Explaining History: Recent Episodes
Nick Shepley
The Explaining History Podcast has been exploring the 20th Century in weekly chapters for the past 10 years, helping students and enthusiasts engage with the past. With the help of expert guests, your host Nick Shepley navigates competing debates around the key events and processes of the past century.
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In the first half of the 19th Century profit driven prisons were established in America's northern states, using extreme brutality and conditions that amount to torture to extract free labour from inmates. In this week's edition of the Explaining History Podcast, we hear from Professor Robin Bernstein, whose new book Freeman's Challenge: The Murder that Shook America's Original Prison for Profit tells the story of William Freeman. Freeman was wrongfully convicted of stealing a horse and sent the profit driven prison in his home town of Auburn NY, and who endured terrible physical and mental punishment during the five years of his incarceration. Freeman, a half black, half native American was forced to perform free labour and rebelled against the prison's rules, particularly the imposition of total silence 24 hours a day. When released he demanded restitution for the loss of wages and finally committed a terrible murder. What happened next shaped the racist lie perpetuated in America until the present day of an alleged link between African Americans and violent crime.
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In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, we hear from Mark Aedy, whose father Ken served as a bomber pilot during the Second World War. Trained to fly in Oklahoma in 1942, Ken saw active service as a bomber pilot attacking the Ruhr, Munster, Dresden and a variety of other targets. After the war he stayed with the RAF and served in Egypt during the end of the Palestine mandate and flew Soviet escorted relief flights at the beginning of the first Berlin Crisis of 1948. Join us for this wide ranging chat about aviation the pressures of war and the moral complexities of the allied mass bombing of Germany.
If you'd like to grab a copy of Ken Aedy's memoirs, you can get a copy here
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In this week's episode we hear from writer Toby Manning whose new book, Mixing Pop and Politics explores a Marxist history of popular music and examines the economic and social forces that make the phenomenon that is popular music and culture. In a wide ranging conversation that explores everything from Beyonce's country album, John Lennon's Working Class Hero, the intersection with queer culture and representation, Queen's commercial suicide in USA following the video for I want to break free, and the corporate pressure on the Beatles and Guns N' Roses, we explore popular music as a site of resistance.
You can order a copy of the book directly from Repeater Books here
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Peter Hain was, along with his family, forced to flee South Africa in the late 1960s, at the height of the Apartheid regime's war against its opponents. From exile in London Peter was a pivotal member of the anti Apartheid movement in the 60s, 70s and 80s. In this interview before the publication of his third novel, the Lion Conspiracy, we talk about conservation and the international corruption that fuels poaching across Africa, and the valiant attempts by African rangers to preserve wildlife. We also explore the state of South Africa three decades after the transition to a multiracial democracy and the reasons for a decline in the popularity of the ANC following the corruption of former prime minister Jacob Zuma. A former member of Tony Blair's government and now a member of the House of Lords, Peter has fascinating insights on the nature of the struggle against apartheid and the reasons for the fall of the Pretoria regime.
You can grab a copy of the Lion Conspiracy here
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Open up your Twitter feed or Facebook page and you're one or two clicks away from a nostalgia meme, they grow like historically illiterate fungi, but nostalgia itself is a more complex and even sometimes problematic phenomenon. In this episode of the Explaining History podcast we hear from Dr Agnes Arnold-Forster, the author of a new history of Nostalgia itself. We explore the first recorded instances of nostalgia in the 17th Century through to its current usage and weaponisation in culture wars. Our shared longings for less complex or worrying times and our fears and misunderstandings about the nature of the past are part of this complex and fluid socially shared emotional and cultural phenomenon.
You can grab a copy of the book here
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In today's podcast we're joined by Damian Collins MP, whose new book - Rivals in the Storm -, charts the political career of David Lloyd George, the man credited popularly with winning the First World War. In this episode we explore the radical liberal Chancellor and later Prime Minister whose ability to focus on the key challenges of the war saw him eclipse Herbert Asquith in 1916. We examine his complex relationships with both the Liberal and Conservative Parties and his political downfall in 1923.
You can hear Damian speak at the Hay Festival on May 28th, tickets are available here.
You can grab your copy of Rivals in the Storm Here
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In this wide ranging interview with Ewan Gibbs, lecturer in social and economic history at the University of Glasgow, we explore the themes in his forthcoming book, The Unmaking of the British Working Class, in which Ewan explores the changes in post war class consciousness, identity and culture. We discuss key transitional moments from post war affluence in the 1950s and 1960s, the assault on organised labour in the 1970s and the social transformations brought about by Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s, all the way to Brexit and the current moment.
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A family history project into the war record of Jim Carter's great grandfather became an exploration of the history of the Royal Navy in peacetime and war.
In July 1918 Herbert Leeder joined the Royal Navy, beginning a naval career which spanned 2 World Wars and 16 ships. 100 years later, his great grandson, Jim Carter was researching the lives of the men listed on his Berkshire village’s war memorial when his mother gave him Herbert’s S459 Record of Service and Carter, with a passion for military history, began to research Herbert’s life.
In today's podcast we discuss the early phases of the war, Britain's battle for the Mediterranean, the failed defence of Greece and Crete and the steep learning curve the Royal Navy undertook to win a war at sea.
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During the post war decades, migration from Britain's colonies in the Caribbean to the UK grew considerably. There are well documented 'pull' factors that led to this, including a deep sense of identification that many Jamaicans, Barbadians and others felt for the 'mother country'. However, long term structural economic hardships, the effects of a devastating hurricane in 1944 and the lack of any real prospect of migration to America after 1952 created powerful 'push' factors towards Britain.
