California Frontier - A History Podcast: Recent Episodes
Damian Bacich, Ph.D.
Prof. Damian Bacich takes you on a journey into the fascinating early history of California and the West. Listen to stories and interviews with scholars, experts and people passionate about a time when California was the frontier of empire and imagination.
The story of the Presidio didn't end with Spain or Mexico—it was only beginning.
In the second half of my conversation with Rob Thomson, Federal Preservation Officer, and Kari Jones, archaeologist with the Presidio Trust, we explore the remarkable transformation of the Presidio of San Francisco from a remote Mexican frontier outpost into one of the most important military installations on the West Coast—and ultimately into one of America's most innovative national parks.
We discuss how the U.S. Army reshaped the Presidio after 1846, introducing new architecture, forests, hospitals, airfields, and coastal defenses that reflected changing military priorities from the Civil War through the Cold War. We also examine Fort Point, Castillo de San Joaquín, the evolution of military technology, and the Presidio's role in conflicts ranging from the Civil War to World War II.
The conversation concludes with the extraordinary story of how the Presidio escaped the fate of many former military bases. Rather than falling into disrepair, it became a model for historic preservation through the creation of the Presidio Trust, whose innovative self-supporting approach has preserved hundreds of historic buildings while creating one of the nation's most vibrant urban parks.
Whether you're interested in California history, military history, architecture, archaeology, or the preservation of historic places, this episode offers a fascinating look at one of the most important historic landscapes in the United States.
If you enjoy the episode, please like, subscribe, and share to help more people discover the rich and often overlooked history of California.
Learn about the Presidio Trust
- 00:00 – The Presidio's Transition to American Control
- 02:55 – What the Presidio Looked Like in 1848
- 05:35 – Spanish Revival Architecture and the World's Fair
- 07:15 – Castillo de San Joaquín and the Defense of San Francisco Bay
- 11:55 – Fort Point and America's New Coastal Fortress
- 13:30 – The Presidio's Growth as a Major U.S. Army Base
- 17:30 – The Presidio in the Civil War, World Wars, and Cold War
- 21:00 – From Military Base to National Park
- 25:15 – Historic Buildings, Adaptive Reuse, and the Presidio Today
- 28:05 – Famous People, Defining Moments, and Why the Presidio Matters
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How did a lonely Spanish outpost become one of America's most remarkable historic places?
In this episode, I sit down with Rob Thomson, Federal Preservation Officer, and Kari Jones, Chief Archaeologist with the Presidio Trust, to explore the fascinating history of the Presidio of San Francisco—from its founding by Spain in 1776 to its role as the northernmost military outpost in Alta California.
Our conversation examines why the Spanish chose this strategic location, what daily life was like for soldiers and settlers on California's frontier, and how archaeology is helping us better understand the people who lived and worked there. We also discuss the Yelamu and other Indigenous communities whose homeland became the Presidio, the challenges of building a fort on San Francisco's windswept dunes, the impact of the 1812 earthquakes, relations with Russian Fort Ross, and the transition from Spanish to Mexican California.
Along the way, you'll hear remarkable stories about El Polín Spring, the reconstruction of the Presidio, the surviving adobe buildings and how archaeological discoveries continue to reshape our understanding of early California.
Whether you're passionate about California history, archaeology, the Spanish colonial period, or San Francisco itself, this conversation offers a deeper appreciation for one of the state's most significant historic sites.
00:17 Introduction to the Presidio of San Francisco
00:26 Commemorating 250 Years of History
01:51 Exploring the Significance of the Presidio
05:09 Understanding the Presidio's Historical Significance
08:05 Life at the Presidio: Early Years and Challenges
10:51 The Impact of Mexican Independence on the Presidio
14:00 Archaeological Discoveries and Historical Insights
17:04 The Evolution of the Presidio: From Spanish to American Control
31:04 New chapter
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In Part 2 of this conversation, Damian Bacich talks with wine historian Kevin Ferguson, descendant of the Gemello Winery family, about the dramatic rise of California wine, the legendary 1976 Judgment of Paris, and the family stories that connect Silicon Valley, Napa Valley, and Italian immigrant winemakers.
They also explore how Prohibition, entrepreneurship, and even Bank of America played unexpected roles in California's wine history. Whether you're interested in California history, wine, or remarkable family stories, this episode offers a fascinating look behind one of the state's greatest success stories.
Kevin's Substack: https://gemello.substack.com/
Chapters
00:00 – A French judge mistakes Napa wine for French
00:49 – California wine's low point in the 1960s
03:41 – From 350 wineries to nearly 4,800
04:11 – The Gemello family's survival and real estate strategy
08:11 – California wines before the Judgment of Paris
10:04 – How the Judgment of Paris came together
14:44 – The shocking tasting results that changed history
15:46 – How the victory inspired a new generation of winemakers
22:26 – Steven Spurrier's remarkable wine shop story
26:06 – Why the Judgment of Paris became California's great underdog story
27:52 – Italian immigrants, Bank of America, and California agriculture
31:46 – Final reflections and Kevin Ferguson's upcoming book
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In the first part of my conversation with author Kevin Ferguson, we explore the rich history of California wine, tracing its roots from Italian immigrants through the challenges of Prohibition to the pivotal Judgment of Paris in 1976.
Kevin delves into his family's legacy, highlighting how early 20th-century winemakers navigated legal loopholes and economic shifts to establish California as a leading wine region.
This episode provides insights into the evolution of winemaking practices, the influence of figures like Paul Masson, and the resilience required to thrive in a changing industry.
Join us to understand the historical context and enduring impact of these developments on the global wine landscape.
00:00 - Introduction.
00:31 - California's wine history.
01:32 - Judgment of Paris explained.
02:18 - Kevin's family background.
03:40 - Early winemaking challenges.
05:52 - Paul Masson's influence.
10:09 - Settling in California.
15:12 - Impact of Prohibition.
18:36 - Loopholes in the law.
28:34 - Repeal and resurgence of wineries.
Kevin's Substack: https://gemello.substack.com/
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In part 2 of our interview, we explore the transformative period of US occupation and the subsequent transition to statehood, focusing on the California Constitution drafted in 1849 and ratified in 1850. Dr. Jones provides a deep dive into the cultural and social dynamics of the time, highlighting the contributions and challenges faced by these pioneering communities.
We discuss the development of africancalifornios.org, a dedicated platform aimed at preserving and sharing this rich heritage. The conversation also uncovers the intriguing story behind California's name, believed to be inspired by an African queen, Califia, from a historical novel. This episode offers a comprehensive look at the diverse influences that have shaped California's history.
To learn more: https://www.africancalifornios.org/home
- 00:10 Introduction to the Interview
- 01:12 US Occupation and Statehood
- 02:47 California Constitution
- 05:30 Cultural and Social Dynamics
- 10:30 Project Development: africancalifornios.org
- 33:52 California's Name Origin
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Historian Cameron Jones joins Damian Bacich for a fascinating conversation about the overlooked African presence in early California. Drawing on mission records, census data, and genealogical research, Jones explores how people of African descent—many arriving from Mexico as soldiers, settlers, and ranchers—helped shape California during the Spanish and Mexican periods.
The discussion traces the stories of prominent Californio families such as the Picos, the multicultural origins of Los Angeles, and the complex racial realities of life in frontier California. Jones also explains his groundbreaking digital humanities project, AfricanCalifornios.org, which uses historical records and data science to reconstruct the lives and networks of African-descended Californios.
Far from reducing California history to simple categories, this interview reveals a past that was deeply diverse, interconnected, and often misunderstood. It’s an essential conversation for anyone interested in California history, the Spanish Borderlands, genealogy, race and identity, or the hidden stories behind the American West.
Topics discussed include:
- African-descended Californios and the Spanish missions
- The founding families of Los Angeles
- Pío Pico and the Pico dynasty
- Race, class, and identity in Spanish and Mexican California
- The transition from Mexican to U.S. ru
- California genealogy and historical memory
- The AfricanCalifornios.org project
To learn more: https://www.africancalifornios.org/home
- 0:00 Intro
- 0:23 Show Introduction
- 0:48 About Dr. Cameron Jones & African Californios
- 3:26 How Cameron Got Into This Research
- 7:44 The 1813 Questionnaire: Discovery of African Descent in California
- 10:20 Notable Californio Families of African Descent
- 14:26 The Founders of Los Angeles
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In the second half of this interview with Edie Littlefield Sundby (The Mission Walker), she explains why she extended the California Mission Trail beyond San Diego and retraced the original mission route from Loreto, Baja California, to the U.S. border in 2015, after her cancer returned and she was treated with radiation.
Guided by Harry Crosby’s maps and aided by (previous guest) Trudi Angell and local vaqueros, she walked nearly 1,000 GPS miles through roadless desert sierras with pack mules, scarce water, and minimal supplies, encountering both extraordinary hospitality on remote ranchos and increasing danger from narcos and drug routes in northern Baja.
Edie contrasts the wild Jesuit trail with the more accessible Franciscan route in California, reflects on gratitude, trust, and spiritual pilgrimage, discusses the missions’ enduring “spirit” even in ruins, and closes with thoughts on history’s complexity and the California Mission Trail as a pilgrimage people can complete in segments.
