

= Kono ressun wa minna niwa kantan kamo shiremasen.

= This lesson might be easy for everyone.

Ex. マギー先生は厳しすぎたかもしれない。

= Maggie sensei wa kibishi sugitta kamo shirenai.

= Maggie sensei might have been too strict.

Ex.この本は息子には難しいかもしれない。

= Kono hon wa musuko niwa muzukashii kamo shirenai.

= This book might be difficult for my son.

Ex. 彼、付き合っている人がいるかもしれない。

= Kare, tsukiatte iru hito ga iru kamo shirenai.

= He might be seeing someone.

Ex. 飲み会に行ったら彼女が怒るかもしれない。

= Nomikai ni ittara kanojo ga okoru kamo shirenai.

= If I go to the drinking party, my girlfriend might be upset.

Ex. 冷蔵庫にまだビールが2、3本入っているかもしれない。

= Reizouko ni mada biiru ga ni, san bon haitte iru kamo shirenai.

= There might be a couple more beer in the refrigerator.

Ex. 明日、熱が出るかもしれません。

= Ashita, netsu ga deru kamo shiremasen.

= I might have a fever tomorrow.

(Giving someone a present)

Ex. もう持っているかもしれないけど、どうぞ!

= Mou motte iru kamo shirenai kedo, douzo!

= You might already have one but here you are.

Ex. 家に食べるものがなにもないかもしれないから何か買って帰ろう。

= Ie ni taberu mono ga nanimo nai kamo shirenai kara nanika katte kaerou.

= There might be nothing to eat at home so I should buy something before I go home.

Ex. 円が上がるかもしれないから今のうちに少し両替した方がいいよ。

= En ga agaru kamo shirenai kara ima no uchi ni ryougae shitahou ga iiyo.

= The yen might go up so you should change money some now.

Ex. 彼はもう寝たかもしれない。

= Kare wa mou neta kamo shirenai.

= He might have gone to sleep already.

Ex. どちらにしても昨日はいけなかったかもしれない。

= Dochirani shite mo kinou wa ikenakatta kamo shirenai.

= I might have not been able to go yesterday anyway.

Ex. 誰か私達の会話を聞いていたかもしれない。

= Dare ka watashitachi no kaiwa wo kiite ita kamo shirenai.

= Someone might have listened to our conversation. 2) You sometimes drop しれない ( = shirenai) in conversation.

Ex. もう郵便局閉まっているかも…

= Mou yuubinkyoku shimatte iru kamo…

= The post office might be closed by now.

Ex. お金が少し足りないかも…

= Okane ga sukoshi tarinai kamo…

= There might not be enough money…

Ex. もう誰もいないかも。

= Mou dare mo inai kamo.

= Everybody might have already left.

Ex. 確か、そんなこと言ってたかも。

= Tashika, sonna koto itteta kamo.

= If my memory serves correctly, he/she might have said something like that.

Ex. 明日なら空いているかも。

= Ashita nara aite iru kamo.

= I might be free tomorrow.

3) Colloquial usage of かも ( = kamo)

You use かも ( = kamo) when you express your feelings / opinions in a subtle way.

When you like someone, you say

Ex. 望のことが好き。

= Nozomi no koto ga suki.

= I like Nozomi.

I am not sure what this feeling is but I think I like Nozomi

Ex. 望のことが好きかも…

= Nozomi no koto ga suki kamo….

Like I have mentioned in many past lessons, Japanese people tend to avoid straight forward communication.

By adding かも ( = kamo) you can suggest your feelings in a subtle way.

When your friend asks you to do something, you can say:

難しいなあ

= Muzukashii naa

= I think it’s difficult.

but it will sound softer if you say:

Ex. ちょっと難しいかも。

= Chotto muzukashii kamo.

= It is kinda difficult. / It could be difficult. / This might be a little difficult.

That sounds much softer.

It may get annoying if you overuse it but I will show you more examples.

For example, when you see a delicious looking piece of cake, you say:

Ex. 美味しそう 

= Oishisou

= It looks delicious.

When you actually have a bite of it and tastes it, you say

美味しい 

= Oishii

= It’s delicious.

You might hear young people say:

美味しいかも

= Oishii kamo

even after they taste it.

The literal meaning is “This might be delicious.” but colloquially it also means “It tastes good.”

Ex 少し太ったかも…

= Sukoshi futotta kamo…

= I might be putting on some weight.

