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Brandon Casturo
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Epiphany (holiday)
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nativity scene with the adoration of the Magi
Epiphany is a Christian holiday or festival on January 6. It celebrates the revelation of the Christ child to the Gentiles, when the Magi or wise men visited Bethlehem to see Jesus, by following a star. It is recorded in the Gospel of Matthew, chapter 2.
Epiphany is included in the Christmas time.
Epiphany (holiday). (2022, January 3). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:20, October 24, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_(holiday)&oldid=7941799.
New Year's Day
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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New Year's Day
New Year's Day
Fireworks in Mexico City at the stroke of midnight on New Year's Day, 2013
Observed byUsers of the Gregorian calendar
SignificanceThe first day of the Gregorian year
Date1 January
CelebrationsMaking New Year's resolutions, church services, parades, sporting events, fireworks[1]
Related toNew Year's Eve, Christmastide
New Year's Day is a holiday in many countries. It was created to welcome the new year. In most countries, New Year Day is celebrated on 1 January. This holiday has been the most celebration with over 200 countries and territories in the world.
The new year is an event that happens when a culture celebrates the end of one year and the beginning of the next. Cultures that measure yearly calendars all have new year celebrations.
Contents
1Modern new year celebrations
2Historical dates for the new year
2.1Early Christmas
3References
4Other websites
Modern new year celebrations
DateCelebration
1 JanuaryChristian New Year
14 JanuaryEastern Orthodox New Year
21 JanuaryChinese New Year (also known as the lunar year. It takes place every year on the first lunar month)
21 JanuaryVietnamese New Year (also known as the Tết Nguyên Đán)
January to MarchTibetan New Year
14 MarchSikh / Nanakshahi New Year (also called Hola Mohalla)
20 or 21 MarchIranian New Year (also called Norouz. It is the day containing the exact moment of the vernal equinox)
19, 20, 21 or 22 MarchBahá'í New Year (also called Naw-Rúz. It is the day (starting at the previous sunset) in Tehran containing the exact moment of the vernal equinox)
1 AprilAssyrian New Year (also called Rish Nissanu)
13 or 14 AprilTamil New Year
March or AprilTelugu New Year
13 AprilPunjabi New Year (also called Vaisakhi and celebrates the harvest)
13 to 15 AprilThai New Year (celebrated by throwing water)
13 or 14 AprilSri Lankan New Year (when the sun moves from the Meena Rashiya (House of Pisces) to the Mesha Rashiya (House of Aries))
13 to 15 AprilCambodian New Year
14 or 15 AprilBengali New Year (also called Pohela Baisakh)
October or NovemberGujarati New Year
October or NovemberMarwari New Year
Muharram 1Islamic New Year
Historical dates for the new year
Early Christmas
In Christmas Style dating, the new year started on 25 December. This was used in Germany[2] and England until the thirteenth century, and in Spain from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century.
In Annunciation Style dating the new year started on 25 March, the feast of the Annunciation. This was used in many parts of Europe in the Middle Ages. The style was started by Dionysius Exiguus in AD 525. Annunciation Style was used in England until 1 January 1752, and in Scotland until 1 January 1600, when the kingdom of Scotland changed to Circumcision Style. England, the kingdom of Ireland, and the Thirteen Colonies changed to Circumcision Style on 1 January, after the United Kingdom of Great Britain changed from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar on 3/14 September 1752. This happened because the Parliament of Great Britain made an act of parliament, the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750.
References
Mehra, Komal (2006). Festivals of the World. Sterling Publishers. p. 69. ISBN 9781845575748. In many European countries like Italy, Portugal and Netherlands, families start the new year by attending church services and then calling on friends and relatives. Italian children receive gifts or money on New Year's Day. People in the United States go to church, give parties and enjoy other forms of entertainment.
"Saying Happy New Year In German". www.events2021.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
New Year's Day. (2022, February 22). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:08, October 24, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Year%27s_Day&oldid=8047326.
Hanukkah
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Members of the DC Minyan light Hanukkah candles
1:36
Hanukkah is a Jewish holiday which celebrates the victory of the Maccabees over the larger Syrian army. It also celebrates a miracle that happened during this time, where just a day's supply of oil allowed the menorah (Hanukkiah or Hanukkah Menorah) in the rededicated Temple in Jerusalem to remain lit for eight days. Therefore, Jewish people celebrate Hanukkah for eight days. Hanukkah begins on the 25th day of Kislev according to the Hebrew calendar, which on the Gregorian calendar is late November or December. For example, in 2013 it started on November 27. The Hebrew word hanukkah means rededication.[1]
The hanukiah (or hanukkah menorah) is a candle holder, an important Hanukkah symbol. It has nine branches. Traditionally, one candle is separated from the rest, usually by being higher than the other eight. On the first night, only one candle is lit, on the right side of the hanukiah. On the second night, a second candle is added, and they are lit from left to right -- but the Hanukkiah is filled from right to left. This continues for all eight nights. The candles are never lit directly - instead, the higher candle, (called a shamash, meaning "attendant") is lit first, and then used to light the rest of the candles. While the candles are lit, blessings are said over them.
Jewish children often play a game called dreidel. The dreidel is a four-sided spinning top, each side having a Hebrew letter. The four letters (nun, gimel, hey, and shin) stand for the Hebrew phrase, "Nes gadol haya shaam," meaning, "A great miracle happened there." In Israel, by contrast, the dreidel reads "Po" instead of "shaam," meaning "here." So in Israel the phrase is, "a great miracle happened here."
Contents
1History of Hanukkah
2Dates
3References
4Other websites
History of Hanukkah
Approximately 2,200 years ago, there was a war between the Greeks and the Jews. The Greeks won and forced their culture on the Jews. A group of Jewish people called the Maccabees revolted and liberated Jerusalem. The Maccabees found their Temple defiled. They sought to rededicate it to God, as the Greeks had been worshipping Zeus there. As part of the rededication, they needed to relight the menorah, whose source of fuel was olive oil.
According to the Talmud, the Jewish people only found a single jar of undefiled oil, and that oil was only enough to last a single day. The Jewish people took a leap of faith and relit the menorah. To their surprise, the menorah stayed lit for eight days, which was seven more days than they expected. The Jewish people attributed the surprising amount of time that the oil lasted to God (a miracle).
Hanukkah is an eight-day celebration, and each day commemorates each day that the oil lasted. On each day, a branch of the nine-branch Hanukkah menorah is lit with the shamash ("helper" candle), which sits on the middle branch.
Dates
2017: 12-20 December
2018: 2-10 December
2019: 22-30 December[2]
2020: 10-18 December
2021: 28 November-6 December[3]
2022: 18-26 December
2023: 7-15 December
References
Rosenblum, William F. (1978). "Hanukkah". World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. World Book-Childcraft International. p. 56.
"Chanukah - Hanukkah, the Jewish festival of rededication - חנוכה - Hebcal". Hebcal.com. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
"Festivals Celebrated During Month of December". Retrieved 2022-05-16.
Hanukkah. (2022, October 18). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:02, October 24, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanukkah&oldid=8496934.
Guru Nanak Dev
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Guru Nanak Dev
OfficeThe first Sikh gurus
Date of birth15 April 1469
Place of birthNankana Sahib, Punjab, Delhi Sultanate
Date of death22 September 1539 (aged 70)
Place of deathKartarpur, Punjab, Pakistan
SuccessorGuru Angad Dev
Known forCreator of Sikhism
Guru Nanak Dev
Sri Guru Nanak Ji (15 April 1469 – 22 September 1539) was the creator of Sikhism, and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus. His father's name is "Mehta kalu" and mother's name is "Mata tripta" .The last Guru said that there would be no more Gurus after him and Sikhs would be taught by the Sikh holy book, which is called Guru Granth Sahib Ji. The word "Guru" means "teacher".[1] His two son's are "Sri Chand" and "Lakshmi Das".
Beside followers of Sikhism, Guru Nanak is considered holy by Punjabi Hindus and Sahajdhari Sindhis across the Indian subcontinent.[2] Because of his close connection with Hazrat Sheikh Farid-ud-din Ganj Shakar, the Punjabi Sufi saint, Nanak Dev is also considered by many Muslims to be a Sufi, or adherent of Sufic tenets.
His main teaching to the world was written down to be "devotion of thought and having good actions as the first of our jobs".
Life
Guru Nanak Dev by Raja Ravi Varma.jpg
Guru Nanak was born in Nankana Sahib, in Punjab. This is now part of Pakistan.
When Guru Nanak was a child he refused the upanayana (holy thread) to initiate him into the Hindu religion. Later in his life he married Mata Sulakhani with whom he had two sons. They were called Sri Chand and Lakshmi Das. According to the Sikh religion, one day he was bathing in the river and god took him up to heaven. His family members were very worried as they had thought he died. After three days he returned with the message of god. He gave up his job to spread the message on how to be a good person.
He died in Kartarpur.
References
"Guru Definition and Meaning". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
Duggal, Kartar Singh (1988). Philosophy and Faith of Sikhism. Himalayan Institute Press. pp. xxii. ISBN 0-89389-109-6.
Guru Nanak Dev. (2022, April 8). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17:55, October 24, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guru_Nanak_Dev&oldid=8158868.
Kartik Purnima
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kartika Purnima is a Hindu, Sikh and Jain cultural festival, celebrated on the Purnima (full moon) day or the fifteenth lunar day of Kartik (November–December) month. It is also known as Tripurari Purnima or Deva-Deepawali, the festival of lights of the gods. Karthika Deepam is a related festival celebrated in South India and Sri Lanka on a different date.
ignificance
Here, the five-headed Tripurantaka is seen pointing an arrow towards the Tripura (rightmost top corner) with the bow made of mount Meru, the serpent Vasuki is seen as its string. The four-headed god Brahma is seen. The moon and the Sun are depicted as the wheels of the chariot.
Radha Krishna
In Vaishnavism tradition, this day is considered significant and special for the worship of Radha and Krishna. It is believed that on this day, Radha Krishna performed Raslila with their Gopis. At Jagannath Temple, Puri and all other Radha Krishna temples, sacred vow is observed throughout the Karthik month and performances of Raslila are organized on the day of Kartik Purnima. According to other legend, Krishna worshipped Radha on this day.[3]
Shiva
'Tripuri Purnima' or 'Tripurari Purnima' derives its name from Tripurari – the foe of the demon Tripurasura. In some legends of Kartik Purnima, the term is used to denote the three demon sons of Tārakāsura. Tripurari is an epithet of god Shiva. Shiva in his form as Tripurantaka ("Killer of Tripurasura") killed Tripurasura on this day. Tripurasura had conquered the whole world and defeated the gods and also created three cities in space, together called "Tripura". The killing of the demon(s) and destruction of his/their cities with a single arrow – by Shiva overjoyed the gods and they declared the day as a festival of illuminations. This day is also called "Dev-Diwali"—the Diwali of the gods.[4]
Tulsi and Vishnu
Kartik Purnima is also celebrated as the birth anniversary of Matsya, god Vishnu's fish-incarnation (avatar) and Vrinda, the personification of the Tulsi.[5]
Kartikeya
In Southern India, Kartik Purnima is also celebrated as the birthday of Lord Kartikeya, the god of war and son of Shiva.[3] This day is also dedicated to the pitrs, dead ancestors.
Guru Nanak
In Sikhism, Kartik Purnima is celebrated as the birthday of famous Sikh preceptor Guru Nanak.[3]
Underhill believes that the origins of this festival may lie in ancient times, when a sacrifice called Shakamedhah was performed to attain victory over enemies.[6]
The festival has even more significance when the day falls in the Nakshatra (lunar mansion) Krittika and is then called Maha Kartik. The nakshatra is Bharani, the results are stated to be special. If it is Rohini nakshatra, then the fruitful results are even more. Any philanthropic act on this day is supposed to bring benefits and blessings equal to the performing of ten yajnas.[7]
Hindu rituals
Kartik Purnima is closely associated with Prabodhini Ekadashi which marks the end of Chaturmas, a four-month period when Vishnu is believed to sleep. Prabodhini Ekadashi signifies the awakening of the god. Chaturmas penance ends on this day. Many fairs that begin on Prabodhini Ekadashi end on Kartik Purnima, Kartik Purnima usually being the most important day of the fair. Fairs that conclude on this day include Prabodhini Ekadashi celebrations at Pandharpur and Pushkar Fair. Kartik Purnima is also the last day to perform Tulsi Vivah ceremony that can be performed from Prabodhini Ekadashi.[citation needed]
Also, it is believed that Vishnu, on this day, returns to his abode after completing his stay in Bali. Hence, the day is known as Deva-Diwali.[8]
Pushkar Mela, 2006
In Pushkar, Rajasthan, the Pushkar Fair or Pushkar mela commences on Prabodhini Ekadashi and continues till Kartik Purnima, the latter being the most important. This fair is held in honour of god Brahma, whose temple stands at Pushkar. A ritual bath on Kartik Purnima in the Pushkar Lake is considered to lead one to salvation. It is believed circling the three Pushkars on Kartik Purnima is highly meritorious. Sadhus gather here and stay from Ekadashi to full moon day in caves. About 200,000 people and 25,000 camels assemble in Pushkar for the fair. Pushkar fair is Asia's largest camel fair.[9][10][11][12]
A ritual bath at a tirtha (a sacred water body like a lake or river) at a pilgrimage centre is prescribed on Kartik Purnima. This holy bath is known as "Kartik snana".[13] A holy bath at Pushkar or in the Ganges river, especially at Varanasi is deemed as most auspicious. Kartik Purnima is the most popular day for bathing in the Ganges at Varanasi.[5] The devotees also take a bath in the evening during moonrise and offer worship by way of six prayers such as Shiva sambuti, Satait and so forth.[7]
Annakuta, an offering of food to the deities, is held in temples.[citation needed] People who have taken vows on Ashvin full moon day, end them on Kartik Purnima. God Vishnu is also worshipped on this day. Any form of violence (hinsa or himsa) is prohibited on this day. This includes shaving, hair-cutting, cutting of trees, plucking of fruits and flowers, cutting of crops and even, sexual union.[13] Charity especially donation of cows, feeding of Brahmins, fasting are religious activities prescribed for Kartik Purnima.[5] Giving gift of gold is said to fulfill all desires of people.[7]
Tripuri Purnima is only next to Maha Shivaratri, amongst festivals dedicated to Shiva worship.[6] To commemorate the killing of Tripurasura, images of Shiva are carried in procession. Temple complexes in southern India are lit up throughout the night. Deepmalas or towers of lights are illuminated in temples. People place 360 or 720 wicks in temples, to secure escape reaching hell after death.[citation needed] The 720 wicks symbolizes the 360 days and nights of the Hindu calendar.[5] In Varanasi, the ghats come alive with thousands of diyas (brightly lit earthen lamps).[5] People gift lamps to priests. The lamps are kept throughout the night in houses and Shiva temples. This day is also known as "Kartik Diparatna" - the jewel of lamps in Kartik.[6] Lights are also floated in miniature boats in rivers. Lights are placed under Tulsi, Sacred fig and Amla trees. The lights in the water and under trees are believed to help fishes, insects and birds who saw the light to attain salvation.[13]
In Telugu households of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karthika Maasalu (month) is considered very auspicious. The Kartika month starts on the day of Deepawali. From that day till the end of the month, oil lamps are lit every day. On Karthika Pournami (full moon of Kartheeka month) oil lamp with 365 wicks, prepared at home, are lit in Lord Shiva temples. Apart from that, Kartika Puranam is read and fasting is observed till sunset, every day for the whole month. Swaminarayan Sampraday also celebrates this day with faith and fervor.[8]
Boita Bandana
People in Odisha celebrate Kartik Purnima by setting afloat miniature boita (boats) made from banana stem to remember the historical significance of the day.
In Odisha, on Kartik Purnima, people celebrate Boita Bandana (Odia: ବୋଇତ ବନ୍ଦାଣ boita bandāṇa), in memory of ancient maritime trades via Kalinga[14] by heading for the nearest water body to set afloat miniature boats, originally made out of banana stem and coconut stick, lit with Deepak (lamps), fabric, betel leaves. Boita stands for boat or ship. The festival is a mass commemoration of the state's glorious maritime history when it was known as Kalinga and tradesmen and mariners known as sadhabas traveled on boitas to trade with distant island nations that share borders with the Bay of Bengal like Indonesia, Java, Sumatra and Bali.
During Kartik Month the entire Hindu population of Odisha becomes strictly vegetarian. They observe the month with auspicious customs, continuing till the traditional ceremony of Panchuka which falls on the last five days of the month. [15] The Kartika month ends on Kartika Purnima. The day after Kartika Purnima is called Chhada Khai when the non-vegetarian people can again start their normal diet. By the way, the most fascinating part of Kartika Purnima in Odisha is the celebration of historic Boita Bandana to commemorate the Bali Jatra commenced by ancient Kalinga merchants and associated fleet to do trade in far South East Asia like Bali, Indonesia etc.
Karthika Deepam
Karthigai Deepam
In Tamil Nadu, Karthika Deepam is celebrated where the Purnima corresponds to the Krittika nakshatra. People light rows of lamps on their balconies. In Tiruvannamalai, a ten-day annual festival is held to celebrate Karthika Deepam.
Jainism
Palitana Jain temples
Kartik Purnima is an important religious day for Jains who celebrate it by visiting Palitana a Jain pilgrimage centre.[16] Thousands of Jain pilgrims flock to the foothills of Shatrunjay hills of Palitana taluka on the day of Kartik Purnima to undertake the auspicious yatra (journey). Also known as the Shri Shantrunjay Teerth Yatra, this walk is an important religious event in the life of a Jain devotee, who covers 216 km of rough mountainous terrain on foot to worship at the Lord Adinath temple atop the hill.
Wikipedia contributors. (2022, October 23). Kartik Purnima. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17:46, October 24, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kartik_Purnima&oldid=1117858118
Chhath
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chhath
People gathered at a pond in Janakpur, Nepal to worship the god Sun and his consort Chhathi Maiya (2008)
People gathered at a pond in Janakpur, Nepal to worship Surya, the sun god and his consort Chhathi Maiya (2008)
Also called
ChhaithChhath ParvaChhath PujaDala ChhathDala PujaSurya Shashthi
Observed byBhojpuriyas, Bengalis, Maithils, Magahiyas and Nepalis
TypeCultural, Historical, Religious
SignificanceTo venerate Surya, the sun god and his consort Chhathi Maiya
DateKartik Shukla Shashthi
2022 date
5 April to 8 April (Chaiti)[1]
28 Oct to 31 Oct (Katiki)[2]
FrequencyAnnual
Chhath is an ancient Hindu festival historically native to the Indian subcontinent,[3] more specifically, the Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand,[4][5] and the Nepalese provinces of Madhesh and Lumbini.[6][7][8][9] Prayers during Chhath puja are dedicated to the solar deity, Surya, to show gratitude and thankfulness for bestowing the bounties of life on earth and to request that certain wishes be granted.[10]
Chhathi Maiya, the sixth form of Devi Prakriti and Lord Surya's sister is worshipped as the Goddess of the festival. It is celebrated six days after Deepavali, on the sixth day of the lunar month of Kartika (October–November) in the Hindu calendar Vikram Samvat.[11][12][13] The rituals are observed over four days.[14] They include holy bathing, fasting and abstaining from drinking water (vrata), standing in water, and offering prasad (prayer offerings) and arghya to the setting and rising sun.[15] Some devotees also perform a prostration march as they head for the river banks.[16]
Environmentalists have claimed that the festival of Chhath is one of the most eco-friendly religious festivals in the World.[17][18] All devotees prepare similar prasada (religious food) and offerings.[19][20] Although the festival is observed most widely in the Terai region of Nepal and the Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand, it is also prevalent in areas where the diaspora and migrants from those areas have a presence. It is celebrated in all northern regions and major north Indian urban centers like Delhi.[21][22][23] Hundreds of thousands of people celebrate it in Mumbai.[24]
Contents
1Significance
2Description
2.1Nahaay Khaay (Day 1)
2.2Rasiaav-Roti/Kharna/Lohanda (Day 2)
2.3Sanjhka Aragh (Day 3)
2.4Bhorka Aragh (Day 4)
3Rituals and traditions
4History and associated legends
5References
6Further reading
Significance
Chhath puja is dedicated to the sun god Surya. The sun is visible to every being and is the basis of life of all creatures on earth.[25] Along with the Sun God, Chhathi Maiya is also worshipped on this day. According to Vedic astrology, Chhathi Maiya (or Chhathi Mata) protects the children from diseases and problems and gives them long lives and good health.[26]
As per legends, Chhath Puja stems from the early Vedic period, where sages would fast for days and perform the puja with mantras from Rigveda. It is believed that Chhath Puja was also performed by Karna, the son of Lord Surya and the king of Anga Desh, which is the modern-day Bhagalpur in Bihar. According to another legend, Pandavas and Draupadi also performed the Puja to overcome obstacles in their lives and reclaim their lost kingdom.[26] For the people from Bihar and other close by areas, Chhath Puja is considered as Mahaparva.[27][28]
Description
Rani Pokhari, a 17th-century pond in Kathmandu decorated with lights at night for Chhath celebration
Chhath celebration at Rani Pokhari, a 17th-century pond in Kathmandu (2015)
Chhath Puja is a folk festival that lasts four days. It starts with Kartik Shukla Chaturthi and ends with Kartik Shukla Saptami. Chhath is celebrated twice in a year.[29]
Chaiti Chhath - It is observed in the Chaitra month of Vikram Samvat.[30]
Kartik Chhath - It is celebrated at a very large scale in the Kartika month of Vikram Samvat.[31]
Nahaay Khaay (Day 1)
This is the first day of Chhath Puja. The Parvaitin (transl. devotees, from Sanskrit parv, meaning "occasion" or "festival") must take a holy bath, after which the entire house, its surroundings and pathways to the Ghat are thoroughly cleaned. The Parvaitin usually cooks Sattvik Lauka Bhaat (Bottle Gourd and Bengal Gram Lentil preparation with Arva Rice Bhaat). This preparation is served to the deity in the afternoon as Bhog. This initiates the Parv and is the last meal of the Parvaitin during Chhath Puja. The food is then eaten to protect the mind from thoughts of vengeance.[32]
Rasiaav-Roti/Kharna/Lohanda (Day 2)
Kharna, also known as Rasiaav-Roti or Lohanda, is the second day of Chhath Puja.[33] On this day, the devotees are not allowed to drink even a single drop of water. In the evening, they eat gur ke kheer (Kheer made up of jaggery), called Rasiaav, together with Roti.[34]
Sanjhka Aragh (Day 3)
Where there is no river or pond, an indoor setup such as a tank or fountain are used. In certain places there are restrictions on using beaches for puja.[35]
This day is spent preparing the prasad (offerings) at home, often consisting of a bamboo basket decorated with fruits, Thekua and rice laddus. On the eve of this day, the entire household accompany the devotee to a riverbank, pond, or other large body of water to make the Arghya offerings to the setting sun. The occasion can in many ways resemble a carnival. Besides the devotees and their friends and family, numerous participants and onlookers are all willing to help and receive the blessings of the worshipper.