Purchase The Mission Walker
Chapters
00:00 Why Baja Matters
01:21 Transcendence Then Relapse
03:28 Discovering Loreto Origins
05:20 Planning With Trudy
06:41 Keeping It Quiet
07:59 Jesuit Trail Realities
09:54 Launching From Loreto
10:25 Vaqueros And Survival
13:23 Rancho Hospitality Story
16:11 Living History On Ranchos
18:07 Timing The Desert Walk
19:23 Loreto Mission And Spirit
21:07 Jesuit Trail Highlights
23:04 Narcos on the Trail
24:23 Vaquero Protection
26:31 Respect and Trust
28:08 Desert Hunger Lessons
29:11 Water Survival System
30:16 Cactus and Gear
32:14 Shrines and Gratitude
33:19 Finishing the Journey
36:33 Drug Roads Reality
37:59 History Beyond Myths
40:31 Trust Over Fear
41:44 California Camino Dream
42:44 Walking in Segments
43:52 Next Big Adventures
44:55 Books and Farewell
46:57 Support the Show
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Today's guest is Edie Littlefield Sundby, author of the memoir The Mission Walker, about becoming the first person to walk the full Camino Real of both Californias while living with stage four cancer.
In Part 1, Edie recounts being initially denied treatment, finding aggressive care at Stanford, surviving extensive surgeries and chemotherapy, and using walking to purge toxicity and rebuild her body and spirit.
She also describes her first mission journey, walking from San Diego to Sonoma in 55 days by following mission bells and a hiker’s guide, as well as the hospitality of Franciscan missions.
Chapters:
00:00 California Mission Trail Intro
00:40 Meet Edie Littlefield Sun
02:40 Stage Four Cancer Turning Point
04:54 Walking as Medicine and Pilgrimage
08:13 Mission Bells and First Trail Walk
10:48 Chemo Walks and Healing Mindset
15:56 Follow the Bells Decision
18:14 Planning the 800 Mile Walk
21:18 Trail Logistics and One Lung
24:03 No Shortcuts Long Walk Lessons
27:04 Maps Over GPS Ground Truth
30:03 55 Days Mission to Mission
32:50 Mindfulness Outside the Head
34:56 Santa Susanna Pass Breakthrough
39:29 How the Trail Defines California
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In 1769, Spain feared it was about to lose the Pacific coast. Russian traders were moving south from Alaska, British naval power was rising, and Spain had no permanent settlements north of Baja California. In response, imperial officials launched a land-and-sea operation known as the Sacred Expedition — a march that would found San Diego, search for the lost harbor of Monterey, and lead a small overland party to the first recorded European sighting of San Francisco Bay.
The Portolá Expedition (1769–1770) was the first Spanish overland exploration of coastal Alta California, organized to secure Spain’s claim against rival empires. Led by Gaspar de Portolá and supported by Fr. Junípero Serra and José de Gálvez, the expedition established San Diego, attempted to locate Monterey Bay, and instead made the first documented European discovery of San Francisco Bay. These journeys laid the foundation for Spain’s missions and presidios in California.
0:00 -- Introduction
0:32 — Why Spain Moved into Alta California (Manila Galleon & Empire Strategy)
3:10 — Russian Expansion Threatens Spanish California
6:30 — José de Gálvez’s Plan: Missions and Presidios in Alta California
9:40 — The 1769 Portolá Expedition Begins
13:10 — Founding San Diego: First Mission and Presidio
16:40 — Why the Expedition Missed Monterey
19:50 — The European “Discovery” of San Francisco Bay (1769)
22:40 — The Return South and Near Failure
24:30 — 1770: Founding Monterey and Securing Spanish California
References:
- Herbert Eugene Bolton, Fray Juan Crespi, Missionary Explorer on the Pacific Coast, 1769-1774
- Phil Brigandi and Eric Plunkett, The Portolá Expedition in Orange County
- Harry W. Crosby, Gateway to Alta California: The Expedition to San Diego, 1769
- Iris Engstrand and Donald Cutter, Quest for Empire: Spanish Settlement in the Southwest
- Iris Engstrand, “The Occupation of the Port of San Diego de Alcalá, 1769.”
- Robert Kirsch and William S. Murphy, West of the West. Witnesses to the California Experience, 1542-1906.
- Richard Pourade, The History of San Diego: Vol. II: The Explorers, 1492-1774.
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In part two of this interview, Damian Bacich continues his conversation with David Kier, who shares stories from his travels to the Baja California missions and explains some of the legends people tell about “lost missions” and hidden treasures. David describes what the missions look like today—some are still standing and even used for church services, while others are in ruins because of weather and time. He also talks about other historians and writers who inspired his work and gives helpful advice for people who want to visit Baja California, including tips about safety, transportation, insurance, and travel documents. David encourages listeners to see Baja California as an important part of California’s history and to appreciate its culture, landscapes, and historic landmarks.
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In this episode, host Damian Bacich talks with David Kier about his lifelong interest in Baja California and its missions.
Kier explains how family trips he took as a child sparked a passion that later led him to make maps, write guidebooks, and become an expert on mission history. He describes when and why the Jesuit, Franciscan, and Dominican missions were founded in Baja California between 1697 and 1849, clears up myths about “lost missions,” and explains how disease and Spanish colonization affected Native peoples.
The episode also looks at how the name “California” originally referred to Baja California before spreading north, how control of the region changed from Spain to Mexico, and why Kier believes it is important to study history carefully while staying open to new discoveries.
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Today, I'm honored to speak with Craig S. Harwood, author of Bridget's Gambit, a captivating saga of family enterprise during the California Gold Rush. This really interesting book, coming out soon, tells a fascinating story of early California and its impact on American history. Craig shares insights about the gold mining and gold hunting in the region, his personal connection to the narrative, and what he discovered while writing this important piece of history.
We explore the life of Bridget Evoy, a remarkable figure in California's Gold Rush history.
The discussion highlights Bridget's leadership and resilience, as well as the challenges faced by women in a male-dominated society during the Victorian era. We also cover Bridget's role in the development of the city of Oakland during the Gold Rush era, her resilience in the face of personal tragedy, her family's legacy, and the impact of their Catholic faith. The conversation also highlights the challenges and triumphs of women during this period, the writing process behind documenting Bridget's story, and the misconceptions surrounding women's roles in the Gold Rush. Craig also shares insights from his research and the importance of storytelling in preserving history.
Pre-order Bridget's Gambit today
Chapters
00:00 Introduction to California History and Bridget's Gambit
03:00 The Author's Background and Connection to Bridget
05:51 Bridget Evoy's Early Life in Ireland
08:40 Bridget's Journey to America and Challenges Faced
11:41 The Gold Rush Catalyst and Family Decisions
14:41 The Overland Journey and Leadership in Crisis
18:54 Exploiting Opportunities During the Gold Rush
22:11 The Family's Strategic Business Moves
25:40 Navigating Dangers in a Male-Dominated Society
31:52 Facing Tragedy with Resilience
35:12 Legacy of Tenacity and Business Acumen
38:30 Faith and Philanthropy in the Family
42:08 Researching the Past: A Detective Story
42:37 The Writing Process: From Idea to Publication
43:33 Crafting a Compelling Narrative
45:07 Lessons from Previous Works
46:32 Balancing Scholarly Rigor with Accessibility
47:57 Misconceptions about Women in the Gold Rush
50:45 Legal Changes Empowering Women
52:10 Future Projects and Book Promotion
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In Part 2 of my interview with archaeologist Richard Carrico, our conversation delves into the significant archaeological findings at the Presidio, revealing insights into its history, architecture, and the lives of its inhabitants.
Richard comments on the culinary practices of the time, leisure activities, and the transition from the Presidio to Old Town San Diego. The discussion also covers crime and punishment within the Presidio, the legal rights of Native Americans, and the broader implications of these historical narratives for contemporary readers.
Purchase Richard's book: El Presidio de San Diego: Excavating Southern California's Lost City
00:00 Introduction to Richard Carrico and His Work
01:08 Excavation Discoveries and Archaeological Insights
07:33 Culinary Traditions at the Presidio
09:28 Authentic Culinary Traditions
12:09 Leisure and Games in Historical Context
15:43 The Evolution of Old Town
21:00 Crime and Punishment at the Presidio
32:53 Understanding the Reader's Perspective
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In this conversation, I interview archaeologist Richard Carrico, an expert on the Presidio of San Diego, discussing its historical significance, the need for accessible literature on the subject, and the cultural heritage of the Kumeyaay people.
Carrico shares insights from his new book, El Presidio de San Diego: Excavating Southern California's Lost City. In it, Richard emphasizes the importance of the Presidio in California's history and the challenges it faces in terms of preservation and public awareness.
00:00 Introduction to Richard Carrico and His Work
02:08 The Significance of the Presidio of San Diego
04:29 The Need for a Comprehensive Book on the Presidio
06:59 The Current State of the Presidio Site
12:30 Historical Occupation of the Presidio
18:00 Demographics and Community at the Presidio
23:08 The Origin and Meaning of 'Presidio'
25:35 Excavation Discoveries and Archaeological Insights
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In this episode, we delve into the second half of an interview with Tom Prezelski, author of Californio Lancers: The First Battalion of Native Cavalry in the Far West.
The discussion covers the period post-Civil War, focusing on the unit's deployment to Arizona and the numerous challenges they faced, including malaria, desertion, and campaigns against the Apaches and French imperialists in Northern Mexico.
We explore figures like Salvador Vallejo, Captain Pico, and Colonel Ronstadt, as well as the diverse backgrounds of the unit's soldiers and their complex motivations for joining.
The episode provides a comprehensive look at the battalion's legacy and traces the intersections of various historical threads in the American Southwest during the 1860s.
00:00 Introduction to the Interview
01:25 Deployment to Arizona and Challenges
02:59 Campaigns Against the Apaches and French Imperialists
04:58 Health Issues and Desertion
06:36 Confrontations and Leadership Dynamics
15:34 Recruitment and Composition of the Unit
21:50 Cultural and Linguistic Diversity
31:12 Uniforms and Disbandment
35:11 Legacy and Memorials
37:40 Conclusion and Future Projects
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In this episode, I talk with author Tom Prezelski about his book The Californio Lancers: The 1st Battalion of Native Cavalry in the Far West, 1863–1866.