Ex. 私、知ってるかも….(私 ( = watashi) in this sentence sounds feminine. )

= Watashi, shitteru kamo…

= I might know why / the reason.

Ex. このゲーム面白いかも。

= Kono geemu omoshiroi kamo.

= This game is kinda fun.

When someone suggest something.

Ex. それいいかも。

= Sore iikamo

= Sounds good! / That’s a good idea!

Ex.いける*かも。

= Ikeru kamo.

= That might be working! / It is kinda cool.

(* いける = ikeru = is a slang word which means “cool” / “ something works” / “great”)

Ex. そうかもしれない

= Sou kamo shirenai.

= Maybe it’s true. / That could be true. / It could be right. / You might be right.

Colloquial way:

→そうかも

= Soukamo

You can attach suffix ね ( = ne) / な ( = na) male speech

→そうかもね。

= Sou kamo ne.

→そうかもな。(male speech)

= Soukamo na.

= You could be right. / That could be right.

In casual Japanese, some just say:

→かもね。

= Kamo ne. / kamona → かもな ( male speech) = Kamona

= You may be right. / Right. / True. / That’s possible.

It shows that you are agree with what you just heard lightly or

From the picture above:

Devon:「ひょっとして僕、世界で一番かわいいかも…」

= Hyottoshite boku, sekai de ichiban kawaii kamo…

= ( I might be wrong but) I could be the cutest in the world.

Navi might say to Devon 

「かもね。」

= Kamone.

= Maybe you are right.

**

マギー先生より = Maggie Sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

Devon先生、Navi先生、ありがとう!

= Devon Sensei, Navi Sensei, arigatou!

= Thank you, Devon Sensei and Navi Sensei. 私は世界で2番目にかわいい犬かも。 = Watashi wa sekai de nibanme ni kawaii inu kamo. = I might be the second cutest dog in the world.


Thank you for being my Patreon.

I REALLY appreciate your support! サポートありがとう!

My supporters can access an audio file for this lesson on my Pateron page and some mini lessons and quiz.

Audio File for this lesson

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いつも笑っていれば幸せになるよ!」

= Itsumo waratte ireba shiawase ni naru yo!

= If you always smile, you will be happy!

Hi everyone!

Today’s guest teacher is my good friend, Papi.

He is the sweetest dog I have ever met.

I’ve made a lesson on these conditional forms in past.

  • なら ( = nara)

  • と ( = to)  

  • たら ( = tara)

BUT many of you asked me to make a lesson on how to use the other conditional form: ば ( = ba).

I’ve been working on this lesson for over a year! To be honest, I was kind of procrastinating because I knew it would be a long one!

Now Papi-sensei will give me a “paw” to help finish this lesson. Take it away, Papi-sensei!


みなさん、はじめまして!パピです。

= Minasan, hajimemashite! Papi desu.

= Nice to meet you, everyone! I’m Papi.

I am the happiest dog because I know the trick of life. Just smile!

Yes, this is going to be another long lesson so get ready!

How to form:

★ verb:

dictionary form

  • 行く = いく= iku = to go

1) delete the last “u” and change it with “e”.

iku → ik + e

→行け =いけ= ike

2) add ば ( = ba)

→行けば = いけば = ikeba

**

Got it?

  • 話す= はなす = hanasu = to talk

→e sound: 話せ = はなせ = hanase

→+ ば ( = ba) : 話せば = はなせば = hanaseba

  • 来る = くる = kuru = to come

→e sound: 来れ = くれ = kure

→+ ば ( = ba) : 来れば = くれば = kureba

  • する = suru = to do

→e sound: すれ = sure

→+ ば ( = ba) : すれば ( = sureba)

Negative form:

  • 行かない = ikanai = not to go

1) delete い ( = i) and add なければ ( = nakereba)

→行かなければ = いかなければ = ikanakereba

★ adjective

  • i-adjective

  • 忙しい = いそがしい = isogashii = busy

1) delete the last い ( = i )

→忙し = いそがし= isogashi

2) add ければ ( = kereba)

→ 忙しければ = いそがしければ = isogashi kereba

  • 難しい = むずかしい = muzukashii = difficult

→ delete い ( = i): 難し = むずかし= muzukashi

→ add ければ ( = kereba) : 難しければ = むずかしければ = muzukashikereba

Negative form:

1) delete the last い ( = i) and add くなければ (= kunakereba)