At the time of arghya, Gangajal water is offered to Sun God and the Chhathi Maiya is worshipped with the prasad. After the worship of Sun God, Chhath songs are sung in the night and the Vrat katha is read.[36]
After returning home the devotees perform the ritual of kosi bharai together with the other family members. They take 5 to 7 sugarcanes and tie them together to form a mandap and beneath the shade of that mandap, 12 to 24 Diya lamps are burnt and thekua and other seasonal fruits are offered. The same ritual is repeated the next morning between 3 am and 4 am, and afterward the devotees offer arghya or other offerings to the rising sun.
Bhorka Aragh (Day 4)
Before sunrise on the last day of Chhath puja, the devotees have to go to the riverbank to offer an arghya to the rising sun. After this, the protection of the child and the peace and happiness of the entire family is sought from Chhatti Maiya. After worship, devotees drink water and eat a little prasad in order to break one's fast. This is called Paran or Parana.
Rituals and traditions
Chhath Celebration at Gangi River in Arrah
Chhath Celebration at Gangi River in Arrah
Chhath Puja Worship Material
Chhath Puja Worship Material
A woman praying during Chhath
A woman praying during Chhath
Women waiting with Prasada for offerings
Women waiting with Prasada for offerings
View of decorated Ghadiarwa pond on the occasion of Chhath festival, Birgunj, Nepal
View of decorated Ghadiarwa pond on the occasion of Chhath festival, Birgunj, Nepal
The main worshippers, called parvaitin (from Sanskrit parv, meaning "occasion" or "festival"), are usually women. However, many men also observe this festival as Chhath is not a gender-specific festival.[37] The parvaitin pray for the well-being of their family, and for the prosperity of their children.
In some communities, once a family member starts performing Chhath Puja, they are duty-bound to perform it every year and to pass it on to the following generations. The festival is skipped only if there is a death in the family that year. If the person stops performing the ritual on any particular year, it stops permanently and one cannot resume it. In other communities, this is not mandatory.
The prasad offerings include Thekua, Khajuria, Tikri, Kasar (and fruits (mainly sugar canes, sweet lime, coconut, banana and many seasonal fruits) offered in small bamboo baskets.[38] The food is strictly vegetarian and is cooked without salt, onions or garlic. Emphasis is put on maintaining the purity of the food.[39]
History and associated legends
Deo Surya Mandir in Deo, Aurangabad, Bihar, India
The Chhathi Maiya is worshipped on the Chhath festival, which is also mentioned in the Brahma Vaivarta Purana.
In Munger region, the festival is known for its association with Sita Manpatthar (Sita Charan; lit. Sita's footsteps). Sitacharan temple, situated on a boulder in the middle of the Ganges in Munger, is the main center of public faith regarding Chhath festival. It is believed that goddess Sita performed Chhath festival in Munger. It was only after this event that Chhath festival started. That is why Chhath Mahaparva is celebrated with great pomp in Munger and Begusarai.[40] According to some other legend, King Priyavrat, son of First Manu Swayambhu, was very sad because he had no children. Maharishi Kashyap asked him to do a yajna. According to Maharishis orders, he performed a yajna for a son. After this, Queen Malini gave birth to a son, but unfortunately the baby was born dead. The king and his family were very sad because of this. Then Mata Shashthi revealed herself in the sky. When the king prayed to her, she spoke, saying: "I am Chhathi Maiya the Sixth form of Devi Parvati. I protect all the children of the world and give the blessings of children to all childless parents." After this, the Goddess blessed the lifeless child with her hands, so that he came to life. The king was very thankful for the grace of the Goddess and he worshipped the goddess Shashthi Devi. It is believed that after this puja, this festival became a worldwide celebration.
Wikipedia contributors. (2022, October 24). Chhath. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17:25, October 24, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhath&oldid=1117905892
Bhai Dooj
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bhai Dooj
Bhai tika
Celebration of Bhaitika in Panchkhal, Nepal
Also calledBhai Tika, Bhau Beej, Bhai Phonta, Bhratri Dwitiya
Observed byHindus
TypeReligious
Datemāsa (amānta) / māsa (purnimānta), pakṣa, tithi
2021 dateNovember 6 [1]
2022 date27 October
FrequencyAnnual
Explanatory note
Hindu festival dates
vte
Bhai Dooj, Bhaubeej, Bhai Tika, Bhai Phonta or Bhratri Dwitiya is a festival celebrated by Hindus on the second lunar day of Shukla Paksha (bright fortnight) in the Vikram Samvat Hindu calendar or of Shalivahan Shaka calendar month of Kartika. It is celebrated during the Diwali or Tihar festival and Holi festival. The celebrations of this day are similar to the festival of Raksha Bandhan. On this day, brothers give gifts to their sisters.
In the southern part of India, the day is celebrated as Yama Dwitiya.[2] In the Kayastha community, two Bhai Doojs are celebrated. The more famous one comes on the second day after Diwali. But the lesser-known one is celebrated a day or two after Diwali. In Haryana and Uttar Pradesh a ritual also followed, a dry coconut (named gola in regional language) with klewa tied along its width for worshipping is also used at the time of doing aarti of a brother.[3]In Bengal the day is celebrated as Bhai Phota, which comes one day after Kali Puja.
Contents
1Regional names
2The Ceremony
3The celebration
3.1Bhai Phonta
3.2Bhai Bij
3.3Bhaitika in Nepal
4Rabindranath Tagore and the Partition of Bengal
5References
Regional names
The festival is known as:
Bhai Dooj (Hindi: भाई दूज) in entire Northern part of India, observed during the Diwali festival. This is also the second day of the Vikrami Samvat New Year, the calendar followed in Northern India (including Kashmir), which starts from the lunar month of Kārtika. In Awadh and Purvanchal regions of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, it is also known as Bhaiya Dooj. It is widely celebrated by Maithils in Bihar as Bhardutiya and people from various other ethnic groups. The first day of this New Year is observed as Govardhan Pūja.[4]
Bhai Teeka (Nepali: भाइटीका) in Nepal, where it is the most important festival after Dashain (Vijaya Dashmi / Dussehra). Observed on the fifth day of Tihar festival, it is widely celebrated by the people of various ethnic groups in Nepal.[5] The sisters put a vertical Tika of seven colours known as Saptarangi Tika in their brother's forehead.
Bhai Phonta (Bengali: ভাই ফোঁটা) in Bengal and it takes place every year on the second day after Kali Puja. It is mainly observed in West Bengal, Assam, Tripura, Bangladesh.
Bhai Jiuntia (Odia: ଭାଇ ଜିଉନ୍ତିଆ) only in western Odisha.
Bhau Beej, or Bhav Bij (Marathi: भाऊ बीज) or Bhai Beej amongst the Marathi, Gujarati and Konkani-speaking communities in the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Gujarat and Karnataka.
Another name for the day is Yamadwitheya or Yamadvitiya, after a legendary meeting between Yama the god of Death and his sister Yamuna (the famous river) on Dwitheya (the second day after new moon).
Other names include Bhatru Dviteeya, or Bhatri Ditya or Bhaghini Hastha Bhojanamu in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
According to a popular legend in Hindu mythology, after slaying the evil demon Narakasura, Lord Krishna visited his sister Subhadra who gave him a warm welcome with sweets and flowers. She also affectionately applied tilaka on Krishna's forehead. Some believe this to be the origin of the festival.
The Ceremony
Tilak of seven colors used in Nepalese celebration
On the day of the festival, sisters invite their brothers for a sumptuous meal often including their favourite dishes/sweets. The procedure may be different in Bihar and central India. The whole ceremony signifies the duty of a brother to protect his sister, as well as a sister's blessings for her brother.[6]
Carrying forward the ceremony in traditional style, sisters perform arti for their brother and apply a red tika on the brother's forehead. This tika ceremony on the occasion of Bhai Bij signifies the sister's sincerest prayers for the long and happy life of her brother and treat them with gifts. In return, elder brothers bless their sisters and may treat them also with gifts or cash.
As it is customary in Haryana and Maharashtra to celebrate the auspicious occasion of Bhau-beej, women who do not have a brother worship the moon Chandra instead. They apply mehendi on girls as their tradition. The sister whose brother lives far away from her and can not go to her house, sends her sincerest prayers for the long and happy life of her brother through the moon god. She performs aarti for the moon. This is the reason why children of Hindu parents affectionately call the moon Chandamama (Chanda means moon and mama means mother's brother).
The celebration
Bhai Phonta
Bhai Phonta at a Bengali household in West Bengal, India.
Bhai Phonta in West Bengal is celebrated with much splendour. The ceremony is marked with many rituals along with a grand feast arranged for the brothers. It is necessary that, both brother and sister are more than 5 years of age.[7]
Bhai Bij
The festival of Bhai Bij is popular in Haryana, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Goa and is celebrated with great fervour and gaiety. Brothers and sisters look forward to the occasion with immense enthusiasm. To add charm to the occasion, Bhai Bij gifts are given to brothers from sisters as a token of love and appreciation.[8]
Bhav Bij is a time for family reunions as all brothers and sisters in the family get together. Close relatives and friends are also invited to celebrate the Bhav Bij in many families. Special dishes for the festival include the Maharashtra sweet called basundi poori or kheerni poori.[9] On this occasion, brothers and sisters exchange gifts. And both of them pray for their long and happy life.[10]
Bhaitika in Nepal
A boy, wearing the tika, made for special occasion of tihar in Nepal
Bhaitika in Nepal is also known as Bhai Tihar meaning Tihar (festival) of brothers. On this day, sisters pray to Yamraj for a long life and prosperity for their brothers.[11] The ritual involves sisters marking the forehead of their brothers with a seven coloured long tika. The rest of the ritual is similar to that performed by Hindus elsewhere. A special garland of the Gomphrena globosa flower is made by the sister as an offering to their brothers.
Rabindranath Tagore and the Partition of Bengal
Rachel Fell McDermott, Professor of Asian Studies at Columbia University, describes Rabindranath Tagore's rakhi-bandhan ceremonies, inspired by the Bhai Dooj ritual, which were organized to protest the 1905 Partition of Bengal
In 1905 Rabindranath Tagore extended the symbolism of Brother's Second, a ritual of bonding between brothers and sisters that is celebrated right after the Pujas have concluded, to evoke friendship between Hindus and Muslims: members of both communities would tie red threads of brotherhood on each others' wrists. All throughout the partition period, these rakhi-bandhan ceremonies were regularly announced in the Bengali and English papers. In addition, some landlords, even the British Indian Association, saw that the boycott and emphasis upon swadeshi items were disturbing peace with rural Muslims in their areas, and withdrew their support.[12]
References
"Nepali Calendar 2078 Kartik | Hamro Nepali Patro". english.hamropatro.com. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
"Bhai Dooj 2020 date, time and significance". The Times of India. November 15, 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
"भाई-बहन के परस्पर प्रेम और स्नेह का प्रतीक भाई दूज". Dainik Jagran (in Hindi). Retrieved 2020-11-15.
"Bhai Dooj 2018 Date in India: When is Bhai Dooj in 2018". The Indian Express. 2018-11-09. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
"Happy Bhai Dooj 2020: Wishes, greetings, messages, quotes, SMS, WhatsApp and Facebook status to share on 'Bhai Tika'". Jagran English. 2020-11-15. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
"Bhai Dooj 2020: This Bhai Dooj, Celebrate With These Amazing Gifts For Your Brother Or Sister". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
"Bhai Dooj 2020: Date, time and significance of festival; all you need to know - India News , Firstpost". Firstpost. 2020-11-15. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
"Bhai Dooj 2020: Know all about the history, significance and celebrations of Yama Dwitiya here". Hindustan Times. 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
"Bhai Dooj Puja 2019: How to do puja on Bhai Dooj, Puja vidhi and Timings - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
"How to Celebrate Bhai Dooj with Your Brother - Ferns N Petals". Ferns N Petals. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
"Bhai-Tika / Bhai-Teeka". diwalifestival.org. Society for the Confluence of Festivals in India. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
McDermott, Rachel Fell (2011), Revelry, Rivalry, and Longing for the Goddesses of Bengal: The Fortunes of Hindu Festivals, Columbia University Press, p. 63, ISBN 978-0-231-52787-3
Wikipedia contributors. (2022, October 20). Bhai Dooj. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17:07, October 24, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhai_Dooj&oldid=1117281943
Diwali
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Deepawali / Dipavali /Deepavali
Rangoli decorations, made using coloured powder, are popular during Diwali
Observed byHindus, Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists[1]
TypeIndian, Cultural, Seasonal
BeginsDhanteras, 2 days before Diwali
EndsBhai Dooj, 2 days after Diwali
DateKartik Amavasya (Varies per Hindu Lunisolar calendar)
2021 date4 November (Thursday)
2022 date25 October (Tuesday)
2023 date2 November (Sunday)
CelebrationsDiya and lighting, home decoration, shopping, fireworks, puja (prayers), gifts, performing religious rituals, feast and sweets
Related toKali Puja, Diwali (Jainism), Bandi Chhor Divas
Diwali (also: Deepawali) is one of India's biggest festivals. The word 'Deepawali' means rows of lighted lamps. It is a Festival of Lights and Hindus celebrate it with joy. During this festival, people light up their houses and shops with Diyas (small cup-shaped oil lamp made of baked clay). They worship the Lord Ganesha for welfare and prosperity and Goddess Lakshmi for wealth and wisdom.
This festival is celebrated in the Hindu month of Kartikamasam which falls sometime during October or November. It is celebrated to mark the return of Lord Rama after 14 years of exile and his victory over the Demon Ravana. In many parts of India, Deepawali is celebrated for five consecutive days. Hindus regard it as a celebration of life and use the occasion to strengthen relationships. In some parts of India, it marks the beginning of a new year. People clean and decorate their house before the festival. They do colorful rangoli art works on floors.
Deepawali is celebrated and is a public holiday in countries such as Nepal, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, Mauritius, Fiji, Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago. It is also a school holiday in many states of the United States with a large Hindu population. President George W. Bush had the first celebration of the holiday in the White House.
A building decorated with lights during Diwali
Hindus light up their homes and shops to welcome the Goddess Lakshmi and to give them good luck for the year ahead. A few days before Ravtegh, which is the day before Deepavali, houses, buildings, shops and temples are thoroughly cleaned, whitewashed and decorated with pictures, toys and flowers. On the day of Deepawali, people put on their best clothes and exchange greetings, gifts and sweets with their friends and family.
At night, buildings are illuminated with earthen lamps, candle-sticks and electric bulbs. Sweets and toy shop are decorated to attract the passers-by. The bazaars and streets are overcrowded. People buy sweets for their own families and also send them as presents to their friends and relatives. The Goddess Lakshmi is also worshiped in the form of earthen images, silver rupee. Hindus believe that on this day, Lakshmi only enters houses which are neat and tidy. People offer prayers for their own health, wealth and prosperity. They leave the light on in buildings believing that Lakshmi will not have difficulty in finding her way in.
Diwali is one of the most important festival of the Hindus.It is also known as deepawali or the festival of lights. It comes on Amavasya day in the month of kartik. Both rich and poor wear new clothes on this day. Lots of sweets are made. People light diyas and burn crackers. They ex- change greetings and sweets. Goddess Laxmi is worshipped on this day.
Diwali. (2022, October 24). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16:54, October 24, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diwali&oldid=8508566.
Cheondoism
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cheondoism (Korean Cheondogyo; hanja 天道教; hangul 천도교; literally "Religion of the Heavenly Way") is Korean traditional religion which began during the last year of Joseon Dynasty. It was found in 1860 by Choe Je-U, the first religious sect leader of Cheondoism. At first, he named this religion Donghak, or Eastern Learning in opposition to Western Learning. In 1905, the name was change to Cheondogyo by the third leader, Son Byeong-Hui. In period of Japanese occupation, it made an effort to lead Korea's Independence Movement against Japanese colonial rule and expand it's congregation. Today, Cheondoism exerts less strong influence than before.
Religious thought
Cheondoism is a monotheistic religion and members believe a god called 'Hanul'. God is both transcendent and immanent in Heaven, Earth, and Man. It is not only the notion of God, but also view of human, moral, history are distinctive. When one dies, one does not go to some other-dimensional heaven, but returns to the One Being. The fundamental doctrine of the religion is that all human beings are equal because all people serve the god in their mind when born, so believers desperately oppose the hierarchy. And depending on equality for all, it insisted that children should be respected.
History
Cheondoism weakened by government suppression, but from the effort of second leader Si Hyung Choi. it recovered and in 1870, the number of believers extended for thousands. In 1880s, congregation was expanded to the entire Korean peninsula, and in 1890s, the religion led social movement of semi-feudalism and anti-foreign influence and this became Donghak Movement. In 1910s, it stirred up a revolution for liberation of the oppressed nation from Japanese imperialist rule.
Other websites
www.chondogyo.or.kr
Cheondoism. (2022, September 17). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19:24, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheondoism&oldid=8446529.
pic of Gilgamesh
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Deluge tablet of the Gilgamesh in Akkadian
The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia. It is one of the earliest works of literary fiction known.
The most complete version that exists today was preserved on twelve clay tablets in the library collection of the 7th century BC Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. A series of Sumerian legends and poems about the mythological hero-king Gilgamesh were probably gathered into a longer Akkadian poem some time before the 7th century BC.
The essential story is about the relationship between Gilgamesh, a king who has become distracted and disheartened by his rule, and a friend, Enkidu, who is half-wild and who undertakes dangerous quests with Gilgamesh. Much of the epic focuses on Gilgamesh's thoughts of loss following Enkidu's death. It is often credited as being one of the first literary works with emphasis on immortality.
The epic is widely read in translation, and the hero, Gilgamesh, has become an icon of popular culture.
Contents
1History
2Bibliography
2.1Editions
2.2Other
3Other websites
History
Gilgamesh was the fifth king of Uruk, an ancient city of Sumer. His supposed historical reign is believed to lie within the period 2700 to 2500 BC, 200–400 years before the earliest known written stories. His father was the third king, Lugalbanda.
The Epic of Gilgamesh was about him.
Bibliography
Editions
George, Andrew R. (2003). The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts. England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814922-0.
George, Andrew R (1999). The Epic of Gilgamesh. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-044919-1.
Foster, Benjamin R (2001). The Epic of Gilgamesh. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-97516-9.
Kovacs, Maureen Gallery (1985). The Epic of Gilgamesh. Stanford University Press: Stanford, California. ISBN 0-8047-1711-7. Glossary, Appendices, Appendix (Chapter XII=Tablet XII). A line-by-line translation (Chapters I-XI).
Jackson, Danny (1997). The Epic of Gilgamesh. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. ISBN 0-86516-352-9.
Mason, Herbert (1970). Gilgamesh: A Verse Narrative. Boston: Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0-618-27564-9.
Mitchell, Stephen (2004). Gilgamesh: A New English Version. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-6164-X.
Sandars, N. K. (2006). The Epic of Gilgamesh (Penguin Epics). ISBN 0-14-102628-6 - re-print of the Penguin Classic translation (in prose) by N. K. Sandars 1960 (ISBN 0-14-044100-X) without the introduction.
Parpola, Simo; Mikko Luuko; Kalle Fabritius (1997). The Standard Babylonian, Epic of Gilgamesh. The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. ISBN 951-45-7760-4. (Volume 1) in the original Akkadian cuneiform and transliteration; commentary and glossary are in English
Ferry, David (1993). Gilgamesh: A New Rendering in English Verse. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0374523835.
Other
Damrosch, David (2007) The Buried Book: The Loss and Rediscovery of the Great Epic of Gilgamesh. Henry Holt and Co, ISBN 0-8050-8029-5
Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976) The Treasures of Darkness, A History of Mesopotamian Religion, New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-01844-4
West, Martin (1997) The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth, New York: Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-815042-3
Other websites
Translations for several legends of Gilgamesh in the Sumerian language can be found in Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Fluckiger-Hawker, E, Robson, E., and Zólyomi, G., The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/ Archived 2008-12-10 at the Wayback Machine), Oxford 1998-.
Babylonian (Akkadian) texts: ETCSL
Gilgamesh and Huwawa Archived 2006-12-30 at the Wayback Machine, version A - (the adventure of the cedar forest)
Gilgamesh and Huwawa Archived 2007-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, version B
Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven Archived 2002-08-07 at the Wayback Machine
Gilgamesh and Aga Archived 2008-05-05 at the Wayback Machine
Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the nether world Archived 2002-08-25 at the Wayback Machine
The death of Gilgamesh Archived 2006-12-30 at the Wayback Machine
The Project Gutenberg eBook, An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic, by Anonymous, Edited by Morris Jastrow, Translated by Albert T. Clay
Epic of Gilgamesh, summary by M. McGoodwin
Gilgamesh Archived 2005-12-30 at the Wayback Machine by Richard Hooker (wsu.edu)
The Epic of Gilgamesh: A Spiritual Biography (theosophy-nw.org)
Tablets
Tablet XI (The Flood Chapter)
Flood
Comparison of equivalent lines in six ancient versions of the flood story Archived 2006-08-29 at the Wayback Machine (noahs-ark-flood.com)
Comparison of The Epic of Gilgamesh to the Genesis flood (religioustolerance.org)
Comparison of the Flood in Genesis to the Epic of Gilgamesh and related literature (Christian-thinktank.com)
Epic of Gilgamesh. (2022, April 5). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19:10, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epic_of_Gilgamesh&oldid=8152709.
Rabi crops
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rabi crops are grown in the winter and harvested in the spring in the South Asia. [1] The word means spring in the Arabic language.
Contents
1Overview
1.1Cereals
1.2Seed plants
1.3Vegetables
2References
Overview
It is also called rabi harvest and spring harvest (also known as winter crop). The rabi crops are sown around mid-November, after the monsoon rains are over, and harvesting begins in April/May. The crops are grown either with rainwater that has percolated into the ground, or with irrigation. A good rain in winter spoils the rabi crop but is good for kharif crops.
Normally wheat barley, mustard, sesame and peas are grown in india. Peas are harvested early, as they are ready early: Indian markets are flooded with green peas from January to March, peaking in February.
Some of the example are:
Cereals
wheat
oat
barley
maize
wheat (rabi crop)
Seed plants
alfalfa
alfalfa
linseed
sesame
cumin
coriander
mustard
fennel
Fenugreek
isabgol
Vegetables
pea
chickpea
onion
tomato
potato
References
"What Is The Difference Between Rabi and Kharif Crops?". BYJUS. Retrieved 2020-08-07.
Rabi crops. (2020, August 7). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:59, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabi_crops&oldid=7059160.
Interrupt
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This chart shows what happens when an interrupt is called
An interrupt is when a microprocessor does something that it is not told to do because of things that happen outside what the program is supposed to do. Interrupts happen most often because the processor gets a signal from hardware, but they can also come from software that is running along with the program. Among the many things can cause interrupts are pressing keys on a keyboard, the built-in timer going off, a data transfer taking place, or any other event that needs an action from the processor right away. Interrupts can happen at any time while the processor is running a program, no matter where in the program's source code it is.
How interrupts work
A hardware or software call for an interrupt (known as an interrupt request, or IRQ) is taken care of by an "interrupt handler" or "interrupt service routine" (ISR) in the processor. It puts what is it doing at the time onto a stack and then follows certain instructions that does a given task on behalf of the system, which does not have to be part of the program it does. Once it is done following the instructions, the ISR then takes back what it put on the stack and continues with what it was doing before the interrupt happened.