Together, we explore the fascinating and often overlooked history of the First Battalion of Native Cavalry in California during the Civil War.
Learn how these Californios (Mexican Californians) came together to form a unique unit that played a crucial role in both Union efforts and frontier defense from 1863 to 1866.
Tom shares personal anecdotes and historical insights on the battalion's formation, the use of lances, and their deployment to Arizona and Sonora.
This episode ties together the cultural, political, and social dynamics of the American West and Civil War history.
00:00 Introduction to the California Lancers
01:32 Meet the Author: Tom Prezelski
01:59 Tom's Background and Inspiration
03:19 Discovering the California Lancers
08:49 The Formation of the Native Cavalry
10:30 Challenges and Recruitment
14:19 The Unique Use of Lances
26:56 Deployment and Duties
29:49 Controversies and Legal Issues
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Join us as we conclude our interview with ethnohistorian April Farnham, delving into the lives and contributions of mixed Spanish and indigenous families in Northern California during the late 18th and 19th centuries.
From the Anza Expedition to the intricate social fabrics of families like the Juarez and Carillo, we explore matrimonial investigations, multicultural interactions, and the significant roles of women in preserving and merging diverse cultures.
Discover how these early settlers shaped the cultural and historical landscape of California, specifically in the areas surrounding San Francisco Bay, Napa, and Sonoma.
Don't miss out on learning new historical revelations and the ongoing efforts to uncover more about California's rich heritage.
00:00 Introduction to the Interview with April Farham
01:52 Exploring Matrimonial Investigations
04:08 Connections to the Anza Expedition
05:22 The Carillo Family Lineage
07:32 Multilingual Influences and Relationships
14:23 Research Directions and Future Projects
23:55 The Role of Women in Preserving Culture
30:16 Events and Activities at Sonoma State Historic Park
32:46 Conclusion and Final Thoughts
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In this episode, I interview April Farham, who shares her fascinating work on the lives of early California settlers, specifically indigenous and Mestiza women. April discusses her personal journey into historical research that focuses on California's frontier in the 18th and 19th centuries. She elaborates on her work at the Maidu Indian Museum and her passion for unraveling the stories behind the extensive basket collections and their connection to indigenous women. The conversation also touches on the genealogical and historical intersections revealed through archival research and the impact of mixed ancestry on California's cultural landscape.
00:00 Introduction to the Interview with April Farham
02:14 April's Background and Early Career
06:54 Exploring the State Indian Museum Collections
12:07 Graduate Studies and Research Focus Shift
19:37 Discovering the Juarez Family History
32:45 Ethnohistorical Research and Archival Work
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Exploring Historical Illustrations and California's Cultural Heritage with David W. Rickman
Watch to the full YouTube video
In the final installment of this interview series, historian and illustrator David W. Rickman delves into the history of Russians on Northern California's coast, his contributions to national and state parks, collaborations with the Smithsonian Institution, and his esteemed Sutter's Fort Costume Manual.
David also discusses his forthcoming book on clothing and material culture in the American West, 'Where Worlds Met.'
Throughout the conversation, Rickman highlights his endeavors in historical illustration, including his projects for Alviso Adobe, Fort Ross, and other national parks.
David reflects on nearly participating in a Hollywood Zorro series, emphasizing the importance and challenges of historical accuracy in visual storytelling. The episode is a treasure trove for history enthusiasts, offering rich insights into the cultural tapestry of early California and the American West.
00:00 Introduction to the Final Interview with David W. Rickman
01:01 David's Work in National and State Parks
05:27 Sutter's Fort Costume Manual and Upcoming Book
07:25 Challenges and Insights in Historical Costume Research
15:51 Illustrations and Projects for National Park Service
20:40 Hollywood and Historical Authenticity
24:40 Conclusion and Upcoming Events
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In the second part of our interview with illustrator and historian David W. Rickman, we delve into his research methodologies and his quest to accurately depict historical clothing. We discuss how Hollywood has influenced our perceptions of the American West and the common misconceptions about Native American attire in the past. David shares his experiences researching in various museums, including the National History Museum in Los Angeles and the de Young Museum, and talks about the challenges of getting people to wear authentic historical costumes. We also touch on his upcoming book, 'Where Worlds Met,' which explores California costumes from 1822 to 1860 and features never-before-seen images. Join us as we explore these fascinating insights into California history.
00:00 Introduction to the Interview with David W. Rickman
01:00 David's Research Methodology and Museum Experiences
05:04 Challenges in Historical Costume Accuracy
06:50 The Influence of the American West and Individualism
08:57 California's Historical and Cultural Revival
24:28 Misconceptions About Native American Clothing
31:38 Conclusion and Final Thoughts
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Join us for Part 1 of an interview with artist and historian David W. Rickman, renowned for his illustrations of California history and the Spanish borderlands.
In this episode, we delve into the misconceptions influenced by Hollywood and incomplete historical records, and how David's unique expertise helps correct these narratives.
Learn about his fascinating work on early Californian dress, the visual culture of the American West, and the painstaking research process behind his acclaimed illustrations.
Don't miss this deep dive into the material culture and historical representation of the American West.
00:00 Introduction and Technical Notes
01:23 Understanding the Past Through Visuals
02:38 Meet David Rickman: Historian and Illustrator
04:03 David's Unique Perspective on History
06:09 The Influence of Early Experiences
08:12 Challenges in Historical Illustration
20:00 Research and Projects
27:52 The Importance of Accurate Representation
31:15 California's Rich Historical Record
39:55 Conclusion and Upcoming Part Two
David's Website
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Antonio Coronel’s Gold Rush Tales in Mexican California
In the final installment of 'The Tales of Mexican California,' we follow Antonio Coronel's vivid recount of his time in the Northern California gold fields post-1848.
Coronel, who initially settled in Los Angeles after arriving from Mexico in 1834, shares graphic and poignant stories from the Gold Rush era.
These include violent episodes, massacres of Native people, and the lawlessness that prevailed among fortune seekers.
Coronel details his own experiences with gold mining, the lucrative yet perilous nature of the business, and the eventual abandonment of his efforts due to lawlessness and threats of violence.
His firsthand accounts provide a unique perspective on the cultural and societal shifts during the transition of California from Mexican to American rule.
00:00 Introduction to Antonio Coronel's Gold Rush Adventures
02:12 The Gold Rush Begins: Challenges and Opportunities
04:36 Life in the Gold Fields: Wealth and Lawlessness
08:09 A Violent Encounter in Sonoma
12:50 Return to the Gold Fields and New Ventures
18:42 Conflict and Prejudice in the Gold Fields
29:46 Final Reflections and Departure from the Gold Fields
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In the second part of my interview with Michael Hardwick, we hear about Hippolyte Bouchard, a pirate who raided California's coast, and learn about the history of the Spanish and Mexican presidios.
This episode explores sea battles, invasions, and the armaments used during California's conquest and defense.
Historian Michael R. Hardwick shares insights into powder supplies, Spanish cannons, and colonial history from 1769 to the Mexican War.
In an interesting twist, Michael introduces also us to Spanish horticultural practices at the California missions.
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In this episode, I delve into the often overlooked history of the Spanish Presidios in California with expert Michael Hardwick, author of Spanish Arms and Armaments of the Presidios in California.
Michael shares his extensive research on Spanish military fortifications during the colonial period. We discuss the arms, armaments, and strategies of these garrisons, their role in supporting the missions, and their adaptation to coastal defenses.
Michael also shares personal anecdotes from his years of archaeological work at Presidio sites and his exploration of historical records, providing a fascinating glimpse into California's early military history.
00:00 Introduction to Spanish Presence in California
00:36 Meet Michael Hardwick: Expert on Presidios
03:17 Michael's Background and Work on the Presidio Project
04:22 The Historical Significance of Presidios
07:55 Uncovering the Foundations and Artifacts
16:08 The Evolution and Role of Presidios
22:06 The Armament and Defense Strategies
31:14 The Legacy of Spanish Artillery
40:26 Conclusion and Final Thoughts
Purchase Spanish Arms and Armaments of the Presidios in California
or email Michael: mrhardwick@icloud.com
Michael's Book on Mission La Purísima
Watch on YouTube
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Join me for another excerpt from Antonio Franco Coronel's memoirs, Tales of Mexican California.
In this episode, we hear about the events of 1846, when the US military began its invasion and occupation of California. Coronel recounts Marine Captain Gillespie's heavy-handed rule in Los Angeles, local reactions to U.S. occupation, and the events leading to the (likely avoidable) revolt of the Pueblo of Los Angeles' residents against Gillespie and the U.S. occupiers.
Antonio Coronel's account provides rich, firsthand insights into California's complex history during the Mexican-American War.
00:00 Introduction to Antonio Franco Cordone's Memoirs
01:10 Context of the Mexican-American War
03:41 Captain Gillespie's Oppressive Rule
07:50 The Revolt Against Gillespie
15:35 The Siege and Surrender of Gillespie
26:13 Conclusion and Reflections
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Tales of Mexican California: Antonio Coronel's Memoirs - Part 2
To hear Part 1, go to Episode 065.
In this episode of the California Frontier Podcast, Damian Bacich continues exploring the memoirs of Antonio Franco Coronel. Coronel's account provides a riveting look into his experiences as a Superior Court Judge in Mexican California during the 1840s, a time marked by political instability and frequent criminal conduct by soldiers.
The memoir sheds light on key historical moments, including the failed colonization efforts, the uprising against Governor Manuel Micheltorena, and the early signs of American annexation. Coronel's detailed recounting of robberies and kidnappings from New Mexico and his interactions with notable figures like Pio Pico, Jose Castro, and John Sutter offer valuable insights into a tumultuous period in California history.