→ 忙しくなければ = いそがしくなければ = isogashiku nakereba

*na-adjective

  • 便利 = べんり = benri = convenient, useful

→ add ならば (= naraba)

→便利ならば = べんりならば= benri naraba

or

→ add であれば = de areba

→便利であれば = べんりであれば= benri de areba

Negative form:

add + でなければ ( = denakereba) / + じゃなければ ( = janakereba) (more casual)

→ 便利でなければ = べんりでなければ= benri de nakereba

(more casual)

  • 便利じゃなければ = べんりじゃなければ = benri janakereba

  • noun

noun + add であれば ( = de areba)/ ならば ( = naraba)

  • 先生 = せんせい = sensei = teacher

→ add であれば ( = de areba)

→ 先生であれば = せんせいであれば = sensei de areba

or

→ add ならば ( = naraba)

→先生ならば = せんせいならば = sensei naraba

Negative form:

noun + でなければ ( = denakereba) / + じゃなければ ( = janakereba) (more casual)

→ 先生でなければ

= せんせいでなければ

= sensei de nakereba

(more casual)

→ 先生じゃなければ

= せんせいじゃなければ

= sensei janakereba

Note: ならば (= naraba) →なら (= nara)

You often drop ば ( = ba) in conversation.

ならば (= naraba) →なら (= nara)

なら (= nara) is more conversational.

Check my なら (= nara) lesson.


How to use:

1) If certain condition X is fulfilled (If X happens), Y will happen (predictable outcome) / If X happens, s.o. will do Y.

X ば Y = X ba Y

Ex. 今、家を出れば (X) 間に合う (Y) 。

= Ima, ie wo dereba (X) maniau (Y) .

= If I leave my house now (X) , I can make it (Y).

In other word,

*If certain condition X is not fulfilled (If X doesn’t happen), Y will not happen (predictable outcome)

Ex. 今、家を出なければ (X) 間に合わない (Y)。

= Ime, ie wo denakereba (X) maniawanai (Y).

= If I don’t leave my house (X), I won’t make it (Y).


Note: Most of the following sentences can be replaced with たら (= tara).

Before I give you all the examples, let me explain some of the differences between たら (= tara) and ば ( = ba).

★The difference between たら ( = tara) and ば ( = ba):

(1) While たら (= tara) can be used for both negative and positive outcomes, you tend to use ば (= ba) for favorable outcomes for the speaker.

(2) You can use たら (= tara) when you talk about past events but you cannot use ば (= ba) unless you are talking about regrets that you have/haven’t done in the past or if you are talking about something that is not true.

I asked her out for a date (X), but she turned me down (Y).

Ex. 彼女をデートに誘ったら (X) 断られた (Y)。

= Kanojo wo deeto ni sasottara (X) kotowarareta (Y).

(The speaker actually asked her out).

You can’t say 誘えば = sasoeba

She would say:

Ex. 誘ってくれれば*行ったのに。

= Sasotte kurereba itta noni.

= If you had asked me out, I would have said yes.

(*誘ってくれたら = sasotte kuretara)

(He didn’t actually ask her out, so she didn’t go.)

(3) When you are talking about what you are going to do/will be able to do.

Ex.3時になったらおやつを食べよう。(verb volitional form)

= Sanji ni nattara oyatsu wo tabeyou.

= I am going to eat my snack at three.

You can’t say:

X 3時になれば ( = sanji ni nareba)

Turning three o’ clock won’t be the condition for one’s desire to eat a snack.

You can say:

  • 3時になれば*おやつを食べてもいいです。(giving permission)

= Sanji ni nareba oyatsu wo tabete mo iidesu.

= You can eat a snack at three.

(*なったら= nattara)

  • 3時になれば*おやつが食べられる。(potential form)

= Sanji ni nareba oyatsu ga taberareru.

= When it hits three o’clock, I can eat a snack.

(*なったら= nattara)

In both cases, three o’ clock is the condition that has to be met for someone to be able to have a snack.


So you give a condition (X) to have the outcome (Y).

Ex. 明日になれば*熱も下がりますよ。

= Ashita ni nareba netsu mo sagarimasu yo.

= Your fever will go down tomorrow.

( * 明日になったら= ashita ni natttara)

Ex. 毎日この運動をすれば*必ず痩せます。

= Mainichi kono undou wo sureba kanarazu yasemasu.

= If you do these exercises everyday, I can guarantee that you will lose weight.