Many interrupt controllers from today's processors use an interrupt vector to sort interrupts based on where it came from, among other ways. The vector typically contains the code that has to be run when the interrupt happens. ISRs are generally responsible for dealing with, or "servicing", the interrupt, along with keeping itself in working order. [1]
Uses of interrupts
Triggering tasks at regular intervals
Servicing an external device that can happen at any time
Remove the need for synchronous polling
Triggering an operating system (OS) to take action
References
Massey, Russell (June 1, 2001). "Introduction to interrupts". Embedded.
Interrupt. (2021, May 29). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:51, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interrupt&oldid=7569672.
White flight
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The term white flight represents large-scale migrations of White people from large cities around Europe and the United States starting in the mid 20th century. Those large cities were primarily in Midwestern States and Northeastern States: Whites relocated out of those regions and into Southeastern and Southwestern States like Arizona and Texas. Midwestern cities like Chicago, Detroit or St. Louis, however, lost population of many Whites since the mid 20th century.
White flight. (2022, July 10). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:46, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_flight&oldid=8332477.
Utmankhel
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Utmankhel (Urdu: اتمان خیل) are a Pashtun tribe who live in the hills to the north of Peshawar in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Their land lies between the Mohmands and the Ranizais of Swat, to the west and south-west of the junction of the Swat and Panjkora rivers. They claim to be descendants of Baba Utman Shamraiz, who accompanied Sher Shah Suri in his expedition into India . The Utman Khel are a tall, stout and fair race, but their dress and general customs have been assimilated by the neighbouring peoples of Bajour. Their land is very hilly and difficult, but has well cultivated in terraces.
The British conducted military campaigns against them in 1852, 1878, and 1898.[1] They numbered some 40,000, and their fighting strength was about 8000 men.
There are some subtribes of Utman Khel. These are called:
Mandal (ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻟﺬﯤ) (elder son of Utman)
Sawar Khel
Mutaki (متكى)
Toori Khel
Ali Khel
Utman zai
Ibrahim Khel
Raja khel
Najeem khel
Aghdad khel
Ali Zai
Boota Khel
Bazai
Ismail Khel
Umar khel
Khumar Khel
Kamal Khel
sarni Khel
Sarkani khel
Sikandar khel
References
Public Domain One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Utman Khel". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 822–823.
Utmankhel. (2021, October 24). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:30, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utmankhel&oldid=7839034.
Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport
Keflavik airport inside the terminal.JPG
Inside the airport terminal
IATA: KEFICAO: BIKF
Summary
Airport typePublic
Owner/OperatorIsavia
ServesReykjavík
LocationKeflavík
Hub for
Icelandair
WOW Air
Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport (also called Keflavik Airport) is the largest and busiest airport in Iceland. It is the country's main hub for international flights. The airport is 50 km (31 mi) west of the Icelandic capital, Reykjavík.[1] The airport has three runways. Most international flights to or from Iceland pass through this airport.
The main airlines at Keflavík are Icelandair and WOW Air. Both make the airport their main hub. The airport handles almost all international flights. Most domestic flights are flown from Reykjavík Airport. It is only 3 km (1.9 mi) from Reykjavík. Keflavík Airport is operated by Isavia, a government enterprise.
Contents
1History
1.1US Military
1.2Keflavik
2Leifur Eiríksson terminal
3References
4Other websites
History
US Military
Until World War II Iceland had very little contact with the United States.[2] Because of the strategic importance of Iceland to the war in Europe The US and Iceland signed a treaty in June 1941.[2] The Americans built military bases on land provided by Iceland. Construction on the airport began on 2 July 1942.[3] It was occupied by US troops on 24 March 1943 and named Meeks field.[4] After the war the US wanted to keep their bases but the Icelandic government said no. Ownership of Keflavik airport was returned to Iceland while the American military turned over their facilities to an American company to run for them. When Iceland joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949, they sided firmly with the Americans in the Cold War. In 1951 a new treaty was signed and the American military returned to Iceland.[2] During the cold war the Icelandic bases were used for surveillance in the North Atlantic. In the 1990s, with the end of the cold war, the US scaled back its operations in Iceland. In 2006 it closed down its base at Keflavik.[2]
Keflavik
During the 1950s two airlines served Iceland. Loftleidir Icelandic flew between Luxembourg and New York stopping in Iceland. The other carrier was Flugfelag Islands.[4] They flew to Europe from Reykjavik. Sometime after the start of the jet age both moved to Keflavik. The two companies later joined together as “Icelandair”.[4] In April 1987, the airport got the "Leifur Eiriksson International Air Terminal". It was remodeled and extended in 2001. When the US military left in 2006, the government owned company ISAVIA took over control. The company operates all airports and navigational aids in Iceland.[4]
Leifur Eiríksson terminal
According to an article in USA Today, Leifur Eiriksson Air Terminal was ranked second best in the world.[5] According to Frommers.com "Iceland's cozy, little international airport looks like it arrived in a flat pack from Ikea".[5] The airport has beautiful views of the rugged Islandic landscape. The Leifur Eiríksson Terminal is well lit, clean and easy to navigate for travelers. It is open 24 hours a day. The tax-free and duty-free shops are available both for arriving and departing passengers.[6]
References
"Reykjavik Keflavik International Airport". CAPA Centre for Aviation. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
Gudmundur Halfdanarson, Historical Dictionary of Iceland (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2008), pp. 218–219
"Keflavik Airport, Iceland". techbastard.com. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
"History". Keflavik International Airport. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
"Leifur Eiriksson Air Terminal Ranked Second Best in The World". Reykjavikurflugvollur. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
"Keflavík International Airport". Promote Iceland. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport. (2021, January 24). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:20, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reykjav%C3%ADk-Keflav%C3%ADk_Airport&oldid=7323216.
Second Sino-Japanese War
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 to September 3, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. It became part of World War II when Japan entered that war. Part of the Sino-Japanese war was fought in northern Burma and northeastern India. The war ended when Japan surrendered after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It started in 1937 43 years after the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894 lead by Emperor Meiji who was the father of Emperor Taishō and the Grandfather of Hirohito .
Contents
1Invasion of China
1.1Japanese occupation of China
2End of the war 1941-1945
3Related pages
4References
5Other websites
Invasion of China
The Second Sino-Japanese War began when Japan invaded China in 1931. Japan used the Mukden Incident as an excuse to invade China. The invasion grew into a full-scale war after the Marco-Polo Bridge Incident. Japanese officers said that a Japanese soldier got lost and they were allowed to find him in Beiping.
Japan invaded China for a few reasons:
Japan needed more and more raw materials to create its heavy industry and intended to get them by taking over more of Asia
The Japanese military, and Japanese nationalism, were becoming stronger and more popular
While the Imperial Japanese Army was trying to take over China, the KMT (the Nationalist Government under Chiang Kai-Shek) and the CCP (Chinese Communist Party under Mao Zedong) cooperated a little to try to fight off Japan together. This was called the "Chinese United Front". However, for the most part, they continued to fight each other as well.
Japanese occupation of China
In 1931, the Imperial Japanese Army began to occupy China, starting in the northeast (Manchuria), where they created a puppet state called Manchukuo. In 1937, they occupied Beiping (now called Beijing), and then Nanjing. For six weeks in Nanjing, the army committed the Nanjing Massacre. During this massacre, Japanese soldiers killed between 40,000 and 300,000 Chinese people,[1][2] and raped at least 20,000 women and girls.[2]
After six weeks, the Japanese Army left Nanjing. It finally occupied the industrial cities in southern China. Chiang moved his capital city from Nanjing to Chongqing, and began a tactic of "using space to trade for time." He was able to spread Japanese soldiers out too thin. This means they were covering too much space with too few soldiers. This made them harder to fight, and made it easier for partisans to fight back in occupied China.
Many soldiers died on both sides at this time. However, in 1940, the Japanese Army stopped being able to move farther into China and take more land. 1940 also marked the point where China began to be able to fight back, instead of Japan continuing to take over the country.
End of the war 1941-1945
After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in the United States on December 7, 1941, the Second Sino-Japanese War became part of World War II. It became a part of the area of fighting called the China-Burma-India theatre. The entrance of the United States into the war in Asia meant that the Chinese military forces started receiving lend-lease supplies from the British and Americans over the Burma Road. This helped the Chinese fight back and get much-needed modern weapons.
The Second Sino-Japanese War had damaged Japan. It had not been able to win the war against China quickly. Instead, Japan's military had already been fighting China for four years. This made it much more difficult for Japan to keep fighting (now in the Pacific against the Allied forces). This may have been one reason why Japan eventually lost the war.
In China, the war had some important effects. It made more people support the Chinese Communist Party. It also made Chiang's Republic fall apart more quickly, in 1949.
Related pages
Empire of Japan
Imperial Japanese Army
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Nanjing Massacre
Republic of China
Chiang Kai-Shek
People's Republic of China
Mao Zedong
References
Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi, ed. (2008). The Nanking Atrocity, 1937–38: Complicating the Picture. Berghahn Books. p. 362. ISBN 978-1845451806.
Judgment (English Translation): Chapter VIII, Conventional War Crimes (Atrocities). International Military Tribunal for the Far East. p. 1012, 1015. November 1, 1948. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
Second Sino-Japanese War. (2022, July 8). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:09, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Sino-Japanese_War&oldid=8323874.
Epstein–Barr virus
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight viruses in the herpes family. It is one of the most common viruses in humans.
EBV is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever). It is also associated with some forms of cancer, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[2][3] EBV may be associated with a higher risk of certain autoimmune diseases.[4][5][6][7] Some 200,000 cancer cases per year may be caused by (or associated with) EBV.[8]
Infection with EBV occurs by the transfer by mouth (oral transfer) of saliva and genital secretions.[9]
Most people become infected with EBV and gain adaptive immunity. In the United States, about half of all five-year-old children and about 90 percent of adults have evidence of previous infection.[10] Infants become susceptible to EBV as soon as maternal antibody protection disappears. Many children become infected with EBV, and these infections usually cause no symptoms or are just mild, brief illnesses of childhood. In the United States and other developed countries, many people are not infected with EBV in their childhood years. When infection with EBV occurs during adolescence, it causes glandular fever 35 to 50 percent of the time.[11]
EBV infects B cells of the immune system and epithelial cells. Once EBV's initial infection is brought under control, non-active EBV stays in the person's B cells for the rest of their life.[9]
References
"ICTV Taxonomy history: Human gammaherpesvirus 4". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 10 January 2019.
Maeda E; Akahane M. & Kiryu S.; et al. (2009). "Spectrum of Epstein–Barr virus-related diseases: a pictorial review". Jpn J Radiol. 27 (1): 4–19. doi:10.1007/s11604-008-0291-2. PMID 19373526. S2CID 6970917.
Cherry-Peppers G.; et al. (2003). "Oral manifestations in the era of HAART". Journal of the National Medical Association. 95 (2 Suppl 2): 21S–32S. PMC 2568277. PMID 12656429.
Toussirot E. & Roudier J. (2008). "Epstein–Barr virus in autoimmune diseases". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 22 (5): 883–96. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2008.09.007. PMID 19028369.
Dreyfus DH (2011). "Autoimmune disease: A role for new anti-viral therapies?". Autoimmunity Reviews. 11 (2): 88–97. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.08.005. PMID 21871974.
Pender M.P. (2012). "CD8+ T-cell deficiency, Epstein–Barr virus infection, Vitamin D deficiency, and steps to autoimmunity: a unifying hypothesis". Autoimmune Diseases. 2012: 189096. doi:10.1155/2012/189096. PMC 3270541. PMID 22312480.
Ascherio A. & Munger K.L. (September 2010). "Epstein–Barr virus infection and multiple sclerosis: a review". Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology. 5 (3): 271–7. doi:10.1007/s11481-010-9201-3. PMID 20369303. S2CID 24409610.
"Developing a vaccine for the Epstein-Barr Virus could prevent up to 200,000 cancers globally say experts". Cancer Research UK. 24 March 2014.
Amon, Wolfgang; Farrell (2004). "Reactivation of Epstein–Barr virus from latency". Reviews in Medical Virology. 15 (3): 149–56. doi:10.1002/rmv.456. PMID 15546128. S2CID 19433994.
About 90% of adults have antibodies that show that they have a current or past EBV infection. National Center for Infectious Diseases
CDC. "Epstein–Barr virus and infectious mononucleosis". CDC. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
Epstein–Barr virus. (2022, February 23). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:04, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus&oldid=8054318.
Roman army
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Fragment showing the Praetorian Guard, c. 50 AD. At all stages of the Republic and Empire foot soldiers in action carried a shield
Roman Infantry 1.jpg
The Roman army is the military of ancient Rome, the forces used by the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and later Roman Empire. Its infantry for much of its history was the Roman legion. Rome also had a navy. The size of the army in the late Roman Empire was about 128,000 – 179,200 men. It was very well organized. The main Roman soldiers in the Empire were the legionaries. The legions were separated into centuries, made up of 80 soldiers and 20 other men who remained in the camp to cook and do other chores.[1]
Other soldiers in the army were called the auxilia. Auxilia were non-citizens who mainly came from the Roman provinces. They were paid less than legionaries and did not usually wear armor but at the end of their service, which was a minimum of 25 years, they were given Roman citizenship.
The army had cavalry units called Equites. Their men were rich enough to have horses and more expensive weapons. Being few, they were less important in battle than the infantry.[2]
Weapons and equipment
Modern replica of lorica segmentata type armor
The soldiers of the Roman army wore helmets and body protection. In the early to mid-Republican era, legionaries usually bought their own equipment. Hastati, the first line of soldiers, usually had breastplates, called a cuirass, and some wore lorica hamata, or chainmail. The richer principes, the second line of soldiers, could afford lorica hamata but they were sometimes seen wearing the cheaper cuirasses. Both hastati and principes were each armed with a gladius – a short, 60 centimeter (two foot) sword, and each had two pila – short spears.
The third line of soldiers, the Triarii, had a hasta, a two meter long spear. They were also armed with the gladius and had an early form of the lorica segmenta or iron band armor. All legionaries had a large rectangular shield, the scutum, which had rounded corners. By the late Republican period, all legionaries carried a gladius, two pila, a new, larger scutum, and wore chainmail. Lorica segmentata was only commonly worn between the 2nd and 3rd century.
Larger weapons such as the ballista (large crossbow) and the Onager (catapult) were used in larger battles.
From the Second Punic War onward, Roman armies had units of non-Italian mercenaries, such as Numidian light cavalry, Cretan archers, and Balearic slingers. Roman armies had previously lacked these kinds of troops.
Roman soldiers in "tortoise" formation
Trajan's Column
(plaster cast)
Column of Marcus Aurelius
Carvings from monuments of the 2nd century AD in Rome
Training
The main thing a member of the Roman Army needed was athletic ability. Soldiers were expected to march about 36 km (24 miles) in five hours. They also had to be fit to fight well and cope with any injuries.
New soldiers would do two sessions of military drill and give their oath of loyalty to their Commander and Emperor. Every day the whole of the legion would practice running, jumping, sword fighting and javelin throwing.
References
Southern P. 2007. The Roman Army: a social and institutional history. Oxford University Press.
Dando-Collins, Stephen. 2010. Legions of Rome. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Roman army. (2022, February 22). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17:47, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_army&oldid=8047547.
Woodcut
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Albrecht Dürer's woodcut, Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1497-1498).
A woodcut is a way of printing. An image is cut into a block of wood. The printing part remains level with the surface. The non-printing parts are removed, often with a tool called a gouge. The areas that are 'white' are cut away with a knife or chisel. Therefore the wood still at the original surface level are black in the final print. The wood block is cut in the direction of the grain of the wood. In Europe beechwood was most commonly used. In Japan, a special type of cherry wood was used.[1]
The surface is covered with ink. It is rolled over the surface with an ink-covered roller (called a brayer). This leaves ink upon the flat surface, but none in the non-printing areas. Sometimes woodcuts are referred to by a formal word, xylography.
Gallery of Asian woodcuts
Coloured woodcut Buddha, 10th century, China.
Coloured woodcut Buddha, 10th century, China.
Jiaozi (currency), 10th century, Sichuan, China.
Jiaozi (currency), 10th century, Sichuan, China.
Dragon, Japanese ukiyo-e woodcut, c. 1750-1900.
Dragon, Japanese ukiyo-e woodcut, c. 1750-1900.
Modern woodcut Carp Painting, Dong Ho Painting, Vietnam.
Modern woodcut Carp Painting, Dong Ho Painting, Vietnam.
References
Features of laser engraving on wood
Woodcut. (2022, April 2). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13:08, October 18, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodcut&oldid=8146194.
Silvereye
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Silvereye
Silvereye Jan 2010.jpg
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classificatione
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Aves
Order:Passeriformes
Family:Zosteropidae
Genus:Zosterops
Species:Z. lateralis
Binomial name
Zosterops lateralis
(Latham, 1801)
Subspecies flaviceps from Fiji
The silvereye or wax-eye (Zosterops lateralis) is a very small omnivorous passerine bird of the south-west Pacific. In Australia and New Zealand its common name is sometimes white-eye, but this name is more commonly used to talk about all members of the genus Zosterops, or the entire family Zosteropidae.
In New Zealand, the silvereye was first recorded in 1832. It many more were seen in 1856, and it is assumed that a migrating flock was thrown eastwards by a storm.[2] As a self-introduced bird it is protected as a native New Zealand species. Its Māori name, tauhou, means "stranger" or more literally, "new arrival".
References
BirdLife International (2012). "Zosterops lateralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
"Silvereye". An Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
Silvereye. (2021, October 4). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13:02, October 18, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silvereye&oldid=7810700.
Power cut
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Electricity pylon that carries electricity. If these fail, there may be a power cut.
A power cut, sometimes called a power outage or blackout, is a word for when the electric power does not work in an area. It is sometimes caused by a power line (or electricity cable) falling down, but may also happen due to routine maintenance. In poor countries, such as many in Africa, there are regular power cuts as more people try to use the electricity than there is to go around. An uninterruptible power supply can protect sensitive equipment such as computers or other electronics during a power cut, allowing it to be properly shut down.
Power cut. (2018, October 12). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12:48, October 18, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_cut&oldid=6276335.
Domestic goat
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A goat
Wikispecies has information on: Capra aegagrus hircus.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Capra aegagrus hircus.
The domestic goat (Capra hircus or Capra aegagrus hircus[a]) is a domesticated mammal. It comes from the wild goat.[b] A male goat is called a buck and a castrated goat is called a wether, a female is called a doe. Young goats are called kids.
People eat their meat, drink their milk, and use their fur and skin. With goat milk, cheese can be made, along with other dairy products like yogurt. Some farmers use goats to eat plants the farmers do not want, such as weeds. Other times, the goats are used to keep grasses and other plants from getting too tall. This also benefits the goat because they get plenty of food to eat.
The goat has cloven hooves, a long beard on its chin, a short tail that turns up, and horns that grow up from the head in an arc. The hair is straight with a woolly coat under it during winter. Goats have rectangular irises. They are one of the few species to have these unique eyes.[1]
The goat is about 70-120 cm (28-48 inches). They weigh from 45-54 kg (100-120 lb.) during adulthood.
The diet of the goat includes eating grass, leaves, shrubs, root vegetables, and other kinds of plants.[2] Some ranchers use goats to clear brush and unwanted plants from their pastures. Goats living in the desert, where plants are quite hard to find, have been seen climbing trees to get food.
Goats are smart and active. They enjoy playing with other goats and climbing. They are social animals that may live in groups or herds.
List of goat breeds
For a list of goat breeds, see List of goat breeds.
Notes
Strictly speaking, domesticated breeds are not part of the Linnaean system of classification.
Mitochondrial DNA reveal that domestic goat (Capra hircus) are genetically affected by two subspecies of bezoar (Capra aegagrus) H Mannen 1, Y Nagata, S Tsuji. [1]
References
"Why do goats have rectangular pupils?". curiosity.com. Retrieved 2 November 2017.[permanent dead link]
"ANIMAL BYTES - Domestic Goat". seaworld.org. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
Domestic goat. (2022, March 2). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12:38, October 18, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domestic_goat&oldid=8083057.
Elektra Records
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
Elektra Records
Founded1950
FounderJac Holzman
Paul Rickolt
StatusActive
Distributing labelAtlantic Records Group
(US)
WEA
(Outside of the US)
Rhino Records (re-issues)
GenreVarious
Country of originUnited States
Official websiteelektra.com
Elektra Records (Elektra Entertainment Group Inc.) is an American major record label. It is owned by Warner Music Group. Elektra Records was founded in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt in Holzman's St. John's College dorm room. It was combined with WMG's Atlantic Records Group in 2004. After 5 years of being inactive, Atlantic Records Group announced that they were reviving the Elektra as an independent entity within Warner Music on June 1, 2009.[1]
In September 1994, Elektra Records was sued by heavy metal band Metallica so that they could terminate their contract with the label and gain ownership of their master recordings.[2] In January, Metallica and Elektra announced that they settled their suit, and even though a non-disclosure agreement had kept the terms secret, media sources claimed that "a significant increase in royalty payments to the band as well as a renegotiation of the group's recording contract were key factors in Metallica and Elektra coming to terms."[3]
References
"Elektra Flies Again". Atlantic Records Group. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2014-07-20.
"Metallica Sues Label, Challenging '7-Year' Contract Statute". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2014-07-20.
"Metallica Settles Lawsuit With Its Record Label". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2014-07-20.
Elektra Records. (2022, August 11). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12:29, October 18, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elektra_Records&oldid=8390101.
One-Punch Man
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
One-Punch Man
ワンパンマン
(Wanpanman)
GenreAction,[1] comedy,[2] superhero[3]
Manga
Webcomic
Written byOne
Published bySelf-published
Original run2009 – present
Manga
Remake
Written byOne
Illustrated byYusuke Murata
Published byShueisha
English publisher
NA
Viz Media
DemographicSeinen
ImprintJump Comics
MagazineTonari no Young Jump
English magazine
NA
Weekly Shonen Jump
Original runJune 14, 2012 – present
Volumes26 (List of volumes)
Anime television series
Directed byShingo Natsume (season 1)
Chikara Sakurai (season 2)
Produced byChinatsu Matsui
Nobuyuki Hosoya
Keita Kodama
Ayuri Taguchi
Written byTomohiro Suzuki
Music byMakoto Miyazaki
StudioMadhouse (season 1)
J.C. Staff (season 2)
Licensed by
AUS
Madman Entertainment
NA
Viz Media
UK
Kazé UK
Original networkTX, TVO, TVQ, KBS, BS Japan, AT-X
English network
SEA
Animax Asia[4]
US
Adult Swim (Toonami)
Original runOctober 5, 2015 – present
Episodes24 + 12 OVA (List of episodes)
Original animation DVD
One-Punch Man: Road to Hero
Produced byMinoru Yamaoka
Written byTomohiro Suzuki
StudioMadhouse
ReleasedDecember 4, 2015
Runtime24 minutes
One-Punch Man (Japanese: ワンパンマン, Hepburn: Wanpanman) is an ongoing Japanese superhero webcomic created by ONE.[5] It began publication in early 2009.[6] The series quickly went viral. It received 7.9 million hits in June 2012.[7] One-Punch Man tells the story of Saitama, a very powerful superhero. He has grown bored due to the lack of challenge in his fight against evil and is trying to find a worthy opponent.