00:00 Introduction to Antonio Franco Coronel's Memoirs
00:21 Arrival and Early Challenges in Alta California
01:36 Political Instability and New Governance
03:34 The Crimes of the Permanent California Battalion
05:25 The Great Robbery at Don Vicente Sanchez's House
12:13 Banditry and Contraband on the Old Spanish Trail
13:18 The Case of the Stolen Turkeys
20:52 Rebellion Against Governor Micheltorena
25:17 Failed Negotiations and Micheltorena's Dilemma
30:16 Conclusion and Reflections on Coronel's Memoirs
Purchase a copy of Tales of Mexican California.
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In the second half of my interview with Father Paul Mark Swan, Abbot of the Abbey of New Clairvaux, we find out about the journey of a medieval Spanish monastery, brought to San Francisco by William Randolph Hearst, and later reassembled in Vina, California. Fr. Paul describes the meticulous process of restoring the Romanesque-Gothic church, as well as the architectural experts and stonemasons who made it possible. We also hear about the monastery's successful venture into the California wine industry and how you can visit and appreciate this unique California location.
00:00 Introduction and Recap
01:25 The Journey of the Stones
03:20 Restoration Efforts and Challenges
09:35 Rebuilding the Church
23:09 The Winery and Self-Support
28:40 Visiting the Monastery
32:40 Conclusion and Support
The Abbey of New Clairvaux's Website
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Part 1 of this interview explores the rich history of the Abbey of New Clairvaux, a Roman Catholic monastery in Vina, California. The abbey is rooted in the Benedictine tradition, a monastic lifestyle that began over 1,500 years ago. Abbot Fr. Paul Mark Schwan shares how through the monastery, medieval European monasticism intersected with U.S. westward expansion, touching upon historical figures like William Randolph Hearst and Leland Stanford, and the early years of the California wine industry. We learn about the abbey's foundation in 1955 by monks from Gethsemane Abbey in Kentucky, as well as the extensive history of the Vina location itself, which was once home to Native American tribes and later became an important site for prominent historical figures in California. The discussion also delves into the medieval stone church purchased by William Randolph Hearst, and its journey to California from Spain. Tune in to discover how these stones connect with present-day Golden Gate Park and their ultimate fate.
00:00 Introduction to the Abbey of New Clairvaux
00:31 Meeting the Monks and Learning the History
01:23 The Monastic Life and Its Origins
06:25 Founding of New Clairvaux
08:12 The Location and Its Historical Significance
10:18 The Property's Previous Owners
16:16 Leland Stanford's Vision and Challenges
26:20 William Randolph Hearst and the Ovila Monastery
33:31 Conclusion and Segue to Part 2
The Abbey of New Clairvaux's Website
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In Part 2 of my conversation with author James Tejani, we delve into the Civil War's role in shaping California's economic and political landscape. The discussion highlights the transformation of California from the Gold Rush period to an industrial powerhouse in the late 19th century, emphasizing the importance of the transcontinental railroad. James explores the divisive debates in Congress about where the railroad would be placed, spotlighting California's critical position. We also cover California's strategic importance during the Civil War, the role of the LDS Church, Native American interactions, and the parallel between U.S. imperial ambitions and the earlier Spanish Empire's transpacific project.
00:00 Introduction: The Civil War's Impact on California
00:38 Railroads and the Civil War
01:26 California's Role in the Civil War
02:14 The Pacific Railroad Controversy
05:40 San Pedro Bay and the Civil War
06:50 The Civil War's Broader Implications
15:15 Native Americans, Mormons, and the Civil War
22:16 California's Transformation Post-Civil War
31:26 Reflections on California's History
34:35 Conclusion and Future Projects
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In Part 1, we sit down with author James Tejani to discuss his book, A Machine to Move Ocean and Earth: The Making of the Port of Los Angeles and America. The conversation delves into the historical context of the Gold Rush, demographic shifts in California, and the significant roles played by individuals like Edward Ord and Manuel Dominguez. We also explore the impact of federal scientific initiatives, the Coast Survey, and political patronage systems on the development of the port. Tejani ties these elements to broader themes like U.S. imperial expansion and the interface between science and politics.
00:36 Introduction and Guest Welcome
01:06 Author's Background and Early Influences
04:15 The Significance of the Port of Los Angeles
08:30 Key Figures in the Port's History
09:26 The Ord-Dominguez Relationship
20:28 Political and Economic Context
26:03 Science and Politics Intersect
32:54 Conclusion and Teaser for Part Two
Get the book: A Machine to Move Ocean and Earth: The Making of the Port of Los Angeles and America
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A quick message of thanks at the end of 2024 from the California Frontier Project.
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In the first episode of this series, we explore the memoirs of Antonio Franco Coronel, a significant figure in Southern California's Mexican past.
Coronel takes us through his reminiscences of the struggles the controversial Híjar-Padrés Colony faced in early California.
He describes the hardships encountered by the colonists, the betrayal by Don Mariano Vallejo's troops, and the political tensions between Mexican leaders over California's future.
Coronel's narrative also offers a different perspective on the controversial secularization of missions and the role of the colonists in California's development.
00:00 Introduction to Antonio Franco Coronel's Memoirs
01:38 Who Was Antonio Coronel?
02:44 Coronel's Early Life and Journey to California
05:01 The Colonization Efforts and Challenges
08:26 The Journey to Monterey and Sonoma
12:21 Struggles and Dissolution of the Colony
18:18 Reflections on the Mission Secularization
20:51 Conclusion and Next Steps
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In this episode, we conclude the story of Fr. José María del Real. We cover the U.S. annexation and occupation of California and the tensions between new American settlers and the local population. We delve into Father Real's efforts to accommodate new immigrants, his rumored illegal sales of mission property, and his eventual departure from the mission. We also highlight Fr. Real's involvement in discovering a mercury mine and his life after leaving Alta California.
00:00 Overiew of Prior Episodes
01:47 The Arrival of American Settlers in California
04:15 Tensions Between Immigrants and Native Californians
07:36 Religious and Social Conflicts
14:12 Father Real's Involvement in Local Developments
20:19 The Catholic Church in California: A New Era
20:42 Bishop Joseph Alemany: A New Leader
21:32 Challenges and Changes: The Arrival of the Jesuits
23:21 The Controversial Transfer of Mission Santa Clara
26:05 Disputes and Legal Battles Over Mission Property
31:06 Father Real's Departure and Final Days
37:18 Legacy and Reflections on Father Real's Life
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In this episode, we delve further into the life and challenges faced by Fr. José María Suárez del Real, the last Franciscan missionary at Mission Santa Clara. The episode recounts Father Real's advocacy for the native people, his disputes with local elites, and the hardships he endured, including the occupation by militia troops. The narrative also touches upon the broader political struggles in Alta California, including the rise of local Californio leaders and the influence of American settlers leading up to the Mexican-American War.
00:00 Introduction and Recap
00:20 Challenges of Secularization
01:16 Mission Indians' Struggles
02:38 Father Real's Advocacy
04:06 Political Turmoil and Land Disputes
07:12 American Influence and Rebellion
11:17 Father Rael's Later Years
19:45 The Catholic Church's Struggles
22:50 New Immigrants
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In this episode, we delve into the life and legacy of Father José María Suárez del Real, a Mexican Franciscan missionary in 1840s California. Through anecdotes and historical context, we explore his role during the mission secularization period, his challenges in Alta California, and his impact on the local communities and California history. The episode sheds light on a tumultuous era of California's past, often overlooked in simplified historical narratives. Tune in to better understand this critical period in California history.
00:00 Introduction to Father Real
01:02 Complexities of California History
02:27 Introducing Father Jose María Suárez del Real
04:05 Arrival of the Franciscan Missionaries
05:32 Challenges Faced by the Missionaries
08:58 Secularization of the Missions
11:38 Struggles and Adaptations
18:35 Conclusion and Further Insights
19:06 Support and Resources
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In Part 2 of our conversation, we delve into the 1775 sacking of Mission San Diego de Alcalá, a pivotal event in California's history. Richard's detailed research challenges mainstream historical accounts and highlights the specific involvement of the Tipai subgroup of the Kumeyaay people in the attack.
Richard discusses the complex motives behind the sacking, including religious conflicts, cultural grievances, and retribution for abuses by Spanish soldiers.
We also explore the nuanced aftermath of the event, the Spanish military's response, and the broader implications for Spanish-Kumeyaay relations.
This episode offers a deep dive into the anthropology and ethnohistory of the Kumeyaay, providing a richer understanding of their complex relationship with the Spanish, Mexican and U.S. governments.
00:00 Introduction to the 1775 Sacking of Mission San Diego
00:57 Excavation and Historical Research
02:32 Anthropological Insights and Clan Dynamics
04:46 Motives Behind the Attack
05:34 Aftermath and Spanish Military Response
11:56 Cultural and Religious Implications
31:27 Long-term Effects and Legacy
44:43 Modern Reflections and Career Advice
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In Part 1 of this interview, I speak with archeologist Richard Carrico, a prominent expert on the Native peoples of California, especially those in the San Diego area. Carrico shares his intriguing journey into archaeology, beginning with his service in the U.S. Army and a twist of fate that led him to discover his passion for archaeological studies.
Richard details his educational path and various pivotal excavations, including working on the Presidio of San Diego and the Bancroft Ranch House. Carrico emphasizes the importance of understanding Native cultures, highlighting his ethnographic studies and collaboration with the Kumeyaay people of Southern California.
This episode is a rich exploration of historical archaeology and the stories that shape our understanding of Native Californian history.