(* 運動をしたら= undou wo shitara)

Ex. 努力していれば*いつか報われる。

= Doryoku shite ireba itsuka mukuwareru.

= If you keep making efforts, you will be rewarded eventually.

(* 努力をしていたら = doryoku wo shiteitara)

Ex. 春になれば*もっと暖かくなる。

= Haru ni nareba mottto atatakaku naru.

= It will get warmer in spring.

( * 春になったら = haru ni nattara)

Ex. 大人になれば*わかるよ。

= Otonani nareba wakaru yo.

= You will know when you grow up.

( * 大人になったら = otonani nattara)

Ex. 優しい人じゃなければ*結婚しません。

= Yasashii hito ja nakereba kekkon shimasen.

= The person I marry must be a sweet person. (If not, I won’t marry)

(*優しい人じゃなかったら= Yasashii hito ja nakattara)

Ex. 20歳になれば*お酒が飲める。

= Hatachi ni nareba osake ga nomeru.

= When I turn twenty, I can drink.

(*20歳になったら = hatachi ni nattara)

Ex. 彼ならば私の気持ちがわかるはずだ。

= Kare naraba watashi no kimochi ga wakaru hazuda.

= He should know how I feel.

(Maybe other people wouldn’t understand, but he would.)

(*彼だったら= kare dattara / 彼なら = kare nara)

Ex. 今日は忙しいけれども明日ならば時間があります。

= Kyou wa isogashii keredomo ashita naraba jikan ga arimasu.

= I’m busy today, but I have time tomorrow.

(If it is tomorrow, I will have more time.)

(* 明日だったら = ashita dattara / 明日なら = ashita nara)

Ex. ここをまっすぐ行けば*大きな通りに出ます。

= Koko wo massugu ikeba ookina toori ni demasu.

= If you go straight, you will get to the big street.

(行ったら = ittara/ *行くと = ikuto = You will find the big street. )

Note: The difference between ば ( = ba) and と ( = to)

  • The particle と ( = to)

certain condition + と (= to) + predictable outcome, habitual actions, natural phenomenon, to give instructions on how to use a machine

If you do ~ / something happens, →automatically, naturally/ certainly happens. / the speaker discover something

Ex. 1) この薬を飲むと熱が下がりますよ。

= Kono kusuri wo nomu to netsu ga sagarimasu yo.

= When you take this medicine, your fever will drop. (automatically)


The speaker thinks if you do ~ + something will happen.

Ex. 2) この薬を飲めば/飲んだら熱が下がりますよ。

= Kono kusuri wo nomeba/nondara netsu ga sagarimasu yo.

= If you take this medicine, your fever will go down. (more hypothetical)


The speaker finds out something after doing something.

Ex. ドアを開けると父が立っていた。

= Doa wo akeru to chichi ga tatte ita.

= When I opened the door, I found my dad standing there.

You can’t replace this と ( = to) with ば ( = ba)

X ドアを開ければ父が立っていた。

= Doa wo akereba chichi ga tatte ita.

2) Asking for advice/ suggestions.

Interrogative いつ/どこ/なに/だれ/どう, etc. ( = Itsu/ Doko / Nani / Dare/ Dou) + Vば ( = ba) ~ ですか?( = desu ka)?

= When / Where / What / Who / How (Y) ) + should I + to do ~ (X) ?

Ex. 切符を買うにはどこに行けば*いいですか?

= Kippu wo kau ni wa dokoni ikeba ii desu ka?

= Where should I go to get a ticket?

(* 行ったら = ittara )

Ex. この件について誰に聞けばわかりますか?

= Kono ken ni tsuite dare ni kikeba wakarimasu ka?

= Who should know about this matter? / Who should I ask about this matter?

( * 聞いたら= kiitara)

Ex. 日本語がうまくなるためにはどうすれば*いいですか?

= Nihongo ga umaku naru tame niwa dousureba ii desuka?

= What should I do in order to improve my Japanese?

( * どうしたら = doushitara)

Ex. 私はなにをすれば*いいですか?

= Watashi wa nani wo sureba ii desu ka?

= What should I do?

( * したら = shitara)

Ex. いつまでにレポートを提出すれば* いいですか?

= Itsumade ni repooto wo teishutsu sureba ii desu ka?

= By when should I submit my report?

( * したら = shitara)

Ex. いつ行けばパピに会えるの?

= Itsu ikeba Papi ni aeru no?

= When should I go to see Papi?