A digital manga remake of the series, illustrated by Yusuke Murata, began publication on Shueisha's Young Jump Web Comics website in 2012.[6] The chapters are collected and printed into tankōbon volumes. Twenty-six volumes were released as of June 3, 2022. Viz Media has licensed the remake for English publication in its Weekly Shonen Jump digital magazine.[8]
An anime television based on this manga by Madhouse aired in Japan between October and December 2015.[9][10][11] It was dubbed in English during the summer of 2016. Later that year a planned second season was announced.[12] On September 25, 2017, it was announced that they would be changing both its production company and director.[13]
The series nominated for the seventh annual Manga Taishō Awards in 2014.[14] The series was also nominated for an Eisner Award in 2015.[3][15]
References
"One-Punch Man TV Anime Promo Video Previews Story". Anime News Network. March 23, 2015. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
"The Official Website for One-Punch Man". Viz Media. Archived from the original on November 10, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
Silverman, Rebecca (September 22, 2015). "One-Punch Man GN 1 & 2". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
"Animax Asia to Air One-Punch Man, Nisekoi Anime". Anime News Network. March 14, 2016. Archived from the original on October 31, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
"Two Creators of the Original Manga One-Punch Man". Oppai Hoodie Blog. Archived from the original on August 5, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
Chapman, Paul (March 7, 2015). ""One-Punch Man" Anime Greenlit". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
"Young Jump Launches Free Site with Eyeshield 21's Murata (Updated)". Anime News Network. June 13, 2012. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
"Viz's Shonen Jump Alpha Adds One-Punch Man Manga". Anime News Network. January 14, 2013. Archived from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
"One-Punch Man Manga Gets TV Anime". Anime News Network. March 7, 2015. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
"One-Punch Man TV Anime Listed for October Premiere". Anime News Network. March 17, 2015. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
"One-Punch Man Anime's October Premiere Confirmed". Anime News Network. July 22, 2015. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
"One-Punch Man TV Anime Gets 2nd Season, Game App". Anime News Network. September 25, 2016. Archived from the original on September 26, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
"'One Punch Man' Announces Controversial Changes To Season 2". Anime. Archived from the original on September 26, 2017. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
"10 Titles Nominated for 7th Manga Taisho Awards". Anime News Network. January 20, 2014. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
"All You Need Is Kill, In Clothes Called Fat, Master Keaton, One-Punch Man, Mizuki's Showa, Wolf Children Nominated for Eisner Awards". Anime News Network. April 22, 2015. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
One-Punch Man. (2022, September 27). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12:25, October 18, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One-Punch_Man&oldid=8460518.
Wadjet
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
Wadjet is a goddess in Egyptian mythology. She was often shown in art as a cobra and was the protector of lower Egypt. Later, she became the protector of kings. Her worship was already established by the Predynastic Period, but did change somewhat as time progressed. She began as the local goddess of Per-Wadjet (Buto) but soon became a patron goddess of Lower Egypt.
Other websites
touregypt.net
philae.nu Archived 2007-06-30 at the Wayback Machine
thekeep.org Archived 2007-06-14 at the Wayback Machine
http://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/wadjet.html
Wadjet. (2021, September 25). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:28, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wadjet&oldid=7792131.
Djurgårdsandan
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
Djurgårdsandan (literally translated as ‘the Djurgården spirit’) is a corporate social responsibility (CSR) commitment. It was founded in 2006 by the Djurgården football association with other organizations related to Djurgården. This programme actively works with adolescents through a variety of social projects that range from health issues, ethnic integration and to crime reduction. In addition, other highly notable aims of Djurgårdsandan are a promotion of the values of the association and a positive ‘supporter culture’.
Djurgårdsandan’s deals primarily with:
An active engagement with society
Work surrounding core values
Work in favour of a positive supporter culture
During the 2013 season of the elite and professional Swedish league (Allsvenskan), Djurgården’s kit will feature the logo of Djurgårdsandan.
Other websites
Djurgårdsandan Archived 2013-04-20 at the Wayback Machine
Djurgårdsandan sport center Archived 2013-04-16 at the Wayback Machine
Djurgårdsandan. (2021, July 29). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:20, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djurg%C3%A5rdsandan&oldid=7685820.
Gambia River
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gambia River in the Niokolo-Koba National Park
This article may have too many red links. You can help Wikipedia by writing articles to help lower the number of red links. (May 2020)
The Gambia River (formerly known as the River Gambra) is a major river in West Africa. It is about 1,120 kilometres (700 mi) long. It runs from the Fouta Djallon plateau in north Guinea westward through Senegal and the Gambia to the Atlantic Ocean at the city of Banjul. It is navigable for about half that length.
Geography
The river is strongly associated with The Gambia, the smallest country in mainland Africa, which consists of little more than the downstream half of the river and its two banks.
From the Fouta Djallon, the river runs northwest into the Tambacounda Region of Senegal, where it flows through the Parc National du Niokolo Koba, then is joined by the Nieri Ko and Koulountou before entering the Gambia at Fatoto. At this point the river runs generally west, but in a meandering course with a number of oxbows, and about 100km from its mouth it gradually widens, to over 10km wide where it meets the sea.
Near the mouth of the river, near Juffure, is Kunta Kinteh Island, a place used in the slave trade which is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The aquatic fauna in the Gambia River basin is closely associated with that of the Senegal River basin, and the two are usually combined under a single ecoregion known as the Senegal-Gambia Catchments. Although the species richness is moderately high, only three species of frogs and one fish are endemic to this ecoregion.[1]
Oysters are harvested from the River Gambia and used to make oyster stew, a traditional dish in the cuisine of Gambia.
The river is an important trade route. Ocean-going vessels can use it for 248 kilometres (154 mi), to the settlement of Kuntaur. Smaller ships can reach the settlement Fatoto, which is 447 kilometres (278 mi) from its mouth.
References
"509: Senegal – Gambia". Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
Gambia River. (2021, January 19). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:09, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gambia_River&oldid=7289998.
Gallbladder cancer
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gallbladder cancer
Classification and external resources
ICD-10C23.-C24.
ICD-9156
DiseasesDB30714
MeSHD005706
Gallbladder cancer is a rare type of cancer which forms in the gallbladder. It is most common in central and South America, central and eastern Europe, China, Japan and northern India. It is also common in certain ethnic groups e.g. Native Americans, Indians and Hispanics.[1]
If it is diagnosed early enough, it can be cured by removing the gallbladder, part of the liver and lymph nodes. Most often it is found after symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice and vomiting occur, and it has spread to other organs such as the liver.[2][3]
References
Kapoor VK, McMichael AJ (2003). "Gallbladder cancer: an 'Indian' disease". Natl Med J India. 16 (4): 209–13. PMID 14606770.
Hsing AW, Gao YT, Han TQ; et al. (December 2007). "Gallstones and the risk of biliary tract cancer: a population-based study in China". Br. J. Cancer. 97 (11): 1577–82. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604047. PMC 2360257. PMID 18000509.
Barbhuiya M, Singh T, Gupta S, Shrivastav B, Tiwari P (2009). "Incidence of gall bladder cancer in rural and semiurban population of north central India: A first insight". Internet Journal of Epidemiology. 7 (2). Archived from the original on 2014-11-03. Retrieved 2013-12-24.
Gallbladder cancer. (2021, January 19). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17:58, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder_cancer&oldid=7289977.
Apocalypse Now
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Apocalypse Now
Directed byFrancis Ford Coppola
Written byJoseph Conrad (novel)
John Milius & Francis Ford Coppola (screenplay)
Michael Herr (narration)
Produced byFrancis Ford Coppola
StarringMarlon Brando
Robert Duvall
Martin Sheen
Laurence Fishburne
Dennis Hopper
Harrison Ford
CinematographyVittorio Storaro
Edited byLisa Fruchtman
Gerald B. Greenberg
Walter Murch
Music byCarmine Coppola & Francis Ford Coppola
Distributed byUnited Artists
Release datesMay 10, 1979
Running time153 min.
202 min. (redux)
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$31,500,000
Apocalypse Now is a 1979 American epic drama movie directed by Francis Ford Coppola.
It tells a fictional story which takes place in the 1960s during the Vietnam War. It tells the story of an Army Captain who is sent on a boat deep into the Cambodian jungle to capture a Special Forces colonel who, it is suggested, has gone insane. It was partly based on Joseph Conrad's novel about a journey down the Congo River, Heart of Darkness.
It is now thought to be a great movie, but in the making it ran into problems. Its key star Martin Sheen, is on the screen for almost all the movie. He had a breakdown, and a heart attack. Editing the mile plus of film took years. It was unfinished when it was shown in the Cannes Film Festival.
Apocalypse Now is today considered to be one of the greatest films ever made. It was nominated for eight Academy Awards at the 52nd Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director (Coppola), and Best Supporting Actor for Robert Duvall. It went on to win for Best Cinematography and Best Sound. It ranked #14 in Sight & Sound's greatest films poll in 2012,[1] and #6 in the Director's Poll of greatest films of all time.[2]
The film as now shown on streaming channels is the Director's "Final Cut". This was first shown in 2019 at the Tribeca Film Festival.[3] It runs for 3 hours, 3 minutes.
Awards and honors
Awards and Nominations received by Apocalypse Now
AwardCategoryNomineeResult
52nd Academy Awards[4]Best PictureFrancis Ford Coppola, Fred Roos, Gray Frederickson, and Tom SternbergNominated
Best DirectorFrancis Ford CoppolaNominated
Best Actor in a Supporting RoleRobert DuvallNominated
Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another MediumJohn Milius and Francis Ford CoppolaNominated
Best SoundWalter Murch, Mark Berger, Richard Beggs, and Nat BoxerWon
Best Art DirectionArt Direction: Dean Tavoularis and Angelo P. Graham; Set Decoration: George R. NelsonNominated
Best CinematographyVittorio StoraroWon
Best Film EditingRichard Marks, Walter Murch, Gerald B. Greenberg and Lisa FruchtmanNominated
1979 Cannes Film Festival[5]Palme d'OrApocalypse NowWon
1st American Movie AwardsBest ActorMartin SheenNominated
Best Supporting ActorRobert DuvallWon
33rd British Academy Film AwardsBest FilmApocalypse NowNominated
Best ActorMartin SheenNominated
Best Supporting ActorRobert DuvallWon
Best DirectionFrancis Ford CoppolaWon
Best Original Film MusicCarmine Coppola and Francis Ford CoppolaNominated
Best CinematographyVittorio StoraroNominated
Best EditingRichard Marks, Walter Murch, Gerald B. Greenberg, and Lisa FruchtmanNominated
Best Production DesignDean TavoularisNominated
Best SoundtrackNathan Boxer, Richard Cirincione, Walter MurchNominated
5th César AwardsBest Foreign Film (Meilleur film étranger)Francis Ford CoppolaNominated
David di Donatello AwardsBest Foreign Director (Migliore Regista Straniero)Francis Ford CoppolaWon
32nd Directors Guild of America AwardsOutstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion PicturesFrancis Ford CoppolaNominated
37th Golden Globe AwardsBest Motion Picture – DramaFrancis Ford Coppola, Fred Roos, Gray Frederickson, and Tom SternbergNominated
Best DirectorFrancis Ford CoppolaWon
Best Supporting ActorRobert DuvallWon[a]
Best Original ScoreCarmine Coppola and Francis Ford CoppolaWon
22nd Annual Grammy AwardsBest Original Score Written for a Motion PictureCarmine Coppola and Francis Ford CoppolaNominated
1979 National Society of Film Critics AwardsBest Supporting ActorFrederic ForrestWon
32nd Writers Guild of America AwardsBest Drama Written Directly for the ScreenJohn Milius and Francis Ford CoppolaNominated
American Film Institute lists
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – No. 28
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
"I love the smell of napalm in the morning." – No. 12
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No. 30
References
"Critics' top 100". bfi.org.uk. Archived from the original on October 26, 2013. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
"Directors' top 100". bfi.org.uk. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
Lewis, Gordon (March 14, 2019). "Tribeca: Danny Boyle's Beatles Movie 'Yesterday' Set as Closing Night Film". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
"The 52nd Academy Awards (1980) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
"Festival de Cannes: Apocalypse Now". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
Tied with Melvyn Douglas for Being There.
Apocalypse Now. (2022, June 29). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17:12, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apocalypse_Now&oldid=8307476.
Internet forum
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
Internet forum powered by phpBB
One type of a forum is an online discussion site on the Internet. Users can type messages for others to see, and reply to other user's messages. Messages (or "posts") are organised by topic (or "thread"), with each poster either replying to an existing topic or creating a new topic for a new conversation.
Forums can be found on a lot of websites. Internet forums are often used to show people information. Things like pictures hyperlinks and images can also be put on the board, or "posted".
Many Internet forums have rules against things such as spamming and trolling. If people do those kind of things, they will be warned, and if they continue, they will be banned.
Forums also have their own set of rules. A rule which is used by many forums is not to comment or bring up old threads because those forums were made to discuss the newest events.
There are usually three different types of rankings on a forum:
Member: which nearly everyone is, they can read and create posts.
Moderator: someone whose job is to keep order on the forum. They can delete posts and warn or ban members who break the forum rules.
Administrator, or admin: The highest rank, who can change settings on the forum and change user permissions.
People participating in a forum may make friends with each other and may form groups with the same ideas.
Internet forum. (2016, December 4). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16:52, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_forum&oldid=5542543.
Négritude
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Negritude was a movement that occurred in the mid 20th century in Senegal. The movement was lead by Leopold Sedar Senghor, the president of Senegal at the time (1960-1980). The negritudists believed that everyone should have the right to own a pet all throughout Senegal, An idea that was not yet common in the country. This sparked the movement for household pets to become socially accepted all throughout Senegal.
Négritude. (2022, May 2). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16:39, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C3%A9gritude&oldid=8201714.
Baseball (ball)
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A baseball
A baseball is a ball used in the sport of the same name, baseball. It is between 9 inches (22.9 cm) and 9¼ inches (23.5 cm) in circumference (around). The ball weighs 8 ounces. Different size balls may be used in children's leagues.
The balls can be made in many different, but similar ways. The center of most balls is cork, rubber, or a mixture of the two. It is sometimes layered. Yarn and twine and sometimes wool are wrapped around the center core. A leather cover is put on, in two pieces, and stitched together using 108 stitches of waxed red cotton thread. Official Major League balls sold by Rawlings are made to the exact MLB specifications (5 ounces, 108 stitches).
Baseball (ball). (2022, June 20). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16:36, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baseball_(ball)&oldid=8290304.
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Ruhr-Universität Bochum is one of the biggest universities in Germany. It is in the Ruhr-Area, in the city of Bochum.
Contents
1History
2Present situation
3Subjects
4Other websites
History
The Ruhr-Universität was the first public university that was founded in West Germany after World War II (in 1962). Later in the 1960s, education expanded in West Germany and more universities were founded, but Bochum has a bright selection of subjects because it was the beginning of education expanding.
The Ruhr-University was one of the fourth largest university in Germany in the late 1980s and early 1990s with more than 40,000 students. But after the state of North Rhine-Westfalia decided to earn study fees, many students left the university and school examiners do not start studying anymore. Actually the fees are 1,000 Euro in the year (about 1,100 US $), but the Ruhr-Area is traditionally a working class region. Sommer Semester 2011 was the last semester with tuition fees http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/studienbeitrag/ Archived 2008-10-15 at the Wayback Machine. The number or students now is more than 34 000 http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/universitaet/fakten/menschlich/index.html[permanent dead link]
The university of Bochum was one of the first to have Bachelor and master's degrees instead of the traditional German Diplom and Magister degree.
Present situation
The Ruhr-University has about 34,000 students.http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/universitaet/fakten/menschlich/index.html Academically it is an upper middle-class university with a lot of international affairs, especially with Eastern Europe and Asia. The Ruhr-University Bochum lost some subjects by when the state reduced its budget. The main focuses in research are neurosciences, engineering, European law, plasma physics, solidstate physics, biochemistry, economics, Middle Ages and modern history, philosophy and languages.
Subjects
Mathematics
Applied Computational Science
Physics and Astronomy
Chemistry and Biochemistry
Biology and Neuro Sciences
Geosciences (Geology, Geophysics, Mineralogy, Palentology)
Geography
Civil Engineering
Electro Engineering
Nanotechnology
Psychology
Medicine
Philosophy
History (Old, Middle Ages and New History, History of Arts)
Archeological Sciences
Chinese(language and literature, there are regional studies for eastern Asia, too)
Eastern Asian Studies (China, Korea and Japan)
English Language and Literature American and Canadian Literature
Romanic Languages and Literature (Italian, French, Spain, Portuguese)
Slavic Languages and Literature (Russian, Polish)
German Languages and Literature
Comparative Literature
Latin and Old Greek
Near and Middle Eastern Studies (Arabian Stuies, Indian)
Roman Catholic Theology
Protestant (Lutheran) Religious Studies
Economy
Laws
Social Sciences (Sociology, Social Psychology, Politics, Socail-Economical studies)
Environmental Studies
Development policy
Working Sciences
Sports
Music Sciences
Educational Sciences
Ruhr-Universität Bochum. (2022, June 5). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:45, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhr-Universit%C3%A4t_Bochum&oldid=8261345.
Mantoux test
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Mantoux test is a test developed to detect tuberculosis. In the year 1890, Robert Koch developed tuberculin, as a treatment for tuberculosis. The substance proved ineffective to treat the disease, today it is commonly used to detect it, though. Tuberculin is a substance based on the pathogen that causes tuberculosis. Charles Mantoux, a French physician, developed a test method, based on the work of Koch.
A positive test result simply says that the immune system came in contact with Mycobacteria - this does not necessarily mean that people with a positive test result have been infected with tuberculosis. Such a result, which shows as positive, even though the outcome should be negative is called false positive.
The test shows the reaction of the immune system to tuberculin. This requires an intact immune system: People whose immune system is weakened, for example those with a HIV infection, may also show a false negative: Their immune system may simply be too weak to react. Similarly, the use of certain substances, such as steroids may lead to false negatives.
Mantoux test. (2013, March 12). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:34, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mantoux_test&oldid=4291395.
Nowruz
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nowruz
نوروز
Nowruz نوروز
Fire and Growing wheatgrass are 2 most common traditional preparations for Nowruz.
Also calledPersian New Year
Observed by
Iran
Afghanistan
Albania (by Bektashi Muslims) [1][2]
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh (by Bangladeshi Shia Muslims and others)[3]
China (by Tajiks and Turkic peoples)[4]
Georgia[5]
India (by Iranis, Parsis and some Indian Muslims)[6]
Israel (by Persian Jews, Mountain Jews and Bukharan Jews)
Iraq (by Kurds and Turkmens)[7]
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Pakistan (by Balochis, Iranis, Parsis and Pashtuns)[8]
Russia (by Tabasarans)[9]
Syria (by Kurds)[10][11]
Tajikistan
Turkey (by Azerbaijanis, Kurds and Yörüks)[12][13]
Turkmenistan[14]
Ukraine (by Crimean Tatars)
Uzbekistan
TypeNational, ethnic, international
SignificanceNew Year holiday
DateMarch 19, 20, or 21
2021 dateSaturday 20 March 2021
at 09:37 UTC
2022 dateMonday 21 March 2022
at 15:33 UTC
2023 dateMonday 20 March 2023
at 21:24 UTC *
Norooz, Nawrouz, Newroz, Novruz, Nowrouz, Nawrouz, Nauryz, Nooruz, Nowruz, Navruz, Nevruz, Nowruz, Navruz
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
CountryIran, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, India, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
Reference[www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/01161 1161]
RegionAsia and the Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription2016 (4th session)
Nowruz (Persian: نوروز, meaning "[The] New Day", IPA: [nouˈɾuːz]; Kurdish: Newroz) it is what the Iranians call their New Year.[15] It is one of the ancient celebrations which has survived throughout history and is considered to be a day in which new good things start.
Nowruz is the day of the spring equinox, when the amount of light and dark is the same during the day. It is the beginning of the year in the Persian calendar. It is usually celebrated on March 21.On September 30, 2009, UNESCO registered Nowruz as an intangible cultural heritage under the official name "International Nowruz Day". The UN General Assembly then listed Nowruz, which has roots in Iran, on its calendar. A document approved by the United Nations General Assembly on February 23, 2010 explains that Nowruz on March 21 originated in Iran more than 3,000 years ago and is celebrated by more than 300 million people today. There is. UN member states celebrated Knowles in 1391 (2012) for the first time in Iran-sponsored UN and UNESCO public places, and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also sent a message to the celebration .
background
Nowruz has been celebrated by people from different ethnic communities and religious backgrounds for thousands of years. It started in Persia in one of the capitals of the Achaemenid Empire in Persis (Fars). It has been registered by UNESCO as The "International Day of Nowruz" a cultural and spiritual heritage of mankind on October 29, 2009. UN General Assembly also registered Nowruz as an Iranian heritage in its calendar. UN General Assembly described it as a festival celebrated for more than 3,000 years. Nowadays more than 300 million people celebrate it all over the world .UN document explained on March 23rd 2010. Iran hosted celebrating Nowruz in the United Nations and UNESCO for the first time in 2012. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also issued a message on the occasion. According to the book Documents on the Persian Gulf's name, Nowruz was originated in ancient Persia. This celebration is attributed to the mythical king Jamshid. Iranians celebrated Nowruz continuously at least since 500 BC .Historically the ethnics residing in geographical civilization of PERSIA have celebrated changing of the seasons or solar rotations, the equinoxes (March ( 21st) and September (about 23rd) and the solstices in June (20th or 21st) and December (21st or 22nd). they infact were honoring and welcoming sun developments and return of spirit of the dead in this special days. there are indications that Iranians may have observed the beginning of both autumn and spring, respectively related to the harvest and the sowing of seeds, for the celebration of the New Year. the March equinox or Nowruz is formally the beginning of the new year in Iran and Afghanistan and Nowruz festival start in last Wednesday of the end of year and continues till 13 first month of new year. It is a national holiday now in all Iranian neighboring countries including, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan , Georgia, India,Uzbekistan.
Gallery
7 Sin NowRoz (Tablecloth)
7 Sin NowRoz (Tablecloth)
NowRouzIran2021
NowRouzIran2021
ChinaSalarNovruz.JPG
HaftSin-Iran.jpg
Shah-Abbas
Shah-Abbas
Persepolis
Persepolis
Nowruz Zoroastrian
Nowruz Zoroastrian
Nowrooz
Nowrooz
Navrouz2015
Navrouz2015
Sabzeh
Sabzeh
7 items
7 items
7 fruit
7 fruit
Nowrouz table
Nowrouz table
1996 Novruz bayram.jpg
china
china
Wheatgrass
Wheatgrass
Sources
"The World Headquarters of the Bektashi Order – Tirana, Albania". komunitetibektashi.org. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
"Albania 2010 Bank Holidays". Bank-holidays.com. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
"Nowruz conveys message of secularism, says Gowher Rizvi". United News of Bangladesh. 6 April 2018. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
"Xinjiang Uygurs celebrate Nowruz festival to welcome spring". Xinhuanet. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
"Nowruz Declared as National Holiday in Georgia". civil.ge. 21 March 2010. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
"Nowruz observed in Indian subcontinent". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
"20 March 2012 United Nations Marking the Day of Nawroz". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iraq). Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
"Farsnews". Fars News. Archived from the original on 25 October 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
"Россия празднует Навруз [Russia celebrates Nowruz]". Golos Rossii (in Russian). 21 March 2012. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
"Arabs, Kurds to Celebrate Nowruz as National Day". Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
For Kurds, a day of bonfires, legends, and independence. Dan Murphy. 23 March 2004.