Richard's book: Strangers in a Stolen Land: Indians of San Diego County from Prehistory to the New Deal
00:29 Introduction to Richard Carrico
01:18 Richard's Journey into Archaeology
02:35 Early Career and Mentorship
05:01 Professional Growth and Historic Archaeology
07:25 Transition to Commercial Archaeology
09:45 Balancing Academic and Commercial Work
17:59 Focus on Kumeyaay People and Ethnography
26:02 Challenges and Diplomatic Skills
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This solo episode explores how two ambitious foreigners, one a Scotsman and the other an American, navigated life in Mexican California during the 1830s and 1840s.
Though both shared a common language and elite backgrounds, their approaches to Californio society couldn’t have been more different. One embraced the culture, marrying into a prominent local family and becoming a trusted insider; the other kept his distance, building wealth and connections among fellow Americans while remaining aloof from his Californio neighbors.
As California’s fate shifted with the U.S.-Mexico War and the Gold Rush, these contrasting strategies had lasting consequences. Their stories offer a window into the opportunities and tensions in a society on the brink of transformation, as outsiders either integrated into or clashed with a tightly woven world of family and alliances.
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In Part 2 of my interview with Eric Plunkett about early explorations of California, we begin with the shipwreck of the San Agustin in 1595 at Drake's Bay, recognized as California's first shipwreck.
Eric goes on to discuss Pedro de Unamuno's overland incursion in 1587, which included the first recorded conflict with native people in California.
We then explore the extensive and officially sanctioned expeditions of explorers like Sebastián Vizcaíno, who mapped much of the California coast and named several well-known places.
The episode highlights California's early role in global trade routes and its significant connections with Asian markets. Through these stories, you will gain a new perspective on California's place in the broader context of world history.
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Join host Damian Bacich and guest Eric Plunkett as they dive into the fascinating early maritime history of California.
Plunkett reveals surprising details about Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo's 1542 expedition, including his connection to Cortez and the fall of Tenochtitlan. Learn how Cabrillo documented Chumash village names that remained unchanged for centuries and how Native American trade networks helped Spanish explorers communicate across vast distances.
Discover lesser-known stories of the Manila Galleons, shipwrecks, and a possible "California Cabeza de Vaca" - a Spanish pilot who may have walked from Northern California back to Mexico City in the 1580s.
This episode challenges common assumptions about early California history and reveals the complex web of exploration, trade, and cultural exchange that shaped the region long before the mission era.
Eric Plunkett is a historian based in San Juan Capistrano specializing in early California exploration and indigenous history.
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In Part 2 of my interview with Helena Hazleton, Museum Director at Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, we discuss its later history and some features that make it stand out among missions.
Main topics of Part 2:
- The mission's unique architecture, including its distinctive dome and lavandería
- Rare Spanish colonial artworks, some with surprising origins
- Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, son of Sacagawea, and his role at the mission
- How Mexican and Irish Franciscans worked to restore the mission
- Connections to Aztec and Maya art and the mission's adaptation to frontier life
- The historic mission cemetery
After listening to this episode, I'm sure you will want to visit the King of the Missions.
For more information:
Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
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In this episode, I interview art historian Helena Hazleton, Director of the Museum at Mission San Luis Rey de Francia in Oceanside, California. In this captivating conversation, Helena shares her expertise on one of the largest and most productive California missions.
Main topics of Part 1:
- The unique history and founding of Mission San Luis Rey in 1798
- How the mission survived the devastating 1812 earthquake
- The story of Father Antonio Peyri and his influence on the mission's success
- The remarkable tale of Pablo Tac, a young Luiseño who wrote a grammar of his native language
- The mission's decline during Mexican rule and its abandonment
- Abraham Lincoln's role in returning the mission lands to the Catholic Church
Helena provides fascinating insights into the mission's architecture, its relationship with local indigenous peoples, and its place in California history. This interview offers a wealth of knowledge about one of the state's most important historical sites.
For more information:
Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
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We've published 50 episodes and it is time to check in about where the California Frontier Project is going.
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In Part 2 of this interview, author Jeremy Beer discusses his new book Beyond the Devil's Road: Francisco Garcés and the Spanish Encounter with the American Southwest. Beer delves into the life and legacy of Franciscan friar Francisco Garcés, a key figure in early Spanish exploration and missionary work in the American Southwest during the late 18th century.
Key topics covered:
• The significance of the "Devil's Road" in Spanish exploration
• Garcés' unique approach to missionary work and his relationships with Native peoples
• The complex web of relationships between Spanish missionaries, Native leaders, and colonial authorities
• The tragic events at Yuma in 1781 that ended Spanish expansion in the region
• Garcés' lasting impact on the settlement of California and ethnological understanding of Native groups
Beer offers a nuanced perspective on this pivotal period in American history, highlighting both the triumphs and challenges of cross-cultural encounters on the frontier. This interview provides valuable insights for anyone interested in the early history of the American Southwest, Spanish colonization, or Native American studies.
Get the book: Beyond the Devil's Road by Jeremy Beer - Available now!
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This is Part 1 of an interview with author Jeremy Beer about his new book Beyond the Devil's Road: Francisco Garcés and the Spanish Encounter with the American Southwest. We discuss the challenges and triumphs of Fray Francisco Garcés, a Franciscan Friar and lesser-known but remarkable explorer, and his extensive travels across one of North America's harshest environments. The interview sheds light on Garcés' unique contributions through a detailed narrative of his life and the historical context of Spanish missions in the U.S. Southwest. Learn about the research, the hardships, and the incredible journeys that marked this intriguing chapter of early American history.
00:00 Introduction to the Interview
01:39 Meet Jeremy Beer: Author of Beyond the Devil's Road
05:12 The Life and Adventures of Father Francisco Garcés
08:27 Exploring the Vast Territories of the American Southwest
13:38 Challenges and Unique Contributions of Father Garcés
17:12 The Rigorous Training of Spanish Missionaries
22:27 The Spanish Frontier and Garcés' Role
27:27 Connecting the Spanish Missions: Garcés' Expeditions
32:29 Conclusion and Support for the Show
Purchase Beyond the Devil's Road
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This is the third and final installment exploring the recollections of Carlos N. Híjar, who came to Alta California from Mexico in 1834 at age eight. Key points include:
- Detailed description of wine and brandy production methods at the missions.
- Explanation of flour-making techniques using millstones.
- In-depth discussion of marriage customs among Californios, including:
- Selection of godparents before birth
- Baptism celebrations
- Arranged marriages between families
- The betrothal process and living arrangements
- Wedding ceremonies and multi-day celebrations
We finish with brief insights into the general character and lifestyle of Californios.
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In this episode, we continue exploring the memoirs of Carlos N. Híjar, who came to Alta California as a young boy in 1834. The episode focuses on daily life in Alta California during the Spanish and Mexican eras, particularly in Santa Barbara. Key points include:
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Description of popular dances and songs, including details on how they were performed and celebrated.
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Insights into Catholic feast days and their importance in social life.
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Discussion of cattle roundups and rodeos at missions, including the process of slaughtering cattle for food.
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Explanation of washing customs among Californio women, including their use of native plants as soap substitutes.
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Information on the hide and tallow trade, which was crucial to the economy of Alta California.
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Details on the relationship between missions and individual rancho owners, including their business practices and treatment of Indian workers.
Carlos' recollections provide a granular view of daily life in Alta California, helping us understand the mindset, customs, and economic activities of the Californios during this period.
Make sure to listen to Part 1 of this series.
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The episode focuses on the recollections of Carlos N. Híjar, who arrived in Alta California in 1834 as a child. Híjar's memoir provides insights into daily life, customs, and entertainment in 1830s California.
Key points covered include:
- Description of Californios' appearance, including long braided hair and distinctive hats.
- Details about clothing, horse riding, and gender roles.
- Observations on food.
- Description of the patron saint celebration in Santa Barbara, featuring bullfights and bear-bull fights.
- A detailed account of how bull and bear fights were conducted.
Stay tuned for further episodes covering Carlos' memories of Rancho Era California.
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This episode explores the complex history of the Mexican-American War and its lasting impact on North America. In it, we cover:
- Spanish presence in North America and the formation of the United States
- The Louisiana Purchase and its significance
- Texas independence and annexation by the U.S.
- Tensions leading to war between the U.S. and Mexico
- Key battles and military campaigns, including:
- The capture of Monterrey
- The Bear Flag Revolt in California
- The fall of Mexico City
- The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and its terms
- The Gadsden Purchase
Learn how this conflict reshaped borders and led to massive U.S. territorial gains, including California, New Mexico, and parts of several other states. Discover the complicated motivations behind the war and its long-lasting consequences for both nations.
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In the second part of our interview, Dr. John Johnson, former Curator of Anthropology at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, delves deeper into the legacy and aftermath of the 1824 Chumash Uprising in California:
- The long-term impacts of the uprising on California's history
- Why most Chumash people returned to the missions after the revolt
- The complex relationships between Native Americans, missionaries, and the Mexican government
- Comparisons with other California mission uprisings
- How modern Chumash people view and remember the uprising
- Ongoing research and future projects related to early California history
Drawing from mission records, oral histories, and extensive archival research, Dr. Johnson provides a nuanced view of this pivotal event and its place in the broader context of California's colonial period.
This interview offers valuable insights for history enthusiasts, students, and anyone interested in understanding the complexities of California's Native American history and the mission era.
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In Part 1 of this fascinating interview, Dr. John Johnson, former Curator of Anthropology at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, provides an in-depth look at the Chumash Uprising of 1824 - the most important indigenous uprising in California history.