( * 行ったら = ittara)

3) giving someone a suggestion/ an advice. (Why don’t you do ~ ?/ I think you should do ~.)

Ex. もっとがんばれば*いいんじゃない?

= Motto ganbare ba iin jjanai?

= I think you should try a little harder.

( *がんばったら= ganbattara)

Ex. もう遅いから明日やれば*?

= Mou osoi kara ashita yareba?

= It’s late so why don’t you do that tomorrow?

( *やったら =yattara)

Ex. 最後まで読めば*?

= Saigo made yomeba?

= Why don’t you read to the end?

( *読んだら = yondara)

4) Expressing one’s desire ( Vたい ( = tai) = to want to V) wish

If the condition X is fulfilled, the speaker wants to do Y.

Ex. 安ければ買います。

= Yasukereba kaimasu.

= If it is cheap, I will buy it.

( *安かったら買います。

= Yasukattara kaimasu.)

or

Ex. 高くなければ買います。

= Takaku nakereba kaimasu.

= If it is not expensive, I will buy it.

Ex. 時間があれば*会いたいんだけど。

= Jikan ga areba aitain dakedo.

= I would like to see you if you have some time.

( * あったら = attara)

Ex. いい人がいれば結婚したい。

= Ii hito ga ireba kekon shitai.

= If there is someone nice, I would like to get married.

Note: You use たら ( = tara) when you think some action has completed, you want to do something.

Ex. 日本に行ったら美味しいラーメンが食べたい。

= Nihon ni ittara oishii raamen ga tabetai

= When/If I go to Japan, I’d like to eat delicious ramen.

In this sentence, the action is 行く( = iku) to go but actually it means “once I get to Japan/ When I am in Japan”.

You can’t say:

X 日本に行けば ( = nihon ni ikeba)

Getting in Japan won’t be the condition for your desire to eat ramen noodle.

4) to express one’s expectation on others (counterfactual)

(1) Vば~ のに = ba ~ noni = It would be nice if you did something / I wish you could ~

Ex. マギーも行けばいいのに。

= Maggie mo ikeba ii noni.

= You should go, too, Maggie.

(*行ったら = ittara)

Ex. もっと食べればいいのに。

= Motto tabereba ii noni.

= You should have eaten more. / You should eat more.

(*食べたら = tabetara)

(The speaker knows the listener is not going to eat anymore.)

Note: The difference between ば ( = ba) and たら ( = tara):

You use たら (= tara) + のに (= noni) when you talk about your own desire.

Ex. JLPTの1級に受かったらいいのに。

= JLPT no ikyuu ni ukattara iinoni.

= I wish I could pass JLPT Level 1.

It will sound a little unnatural if you use ば ( = ba ) with your wish with のに ( =noni) here because it sounds like it is someone else’s problem.

X 受かればいいのに (= ukareba iinoni)

(2) V + ば + V past tense + のに ( = ba ~ noni): It would have been nice if you had done something / You should have done ~

When you tell someone what they should have done:

Ex. 嫌だったらそう言えば*よかったのに。

= Iya dattara sou ieba yokatta noni.

= If you didn’t want to do it (didn’t like it) you should have said so.

(* 言ったら = ittara)

Ex. 傘を持っていけば*よかったのに。

= Kasa wo motte ikeba yokatta noni.

= You should have taken an umbrella with you.

(* 持っていったら= motte ittara)

Ex. もっと早く言ってくれれば*スーツケースを貸してあげたのに。

= Motto hayaku itte kurereba suutsukeesu wo kashite agetanoni.

= If you had told me earlier, I could have lent you my suitcase.

( * 言ってくれたら = itte kuretara)

Ex. 薬を飲んでいれば*熱が下がったのに。

= Kusurui wo nonde ireba netsu ga sagatta noni.

= If you had taken a medicine, the fever would have dropped.

(* 飲んでいたら = nonde itara)

Related lessons:

For more usage of のに ( = noni)

5) to express one’s regret feelings.

Ex. よせばいいのに無理してジョギングして足を痛めた。

= Yoseba ii noni muri shite jogingu shite ashi wo itameta.

= I forced myself to jog and I ended up hurting my leg. I really shouldn’t have done it.

Ex. 私も買えば* よかった。

= Watashi mo kaeba yokatta.

= I should have bought it.

(* 買ったら= kattara)

Ex. 若い頃にもっと勉強しておけばよかった。

= Wakai koro ni motto benkyou shite okeba yokatta.