[1] Anadolu'da Nevruz Kutlamalari
Emma Sinclair-Webb, Human Rights Watch, "Turkey, Closing ranks against accountability", Human Rights Watch, 2008. "The traditional Nowrouz/Nowrooz celebrations, mainly celebrated by the Kurdish population in the Kurdistan Region in Iraq, and other parts of Kurdistan in Turkey, Iran, Syria and Armenia and taking place around March 21"
"General Information of Turkmenistan". sitara.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
Scott, Noel (2010). Tourism in the Muslim World. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-84950-920-6.
Nowruz. (2022, September 1). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:31, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nowruz&oldid=8420710.
Demersal
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Demersal animals live on or near the bottom of the sea or lakes.[1] The term is usually applied to fish.
They occupy the sea floors and lake beds, which usually consist of mud, sand, gravel or rocks.[1] In coastal waters they are found on or near the continental shelf, and in deep waters they are found on or near the continental slope or along the continental rise. They are not generally found in the deepest waters, such as abyssal depths or on the abyssal plain, but they can be found around seamounts and islands. The word demersal comes from the Latin demergere, which means to sink.
Demersal fish are bottom feeders. They can be contrasted with pelagic fish which live and feed away from the bottom in the open water column. Demersal fish fillets contain little fish oil (one to four percent), whereas pelagic fish can contain up to 30 percent.
References
Walrond C Carl . "Coastal fish - Fish of the open sea floor" Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated 2 March 2009
Demersal. (2013, March 12). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:59, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demersal&oldid=4278040.
Nelumbo
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Nelumbo
Nelumbo nucifera1.jpg
Nelumbo nucifera
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Division:Magnoliophyta
Class:Magnoliopsida
Order:Proteales
Family:Nelumbonaceae
Genus:Nelumbo
Species
Nelumbo lutea (American lotus)
Nelumbo nucifera (Sacred lotus)
Nelumbo is a genus of water plants which are also known as lotus. Lotus flowers are large – up to 20 cm (8 inches) across – and they smell sweet.
The Sacred lotus of Asia has pink flowers. The American lotus has yellow flowers.
In India the lotus is considered a symbol of purity
The lotus flowers grow over the water. Lotus leaves often float on top of the water. The roots of lotus plants are in the mud (wet dirt) under the water. Every part of every plant must have air for respiration (breathing). Air spaces in the stems and roots make the lotus able to live and respire under water.
People can eat lotus roots and seeds. Cattle (cows) like to eat the leaves and flowers.
Lotuses look rather like water lilies from the Nymphaeaceae family. It is the "National flower" of both India and Vietnam and also the "Provincial flower" of Sindh province, Pakistan.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nelumbo.
Nelumbo. (2022, July 30). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:55, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nelumbo&oldid=8368001.
Black Forest
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Map of the Black Forest
The Black Forest (German: Schwarzwald) is a world famous forest in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.[1]
Important towns are (from north to south): Pforzheim, Calw, Baden-Baden, Offenburg, Freudenstadt, Horb, Villingen-Schwenningen, Titisee-Neustadt and Waldshut-Tiengen. The highest mountain is the Feldberg (1492m).
The Black Forest is quite popular for hiking, skiing and Nordic walking. In Triberg, at the lake Titisee and in other places you can buy the famous cuckoo clocks. A good way to get known to the Black Forest is to travel on the Deutsche Uhrenstraße, a "National Scenic Byway."
References
"Black Forest | Description, Map, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
Other websites
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Forest.
Official website
Black Forest image galleries Archived 2008-12-26 at the Wayback Machine (in German)
Information about Black Forest, Hotels, Wellness and more
Black Forest. (2021, September 27). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:45, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Forest&oldid=7795430.
British Home Guard
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The British Home Guard was a defence organisation of the British Army during World War II. It was a secondary defence line. It was meant to stop invasion by Nazi forces.
The Home Guard existed from 1940 to 1944. It was composed of one and a half million volunteers who were otherwise not allowed to go into military service. The main reason for this was old age. This led to the nickname "Dad's Army". The Home Guard guarded the coastal areas of Britain from enemy threats, like paratroopers. They also helped guard some industrial areas, such as factories and airfields. It was widely popularised after the war by the comedy show Dad's Army.
History
The beginning of the Home Guard are usually traced back to Captain Tom Wintringham. When returning from the Spanish Civil War, Wintringham wrote a book called How To Reform The Army. In it, he writes about how Britain could make something similar to the Spanish International Brigades in the Civil War. Although the book was well received, many of its suggestions were ignored at the time. This was because the tensions in Europe did not seem likely to escalate into war.
Following a series of events, Anthony Eden, the Secretary of State for War at the time, gave a radio broadcast on 19 May 1940. He asked for volunteers to join the Local Defence Volunteers, as it was known in the start. It originally was given jobs that were not related to combat. It worked as a sort of 'armed police force'. However, after complaints from members, the government allowed it to "delay and obstruct" the enemy advance. This was putting mostly untrained and unwell people armed with aging weapons against trained troops. Later on in the war, it was renamed the Home Guard, following pressure by Prime Minister Winston Churchill. If the Natzis had crossed the channel the Home Guard wouldn't have stopped the Germans for very long.
British Home Guard. (2019, June 11). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:30, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Home_Guard&oldid=6572024.
1668 North Anatolia earthquake
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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1668 North Anatolia earthquake
1668 North Anatolia earthquake is located in Turkey1668 North Anatolia earthquakeBoluBoluErzincanErzincanNiksarNiksarSamsunSamsun
UTC time??
Local date17 August 1668
Local timeLate morning
Magnitude7.8–8.0 Ms
Epicentre40.9°N 36.0°ECoordinates: 40.9°N 36.0°E[1]
FaultNorth Anatolian Fault
TypeStrike-slip
Areas affectedNorth Anatolia, Ottoman Empire
Max. intensityIX[1]
TsunamiYes
ForeshocksYes
AftershocksContinued for 6 months
Casualties8,000
The 1668 North Anatolia earthquake was a very powerful earthquake that struck northcentral Anatolia in the Ottoman Empire (today Turkey) on August 17, 1668. The exact hour of the earthquake is not known, but it happened in late morning.[2] It had an estimated magnitude between 7.8–8.0 Ms and the maximum felt intensity was IX on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale.[1] The epicenter of the earthquake was on the southern shore of Ladik Lake, southwest of Samsun.[1]
When the earthquake struck, a 600 km long segment of the North Anatolian Fault ruptured, which caused severe shaking along this entire segment and widespread heavy damage from at least Bolu in the west to Erzincan in the east. It resulted in about 8,000 deaths. The aftershocks continued for 6 months. It remains the most powerful earthquake recorded in Turkey.[3][4]
Damage
The town of Bolu was reported to be almost completely destroyed by the earthquake, with 1,800 deaths. There was also severe damage further east along the fault, with another 6,000 reported deaths between Merzifon and Niksar. The total death toll was around 8,000.[5] Some damage was also reported from as far east as Erzincan and at various locations along the Black Sea coast. The town of Samsun was also heavily damaged. The walls and towers of Samsun Castle were damaged and some parts of the structure "were demolished".[4]
References
"Tarihsel Depremler (Historical Earthquakes)". Boğaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (in Turkish). Retrieved 1 February 2020.
Samsun İl Halk Library Manuscripts, no. 711, folio 1r.
"Historic Worldwide Earthquakes". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2009-08-25.
Ambraseys, N. (2009). Earthquakes in the Mediterranean and Middle East: A Multidisciplinary Study of Seismicity up to 1900. Cambridge University Press. pp. 512–515. ISBN 9781316347850.
Gündüz, A.; Türkmen, S.; Eryiğit, U.; Karaca, Y.; Aydın, M. (2013). "Is Turkey an Earthquake Country?". The Journal of Academic Emergency Medicine. 12: 33–37. doi:10.5152/jaem.2013.012
1668 North Anatolia earthquake. (2022, October 5). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:21, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1668_North_Anatolia_earthquake&oldid=8473025.
Bal du moulin de la Galette
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Bal du moulin de la Galette, 1876
Bal du moulin de la Galette (English: Dance at Le moulin de la Galette) (1876) is a painting by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. It is in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris. The painting depicts a typical Sunday afternoon at Moulin de la Galette in the district of Montmartre. In the late 19th century, working class Parisians would dress up and spend time there dancing, drinking, and eating galettes into the evening. Bal du moulin de la Galette is a typical Impressionist snapshot of real life. It shows a richness of form, a fluidity of brush stroke, and a flickering light. The French painter Gustave Caillebotte owned the painting for about 20 years. When he died it became the property of the French Republic. From 1896 to 1929 the painting hung in the Musée du Luxembourg. From 1929 it hung in the Musée du Louvre. It was sent to the Musée d'Orsay in 1986. Renoir painted a smaller version of the picture with the same title. This painting is in a private collection. For many years it was owned by John Hay Whitney. On May 17, 1990, his widow sold it for US$78 million at Sotheby's in New York City. It was one of the most expensive artworks ever sold.
Other websites
Top Ten Most Expensive Paintings Sold At Auction
Details, Musée d'Orsay (in French)
Bal du moulin de la Galette. (2020, February 19). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:07, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bal_du_moulin_de_la_Galette&oldid=6827089.
Civil Marriage Act
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The Civil Marriage Act (full title: "An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes") was legislation legalizing same-sex marriage across Canada. At the time the bill became law, same-sex marriage had already been legalized by court decisions in all Canadian provinces except Alberta and Prince Edward Island, as well as in the territories of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories.
Civil Marriage Act. (2022, October 3). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:00, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Marriage_Act&oldid=8469402.
National Mall
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
View from the back of the United States Capitol, facing west across the Mall. In front of the statue of the horse is the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial. The Washington Monument in the background.
The National Mall, often just called the Mall, is an open park in the city center Washington, D.C. It has many museums, like the Smithsonian and the National Gallery of Art. It is found between the United States Capitol and the Washington Monument, which are about one mile apart. It is a popular place, and is used for exercise, recreation, music concerts, festivals, and protests. It is also visited by many tourists - over 25 million people come to the Mall each year.[1]
Contents
1Area
2History
3Events
4Museums and monuments in the Mall
5Near the Mall
6References
Area
Officially, the Mall is the area between the U.S. Capitol and the Washington Monument. However, there is another park that is right next to the Mall, which is from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial. The Reflecting Pool is in this park, as well as many monuments and museums. Many people say that this park is also part of the National Mall.
The National Mall has many trees. Most of them are elm and cherry trees. The cherry blossom trees were given to the United States by Japan in 1912.[2]
History
Pierre L'Enfant, the man who planned Washington D.C., wanted to have a park in the middle of the city. However, the National Mall was not always a park. In the 19th century, there was a railroad that ran through the Mall. Cows also grazed (ate grass) on the Mall.[3] There was a large market on one side of the Mall. During the American Civil War, there were many buildings on the Mall. There were even slaughterhouses on the Mall - places where animals are killed and turned into meat.[4] In 1901, the Senate passed the McMillan Plan. This cleaned up the National Mall and moved the railroad to Union Station.
Events
Looking at the Washington Monument and the reflecting pool from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
Many events happen at the National Mall. The National Park Service says that over 3,000 events happen each year, but most of these are tours.[1] Some of the biggest events that happen each year are the Cherry Blossom Festival, the National Book Festival, an Earth Day festival, and parades on Veteran's Day and Independence Day.
Protests and rallies also happen at the National Mall. One of the most famous was the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963, where Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his I Have a Dream speech. A rally in 1969 to end the Vietnam War was the biggest protest on the Mall. Over 2 million people came and marched to the White House.[5] In 1995, the Million Man March was held on the Mall.
Museums and monuments in the Mall
See also: Category:Buildings on the National Mall
Washington Monument
National Museum of American History
National Museum of Natural History
National Gallery of Art
West Building of the National Gallery of Art
East Building of the National Gallery of Art
United States Capitol
Ulysses S. Grant Memorial
United States Botanic Garden
National Museum of the American Indian
National Air and Space Museum
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Arts and Industries Building
Smithsonian Institution Building
Freer Gallery of Art
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
National Museum of African Art
This USGS picture of the National Mall was taken by a satellite on April 26, 2002. The Capitol on the right was pixelated before release for security reasons.
Near the Mall
There are many places very close to the Mall. The Library of Congress and the United States Supreme Court building are just east of the Capitol. The White House, the National Archives, the Old Post Office, and, Ford's Theater (where Abraham Lincoln was killed) are just north. The National Postal Museum, and Union Station are northeast. The Jefferson Memorial, the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and the Bureau of Engraving and Printing are to the south.
References
Stone, Andrea (2007-11-14). "Private donations sought for National Mall". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
National Park Service (2007-01-25). "Cherry Blossom History". National Mall & Memorial Parks. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
Fletcher, Kenneth (2008-05-01). "A Brief History of Pierre L'Enfant and Washington, D.C." Smithsonian.com. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
Van Dyne, Larry (2008-03-01). "Turning Points: Moments in DC's History". Washingtonian. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
"1969: Millions march in US Vietnam Moratorium". BBC. 1969-10-15. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
Doppler effect
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Waves caused by a moving object cause a doppler effect
The Doppler effect is a change in frequency and wavelength of a wave. It is caused by the change in distance between the thing creating the wave (causer) and whatever is measuring seeing or hearing the wave (watcher or observer).
Another word for "causer" is "sender" or "source". Another word for "change in distance" is "speed" or "relative velocity". A common example is sitting in a car while another car goes by the watcher. The watcher will hear a change in pitch, while the sender will not.
For waves read all the waves that can send out or reflected by an object. And for reflection read change of direction of a wave.
Effects of changes in distance
Dopplerfrequenz.gif
If observer and creator of the wave get closer, the frequency is higher and the wavelength is shorter.
For light, this causes a shift in colour towards the blue end of the spectrum called a blue shift. The faster something is moving toward us, the greater the blue shift.
For sound, this causes the sound to become higher in pitch
If the distance between the observer and creator gets longer, the frequency is lower and the wavelength is longer.
For light, this causes a shift towards the red end of the spectrum called a red shift, the faster something is moving away, the greater the red shift.
For sound, this causes the sound to become lower in pitch.
Light waves can also be read, examples are:
Microwaves
Radio waves
An extreme example of the doppler effect is an aeroplane flying at a faster speed than the speed of sound and how the wall of sound is heard on the ground.
Doppler effect. (2022, October 12). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13:48, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doppler_effect&oldid=8485073.
British Rail Class 09
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
British Rail Class 09
09012 at Brighton.jpg
09012 at Brighton station
Type and origin
Power typeDiesel-electric
BuilderBritish Railways' Darlington Works, Horwich Works
Specifications
Configuration:
• Whyte0-6-0
• UICC
Gauge4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Wheel diameter4 ft 6 in (1.372 m)
Minimum curve3.5 chains (70 m)
Wheelbase11 ft 6 in (3.51 m)
Length29 ft 3 in (8.92 m)
Width8 ft 6 in (2.59 m)
Height12 ft 8+1⁄2 in (3.87 m)
Loco weight49 long tons (49.8 t)
Fuel capacity668 imp gal (3,040 l; 802 US gal)
Prime moverEnglish Electric 6KT
Traction motorsEnglish Electric 506, 2 off
TransmissionDC generator, DC traction motors, double reduction gearing
Train heatingNone
Train brakesoriginally vacuum, later dual, some now air only
Performance figures
Top speed27.5 mph (44.3 km/h)
Power outputEngine: 350 hp (261 kW)
Tractive effortMaximum: 35,000 lbf (155.7 kN)
Continuous: 8,800 lbf (39.1 kN)
Brakeforce19 long tons-force (189 kN)
Career
Railroad(s)British Rail
NumberD3665–D3671, D3719–D3721, D4099–D4114;
later 09001–09026
Axle load classRA 5
The British Rail Class 09 is a class of 0-6-0 diesel locomotive designed primarily for shunting but also short distance freight trips along branch lines.[1] For this reason, though similar to the existing Class 08 shunting locomotives, Class 09s were re-geared to give a maximum top speed of 27.5 mph (44 km/h) at the expense of a lower tractive effort. They originally operated in the Southern Region of British Railways, though following privatisation in 1997 they have been distributed much farther afield.
References
"Class 09". semgonline.com. 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
British Rail Class 09. (2022, February 21). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13:26, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Rail_Class_09&oldid=8044442.
Holodomor
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Holodomor
Голодомор
GolodomorKharkiv.jpg
Starved peasants on a street in Kharkiv, 1933
CountrySoviet Union
LocationCentral and eastern Ukraine
Period1932–1933
Total deathsSome state the death toll as between 1.8-7.5 million, others put the toll as high as 13 million.
Observations
Considered genocide by 16 countries
Considered as a criminal act of the Stalinist Regime by 6 countries
Considered a tragedy or crime against humanity by 5 international organizations
ReliefForeign relief rejected by the State. Respectively 176,200 and 325,000 tons of grains provided by the State as food and seed aids between February and July 1933.[1]
The Holodomor (Ukrainian: Голодомор, which means "murder by hunger") was a man-made famine that happened in Ukraine in 1932 and in 1933. At that time, Ukraine was a part of the Soviet Union. About seven million people starved to death in the Holodomor.[2]
Joseph Stalin was the leader and dictator of the Soviet Union, which was a communist country. He made farmers in the Soviet Union change the way they farmed, then he tried to make the farmers work harder for the government-owned farms, for less money.[3] Many people in the Ukraine did not want to go along with this. When the Ukraine had a famine, Stalin refused to help the people in the Ukraine. Instead, the government took food away from people. It became illegal (against the law) to pick up food from the ground of fields.[4] The government also tried to stop people from moving around the country to look for food.
Scholars and politicians using the word Holodomor say the man-made aspects of the famine, was a genocide; some consider the huge loss of life comparable to the Holocaust.[5] They argue that the Soviet policies were an attack on the rise of Ukrainian nationalism and therefore is a genocide.[6][7][8][9][10]
Other scholars say that the Holodomor was an unexpected consequence of the rapid and massive industrialization started by Stalin, that brought radical economic changes to the farmers and the country, and which was not done on purpose.[8][11][12]
Contents
1Images of Holodomor victims
2Images of Holodomor memorials
3Other websites
4References
Images of Holodomor victims
Passers-by ignore the corpse of a starved man on a street in Kharkiv, Ukraine, 1932
Passers-by ignore the corpse of a starved man on a street in Kharkiv, Ukraine, 1932
Passers-by ignore corpses of starved peasants on a street in Kharkiv, Ukraine, 1933
Passers-by ignore corpses of starved peasants on a street in Kharkiv, Ukraine, 1933
Children are digging up frozen potatoes in the field of a collective farm in Udachne village, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, 1933
Children are digging up frozen potatoes in the field of a collective farm in Udachne village, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, 1933
Images of Holodomor memorials
"Light the candle" event at a Holodomor memorial in Kyiv, Ukraine
"Light the candle" event at a Holodomor memorial in Kyiv, Ukraine
Memorial to the Holodomor Victims in Kyiv, Ukraine
Memorial to the Holodomor Victims in Kyiv, Ukraine
Memorial at the Andrushivka village cemetery, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine
Memorial at the Andrushivka village cemetery, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine
Memorial in Poltava Oblast, Ukraine
Memorial in Poltava Oblast, Ukraine
Holodomor Memorial in Windsor, Ontario, Canada
Holodomor Memorial in Windsor, Ontario, Canada
Poster by Ukrainian-Australian artist Leonid Denysenko
Poster by Ukrainian-Australian artist Leonid Denysenko
Stamp of Ukraine of the year 1993.
Stamp of Ukraine of the year 1993.
Viktor Yanukovych and Dmitry Medvedev at the Memorial to the Holodomor Victims in Kyiv, Ukraine
Viktor Yanukovych and Dmitry Medvedev at the Memorial to the Holodomor Victims in Kyiv, Ukraine
MapList of countries which officially recognize the Holodomor as genocide
Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Ecuador,
Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Mexico, Moldova, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Ukraine, United States, Vatican City
Other websites
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holodomor.
Ukrainian Genocide Famine Foundation USA Archived 2011-10-28 at the Wayback Machine
Famine Genocide Commemorative Committee Ukrainian Canadian Congress
Findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Report to Congress. Adopted by the Commission, 19 April 1988
Joint declaration at the United Nations in connection with 70th anniversary of the Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933
Address of the Verkhovna Rada to the Ukrainian nation on commemorating the victims of Holodomor 1932–1933
References
Davies & Wheatcroft 2010, pp. 479–484.
"Famine - Genocide in Ukraine 1932 - 1933". faminegenocide.com. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
Young, Cathy (December 8, 2008). "Remember the Holodomor". The Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on January 5, 2012. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
"Thanks to US for Holdomor Memorial". Cyber Cossack. Archived from the original on January 17, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
Zisels, Josef; Kharaz, Halyna (11 November 2007). "Will Holodomor receive the same status as the Holocaust?". "Maidan" Alliance. Archived from the original on 28 June 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
Finn, Peter (27 April 2008). "Aftermath of a Soviet Famine". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 July 2012. There are no exact figures on how many died. Modern historians place the number between 2.5 million and 3.5 million. Yushchenko and others have said at least 10 million were killed.
Marples, David (30 November 2005). "The Great Famine Debate Goes On..." Edmonton Journal. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
Kulchytsky, Stanislav (6 March 2007). "Holodomor of 1932-33 as genocide: gaps in the evidential basis". Den. Retrieved 22 July 2012. Part 1 Archived 2007-10-20 at the Wayback Machine - Part 2 Archived 2009-10-15 at the Wayback Machine - Part 3 Archived 2012-10-25 at the Wayback Machine - Part 4 Archived 2012-10-25 at the Wayback Machine
Bilinsky 1999.
Kulchytsky, Stanislav. "Holodomor-33: Why and how?". Zerkalo Nedeli (25 November – 1 December 2006). Retrieved 21 July 2012. Russian version Archived 2007-07-16 at Archive.today; Ukrainian version[permanent dead link].
Wheatcroft 2001b, p. 885.
'Stalinism' was a collective responsibility. Kremlin papers, The News in Brief, University of Melbourne, 19 June 1998, Vol 7 No 22
Holodomor. (2022, June 3). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13:21, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holodomor&oldid=8258524.
Lava lamp
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article may have too many red links. You can help Wikipedia by writing articles to help lower the number of red links. (December 2020)
Lava lamps of several different colours
An original Mathmos Astro lava lamp
A lava lamp is a decorative lamp, invented in 1963 by British entrepreneur Edward Craven Walker, who made the lighting company Mathmos. The lamp usually takes 2 to 6 hours to heat up, but this also depends on the light bulb which is heating the wax. The lamps are designed in a variety of styles and colours, for example, a mixture of blue and red. The wax inside usually reflects the colours.