Dr. Johnson, an expert on California's Native peoples, especially the Chumash Indians, shares his extensive research on this pivotal uprising that occurred exactly 200 years ago. He discusses:
- The historical context and conditions leading to the uprising
- The sequence of events at Missions Santa Ynez, La Purisima, and Santa Barbara
- Various perspectives on the causes, including those of missionaries, government officials, and the Chumash people themselves
- The aftermath and casualties of the uprising
- The cultural, economic, and political factors involved
Drawing from diverse sources, including archival records, oral histories and mission registers, Dr. Johnson offers a comprehensive and nuanced view of this important chapter in California's Native American history.
Learn more:
The Chumash: Native Americans of the California Coast
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In today's interview, I am talking with archaeologist Jennifer Lucido.
Jennifer has worked at several important historical sites in the Monterey area and has recently traced the genealogies of some of California's early poblador families. Her fascinating work has shed light on how their ethnic identities shifted as they arrived in a new territory.
In our conversation, we discuss the complex ethnic classifications of New Spain, how the frontier simplified them and how today's categories of nationality and race don't always match how people thought of themselves 200 years ago.
We also delve into the role of social mobility and class consciousness in Spanish and Mexican California.
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It is summer and time for a short update on the show.
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The Bear Flag Revolt is one of the central episodes in the events leading to the U.S. annexation of California. In June of 1846, a group of Americans took over the Mexican Pueblo of Sonoma and declared a new “California Republic.” This is the story of their uprising.
**Episode transcript: https://www.californiafrontier.net/bear-flag-revolt/
Recommended Reading:
Book: Neal Harlow, California Conquered: The Annexation of a Mexican Province, 1846-1850
* Book: Alan Rosenus, General Vallejo and the Advent of the Americans
* Book: Kevin Starr, California: A History*** (Modern Library Chronicles)
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Learn more about the California Frontier Project:
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damian@californiafrontier.net
In part 2 of this interview, we delve further into the hidden astronomical alignments of many California mission churches. The orientations allowed sunlight to illuminate altars, tabernacles, and statues of saints on specific liturgical dates like the solstices, equinoxes, and religious feasts.
Dr. Rubén G. Mendoza explains the advanced knowledge of astronomy, calendars, and celestial mechanics that the Franciscan missionaries brought and applied in the architectural design of the missions.
Rubén describes how the illuminations shift yearly due to the lunar cycle and explains why this knowledge was, at times, lost. His quest to rediscover these hidden spectacles took him to Vatican astronomy archives, containing meticulous calculations from centuries ago.
He talks about how his interpretations have faced backlash, and how new examples keep emerging. He continues to write about the missions' complex legacies and offer counterpoints to narratives about figures like Junípero Serra.
Learn More
- Website: Solstice Chronicles
Books by Rubén G. Mendoza
- The California Missions
- The California Missions Sourcebook
- The Spanish Style House: From Enchanted Andalusia to California Dream
- Casa Santa Fe: Design, Style, Arts and Tradition
- North American Ritual Warfare and Indigenous Violence
- Latin American Indigenous Warfare and Ritual Violence
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In Part 1 of this interview, I talk with trailblazing archaeologist Dr. Rubén Mendoza.
Recounting his unexpected path from a curious young boy to a renowned scholar, Mendoza shares his pioneering work decoding the California missions' architectural secrets.
His discoveries point to an incredible cosmic architecture. The missions were constructed with startling precision to capture rays of sunlight during solstices, equinoxes, and sacred feast days.
This strategic solar geometry suggests a profound intermingling of European and indigenous astronomy.
Mendoza builds a compelling case that the missions embody a masterful hybrid tradition melding European and Native American influences into an architectural marvel.
Learn More
- Website: Solstice Chronicles
Books by Rubén G. Mendoza
- The California Missions
- The California Missions Sourcebook
- The Spanish Style House: From Enchanted Andalusia to California Dream
- Casa Santa Fe: Design, Style, Arts and Tradition
- North American Ritual Warfare and Indigenous Violence
- Latin American Indigenous Warfare and Ritual Violence
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damian@californiafrontier.net
Towering over people at 6'7", the imposing figure of Chief Francisco Solano loomed large in early 19th-century California.
Born a Suisun native named Sina, he received the name Francisco Solano at his Mission Dolores baptism in 1810. Solano rose to become a formidable military leader, commanding thousands of indigenous warriors for the Mexican authorities.
His skill in battle and diplomacy was invaluable to General Mariano Vallejo in establishing control over Native groups in Northern California. Solano straddled two worlds - respected by Indians and Californios for both his might and intelligence. Eyewitness accounts paint him as an awe-inspiring warrior.
After Mexican rule ended, Solano faded into legend, with conflicting reports of his final years and resting place. His legacy endures through place names, a towering statue, and the persistent mystique surrounding this titan who bestrode the eras of Spanish, Mexican and American California.
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This episode is dedicated the remarkable life of Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, a central figure in the pivotal era of California's origins.
Born into a military family in 1808 Monterey, Vallejo's thirst for knowledge and quick wit allowed him to receive a prestigious education from the governor himself. Vallejo rapidly ascended the military ranks, becoming the powerful commander who established a pueblo and presidio in Sonoma - the northernmost reaches of the territory. Vallejo's exploits included an unlikely friendship with a Native American chieftain that shaped the history of Mexican California.
When the Bear Flag Revolt sought to overthrow Mexican rule, the charismatic Vallejo charmed the insurgents over a meal before being imprisoned.
In the new State of California, Vallejo fought tirelessly to preserve the voices and stories of his fellow Californios. He collaborated extensively with esteemed historian H.H. Bancroft, opening doors to gather oral histories. Vallejo's own remarkable memoirs shed light on this captivating era.
Listen now to dive into the extraordinary life of this trailblazer who left an indelible mark on California history.
To learn more:
- Recuerdos: Historical and Personal Remembrances Relating to Alta California, 1769–1849
- Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo: Life in Spanish, Mexican, and American California
- General Vallejo and the Advent of the Americans
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Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo is best known for being the first European to successfully navigate the Pacific coast of what is today California to points north of the San Francisco Bay.
During the voyage, he and his men disembarked at several points and made direct contact with the Native American inhabitants of the coast and Channel Islands.
His and his men's account of their voyage was also the first written description of the West Coast of North America and its peoples.
Episode web page: https://www.californiafrontier.net/juan-rodriguez-cabrillo/
Mentioned in this episode:
Discovering Cabrillo by Harry Kelsey
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In this episode, I give my take on the California Missions Foundation conference that took place on April 12-14. It was the first in-person conference since 2020, making it an important occasion to reconnect with California history in a special way.
The California Missions Foundation does a huge amount to preserve the physical reminders of California's early past, particularly the missions, ranchos, and presidios. It also supports scholarship into California's native, mission, and rancho history. Each year, the conference is hosted by one of California's 21 missions. This year's conference events took place at two missions: La Purísima in Lompoc for the paper presentations and Mission Santa Inés for the banquet and social gatherings.
In addition to the conference and banquet, private tours were offered of nearby historical sites, such as the mission mills and the mission laundry area at Santa Inés. These tours are often led by experts, like the archaeologists who excavated these sites, providing a behind-the-scenes look into places that regular visitors might not be able to access.
For those interested in early California history, the conference presentations are fascinating. They delve into little-known but intriguing aspects of California's missions, ranchos, presidios, and native peoples. If you want to stay up-to-date on next year's event, make sure and subscribe to the podcast or join our email list at www.californiafrontier.net.
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In Part 2 of my conversation with Dr. Jason Sexton, we delve into Kevin's attempt to understand the "California experience." Kevin Starr tried to chronicle California's history in a nuanced yet idealistic way, which connected him to earlier California historians such as Josiah Royce.
According to Jason, Starr was an open-minded, generous figure who sought to bring people together through his writings that celebrate ordinary Californians. His Catholic faith shaped this vision of California, and his honesty and empathy helped him grapple with darker aspects of the state's history, like the treatment of Native Americans. Along the way, Jason introduces us to Starr's major works, like Endangered Dreams and Embattled Dreams. These books show Starr's literary mastery in capturing California's depth and complexity—the awesome but conflicting stories that make California unique.
Learn more:
- Jason Sexton, Ph.D.
- Jason’s book Redemptive Dreams: Engaging Kevin Starr’s California
- Kevin Starr’s Books on Amazon.com
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This is the first part of a lively conversation with Dr. Jason Sexton, editor of a book on the renowned California historian Kevin Starr (1940-2017).
Sexton describes Starr as California’s most ambitious interpreter. Starr’s 8-volume history, spanning the state’s origins to the 2000s, is the most complete work on California in print.
Kevin Starr grew up in an orphanage and San Francisco’s housing projects. As a young man, he studied at the University of San Francisco before serving in the U.S. Army in Europe. He later went on to earn a doctorate at Harvard University and became a prolific newspaper columnist before dedicating himself to interpreting California history. Through his unique life experience, Starr developed an expansive perspective that embraced the character of both Northern and Southern California.
Jason Sexton, who grew up in the Central Valley town of Tracy, became fascinated by Starr’s vision after reading his works. As a theologian and sociologist, Sexton saw religious dimensions in Starr’s works that he believed needed to be explored. This motivated him to edit a volume that would examine, appreciate and even critique Starr’s approach to the state’s history.
The interview also covers Jason’s unconventional path to academia in the UK before returning to California and how he sees Starr as embodying the “redemptive dreams” of people making history in the fragmented Golden State.
Learn more:
- Jason Sexton, Ph.D.
- Jason’s book Redemptive Dreams: Engaging Kevin Starr’s California
- Kevin Starr’s Books on Amazon.com
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Imagine California today without any remnants of its Spanish and Mexican past. That almost happened until a group of determined women took action to preserve the state's Hispanic heritage. At the turn of the 20th century, the historic El Camino Real trail connecting the California missions was crumbling into disrepair and faced being lost forever.