= I wish I had studied more when I was young.

For more usage of よかった ( = yokatta)

6) command

~ ば (X) + ~ しなさい/してください/して/ しろ ( *しろ ( = shiro) is strong command), etc = ~ ba (X) + shinasai / shitekudasai / shite/ shiro

If the verb in the following sentence (Y) is not action (思う= omou,etc.) and a state verb such as ある (= aru) / いる (= iru) / なる (= naru) etc., you can use ば (= ba)

Ex. 時間があれば *来てください。

= Jikan ga areba kite kudasai.

= Please come over if you have time.

(* あったら= attara)

Ex. それが自分のためになると思えば*やりなさい。

= Sore ga jibun no tame ni naru to omoeba yarinasai.

= If you think it would be good for you, just do it.

(* 思ったら = omottara)

Ex. わからないことがあれば*私に聞きなさい。

= Wakaranai koto ga areba watashi ni kikinasai.

= If there are things that you don’t understand, just ask me.

(*あったら = attara)

Again if the verb in the sentence (X) is not the state and implies completion of some action, you can’t use ば ( = ba).

Ex. 空港に着いたら電話しなさい。

= Kuukou ni tsuitara denwa shinasai.

= Call me when you get to the airport.

X 空港に着けば ( = kuukou ni tsukeba)

Ex. お父さん、私が満点取ったらゲームを買ってね。

= Otousan, watashi ga manten tottara geimu wo katte ne.

= Dad, if I get a perfect score, buy me a game, OK?

X You can’t say 取れば (= toreba)

Ex. 近くに来たら連絡してね。

= Chikaku ni kitara renraku shitene.

= Let me know when you are in the neighborhood.

X You can’t say 来れば ( = kureba )

7) V negative form + ば ( = ba) + いけない ( = ikenai)/ ならない ( = naranai) = have to do / must to do ~

Ex. もう行かなければいけない。

= Mou ikanakereba ikenai.

= I have to go now.

Ex. もっと勉強しなければいけません。

= Motto benkyou shinakereba ikemasen.

= You (or I) have to study more.

Note: You can’t replace with たら ( = tara) in this usage.

X 行ったらいけない ( = ittara ikenai ) means “shouldn’t go”)

X 勉強したらいけない ( = benkyou shitara ikenai) means “shouldn’t study”

In more conversational speech you can say ないと (= naito) instead of なければ (= nakereba)

行かないといけない。= Ikanai to ikenai.

勉強しないといけない。= Benkyou shinai to ikenai.

8) ~ば~ほど = ~ ba ~ hodo = the more you do ~, the more ~

Ex. この本は読めば読むほど面白くなる。

= Kono hon wa yomeba yomu hodo omoshiroku naru.

= The more I read this book, the more interesting it gets.

Ex. 安ければ安いほどいい。

= Yasukereba yasui hodo ii.

= The cheaper the better.

Some of you might say:

Ex. このレッスンは読めば読むほどわからなくなる。

= Kono ressun wa yomeba yomu hodo wakaranaku naru.

= The more I read this lesson, the more I get confused.

But I would say:

Ex. 勉強すればするほど、わかるようになりますよ。

= Benkyou sureba suru hodo, wakaru you ni narimasu yo.

= The more you study, the more you will come to understand.

Check this lesson for more example sentences.

How to use ほど ( = hodo)

9) Idiomatic expression:

Ex. 住めば都

= sumeba miyako

= Home is where you can make it.

Ex. 三人寄れば文殊の知恵

= Sannin yoreba monju no chie

= (literal meaning) If three people get together, they can come up with a good idea.

= Two heads are better than one

Ex. 終わりよければすべて良し

= Owari yokereba subete yoshi~

= All’s Well That Ends Well.

Ex. ああ言えばこう言う

= Aa ieba kou iu.

= always talk back / If I say this, you say that.

あ~終わった~!最後まで読んでくれてありがとう!

= Ahh Owattaa! Saigo made yonde kurete arigatou!

= It’s finished. Thank you for reading to the end.


マギー先生より = Maggie sensei yori = From Maggie Sensei

パピ先生、ありがとう!

= Papi Sensei, arigatou!

= Thank you Papi-sensei!

笑っていればパピ先生みたいに幸せになれるね。

= Waratte ireba Papi Sensei mitai ni shiawase ni nareru ne.

= Right. If we keep smiling, we will be happy like Papi-sensei.


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