Lava lamp. (2021, May 11). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13:16, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lava_lamp&oldid=7519616.
Nightclub
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Showgirls onstage at the Tropicana, Havana.
Showgirls onstage, tourists at tables. The Tropicana in Havana
A nightclub is a type of theatre or bar or club where there are shows, singers and dance girls. Examples of this are the Folies Bergère in Paris, the Tropicana in Havana and the Cotton Club in Harlem, Manhattan.
Also the name is used for places where adults socialize and meet others and drink alcoholic beverages, like wine, beer, and mixed drinks.
Most nightclubs are only open in the evening and in the night. Some are open during the day, but in these cases, the facility usually provides a different service, such as a restaurant service.
Laser lights illuminate the dance floor at a Gatecrasher dance music event in Sheffield, England
Nightclub performances. Created by the artist Beo Beyond.
Activities
Nightclubs, in the original sense, put on shows which people watched sitting in chairs, often at a table where food and drink was served.
Today, the word is used for venues with a dance floor and a DJ playing pop, rock, and dance music recordings. Some nightclubs have entertainment such as pop bands, rock bands, or comedians. Some nightclubs have a quieter lounge area with couches, sofas, and low tables, so that people can talk together. They mostly have burgers and wings for the people at the party
Food and drinks
Some nightclubs also serve a small selection of food, usually snacks or finger food. Nightclubs often have a much wider selection of alcoholic drinks than pubs (pubs specialize in beer and ale). Most nightclubs sell a number of different brands of spirits, liquers, wine, sherry, Some nightclubs have a large selection of expensive brands of alcohol (these are called "premium" brands).
The bartenders (also called "barmen" or "barmaids") at nightclubs often make a much larger variety of mixed drinks than pubs. Mixed drinks and cocktails are alcoholic drinks that consist of one or more types of alcohol (e.g., rum, vodka, whiskey, etc.) mixed with flavorings such as orange juice, cream, chocolate syrup, or soda. Many mixed drinks also include ice, crushed ice, or sliced lemon or lime.
Some well-known mixed drinks include the martini, the "Rum and Coke", and the "screwdriver" (orange juice mixed with vodka).
Staff
Nightclubs hire a variety of staff to do different jobs. Bartenders (also called "barmen" or "barmaids") at nightclubs serve alcohol and mix drinks. Some nightclubs hire servers to bring drinks to people who are sitting at tables or in chairs. Some nightclubs also hire people to take away empty bottles and glasses.
Security in nightclubs is provided by door staff, often called "bouncers". Door staff check the identification of people entering the nightclub, to ensure that people that are too young to drink do not enter the club. Door staff also prevent drunk or aggressive people from entering the nightclub. They also escort people out of the club if they are too drunk, fighting, or taking drugs. Door staff may also call the police if they cannot deal with a situation.
Nightclubs that serve food have cooks, dishwashers, and servers to prepare, cook, and serve the food. Nightclubs also have coat check employees who hang up the patron's coats, sound technicians to maintain the sound system (the CD players, amplifiers, and speakers), and cleaners (to sweep the floors and clean the bathrooms). Some large nightclubs may hire DJs to work in the club every week as employees.
DJs, bands, comedians who entertain patrons during the evening are usually not usually employees of the nightclub. Instead, the nightclub signs a contract with these entertainers, in which the entertainer promises to come to the club on a specified night, in return for a sum of money.
Nightclub. (2017, November 28). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13:08, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&oldid=5902331.
VeggieTales
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
VeggieTales is a children's animated direct-to-video series created by Big Idea. They have vegetables in stories with moral themes based on Christianity. The original series lasted from December 21, 1993 to March 3, 2015. It was eventually cancelled around 2018. In March 2019, Phil Vischer announced on his Twitter that a revival spin-off titled The VeggieTales Show would be released in the fall of that year, along with an Untitled ‘VeggieTales’ movie with an unclear release date.
Contents
1History
1.1"Cancellation"/Hiatus
1.2Revival
2Episode Set-Ups
3Characters
4Episodes
5Feature Films
History
The show was created by Phil Vischer and Mike Nawrocki when they wanted to create a series of videos teaching children about stories and lessons from the Bible, while making it fun and entertaining.
Phil originally started out in 1990 when he wanted to use candy bars as a basis. However, his wife objected the idea as she thought it was a bad influence on kids. So he drew a cucumber and thought that was the best choice, vegetables. He chose these objects as he said they were easy to animate as compared to characters with limbs, clothes, or hair because of the limitations on 3D graphics during the early 1990s.
In order to create VeggieTales, Phil had to follow a few rules given to him by his mother. They included: 1) you will not portray Jesus Christ as a vegetable, and 2) try not imply that vegetables can have redemptive relationships with God.
Phil then joined with Mike Nawrocki, who they both did puppet shows in Bible college. Phil did one on "The Princess and the Pea," but telling it from the pea's perspective, but never made it as a puppet show. Ultimately, the sketches Phil drew became the basis for VeggieTales.
The name itself came from Mike Nawrocki, as he felt it was a good title as it was about vegetables telling stories.
While Toy Story is considered the first animated film to use computer imagery for film, VeggieTales is the first video series using that type of animation prior to the film's release.
The series started with only either one or two episode(s) per year, until the company grew and produced three videos per year as of 2014. Since then, no new episodes of the series have been produced, likely due to Big Idea being too busy making and focusing on the Netflix series.
In 2014, shortly after the release of Beauty and the Beet (the last episode to feature the original look of the characters), Netflix released 11 minute shorts exclusively along with new redesigns of the original cast. In a recent podcast, Phil says that they have colored iris' (similar to the Sonic the Hedgehog series) and their mouths are more dynamic. He also says that Archibald's hair looks swirly.
"Cancellation"/Hiatus
Following the release of the episode Noah's Ark on March 3, 2015, Big Idea did not announce any new plans for further VeggieTales home video releases, seemingly focusing solely on the Netflix series. In June 2017, Mike Nawrocki appeared on the Christian talk show Today's Life, and said "If there's ever an opportunity to do something VeggieTales-related again, I would love to do that." Furthermore, Nawrocki's LinkedIn profile states that he left his position at Big Idea in February 2016. The second and final season of VeggieTales in the City subsequently premiered on Netflix in late 2017.
At the 2018 Christian Worldview Film Festival, Mike Nawrocki confirmed that he was no longer working on VeggieTales, and there was nothing in production. Phil Vischer stated that he was not returning to work on new episodes, and on July 1, 2018, he explained on Twitter that the team who specifically produced home video releases was dismissed in 2015, while the Netflix series team wrapped up their work in Summer 2017. Comcast shut down Big Idea's offices in Nashville shortly afterward. Vischer has confirmed that Big Idea's employees continue to work for Big Idea, and have not been laid off. This could mean that the show may still continue in the future.
Revival
On March 28th, Eric Metaxas posted a tweet featuring him with Phil Vischer and Mike Nawrocki. He said that TBN had purchased the rights to VeggieTales and are making a new series. Later on, Phil posted a tweet correcting the misconception; it turns out TBN only purchased licensing rights and will use the characters. Phil and Mike are going to be key writers for a new spin-off show that is currently known as The VeggieTales Show, which was released in late 2019. On the same day, Phil Vischer confirmed that Universal had also started early development on a VeggieTales feature film. It will also have Phil's involvement, possibly as a key writer.
Episode Set-Ups
Every episode (with the exception of some special episodes) starts on a kitchen countertop where Bob and Larry introduce themselves and receive a letter from a kid. After reading the letter, Bob and Larry would have small discussions on how they would answer the kids letter via a story.
After the first segment of an episode, Silly Songs with Larry are served as the shows intermissions where Larry appears on the countertop and sing ridiculous songs.
After Silly Songs with Larry, the second segment of that episode is then shown. Are You My Neighbor? is the first VeggieTales episode to have it's main segment served as the second segment while the first two episodes main segments were shown first.
At the end of every show, Bob and Larry would receive a verse from Qwerty as the What Have We Learned song is played. The episode then ends with Bob and Larry saying "God made you special, and he loves you very much" and the credits roll.
Characters
Bob the Tomato
Larry the Cucumber
Junior Asparagus
Laura Carrot
Petunia Rhubarb
Madame Blueberry
Jimmy and Jerry Gourd
Pa Grape
Archibald Asparagus
Mr. Lunt
Mr. Nezzer
The French Peas
Episodes
Where's God When I'm S-Scared?
God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?!
Are You My Neighbor?
Rack, Shack and Benny
Dave and the Giant Pickle
The Toy That Saved Christmas
Very Silly Songs!
Larry-Boy! and the Fib from Outer Space!
Josh and the Big Wall!
Madame Blueberry
The End of Silliness?
Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed
King George and the Ducky
Esther...The Girl Who Became Queen
Lyle the Kindly Viking
The Ultimate Silly Song Countdown
The Star of Christmas
The Wonderful World of Auto-Tainment!
The Ballad of Little Joe
An Easter Carol
A Snoodle's Tale
Sumo of the Opera
Duke and the Great Pie War
Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Samson's Hairbrush
Lord of the Beans
Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler
LarryBoy and the Bad Apple
Gideon: Tuba Warrior
Moe and the Big Exit
The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's
Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue
Abe and the Amazing Promise
Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Noah's Umbrella
Saint Nicholas: A Story of Joyful Giving
Pistachio - The Little Boy That Woodn't
Sweetpea Beauty
It's a Meaningful Life
'Twas the Night Before Easter
Princess and the Popstar
The Little Drummer Boy
Robin Good and His Not-So-Merry Men
The Penniless Princess
The League of Incredible Vegetables
The Little House That Stood
MacLarry and the Stinky Cheese Battle
Merry Larry and the True Light of Christmas
Veggies in Space: The Fennel Frontier
Celery Night Fever
Beauty and the Beet
Noah's Ark
Feature Films
Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie
The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie
VeggieTales. (2022, May 19). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12:38, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VeggieTales&oldid=8232916.
Neues Museum
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Neues Museum (New Museum)
Berlin Neues Museum 001.JPG
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
General information
LocationMuseum Insel, Berlin, Germany
AddressBodestraße 1-3, 10178 Berlin, Germany
Coordinates52°31′14″N 13°23′52″ECoordinates: 52°31′14″N 13°23′52″E
Website
https://www.smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/neues-museum/home/
The Neues Museum (English: New Museum) is one of the buildings on the Museuminsel (Museum Island) in Berlin. It is part of an UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Museum includes an Egyptian Museum, a papyrus collection, Museum for Pre- and Protohistory and sections of the antique collection. The museum was built between 1843 to 1855 under King Frederick William IV of Prussia. It has both Neoclassical and Renaissance Revival styles. The architecture is by Friedrich August Stüler.
The Nefertiti Bust and The Berlin Gold Hat are famous artifacts held at the museum.
Neues Museum. (2022, June 5). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12:30, October 17, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neues_Museum&oldid=8261488.
Fishplate
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In rail terminology, a fishplate, splice bar or joint bar is a metal bar that is bolted to the ends of two rails to join them together in a track. The name is derived from fish, a wooden bar with a curved profile used to strengthen a ship's mast.[1] The top and bottom edges are tapered inwards so the device wedges itself between the top and bottom of the rail when it is bolted into place.[2] In rail transport modelling, a fishplate is often a small copper or nickel silver plate that slips onto both rails to provide the functions of maintaining alignment and electrical continuity.
References
"Fish 2". Oxford English Dictionary (Second ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989.
Morgan, C. D. (1946). "Permanent way". In Pendred, Loughan (ed.). The Engineer's Year-Book for 1946 (52 ed.). London: Morgan Brothers. p. 2015.\
Fishplate. (2013, July 15). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:15, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fishplate&oldid=4500118.
Green fluorescent protein
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Green florescent protein (GFP) is a protein that is found in moon jellyfish. It helps scientists look at cell molecules. There is another substance the is called RFP that serves the same purpose but is red, and is found in coral.
For GFP scientists have learned that if you take away one molecule it can change the whole color of the substance, along with if you add a molecule to the original substance it will also change the color. Scientists have made the colors cyan (ECFP) and pink (mRaspberry). The GFP is a florescent substance that is kind of like a highlighter.
Green fluorescent protein. (2022, January 31). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:12, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_fluorescent_protein&oldid=7995971.
Oxford
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Oxford
City and non-metropolitan district
From top left to bottom right: Oxford skyline panorama from St Mary's Church; Radcliffe Camera; High Street from above looking east; University College, main quadrangle; High Street by night; Natural History Museum and Pitt Rivers Museum
From top left to bottom right: Oxford skyline panorama from St Mary's Church; Radcliffe Camera; High Street from above looking east; University College, main quadrangle; High Street by night; Natural History Museum and Pitt Rivers Museum
Official logo of Oxford
Coat of arms of Oxford
Nickname(s): "the City of Dreaming Spires"
Motto(s): "Fortis est veritas" "The truth is strong"
Shown within Oxfordshire
Shown within Oxfordshire
Oxford is located in EnglandOxfordOxford
Location within England
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Coordinates: 51°45′7″N 1°15′28″W
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
CountryEngland
RegionSouth East England
Ceremonial countyOxfordshire
Admin HQOxford City Centre
Founded8th century
City status1542
Government
• TypeCity
• Governing bodyOxford City Council
• Sheriff of OxfordCraig Simmons
• ExecutiveLabour
• MPsAnneliese Dodds (Labour & Co-op, Oxford East)
Layla Moran (Liberal Democrat, Oxford West and Abingdon)
Area
• City and non-metropolitan district17.60 sq mi (45.59 km2)
Population (2017)
• City and non-metropolitan district152,450[1]
• Density8,500/sq mi (3,270/km2)
• Metro244,000
• Ethnicity (2011)63.6% White British
1.6% White Irish
12.5% Other White
12.5% British Asian
4.0% Mixed Race
4.6% Black
1.4% Other
Demonym(s)Oxonian
Time zoneUTC0 (GMT)
• Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)
Postcode
OX1, OX2, OX3, OX4
Area code(s)01865
ISO 3166-2GB-OXF
ONS code38UC (ONS)
E07000178 (GSS)
OS grid referenceSP513061
PoliceThames Valley
AmbulanceSouth Central
FireOxfordshire
Websitewww.oxford.gov.uk
Oxford. (2022, January 10). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:08, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxford&oldid=7956331.
Orion nebula
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Orion nebula
The constellation of Orion with the Orion Nebula (lower middle)
The Orion nebula, or Messier 42, M42, or NGC 1976, is a diffuse nebula. It is visible to the naked eye in the night sky. It is exceptionally bright because it has O-type stars at its core. They are the hottest and brightest stars. The nebula is south of Orion's Belt in the constellation of Orion.
M42 is 1,344 ± 20 light years away from us.[1][2] It is the closest region of massive star formation to Earth. Big as it is, the Orion nebula is just part of an even larger star-forming area known as the Orion complex.
Stellar nursery
View of several "proplyds" in the Orion Nebula taken by the Hubble Space Telescope
The nebula is a huge stellar nursery. 700 stars are in the process of forming there. At its heart is a very young open cluster, known as the Trapezium because of the pattern formed by its main stars.
Recent observations with the Hubble Space Telescope have shown protoplanetary disks inside the Orion Nebula. This is a major discovery. They are called proplyds for short.[3] There are more than 150 of these in the nebula. They are thought to be to be systems in the earliest stages of planetary system formation. The sheer numbers have been used as evidence that the formation of star systems is fairly common in the universe.
Stars form when clumps of hydrogen and other gases in an H II region contract under their own gravity. As the gas collapses, the central clump grows stronger and the gas heats to extreme temperatures by converting gravitational potential energy to thermal energy. If the temperature gets high enough, nuclear fusion will start, and form a protostar. The protostar is 'born' when it begins to emit enough energy to balance out its gravity and halt gravitational collapse.
References
Reid M.J. et al 2009. Trigonometric parallaxes of massive star forming regions: VI. Galactic structure, fundamental parameters and non-circular motions. Astrophysical Journal 700: 137. [1]
Hirota, Tomoya et al 2007. Distance to Orion KL measured with VERA. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 59 (5): 897–903. [2]
McCaughrean, Mark J.; O'dell, C. Robert. (1996). "Direct imaging of circumstellar disks in the Orion nebula". Astronomical Journal. 111: 1977. Bibcode:1996AJ....111.1977M. doi:10.1086/117934. S2CID 122335780.
Orion nebula. (2022, July 9). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:03, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orion_nebula&oldid=8330290.
Spandrel
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Illustration of spandrel
A spandrel is the space between two arches. It is the space between an arch and a rectangular fence or the space between the right and left exterior curve of an arch and an enclosing right angle.
In structures with more than one floor, the term spandrel can also mean the space between the top of the window in one floor and the threshold of the window in the floor above.
Spandrels have different meanings in architecture and art history.
Bridges
Arches commonly exist in bridge constructions, so spandrels may appear in such structures. Historically, most arch expansions had solid spandrels, meaning that the areas between arches were completely filled in with masonry. This was true until the use of steel and reinforced concrete began in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Domes
Structures of domes can also contain spandrels. Where domes are needed to rest on a square or a rectangular base, the dome is raised above the level of the supporting pillars with three-dimensional spandrels called pendentives. These triangular segments take the weight of the dome and place it onto the poles.
Spandrel. (2016, July 1). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19:47, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spandrel&oldid=5430476.
Jeju language
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jeju language
제주말
Jeju-teukbyeoljachi-do in South Korea.svg
Jeju Island (red), where the language is spoken
Native toSouth Korea
RegionJeju Island
EthnicityJeju people
Native speakers5,000 - 10,000 (2010)
Language family
Koreanic
Jeju language
Language codes
ISO 639-3jje
ELPJejueo
The Jeju language (Jeju: 제주말, Jeju-mal) is a Koreanic language spoken on the South Korean island of Jeju. It is related to Korean.
Contents
1History
2Usage
3Dialect or language
4Related pages
5References
History
The Jeju language comes from Middle Korean, which is also the ancestor of the Korean language.
Jeju became a separate language from (mainland) Korean due to its isolation as an island and because in 1629, Jejuans were banned from leaving Jeju, causing more disconnection.
Usage
UNESCO lists Jeju as a "critically endangered" language, since most of its speakers are over the age of 70.[1] Younger Jejuans speak Korean instead. As of 2010, the language is spoken by 5,000 - 10,000 people, which is less than 2% of Jeju Island's total population.[1]
Dialect or language
Many linguists think Jeju is its own language, mostly because mainland Koreans cannot understand it.[2] Others think Jeju is a dialect of Korean, although a very different one. The local government calls Jeju as a separate language, and the idea of it being a language is becoming more accepted in both Korean and foreign academia. UNESCO listed Jeju as one of the world's languages in 2011.[2]
Related pages
Jeju-do, the island where Jeju language is spoken
South Korea
References
"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
"The Distinct and Separate Language of Jeju Island". Day Translations Blog. 2014-12-29. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
Jeju language. (2020, August 16). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19:33, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeju_language&oldid=7070714.
Feliformia
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Feliformia
Temporal range: Eocene to Recent
Panthera tigris tigris edited2.jpg
Tiger (Panthera tigris)
Scientific classificatione
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Carnivora
Suborder:Feliformia
Kretzoi, 1945
Feliformia is a suborder in the mammal order Carnivora. It contains all the Felidae, which are cat-like animals. The suborder also contains the relatives of the cats, which includes hyaenas, civets, Asiatic linsangs, and more. There are six families, twelve subfamilies, 56 genera and 114 species in the Feliformia suborder now.
Molecular phylogeny shows the Feliformia is monophyletic.[1] The other suborder of Carnivora is the dog-like Caniformia.
Contents
1Taxonomy
1.1Cladogram
2References
3Other websites
Taxonomy
Suborder Feliformia ("cat-like")
Family Eupleridae: Fossa and others
Family Felidae: Cats
Subfamily Felinae
Subfamily Pantherinae
Family Nandiniidae:
Genus Nandinia: African palm civet
Family Viverridae: Civet cats, Genets etc.
Family Hyaenidae: Hyaenas
Subfamily Hyaeninae
Subfamily Protelinae
Family Herpestidae: Mongooses
Family Primodontidae: Asiatic linsang
Family Eupleridae: Varied group, endemic to Madagascar
†Barbourofelidae: Miocene "false" sabre-tooths [2]
†Nimravidae: "false" sabre-tooths, from Eocene to end Miocene.
†Stenoplesictidae: Civet-like animals
†Percrocutidae: hyaena-like forms from the Miocene to later Pliocene
Cladogram
Feliformia
Nimravidae†
Stenoplesictidae†
Percrocutidae†
Nandiniidae
Prionodontidae
Barbourofelidae†
Felidae
Viverridae
Hyaenidae
Herpestidae
Eupleridae
References
Eizirik E. et al 2010. Pattern and timing of the diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56: 49-63. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033
"true" sabre-tooths are in the Felidae.
- Taxonomic references extant species (a); supporting descriptive information and pictures: Diversity Web (online) - Feliformia.
- Taxonomic references extant species (b): ITIS Integrated Taxonomic Information System
- Fossil record data (with taxonomic references) extant and extinct species: The Paleaobiology Database
- Supporting taxonomic references extant and extinct species: Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Suborder Feliformia Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine
- Gina D. Wesley-Hunt and John J. Flynn 2005: Phylogeny of The Carnivora
6a. Anne D. Yoder and John J. Flynn 2003: Origin of Malagasy Carnivora Archived 2005-08-24 at the Wayback Machine
6b. Yoder, A., M. Burns, S. Zehr, T. Delefosse, G. Veron, S. Goodman, J. Flynn. 2003: Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor – Letters to Nature - Philippe Gaubert, W. Chris Wozencraft, Pedro Cordeiro-Estrela and Géraldine Veron. 2005 - Mosaics of Convergences and Noise in Morphological Phylogenies: What's in a Viverrid-Like Carnivoran?
Feliformia. (2022, August 28). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17:31, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feliformia&oldid=8416162.
Animal
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the album, see Animals (album).
Animalia
Temporal range: Cryogenian – Present
fossil range 670–0 mya
Animal diversity.png
About this image
Scientific classificatione
(unranked):Amorphea
(unranked):Obazoa
(unranked):Opisthokonta
(unranked):Holozoa
(unranked):Filozoa
Kingdom:Animalia
Linnaeus, 1758
Phyla
List of animal phyla
Synonyms
Metazoa
Animals (or Metazoa) are living creatures with many cells. They are eukaryotes. Animals get energy from other living things. Usually they eat them or are parasites. Some have photosynthetic protists as symbionts.
The study of animals is called zoology.[1][2][3] The study of ancient life is called palaeontology.
Most animals are mobile, meaning they can move around. Animals take in oxygen, and give out carbon dioxide.[4] This cellular respiration is part of their metabolism (chemical working). In both these ways they are different from plants. Also, the cells of animals have different cell membranes to other eukaryotes like plants and fungi.
Plants are also multicellular eukaryotic organisms, but live by using light, water and basic elements to make their tissues.