Enter Anna Pitcher, a civic leader who launched an ambitious plan to designate and mark the ancient route for the automobile age. Joined by leading women's clubs like the General Federation of Women's Clubs, Pitcher and her successors spent decades advocating and physically marking El Camino Real with the now iconic bell markers.
Their efforts were not without opposition, as some saw the missions as odious symbols of colonialism. But the women persisted, mapping El Camino Real and installing bells from San Diego to Sonoma. Their pioneering work preserved an indelible touchstone of California's diverse origins that residents and visitors can still enjoy today.
Learn more:
- Book: California’s El Camino Real and its Historic Bells
- Book: California Vieja: Culture and Memory in a Modern American Place
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The California missions ended after Mexico became independent of Spain. The newly independent Mexican government eventually passed laws that called for an end to the mission system through “secularization.”
The laws mandated the missions to be turned over to the Native American converts and converted into secular towns, with the land divided among Indian families. However, much of the mission lands and property ended up being granted to Spanish/Mexican settlers instead of the Native Americans.
By the late 1830s, all 21 California missions had been secularized. Most missions fell into ruin until a movement in the late 19th/early 20th centuries raised funds to restore and preserve them as tourist attractions. After California became part of the U.S., the mission churches were returned to the Catholic Church by Presidents Buchanan and Lincoln. The restored missions along Highway 101 (El Camino Real) drew visitors from around the world, allowing people to experience their history and beauty.
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The episode chronicles the story of Fr. José Altimira, a Spanish Franciscan missionary in early 19th century California. Altimira pushed to establish a new mission north of San Francisco Bay, clashing with his Franciscan superiors; he explored the Sonoma Valley and established a new mission in 1823 with support from Mexican civil authorities. Though the mission was allowed to continue, Altimira's time there was filled with tension. As the last mission founded under Mexican rule, San Francisco Solano marked the northernmost reach of the California mission chain.
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In this episode, we look at the history of Native American Vaqueros.
Vaqueros were skilled horsemen who managed cattle and horses. Their tradition probably originates in the horse culture that arrived in Spain from North Africa in the 8th century AD and is widespread in Latin America.
The mission era brought ranching life to Alta California and created the unique figure of the California vaquero. Franciscan friars had some of the most trusted Native Americans at the missions trained as vaqueros, who excelled at horsemanship. Eventually, Indian vaqueros were a key part of rancho life on the California frontier.
Full text of the podcast
Learn more about Native American Vaqueros:
- Book: Rose Marie Beebe and Robert Senkewicz. Testimonios: Early California through the Eyes of Women, 1815–1848.
- Book: Russell Freedman. In the Days of the Vaqueros: America’s First True Cowboys.
- Book: Jo Mora. Californios: The Saga of the Hard-riding Vaqueros, America’s First Cowboys.
- Book: George Harwood Phillips: Vineyards and Vaqueros: Indian Labor and the Economic Expansion of Southern California, 1771–1877.
- Book: Arnold Rojas. These Were The Vaqueros: Collected Works of Arnold R. Rojas
- Book: Stephen W. Silliman: Lost Laborers in Colonial California: Native Americans and the Archaeology of Rancho Petaluma.
- Book chapter: Lee Panich: “Indigenous Vaqueros in Colonial California” in Foreign Objects: Rethinking Indigenous Consumption in American Archaeology.
- Article: Paul Albert Lacson. “Born of Horses:’ Missionaries, Indigenous Vaqueros, and Ecological Expansion during the Spanish Colonization of California.”
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In this episode, we look at Native American life at Mission San Miguel Arcángel through the eyes of the padres who oversaw the mission.
Mission San Miguel is located in central California, almost equally distant from San Francisco to the north and Los Angeles to the south.
In 1813, the Spanish Government sent a questionnaire to the priests of the California Missions to learn about the life of the native people at each of the missions.
Each mission provided answers with more or less detail depending on the temperament and experience of the missionaries.
The padres recorded their observations of the life of the native people at the mission and often wrote down what they understood about indigenous customs outside the mission boundaries.
Their answers provide valuable glimpses into the lives of the native community at each mission over 200 years ago.
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In this episode, we delve into the lives of three remarkable women from early San Diego whose stories offer profound insights into the tumultuous times of California's frontier era. Drawing from the rich narratives preserved in Testimonios: Early California Through the Eyes of Women, 1815-1848 by Rose Marie Beebe and Robert Senkewicz, we explore the diverse paths of Josefa Carrillo de Fitch, Juana Machado de Wrightington, and Apolinaria Lorenzana.
Josefa Carrillo de Fitch, daughter of a soldier and a descendant of early California settlers, embarked on a journey of love and resilience, eloping with an American sea captain amidst familial tensions and navigating the challenges of land disputes in the aftermath of her husband's passing.
Juana Machado de Wrightington, born into a military family, experienced the transformations of California through the Mexican-American War and the U.S. annexation, offering poignant reflections on loss, survival, and the enduring presence of tradition amidst change.
Apolinaria Lorenzana, a beloved figure in San Diego society, emerged from humble beginnings as an orphan to become a pillar of her community, advocating for education and serving as a beacon of compassion amidst the violence and upheaval of the era.
Through their testimonies, we uncover the individual trials and triumphs of these women and the collective resilience and strength of those who shaped the early fabric of California. Join us as we listen to the voices often forgotten yet integral to understanding the complex tapestry of California's history.
Learn More:
Testimonios: Early California Through the Eyes of Women, 1815-1848
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This episode features an intriguing conversation with Jorge Del Castillo as he shares his experiences following the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail. This historic trail was a route used by Spanish settlers in the 18th century to reach Northern California from New Spain (Mexico).
Jorge describes his journey, detailing various memorable sites, and shares his love for the history of California, the West, and Mexico. He also offers practical travel advice for anyone interested in following the trail, emphasizing the richness the trip adds to one’s understanding of history and culture. Additionally, Jorge shares his perspective on the Spanish influence on culture and historical sites in the Southwest.
A brief addendum from Jorge:
“Anza did find the trail and traveled back and forth on it at least twice. It was supposed to provide an alternative land route to the ocean route by boats, but it did not remain open. Initially, the Anza party, including a Native American translator and priests, established very friendly relations with the Yumans near the Yuma crossing of the Colorado River. He felt confident that he could leave a small contingent of Spanish colonists, including soldiers and priests, in two communities, one on each side of the river; however, those relations soured over a period from 1779 to 1781. The Spaniards demanded that the Native Americans provide food and other things for their subsistence in the desert along the river. They pushed too hard and deprived the natives of the necessary things for their own survival. This led to an eventual Yuman revolt and massacre or enslavement of all of the colonists.
Though the war against the Yumans continued throughout 1782, the principal leaders of the revolt were never apprehended, and the Yumans once again controlled their own lands. The Colorado River mission project had ended in failure. The Yuman revolt closed Spain’s overland route to Alta California, leaving the province dependent on resupply by sea for about the next 50 years. Anza had gone on to become the Governor of New Mexico, where he eventually subdued the Comanche tribe.”
References:
- Font, Pedro, trans and ed by Alan K. Brown, 2011, With Anza to California 1775-1776, The Journal of Pedro Font, O,F.M. Norman Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press, 464pp
- Bernal-Mendoza Smestad, Greg, PhD, 2005, “A Guide to the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail”, Antepasados, a publication of Los Californianos, Vol XI
- Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail, United States National Park System website.
To learn more:
- The Story of Juan Bautista de Anza
- The Anza Expedition
- Interview with Descendant Greg Bernal Smestad
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damian@californiafrontier.net
This is a special episode from the California Frontier Show archives.
In this episode, I speak with Greg Bernal-Mendoza Smestad, a direct descendant of the families who settled Alta California over 200 years ago. Greg talks to us about their journey, the character of those who risked their lives to come north, and the legacy they passed on.
When Spanish explorers came to Alta California in 1769, they soon understood that they would never be able to defend the province from the English and Russians if they did not found a colony populated by families.
In 1775, Felipe de Neve, the governor of California, together with Juan Bautista de Anza, an intrepid army officer from Tubac, in Sonora, recruited a group of about 200 people to journey north on foot and establish towns in Alta California. Neve knew that without families to raise crops and establish towns, creating a stable Spanish presence in the territory would be hard.
Anza led these families of mixed European, Native American, and African ancestry from what is today southern Arizona. They traveled for almost 1,000 miles on foot, horseback and mule, arriving at the Presidio of Monterey in March of 1776. Members of the expedition later branched off to found the Presidio of San Francisco and the Pueblo (now City) of San José.
Over time, a new, hybrid culture grew: the culture of the Californios.
In my conversation with Greg, he explained the significance of the Anza expedition, told some wonderful stories about his ancestors and their dramatic journey, and gave insight into what it means to be a Californio.
Greg talks about his grandmother’s insistence that he carry on the family legacy. Later, he tells us about the network of Californio descendants who are keeping their heritage alive and sharing it with others.
In his drive to share his ancestors’ story, Greg has worked with the National Park Service to help found the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail. He has created original materials in both English and Spanish to help visitors understand the significance of this national treasure. He was instrumental in starting Founders Day or Happy Birthday San José, which celebrates the birth of California’s third largest city.
Links for this episode:
- Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail
- Los Californianos
- The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area
- Mount Umunhum
- Chitactac-Adams Heritage County Park
- My story about Happy Birthday San José:
- My article about Greg
- Alan K. Brown’s book on the Anza Expedition of 1775-76
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Although little known today, the name of William Alexander Leidesdorff is enshrined on streets in San Francisco and a town along the American River. He was also one of California’s pioneers of African descent and instrumental in bringing about the American annexation of California.