Contents
1Grouping animals
2Life styles
3Everyday language
4Related pages
5References
Grouping animals
There are many different types of animals. The common animals most people know are only about 3% of the animal kingdom. When biologists look at animals, they find things that certain animals have in common. They use this to group the animals in a biological classification. Several million species may exist, but biologists have only identified about one million.
Animals can mainly be divided into two main groups: the invertebrates and the vertebrates. Vertebrates have a backbone, or spine; invertebrates do not. Vertebrates are the only group to have an adaptive immune system, which may be partly responsible for their size and success.[5][6]
Vertebrates are:
Fish (or 'fishes': both ways are correct)
Amphibia
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Some invertebrates are:
Insects
Spiders
Crustacea
Molluscs (like a snail or squid)
worms
jellyfish
Life styles
The animal mode of nutrition is called heterotrophic because they get their food from other living organisms. Some animals eat only plants; they are called herbivores. Other animals eat only meat and are called carnivores. Animals that eat both plants and meat are called omnivores.
The environments animals live in vary greatly. By the process of evolution, animals adapt to the habitats they live in. A fish is adapted to its life in water and a spider is adapted to a life catching and eating insects. A mammal living on the savannahs of East Africa lives quite a different life from a dolphin or porpoise catching fish in the sea.
The fossil record of animals goes back about 600 million years to the Ediacaran period, or somewhat earlier.[7] During the whole of this long time, animals have been constantly evolving, so that the animals alive on Earth today are very different from those on the edges of the sea-floor in the Ediacaran.
Everyday language
In scientific usage, humans are animals. But in everyday use, humans are often not regarded as animals.
Related pages
Wikispecies has information on: Animalia.
List of animal phyla
Ethology, the study of animal behaviour
References
Alexander, R. McNeill 1990. Animals. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-34865-X
Ville C.A; Walker W.F. & Barnes R.D. 1984. General zoology. Saunders
Hamilton, Gina. Kingdoms of life – Animals. Lorenz Educational Press. ISBN 978-1-4291-1610-7
Cresswell, Julia 2010. The Oxford Dictionary of word origins. 2nd ed, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954793-7 'having the breath of life', from anima 'air, breath, life'.
Janeway C.A. 2001. Evolution of the immune system. In Immunobiology ed Janeway et al. 5th ed, 597–607. New York: Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-8153-4101-7
Hirano, Masayuki; Das, Sabyasachi; Guo, Peng; Cooper, Max D. (2011-01-01), Alt, Frederick W. (ed.), "Chapter 4 - The evolution of adaptive immunity in vertebrates", Advances in Immunology, Academic Press, 109: 125–157, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387664-5.00004-2, ISBN 9780123876645, PMID 21569914, retrieved 2019-12-03
Maloof, Adam C. et al 2010 (2010). "Possible animal-body fossils in pre-Marinoan limestones from South Australia". Nature Geoscience. 3 (9): 653–659. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..653M. doi:10.1038/ngeo934. Pdf. These fossils are interpreted as being early sponges. They were found in 665-million-year-old rock.
Animal. (2022, September 27). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17:20, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal&oldid=8460266.
Carnivore
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For animals of the mammal order, see Carnivora.
Wolves hunting a bison.
A carnivore is an animal which eats only meat. [1] Predators commonly hunt and kill their own prey. Scavengers are carnivores which eat animals they did not kill themselves. Carnivores which eat mainly or only insects are called insectivores. Carnivores which eat mainly or only fish are called piscivores.
The word "carnivore" describes more than just the scientific order Carnivora. However, almost all animals in the Carnivora do eat meat, though a few do not.[2]
List of living carnivores
Unlike tigers, Penguins don't need teeth and claws to be carnivores. They feed on crustaceans, fish, squid, and other small marine life.
Great Blue Heron with a snake
Mammals
All feliforms, such as domestic cats, big cats, hyenas, mongooses, civets
Almost all caniforms, such as the dogs, wolves, foxes, ferrets, seals and walruses
All cetaceans, such as dolphins, whales and porpoises
All bats except fruitbats
The carnivorous marsupials, such as the Tasmanian devil
Birds
All birds of prey, such as hawks, eagles, falcons and owls
All vultures, both old world and new
Most waterfowl, such as gulls, penguins, pelicans, storks, and herons
Reptiles
All crocodilians, such as alligators, crocodiles, gharials and caimans
All snakes, such as cobras, vipers, pythons and boas
Some lizards, such as most skinks and all monitor lizards
Some turtles, including the snapping turtle and most sea turtles
Fish and amphibians
All frogs and toads
Almost all sharks, such as tiger, great white, nurse and reef sharks
Most teleosts, such as tuna, marlin, salmon, and bass
Invertebrates
Most crustaceans, such as the coconut crab are mainly omnivorous, but eat some prey and carrion
Many molluscs, such as octopus and squid, and some gastropods
All arachnids, such as spiders and scorpions
Many insects, such as mantises, dragonflies and most wasps
All jellyfish and sea stars
Related pages
Theropod
Insectivore
Herbivore
Omnivore
References
The word Carnivora comes from Latin, where carne means "flesh" or "meat", and vorare is a verb meaning "eat", that is "meat-eater".
Ullrey, Duane E. Nutrient requirements: carnivores. Encyclopedia of Animal Science.
Carnivore. (2021, September 10). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17:08, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnivore&oldid=7767179.
Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Aboriginal Land Trust
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Aboriginal Land Trust is the land trust that holds the freehold title to the land of Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa National Park (referred to as Northern Territory Portion 1728). The trust is the legal landowner and holds the title on behalf of the people who are recognised as the land's traditional owners. It was created on 26 October 1985.[1]
The land was originally claimed as part of the Katiti Land Claim in 1979.[2] It was sumbitted by the Central Land Council on the behalf of several hundred people, most of whom lived at Muṯitjulu.[3] The claim was judged in 1980, and Commissioner Justice John Toohey formally recognised 104 traditional owners for Uluṟu and 57 for Kata Tjuṯa.[2] He granted them freehold title to the land now held by the Katiti Aboriginal Land Trust. They were not granted the title to Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa because it was already being used as a national park.[3][4]
There was then a long legal case over the freehold title (actual ownership) of the park lands. The case continued until November 1983, when Prime Minister Bob Hawke acknowledged that the traditional owners had the rights to Uluṟu. In 1985, the Territory passed two amendments: one for the Aboriginal Land Rights Act and one for the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act. The freehold title to the land in the park was passed to the Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Aboriginal Land Trust on 26 October 1985.[5] As part of the agreement, the land was immediately leased back to the Director of National Parks for a period of 99 years. The title is inalienable, which means that it can not be sold, traded or given away; it is inherited continuously by the community's descendants.
References
Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park. "Return of the land to traditional owners". Learnline. Charles Darwin University. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
"Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park Notes: Non-Aboriginal history". Parks Australia and the Muṯitjulu Community. 19 October 2001.
Dawn Chatty; Marcus Colchester (2002), Conservation and mobile indigenous peoples: displacement, forced settlement, and sustainable development, Berghahn Books, p. 366–367, ISBN 978-1-57181-841-6
Margo Neale; Sylvia Kleinert and Robyne Bancroft (2000). The Oxford companion to aboriginal art and culture. Oxford University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-1955-0649-5.
"Park history: Development of Aboriginal ownership and joint management". Australian Government, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Aboriginal Land Trust. (2021, September 25). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16:58, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulu%E1%B9%9Fu%E2%80%93Kata_Tju%E1%B9%AFa_Aboriginal_Land_Trust&oldid=7791336.
Real-time computing
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Real-time computing is a field of Computer science. The idea is to design systems that have a real-time constraint. Real time systems will guarantee to give a result within a specified time. There are two kinds of real-time systems:
Hard real-time systems: After the delay has passed the result is totally useless (and considered to be an error). No matter what happens, hard-real time systems deliver the result in the specified time. Real world examples are the controller for the airbag in a car. The reaction time of an airbag system is around 1 ms. Another example for a hard real-time system is the Anti-lock braking system in a car. If it does not react fast enough, an accident will occur. People might die because the result was not there fast enough.
Soft real-time systems: On average, these systems work fast enough to make it feel like real-time. A videoconferencing system has microseconds to record sound and video, to send them to the other party, and to process the incoming data. If at one time, this cannot be done, the video will be blurred, and the sound may be out of sync for a few moments. This is however not a catastrophe, and the system can continue to work.
Real-time computing. (2013, October 25). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16:39, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real-time_computing&oldid=4598061.
Television
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Old portable television.
TV remote control.
A television set (also known as a television receiver or televisor or simply a television, TV set, TV receiver or TV) is a machine with a screen or set of lenses. Televisions receive broadcasting signals and change them into pictures and sound. The word "television" comes from the words tele (Greek for far away) and vision (sight).
Sometimes a television can look like a box. Older TVs had a large cathode ray tube in a large wooden frame and sat on the floor like furniture. Newer TVs are much lighter and flatter.
A TV can show pictures from many television networks. Computers and mobile devices also can be used for watching television programs.
The television was invented in the 1920s but the equipment was expensive and the pictures were poor. By the 1950s, these problems had been fixed and TVs became widespread.
At first, all televisions used an antenna (or aerial). This would pick up television programmes from broadcasting stations. A TV station could be many miles or kilometers away, and still be received. TVs can also show movies from VCD and DVD players or VCRs. Cable TV and Satellite television can provide more programs at once than broadcast can. Video game consoles connect to most modern TVs. Some computers can also use a TV as a computer monitor.
All TVs have screens where the picture is viewed. Before the 1950s these were usually "black and white", which made everything look grey, but all modern TVs show colors. Most 20th century screens also had rounded corners. That is because television screens were cathode ray tubes. These are like heavy glass jars with one side bulging out to form the screen.
Today flat panel displays are the usual kind. These are usually flat rectangles with straight edges. This long rectangle looks more like the shape of a movie theatre screen. This is called widescreen. If a widescreen set was 30 cm tall, it would be 53 cm wide. For this to work best, TV shows also need to be made in widescreen. Widescreen sets can still be any size, but they have the same widescreen shape.
The early 21st century is also when digital television transmission became more common than analog television.
Television. (2022, May 21). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:46, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television&oldid=8236691.
Reed pen
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A reed pen (Greek: κάλαμοι kalamoi; singular κάλαμος kalamos) is a writing implement made by cutting and shaping a single reed straw or length of bamboo. In Arabic, it is called Qalam. Reed pens were used throughout antiquity. The reed is cut at an angle, the tip is sharpened. Ink is used to write (in antiquity onto papyrus or parchment). It is possible to write in thicker or thinner lines by varying the angle, at which the reed pen is held. A reeed pen made of bronze was found in a grave in Attica, Greece, and dated to the 5th centry BC. Feathers have not been used as a writing tool before the 6th century AD.
Reed pen. (2021, January 1). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:31, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reed_pen&oldid=7243235.
Coverture
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Coverture is a long-standing legal practice in the United States that comes from the English common law.[1] Coverture holds that a man and a woman are a single legal entity—that of the husband.[1] A married woman loses her own legal obligations and rights, and becomes "covered" by her husband.[1] Traditionally a woman took her husband's last name as a symbol of this identity.[1] A female child was covered by her father's identity.[2] When she married that coverage transferred to her husband.[2] Under this system a woman did not legally exist and did not own anything.[1]
In the mid-19th century, with the rise of feminism, coverture began to be criticized as being unfair to women.[3] Various laws began to be weakened and eventually done away with.[3] But parts of coverture laws, mainly having to do with the husband being responsible for his wife's debts, lasted into the 1960s in some parts of the U.S.[3]
References
Catherine Allgor. "Coverture — The Word You Probably Don't Know But Should". National Women's History Museum. Archived from the original on November 6, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
"Women and the Law". Women, Enterprise & Society. President and Fellows of Harvard College. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
"Coverture". American History USA. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
Coverture. (2021, September 28). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:16, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coverture&oldid=7797307.
Kitchen stove
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Traditional iron stove
A kitchen stove, cooking stove, cookstove, or cooker is a kitchen appliance designed for cooking food.
Stoves use direct heat for cooking and have an oven for baking. The design uses wood, coke or anthracite for fuel. The basic idea is that the stove completely encloses the fire inside its iron body. There are still many traditional stoves made, which burn wood or solid fuel. Many also have back boilers for domestic heating.
Gas stoves are different, because they have open flames on top of the stove, whereas the original stoves have hidden flames. Modern gas stoves were developed already in the 1820s, but these were isolated experiments. At the Great Exhibition in London in 1851, a gas stove was shown, but only in the 1880s did this technology start to become a commercial success. The main factor in this delay was the slow growth of the gas pipe network. Gas and electric stoves have largely replaced solid fuel stoves.
Kitchen stove. (2022, February 19). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:13, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kitchen_stove&oldid=8040973.
Boonoo Boonoo National Park
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Boonoo Boonoo National Park (pronounced: 'Banna-Banuh' [1] ) is a national park in the northeast of the Australian state of New South Wales, around 571 km north of Sydney and 26 km northeast of Tenterfield on Mount Lindesay Road.
The park has an area of 43.77 km2 and was founded in March 19 1982.
The Boonoo Boonoo River flows through a narrow valley with the rainforest in the park and forms a 210 m tall waterfall.
Forest walks, swimming and camping in the forest are among the most popular recreational activities.
References
Boonoo Boonoo National Park. NSW Environment & Heritage Office
Boonoo Boonoo National Park. (2021, November 22). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:08, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boonoo_Boonoo_National_Park&oldid=7881615.
Oblate spheroid
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Diagram of an oblate spheroid
An oblate spheroid is a famous shape. It is the shape of the Earth and some other planets. It is like a sphere squashed from the top so the circumference around the poles is less than the circumference around the equator. Shapes of this type are called ellipsoids.
Oblate spheroids have rotational symmetry around an axis from pole to pole.[1]
Many planets, including the Earth and Saturn, are oblate spheroids. The difference between a sphere and the Earth's shape is small, only about one part in 300.
Stars spin, and some spin very fast. The faster the spin, the flatter the oblate spheroid. The Sun rotates at 2 km per second, neutron stars have speeds of thousands of km/sec.[2]
Origin of flattening
In 1687 Isaac Newton published the Principia. He included a proof that a rotating self-gravitating fluid body in equilibrium takes the form of an oblate ellipsoid of revolution (a spheroid).[3] The amount of flattening depends on the density and the balance of gravitational force and centrifugal force.
In other words, the Earth is a spheroid because it rotates. Gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn are flattened by rotation more than the Earth.
References
"Oblate Spheroid - from Wolfram MathWorld". Mathworld.wolfram.com. 2009-10-04. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
How fast do stars spin? Astronomy Café
Isaac Newton:Principia Book III Proposition XIX Problem III, p. 407 in Andrew Motte translation
Oblate spheroid. (2022, October 12). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:00, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oblate_spheroid&oldid=8483712.
Brooklyn Museum
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Brooklyn Museum
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
NYC Landmark
Brooklyn Museum Night 2015.jpg
At night (2015)
Brooklyn Museum is located in New York CityBrooklyn Museum
Location200 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, NY 11238
Coordinates40°40′16.7″N 73°57′49.5″WCoordinates: 40°40′16.7″N 73°57′49.5″W
Built1895
ArchitectMcKim, Mead & White; French, Daniel Chester
Architectural styleBeaux-Arts
NRHP reference No.77000944[1]
Added to NRHPAugust 22, 1977
Replica of Statue of Liberty in the back lot
The Brooklyn Museum is the second-largest art museum in New York City. It is also one of the largest in the United States.
The museum is at 200 Eastern Parkway, in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Arnold L. Lehman is the museum's Director.
The Brooklyn Museum has more than one-and-a-half million objects. Some of these pieces of art are from as long ago as ancient Egypt while others are very recent. The museum is a 560,000 square foot (52,000 m²), Beaux-Arts building. Approximately 500,000 people visit the museum each year.
History
The Brooklyn Museum was started by Augustus Graham in 1897. The building has a steel frame It was designed by McKim, Mead, and White and built by the Carlin Construction Company. Daniel Chester French, the man who made the Lincoln Memorial, made two allegorical figures, Brooklyn and Manhattan (carved in 1916, and moved to the museum in 1963), and of the figures on the building.
Thomas S. Buechner was made the museum's director in 1960. Buechner made a large change in the way the museum displayed the art. Also one thousand pieces of art that had been in the museum's archives were put back on display.[2]
The Brooklyn Museum changed its name to Brooklyn Museum of Art in 1997. On March 12, 2004, the museum announced that it would revert to its old name, the Brooklyn Museum.
Funding
In 2005, the museum was one of 406 New York City arts and social service institutions to get part of $20 million from the Carnegie Corporation, made possible by a donation by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg.[3][4]
Art and exhibitions
The museum is known for its large collections of Egyptian and African art, and 17th, 18th, and 19th century paintings.
In 2002, the museum bought the work The Dinner Party by artist Judy Chicago. It has been in the museum's Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art since 2007.
In 2008, Edna Russman said that a third of the Coptic art in the museum's collection, the second-largest in North America, is fake.[5] Of 30 works of art from the late 4th through the 7th century AD, Russman believes 10 are faked. They have been displayed since 2009.[5]
Artists like Patrick Kelly, Chuck Close, Denis Peterson, Ron Mueck, Takashi Murakami, Mat Benote,[6] Kiki Smith, Jim Dine, Robert Rauschenberg, Sylvia Sleigh, William Wegman and Banksy have also been found in the museum.[7]
Programs
In 2000, the Brooklyn Museum started the Student Museum Apprentice Program. The museum hires teens ages 13–17, to give tours in the museum during the summer, help with the museum's weekend family programs during the year, and help plan teen events.
The first Saturday of the month in the summer, the Brooklyn Museum stays open late with free family events, which include arts and crafts, live music and a dance party.[source?]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brooklyn Museum.
References
"National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2007-01-23.
Grimes, William. "Thomas S. Buechner, Former Director of Brooklyn Museum, Dies at 83", The New York Times, June 17, 2010. Accessed June 19, 2010.
Roberts, Sam (6 July 2005). "City Groups Get Bloomberg Gift of $20 Million". The New York Times.
"CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW YORK ANNOUNCES TWENTY MILLION DOLLARS IN NEW YORK CITY GRANTS". Archived from the original on 2008-03-10. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
Usborne, David (2008-07-02). "New York museum admits third of its Coptic art is fake". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
MCLAUGHLIN, MIKE. "Hangin' with big boys: Artist slips in stealth exhibit at Brooklyn Museum - NY Daily News". nydailynews.com.
Kennedy, Randy (2005-03-24). "Need Talent to Exhibit in Museums? Not This Prankster". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
Brooklyn Museum. (2022, July 11). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:56, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Museum&oldid=8333869.
Westfield London
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Westfield London
{{{image_alt}}}
LocationWhite City, London, England, United Kingdom
Opening date30 October 2008; 13 years ago
DeveloperWestfield Group
ManagementUnibail-Rodamco-Westfield
OwnerWestfield Corporation
ArchitectBenoy & Westfield Design Architects, Buchan Group Executive Architects, Ian Richie Architects (masterplan) [1]
No. of stores and services450
No. of anchor tenants6
Total retail floor area2,600,000 sq ft (240,000 m2)
Parking5,500 spaces
No. of floors5
Websiteuk.westfield.com/london
Westfield London is a big shopping centre in White City, west London, England, made by the Westfield Group at a cost of £1.6bn,[2][3] on a brownfield area previously the home of the 1908 Franco-British Exhibition. The area is near the West Cross Route (A3220), the Westway (A40) and Wood Lane (A219). It opened on 30 October 2008 during the financial crisis and soon became the largest shopping centre in London.[4] Originally, it had a shopping floor area of 1,600,000 sq ft (150,000 m2).[5] But with more money put into the shopping centre, it became the largest shopping centre in Europe by March 2018, having an area of 2,600,000 sq ft (240,000 m2).[6]
Department stores John Lewis, Marks & Spencer, and House of Fraser are at the bottom of the shopping centres. Debenhams closed down in April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic.
References
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
"Westfield flagship opens in London" (Press release). Westfield Group press release. 30 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2 November 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
"1st Quarter 2007 – Review" (PDF). Westfield Group. 8 May 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2008. In a later document published in 2008, the WDC cost was thought to be about £1.1bn - see "Westfield Group, Half Year Results Presentation, 30 June 2008" (PDF). Westfield Group. 27 August 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
Moore, Matthew (30 October 2008). "Westfield shopping centre - Europe's largest mall - opens". The Daily Telegraph : Britain's Best-Selling Quality Daily. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
"Enormous shopping complex opens". BBC. 30 October 2008. Archived from the original on 2 November 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
"Westfield London is now the largest shopping centre in Europe". The Independent. 20 March 2018. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
Westfield London. (2022, June 18). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:05, October 13, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westfield_London&oldid=8287789.
Lahor
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lahor is a town and tehsil of Swabi District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The town is a settlement of 35,000 people and is west of Swabi, on the northern bank of the Indus River. Lahor is surrounded by Yar Hussain, Tordher, Ambar and the Indus River.
Lahor. (2013, March 9). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:00, October 13, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lahor&oldid=4232726.
Nymphaeaceae
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaea tetragona.jpg
Water Lily with Flower
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Division:Magnoliophyta
Class:Magnoliopsida
Order:Nymphaeales
Family:Nymphaeaceae
Salisb. (1805)
In botany, Nymphaeaceae is the name of a family of plants which grow in water. The family is also called water-lily family.
Their flowers suggest they are one of the earliest groups of angiosperms.[1] Modern genetic analyses by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group researchers has confirmed its basal position among flowering plants.[2][3][4]
Also, the Nymphaeaceae are more diverse and wdespread than other basal angiosperms.[5][6] Nymphaeaceae is in the order Nymphaeales. According to the most widely accepted flowering plant classification system, this is the second diverging group of angiosperms after Amborella.[2][3][4]
References
Les, Donald H. et al 1999. Phylogeny, classification and floral evolution of water lilies (Nymphaeaceae; Nymphaeales): a synthesis of non-molecular, rbcL, matK, and 18S rDNA Data. Systematic Botany 24 (1) 28-46.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 105–121, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x, archived from the original on 2017-05-25, retrieved 2010-12-10
As easy as APG III - Scientists revise the system of classifying flowering plants, The Linnean Society of London, 2009-10-08, retrieved 2009-10-29
APG III tidies up plant family tree, Horticulture Week, 2009-10-08, retrieved 2009-10-29
Coiro, Mario & Maria Rosaria Barone Lumaga 2013. Aperture evolution in Nymphaeaceae: insights from a micromorphological and ultrastructural investigation, Grana, DOI:10.1080/00173134.2013.769626
Pellicer, Jaume et al 2013. Insights into the dynamics of genome size and chromosome evolution in the early diverging angiosperm lineage Nymphaeales (water lilies). Genome. 10.1139/gen-2013-0039
Nymphaeaceae. (2020, December 29). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:45, October 13, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nymphaeaceae&oldid=7232733.
Lake Dey Dey
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
Lake Dey Dey
LocationSouth Australia
Coordinates29°12′S 131°4′ECoordinates: 29°12′S 131°4′E
Typesalt lake
Basin countriesAustralia
Lake Dey Dey is a salt lake in South Australia. It is one of many salt lakes in the eastern end of the Great Victoria Desert. It is normally dry, except during and after periods of heavy rainfall. It is part of the geological basin known as the Officer Basin. The larger Lake Maurice is to the south. Since 1985, Lake Dey Dey is part of the lands belonging to the Maralinga Tjarutja, a southern branch of the Pitjantjatjara.[1][2] The community of Oak Valley is located nearby to the southwest.[1]
The surface of the lake normally consists of dry clay, silt or sand, covered with a salty crust.[3] The area around Lake Dey Dey is very dry. Groundwater contains high levels of salt.[4]
The lake is culturally important to the Maralinga Tjarutja people.[5] Both Dey Dey and Lake Maurice have Tjukurpa (Dreaming stories) associated with them, and some parts of Dey Dey are restricted so that only men who have been initiated have access.[6] The major Tjukurpa associated with Lake Dey Dey relates to Wati Kulpirr, an ancestral spirit represented by the eastern grey kangaroo.[2]
References
Odette Mazel (2006). "Restitution of the Maralinga Lands to Traditional Owners in South Australia". In Marcia Langton (ed.). Settling with Indigenous People: Modern Treaty and Agreement-making. Federation Press. p. 168. ISBN 9781862876187.
Scott Cane (2002). Pila Nguru: The Spinifex People. Fremantle: Fremantle Art Centre Press. p. 95, 108. ISBN 9781863683487.
Officer Basin Energy Pty Ltd (September 2007). "Environmental impact report: geophysical operations in the Officer Basin, South Australia" (PDF). Government of South Australia, Department of Primary Industries and Regions. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-26. Retrieved 2013-04-01.
Vic Waclawik (24 February 2012). "Cyclone Zircon Project Groundwater Feasibility Study" (PDF). Australian Groundwater Technologies. pp. 8–12, 39. 1148-11-DAN.
Heather McRae; Garth Nettheim and Laura Beacroft (1997). Indigenous legal issues: commentary and materials (2nd ed.). LBC Information Services. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-4552-1468-9.
Australian National University (1999), Aboriginal History, vol. 23, p. 12
Lake Dey Dey. (2022, March 22). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:27, October 13, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Dey_Dey&oldid=8124759.
BioNTech
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
BioNTech SE (ˈbaɪɒnˌtek) is a German biotechnology company dedicated to the creation of active immunotherapies for treatments of serious diseases.
It researches drugs based on messenger RNA (mRNA) for use as individualized cancer immunotherapies, as vaccines against infectious diseases and as protein replacement therapies for rare diseases.[1] In 2020, the company started developing the BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 with Pfizer[2] and Fosun.[3][4] In late 2020 BioNTech successfully developed, together with Pfizer, the RNA vaccine called BNT162b2 against COVID-19. The company said, it's vaccine efficacy was 95%. On 2 December 2020, the United Kingdom government gave permission to use BNT162b2 vaccinations in the country.[5] Later in December 2020 USA,[6] Canada[7] and the EU[8] also gave permission to use the BioNTech vaccine.
References
Form F-1 BioNTech SE (Report). U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 9 September 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
Lovelace Jr., Berkeley (27 July 2020). "Pfizer and BioNTech began late-stage human trial for coronavirus vaccine Monday". CNBC. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
"BioNTech in China alliance with Fosun over coronavirus vaccine candidate". Reuters. Frankfurt. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
Burger, Ludwig (22 April 2020). "Germany approves trials of COVID-19 vaccine candidate". Reuters. Berlin. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
"UK medicines regulator gives approval for first UK COVID-19 vaccine". GOV.UK. 2020-12-02. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
Commissioner, Office of the (2021-01-07). "Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Frequently Asked Questions". FDA.
Canada, Health (2020-12-09). "Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine: What you should know". aem. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
"Commission approves BioNTech/Pfizer vaccine". POLITICO. 2020-12-21. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
BioNTech. (2022, March 30). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:10, October 13, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BioNTech&oldid=8141027.
Fishing dredge
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A fishing dredge, also known as a scallop dredge or an oyster dredge, is a kind of fishing net. It is pulled along the bottom of the sea by a fishing boat to collect scallops, oysters and other kind of clams, crabs, and sea cucumber.[1] Fishermen then lift the dredge into the boat and empty it.
In Europe, dredges used to have "teeth" at the bottom, called tynes. These teeth raked or ploughed the sand and mud. This dug up buried clams.[1] The New Bedford (USA) dredge does not have teeth.
Dredge nets have a gross mesh in order to let organisms smaller than the target organisms through. The net catches the larger organisms: in the case of scallop dredging that includes the scallops' predators, such as whelks, starfish and octopus.
Sometimes three or four dredges are attached to a wheeled stiff axle. A number of these dredges can be towed from a heavy spreading bar. Usually there is one on each side of the ship. The length of the bar and the number of dredges towed is dependent on the power of the ship and the room on the side of the boat for working the dredges. There could be 3 on each side on a small 10 metre boat. There could be up to 20 on each side for a 30-metre ship with 1500 hp.[2] The weight and strength of this can dig up the ground. It overturns rocks and can crush animals and plants in its path.[1]
Scallops often contain sand when fishermen use dredges. It can also damage the seabed if they use dredges carelessly. These days scallop dredging is sometimes replaced by scuba diving. However inventors are trying to invent a better dredge.[3]
References
Moore, G.; Jennings, Simon (2000). Commerical Fishing: The Wider Ecological Impacts. Wiley. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-632-05608-8.
Dredges Archived 2009-03-26 at the Wayback Machine seafood.org. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
MIT (2007) Kinder, gentler scallop dredge invented. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
National Research Council; Division on Earth and Life Studies, Ocean Studies Board, Committee on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing: Phase 1 -- Effects of Bottom Trawling on Seafloor Habitats (2002). Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat. National Academies Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-309-08340-9.
Other websites
photo of scallop dredge Archived 2011-06-01 at the Wayback Machine
drawing of scallop dredge Archived 2012-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
Fishing dredge. (2022, October 10). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13:47, October 13, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fishing_dredge&oldid=8481228.
Battle of Zaporizhzhia
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Battle of Zaporizhzhia is a military battle that started on 27 February 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, as part of the Southern Front offensive. Zaporizhzhia is a major city along the Dnieper River in Central Ukraine.
On 26 February, the Russian 22nd Army advanced north from Crimea and began approaching the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant.[1][2] The plant was set on fire and attacked by Russian forces on 3 March.[3][4][5]
References
"Ukraine official says Russian troops approaching Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant". National Post. 26 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
"The Russians paused the invasion, but aren't losing". Australian Financial Review. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
"UPDATE 1-Ukraine nuclear power plant Zaporizhzhia on fire, town mayor says". finance.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
"На підступах до Запорізької АЕС — бої, є постраждалі" [On the approaches to the Zaporozhye NPP – fighting, there are victims]. Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
Brumfiel, Geoff (3 March 2022). "A contested Ukrainian nuclear plant is under attack by Russian forces". NPR. Archived from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
Battle of Zaporizhzhia. (2022, June 19). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13:14, October 13, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Zaporizhzhia&oldid=8288639.
Science fiction movie
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
Science fiction films are movies which tell stories about the future, outer space, robots, or aliens. Science fiction movies often use special effects to show images of alien worlds or other planets far away.
Science fiction movies are related to science fiction books. Some science fiction movies tell stories about strange or different ways of thinking or ways of living. Other science fiction movies tell stories about politics.
Important science fiction novels and films
All writen as books, most later filmed.
The Time Machine (1895), a book by H.G. Wells
A Trip to the Moon (French: Le Voyage dans la lune) was made by Georges Méliès in 1902. It was one of the first SF films.
The Lost World by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1912. Dinosaurs still alive on large plateau in South America.
Metropolis is a silent film about a society in the future. That society has two groups: rich thinkers and poor workers. Fritz Lang made the film in 1927.
I, Robot by Isaac Asimov. 1950.
The Foundation series: 1951 to 1986.
Jurassic Park was originally a novel by Michael Crichton in 1990.
2001: A Space Odyssey is a film by Stanley Kubrick. The film shows ideas about human evolution and artificial intelligence. It was released in 1968.
Star Wars movies are amongst the highest grossing science fantasy movies of all time.[1]
Many works in print by Isaac Asimov are science fiction rather than fantasy.
Science fiction movies and other genres
Some SF movies can also be another kind of movie, too.
Alien is also a horror movie.
The Road Warrior is both a science fiction movie and an action movie.
Men in Black is comedy and science fiction.
References
"10 Highest-Grossing Sci-Fi Movie Franchises Of All Time". ScreenRant. 24 March 2021.
Science fiction movie. (2022, October 8). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12:50, October 13, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_movie&oldid=8478028.
Regular Show is an Emmy Award-winning[1] animated television series. It was created by J.G. Quintel. It was first broadcast on September 6, 2010, and was broadcast for the last time on December 29, 2017. The eighth and final season of the show was branded under the title Regular Show in Space. The series is about two friends named Mordecai and Rigby. Mordecai is a 23-year-old blue jay, and Rigby is a 23-year-old brown raccoon. They are also groundskeepers at a park.
Regular Show is rated TV-PG and TV-PG-V. Two episodes were rated TV-Y7-FV. One episode was rated TV-PG-D. It's aimed at 10-18-year-olds. It has some mild profanity and mature subject matter.
In 2012, the show won an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Short-Format Animated Program".[1] It was also nominated for that award in 2011.[1]
Contents
1Plot
2Cast
2.1Main
2.2Minor
3References
Plot
The series focuses on two best friends, Mordecai, a blue jay, and Rigby, a brown raccoon. Mordecai and Rigby work as groundskeepers and as they attempt to keep their jobs, which is being threatened by Benson, their boss. In the series, Mordecai is in love with Margaret, a red robin. But started a relationship with CJ after accidentally thinking that Margaret is engaged. And Rigby has a crush on Eileen, a brown mole, which is still uncertain.
Cast
Main
Mordecai
Rigby
High Five Ghost (who has a person with a 1987?-present microphone voice and sounds like Mordecai)
Mitchell "Muscle Man" Sorenstein (who's bad and has a girlfriend and wife named Starla)
Benson Dunwoody (who has a angry personality and is Mordecai and Rigby's boss)
Skips (formerly Walks) Quippenger (who helps Mordecai and Rigby in many problems)
Pops (who is sensitive and uses lollipops for money)
Margaret Smith (who is Mordecai's first love and friend)
Eileen Roberts (who is Rigby's uncertain love and is a geek)
Minor
Chad (who looks like Rigby)
Dr. Henry (Pops' Uncle)
Quinten Q. "Quips" Quippinger (Skips's cousin)
Don (who's Rigby's brother) (voiced by William Salyers)
William (Mordecai's father) (voiced by J. G. Quintel)
Jeremy (who looks like Mordecai) (voiced by Roger Craig Smith)
Benson's Parents and Sister (rivals of each other who hate and argued with each other about elbows and talking back and were stopped from fighting by Benson in the episode "Think Possitive" and "The Thanksgiving Special")
References
"Regular Show". Emmys.com. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
Regular Show. (2022, August 28). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12:45, October 13, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regular_Show&oldid=8416375.
Bath Spa railway station
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bath Spa railway station is the main railway station in the city of Bath, Somerset, in South West England It's served by First Great Western, South West Trains and CrossCountry. It is on the Great Western Main Line and joins the Wessex Main Line via Bradford-on-Avon.
Future
There are plans to electrify the Great Western mainline, which would make trains faster and bigger, shortening journey times.[1] This will also make the journey a lot quicker and smoother.
Changes to the station
First Great Western has manage Bath Spa. As of 2005, the main building is listed (protected). Building work has taken place at the station, like changes to the building, with the more lifts to the platforms. They also have ticket barriers.[2]
There were other changes in 2011 with a new bus station,[3] and change some of the station car parks into a restaurant complex, costing £12 million.[4]
References
"Network Specification 2011 - Western". Network Rail. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
"Gating proposal for Bath Spa Station ticket hall" (PDF). Bath and North East Somerset Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
"Bath Southgate Transport Interchange" (PDF). Southgate Bath. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
"First image of £12m Bath restaurant scheme". Bath Chronicle. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
APA style
Bath Spa railway station. (2021, October 15). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12:31, October 13, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bath_Spa_railway_station&oldid=7826819.
Girlfriend
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Girlfriend (disambiguation).
A girlfriend is a term that usually means a female partner in a non-marital relationship. It is less common to use the word "girlfriend" to mean a female friend in a platonic relationship.
Girlfriend. (2022, January 28). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17:40, October 13, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girlfriend&oldid=7992162.
Boyfriend
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Boyfriend (disambiguation).
A boyfriend is a term which usually means the male partner in a romantic non-marital relationship. Partners in a non-marital relationship are sometimes called "significant others". Using the word "boyfriend" to mean "a male partner or lover" was first done in 1906.[1] It became popular in the 1920s, when people started to go out on dates rather than have romantic meetings at home.[2] It is less common to use the term "boyfriend" to mean a male friend in a platonic relationship. Boyfriend can also mean a man or boy that somebody has a romantic or sexual relationship with.
Related pages
Girlfriend
References
The Oxford English Dictionary
Communication Studies
Boyfriend. (2022, August 29). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17:37, October 13, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boyfriend&oldid=8417880.
Employment Non-Discrimination Act
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) is a proposed U.S. law in the U.S. Congress. If voted into law, it would stop an employer from firing an employee because he or she is gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. The law would not apply to churches and other religious organizations. It is also known as H.R. 2015.[1] It was introduced on April 24, 2007.
The first proposed law to protect gay workers was introduced in the U.S. Congress in 1974, but none were voted into law. In 1996, the proposed law failed in the Senate by one vote.[2] This is the first time a law has included "gender identity" in addition to "sexual orientation".
Currently, California[1][permanent dead link], Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin have state laws that prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity.
This is intended to address cases where gay, lesbian, bisexual and/or transgender ("GLBT") employees have been discriminated against by their employer because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. These employees are not currently protected by the U.S. federal courts.
Opponents of the law often argue that sexual orientation and gender identity are a choice, unlike other protected factors such as gender, race and religion, and thus should not be equally protected. They also often argue that homosexuality is "unnatural" or "immoral". They also often present religious arguments against the law.
Previous bills have not included transgender people. The new bill would protect transgender people, and its inclusion has been debated in the GLBT community. In August 2004, the Human Rights Campaign – an important LGBT organization in favor of the bill – said it will only support the bill if it includes transgender people.
In 1999, the [ngltf.org National Gay and Lesbian Task Force] was the first gay civil rights group to stop work on ENDA because it did not include transgender people. The group has worked to build approval in the community to support a bill that includes transgender people. It participated in redrafting the current "trans-inclusive" bill.
Related pages
Constitutional economics
Political economy
References
H.R. 2015[permanent dead link]
(50-49)
Employment Non-Discrimination Act. (2022, June 15). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16:37, October 13, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Employment_Non-Discrimination_Act&oldid=8282609.
Keep the Aspidistra Flying
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Keep the Aspidistra Flying is a novel by George Orwell. It was published in 1936 and it was Orwell's third book. It tells the story of a man who does not want to focus on money and tries to live a different life.
Background
Like the character in the book, Orwell spent some time working in a book shop. He used some of these experiences of living in poverty to give him ideas for the book.[1]
George Orwell said afterwards that he did not like this book. He said that it should not be published again until after he had died.[2]
Plot
The main character is a man called Gordon Comstock. He had a well paid job until he gave it up for a part time job in a book shop so he could spend more time writing poetry. He does not have much money and he struggles to pay for the basic things he needs like food and a place to live.
References
"Keep the Aspidistra Flying". The Orwell Prize.
"Defeat into victory". www.newstatesman.com. Archived from the original on 2016-05-31. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
Keep the Aspidistra Flying. (2021, December 31). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12:25, October 13, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keep_the_Aspidistra_Flying&oldid=7934132.
Alfa Romeo
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A. is an Italian car manufacturer created on June 24, 1910 in Milan.[1] Alfa Romeo has been a part of the Fiat Group since 1986,[2] and since February 2007 a part of Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. The company was originally known as A.L.F.A., which stands for Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili (English: Lombard Automobile Factory, Public Company).
Models
Alfa Romeo 145: produced 1994-2000
Alfa Romeo 146: produced 1995-2000
Alfa Romeo 147: produced 2000-2010
Alfa Romeo 155: produced 1992-1997
Alfa Romeo 156: produced 1997-2006
Alfa Romeo 159: produced 2005-2011
Alfa Romeo Brera/Spider: produced 2006-2011
Alfa Romeo 164: produced 1987-1997
Alfa Romeo 166: produced 1998-2007
Alfa Romeo MiTo: produced 2008-2018
Alfa Romeo Giulietta: produced 2010-2021
Alfa Romeo 4C: produced 2013-2021
Alfa Romeo Giulia: produced 2016-present
Alfa Romeo Stelvio: produced 2017-Present
Alfa Romeo Tonale: produced 2022-present
References
"Alfa Romeo Celebrates 90 Years Of Success". autoweb.com. 2000. Archived from the original on 2009-05-11. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
"Alfa Romeo". fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
Alfa Romeo. (2022, May 4). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:24, October 13, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfa_Romeo&oldid=8205950.
Evidence-based practice
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Evidence-based practice (EBP) is the concept that any medical, psychological or educational practices should be proved by science. The spread of the idea started in 1990s with the formalization of evidence-based medicine due to medical research institutes, scholars and universities.[1]
References
"History of evidence-based practice - CIAP Clinical Information Access Portal". www.ciap.health.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
Evidence-based practice. (2021, September 24). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:10, October 13, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence-based_practice&oldid=7790646.
Karate
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Karate (空手) is a Japanese martial art.[1] It was developed in the former Ryūkyū Kingdom in what is now Okinawa Prefecture.
Karate uses all parts of the human body as a weapon such as the hand, fist, elbow, leg and knee. Karate training has three main sections:
kihon (基本, きほん) is learning the basic techniques or fundamentals;
kata (形（型）) is the training of form, the specific order and way of using techniques;
kumite (組手) is to learn how to fight using those techniques.
History of Karate
Gichin Funakoshi, a school teacher from the island of Okinawa, introduced Karate to mainland Japan in the early 1900s.[2] Traditional karate is different from boxing, wrestling and kickboxing: in karate, there is just as much importance on the strength of the mind and good manners as there is on strength of the body and self-defence to use when you're in trouble.
Karate became more known around the world because of Karate movies in the 1960s and 1970s. Now people all over the world learn Karate.
After World War II, Karate also became popular in Korea, where a local variation appeared, it is called "tangsudo".
The full name of Karate is "Karate-do" which means "the way of the empty hand" in English.
There are many schools or styles of karate, including
Gōjū-ryū[1]
Sankukai[1]
Shitō-ryū[1]
Shōtōkan[1]
Wadō-ryū[1]
A person who does Karate is called a "karateka".[3] Notable Karateka include: Gichin Funakoshi, Yoshitaka Funakoshi,[2] Shigeru Egami, Masutatsu Oyama, and Fumio Demura.
Karate Clothing
When people practice Karate, they wear special clothes called a karategi. The karategi is made up of a white jacket and white pants. People who practice Karate also wear a colored belt, which tells other people their rank. The belt shows how long you have trained rather than how good you are. Two people wearing different colored belts can be surprisingly similar.
Different schools of Karate have different colours of belts for their ranks. You cannot know precisely how good they are without either asking them or knowing how their school arranges the belt colours in ranks. Usually the black belt is for the students who try very hard to be the best that they can be for a long time.
Some schools have several degrees of black belts. They show this by having a white stripe, called a Dan, on the one end of the belt, for the black belt degree the person has. For instance a "3 Dan black belt" would have 3 white stripes on his black belt and would be higher ranked than a "1 Dan black belt".
Related pages
Sports in Japan
References
Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Karate" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 482.
Nussbaum, "Funakoshi Gichin" at p. 220.
Nussbaum, "karateka" at p. 483.
Karate. (2021, March 12). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13:33, October 13, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karate&oldid=7421634.
The Russian Space Forces was one of the 6 branches of the Russian Military that is responsible for space operations. The branch controls many space stations throughout Russia. The branch is also part of the Ministry of Defence. The main tasks are to inform officials about incoming missile attacks, anti-missile defense, and to create orbit space vehicles. The Russian Space Forces was replaced by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces on 1 December 2011.
History
In 1967, the Troops of Anti-Missile and Anti-Space Defence by the Soviet Union. The branch was then named Ministry of Defence Space Units in 1982. Then in 1991, the Soviet Union broke up. So the new Russian Military created the Russian Space Forces. The branch was abandoned in 1992, but brought back in 2001. General Vladimir Popovkin took the lead of the branch in 2004, after the previous leader, Colonel General Anatoly Perminov.
Russian Space Forces. (2020, January 11). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12:17, October 13, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Space_Forces&oldid=6772687.
Pitch (music)
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In music, the pitch of a note means how high or low the note sounds. For example, a violin usually has a higher pitch than a string bass. Pitch mostly depends on the frequency of the sound — how fast the air vibrates back and forth. In physics, frequency is measured in a unit called Hertz. A note that is vibrating at 261 Hz will be caused by sound waves that vibrate at 261 times a second. This will be Middle C on the piano.
Not all musical instruments make notes of a certain pitch. Many percussion instruments like drums, triangles and cymbals are instruments used for rhythms. They do not play tunes because they have no definite pitch (although often a definite pitch can just be heard when listening carefully.)
Some musicians have a sense of absolute pitch or perfect pitch. This means that they always know what note is being played, even without comparing it to another note. Having a sense of absolute pitch does not necessarily make someone a good musician, although it can be very useful.
There is evidence to suggest that well-known composers of classical music, such as Haydn, Beethoven, Mozart, and Bach, had developed and perhaps even mastered their sense of pitch.
Pitch is not exactly the same as frequency. Frequency is used as a scientific means for measuring and changing sound and its possible pitches. Pitch is a more psychological quality. It depends on how the ear perceives sounds, and how the brain interprets them.
Pitch (music). (2022, October 3). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16:44, October 12, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitch_(music)&oldid=8470332.
What is Super glue?
Super glue, or cyanoacrylate, is the general name for a family of fast-acting adhesives with industrial, medical and household uses. It usually comes in a small tube, and is often sold as "Super Glue" or, "Krazy Glue".
They are extremely strong glues. However, the glue is not so good at resisting shear (sideways stress).
There are different versions for medical and veterinary use, developed to be non-toxic and less irritating to skin tissue.
Cyanoacrylate adhesives are sometimes known as instant glues.
Super glue will stick to human skin instantly. You can glue your fingers together, or to an object, accidentally. If this happens, it can be removed with acetone, commonly found in nail polish remover. Medical grade super glue is sometimes used to seal small cuts, scrapes, and mild wounds. Never use in deep or puncture wounds.
Super glue will burn if it comes in contact with cotton, including cotton clothing, cotton gloves, and cotton swabs. The severity of this reaction can range from a small amount of heat and smoke to starting a fire, depending on the amount of glue and/or cotton involved.
If you have any questions you want answered, ask them at, What is answered at gmail.com
Thank you Wikipedia for keeping information free for everyone.
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_glue
Super glue. (2021, October 14). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13:05, October 11, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_glue&oldid=7824528.