Further Reading:
William Alexander Leidesdorff – First Black Millionaire, American Consul and California Pioneerby Gary Palgon.
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This is a special episode from the California Frontier Show archives.
A growing number of people of all ages are taking up the challenge of walking the entire California mission trail. For many, it is an adventure, a spiritual pilgrimage, a scenic tour, a way to get to know themselves, or all of the above.
So today, I'm going into the archives and presenting the first podcast episode I ever did for California Frontier. It's an interview with author Maggie Espinosa, who walked the whole trail herself and wrote a very engaging book about it called On a Mission.
Maggie Espinosa is a journalist, travel writer, and blogger who decided to set off on a quest to visit all 21 of California missions. She overcame challenges, made friends, and learned about herself along the way. The story of her journey is detailed in the book On a Mission: An 800-mile Walk to Discover California’s El Camino Real. On a Mission is a wonderful, personal account of her life on the mission trail. When I read it, I knew I had to interview Maggie somehow and hear her story.
Maggie’s website: https://travelwithmaggie.com/
Maggie’s book on Amazon: https://amzn.to/3qAUwSI
The California Mission Walkers Facebook page: www.facebook.com/groups/californiamissionwalkers
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Juan Bautista de Anza was a military officer, governor, explorer and diplomat. His life had an enormous impact on the history of California, Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, and Northern Mexico.
To learn more:
- Book: Carlos R. Herrera. Juan Bautista de Anza: The King’s Governor in New Mexico.
- Book: Vladimir Guerrero. The Anza Trail and the Settling of California.
- Anza Trail Guide: This guide to the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail was developed by Anza party descendant Greg Bernal-Mendoza Smestad. I interviewed Greg on the California Frontier Podcast.
- The Anza Society has an extensive list of books about Anza.
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damian@californiafrontier.net
In this episode of the California Frontier Podcast, Damian interviews Trudi Angell, producer of the documentary film La Récua (The Mule Pack Train).
La Récua follows the story of Darío Higuera, a 70-year-old Baja California ranchero, who dreams of recreating an early-20th-century mule train transporting traditional goods from Comondú to La Paz in southern Baja California.
Accompanied by his son, 8-year-old grandson, and friends, Darïo plans to travel 200 miles on mule-back through the daunting Baja outback, retracing historical routes and discovering never-before-filmed sections of El Camino Real.
Along the way, the travelers face dangers, encounter old and new friends, and exchange memories, providing viewers with insights into the traditional lifestyle of Baja California’s backcountry ranchers.
The documentary uses breathtaking cinematography and captivating storytelling to take the viewer on a legendary journey into Californio vaquero history.
The official website of La Récua: https://larecua.com/
The California Frontier Project: https://www.californiafrontier.net
California History Teachers: https://www.californiahistoryteachers.com
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In part two of this interview with author Eric Plunkett, we get into some real stories of people who lived through some of the enormous changes of the early years. Eric emphasizes the importance of translating and making primary sources from Spanish colonial California available, as they provide deeper and more authentic insights into the […]
The post Stories of Early Orange County: Eric Plunkett, Part 2 first appeared on Early California Resource Center.
The post Stories of Early Orange County: Eric Plunkett, Part 2 appeared first on Early California Resource Center.
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Eric Plunkett is an amazing historian whose enthusiasm for discovering the riches of California’s past is contagious. In this episode, Damian Bacich hosts a deep-dive discussion with Eric on the history of early California, especially Orange County. They touch on indigenous languages, the California grizzly bear, and their mutual interest in archival research. Eric shares […]
The post Uncovering Orange County’s Hidden History with Eric Plunkett (Pt. 1) first appeared on Early California Resource Center.
The post Uncovering Orange County’s Hidden History with Eric Plunkett (Pt. 1) appeared first on Early California Resource Center.
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In the third part of my conversation with Marie Christine Duggan, we discuss the life and experiences of Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Cuadra, a naval officer in the Spanish colonial era. Bodega faced financial struggles throughout his life, as his primary motivation was to prove himself rather than amass wealth. He eventually became […]
The post California, Mexico and the Far East: Part 3 first appeared on Early California Resource Center.
The post California, Mexico and the Far East: Part 3 appeared first on Early California Resource Center.
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The interview uncovers complexities in Pacific trade routes, challenging conventional narratives about the Spanish Empire’s trade. It focuses on San Blas, a naval base in New Spain, which caused discontent among Mexico City merchants. Dr. Duggan explains how the Spanish Crown aimed to weaken the Mexico City merchants by granting San Blas more autonomy, turning […]
The post California, Mexico and the Far East: Part 2 first appeared on Early California Resource Center.
The post California, Mexico and the Far East: Part 2 appeared first on Early California Resource Center.
Dr. Marie Christine Duggan is a Professor of Business Management at Keene State University, which gives her a unique approach to the history of New Spain, and especially the Pacific coast. In Part 1, we talk how trade between Mexico and the Philippines impacted California’s early history.
The post California, Mexico and the Far East: Pt. 1 first appeared on Early California Resource Center.
The post California, Mexico and the Far East: Pt. 1 appeared first on Early California Resource Center.
In this episode, I finish my conversation with Dr. Jarrell Jackman. He gives us some insight into his personal journey, the obstacles that had to be overcome and the future of Santa Barbara’s presidio.
The post 300,000 Bricks, pt. 2 first appeared on Early California Resource Center.
The post 300,000 Bricks, pt. 2 appeared first on Early California Resource Center.
Damian and his guest Dr. Jarrell Jackman discuss Dr. Jackman’s new book on Santa Barbara’s Royal Presidio. Jarrell was employed by the Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation for 35 years, serving as Projects Administrator and CEO. He has received many honors, including recognition from the California State Parks and the California State Parks Rangers […]
The post 300,000 Adobe Bricks: Santa Barbara’s Royal Presidio, pt. 1 first appeared on Early California Resource Center.
The post 300,000 Adobe Bricks: Santa Barbara’s Royal Presidio, pt. 1 appeared first on Early California Resource Center.
Soldiers and presidios played a key role in establishing the Spanish presence in California, but they are still misunderstood. Jarrell Jackman has been at the forefront of preserving and documenting this crucial element of the California frontier. Jarrell C. Jackman Dr. Jarrell C. Jackman was Executive Director of the Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation for […]
The post Rebuilding a Presidio: Interview with Jarrell Jackman appeared first on The California Frontier Project.
The novel Ramona by Helen Hunt Jackson sparked an interest in California’s Mission Era that attracted visitors from all over the country. But Jackson’s novel was much more than nostalgia for a bygone era — it was a cry for human rights. The story of the author, her work and how Cuba’s most famous exile […]
The post Ramona, the Novel that Changed California: Interview with Jonathan Alcántar appeared first on The California Frontier Project.
This is a special episode of the California Frontier podcast. The shoe is on the other foot this time, and I am the one being interviewed. My host is Jordan Mattox, a California junior high school teacher who his passionate about California history. He has an excellent podcast, appropriately titled “History of California.” In this […]
The post The Spanish Legacy in California and the Mexican War for Independence appeared first on The California Frontier Project.
The story of the Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island was made famous by Scott O’Dell’s novel The Island of the Blue Dolphins. In this episode of the podcast, we learn more about her real life with archeologist Elisabeth Rareshide, along with a new exhibit at the Mission Santa Barbara museum. Elisabeth Rareshide Elisabeth Rareshide […]
The post The Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island: Interview with Elisabeth Rareshide appeared first on The California Frontier Project.
The California frontier is full of reports of the marvelous or miraculous events that defy scientific explanation. Historian Skyler Reidy has been investigating curious stories of the mission era, and he helps us make sense of them. Skyler Reidy Skyler Reidy is a PhD candidate in the history department at the University of Southern California. […]
The post The Levitating Cross at Monterey and the Beginnings of California appeared first on The California Frontier Project.
As the Spanish Empire become more consolidated, language and writing became more and more important — both for the Spanish government and for native peoples. In part 2 of this interview we learn how indigenous people in Colonial Spanish America preserved their knowledge in the face of restrictive government policies. Listen to Part 1 Highlights […]
The post Native Knowledge in Colonial Latin America: Interview with Ezekiel Stear (Part 2) appeared first on The California Frontier Project.
The story of the Spanish missions in California has its roots in 16th century Mexico. There, Franciscan friars and their native partners sought to record the memories of Aztec elders before their culture was changed forever. The information they collected is contained in the Florentine Codex. Ezekiel Stear Dr. Ezekiel Stear is Assistant Professor of […]
The post Aztec Memories and the Florentine Codex: Interview with Ezekiel Stear (Part 1) appeared first on The California Frontier Project.
In this second part of the interview we learn about what studying economic history can reveal about the past. In particular, we learn about California’s early connections to the Far East, and how competition over the fur trade created some unusual rivalries and alliances. Highlights of Part 2: Franciscan views of money and morality. The […]
The post “Follow the Money”: Interview with Marie Christine Duggan (Part 2) appeared first on The California Frontier Project.
The story of the Spanish missions in California isn’t always what it seems. By delving into Mexico’s National Archives, Dr. Marie Christine Duggan uncovered facts that provide a unique inside view of mission life. From murder trials to Indian militias, we talk about some of the lesser-known aspects of California mission history. Marie Christine Duggan […]
The post Missions and Misconceptions: Interview with Marie Christine Duggan (Part 1) appeared first on The California Frontier Project.
The story of land ownership in modern California begins with the practice of Spanish land grants. Beginning in the 18th century, Spain allowed farming and ranching by private individuals in California. In the 19th century the Mexican government continued and expanded the program. Land Laws in Spain The laws and customs about who could own […]
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