This episode of the Explaining History podcast explores these issues through Eddie Chambers' excellent cultural history of Black Britain, Roots and Culture
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In this gripping episode of Explaining History, we delve into the shadowy world of espionage, conflict, and moral ambiguity with intelligence writer Henry Hemming, author of the explosive new book on one of the most controversial figures of The Troubles, the IRA double agent known as Stakeknife.
Henry Hemming takes us behind the veil of secrecy to reveal the complex life of Stakeknife, who, while deeply embedded within the IRA, passed critical intelligence to British security forces. This clandestine exchange of information had profound impacts on the course of The Troubles, making Stakeknife one of the most effective double agents of the period. However, his actions did not come without a cost, as he was also implicated in numerous murders, raising questions about morality, loyalty, and the price of peace.
Through Hemming's meticulous research and captivating storytelling, we explore the intricate dance of espionage, the ethical quandaries faced by those living a double life, and the human cost of conflict. This episode is a must-listen for anyone fascinated by the complexities of history, the art of intelligence, and the enduring question of what it means to do the right thing in a world where lines are often blurred.
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In this gripping episode of Explaining History, we delve into the shadowy world of espionage, conflict, and moral ambiguity with intelligence writer Henry Hemming, author of the explosive new book on one of the most controversial figures of The Troubles, the IRA double agent known as Stakeknife.
Henry Hemming takes us behind the veil of secrecy to reveal the complex life of Stakeknife, who, while deeply embedded within the IRA, passed critical intelligence to British security forces. This clandestine exchange of information had profound impacts on the course of The Troubles, making Stakeknife one of the most effective double agents of the period. However, his actions did not come without a cost, as he was also implicated in numerous murders, raising questions about morality, loyalty, and the price of peace.
Through Hemming's meticulous research and captivating storytelling, we explore the intricate dance of espionage, the ethical quandaries faced by those living a double life, and the human cost of conflict. This episode is a must-listen for anyone fascinated by the complexities of history, the art of intelligence, and the enduring question of what it means to do the right thing in a world where lines are often blurred.
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In this episode of Explaining History, we sit down with the acclaimed writer Bruce Tapping, author of, "Bruce's Complete Timeline of the World." Join us as we embark on a fascinating journey through the timeline, unravelling the complexities of our past, from the agricultural revolutions that reshaped society to the intellectual awakening of the Renaissance.
Bruce offers his unique insights into some of the most pivotal events in history, including the theories surrounding 9/11 and the transformative impact of information revolutions from printing to the internet on our understanding of historical change. With a narrative that weaves through the ages, we delve deep into discussions on how events are interconnected and the ways in which history repeats itself, offering lessons for the future.
Through Bruce's expert lens, we explore not just the events that have shaped our world, but the underlying forces driving historical change. Whether you're a history buff, a student of human progress, or simply curious about the world around you, this episode promises to enlighten, challenge, and inspire.
Tune in to Explaining History for a conversation that transcends time, offering a fresh perspective on the world we've inherited and where we're headed next.
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In "Mexico, America, and NAFTA 1994-1995," we delve into the intricate web of economic, political, and social ramifications of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in the mid-90s, guided by insights from John Gray's seminal work, "False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism." This episode sheds light on the high hopes and harsh realities that followed the implementation of NAFTA, focusing on the promise of seamless trade and prosperity versus the actual outcomes for local economies, labour markets, and national sovereignty.
We start by exploring the foundational goals of NAFTA, aimed at eliminating trade barriers between Mexico, Canada, and the United States, and fostering economic growth through increased trade and investment. Drawing from Gray's critique, we discuss the ideological underpinnings of free-market capitalism as championed by global institutions and how NAFTA became a test case for these principles.
The episode then zooms in on Mexico's experience, highlighting the immediate economic turbulence that followed NAFTA's implementation, including the 1994 peso crisis and its long-term implications for Mexican workers and industries. Through Gray's lens, we examine the fallout of globalization on local economies and the widening inequality gap, challenging the assumption that free trade inevitably leads to mutual benefits.
Finally, the episode reflects on the broader implications of NAFTA as a microcosm of global economic integration, considering how Gray's "False Dawn" frames the disillusionment with globalization and the rethinking of economic policies in the 21st century. Through expert interviews and analysis, we unpack the complex legacy of NAFTA and what it teaches us about the challenges and opportunities of navigating a globalized world.
Tune in to this thought-provoking episode of the Explaining History podcast, where we dissect the layers of Mexico, America, and NAFTA through the critical eyes of John Gray, offering listeners a deep dive into the intertwined destinies of nations caught in the wave of global capitalism.
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In this episode of the Explaining History Podcast, we delve into the complex and often overlooked intersection of Neoliberalism and National Liberation Movements during the pivotal decades of the 1940s, 50s, and 60s. Drawing insights from Quinn Slobodian's insightful book "Globalists," we unravel the ideological and practical challenges that the process of decolonization presented to neoliberal thinkers of the era.
As countries across Asia, Africa, and Latin America broke free from colonial rule, the foundational principles of neoliberalism—marked by the advocacy for open markets, free trade, and minimal state intervention—were put to the test. The episode explores the fascinating debate around the feasibility of establishing extraterritorial property rights for corporations in these newly independent nations. Could the neoliberal dream of a global free market withstand the rise of nationalistic aspirations and the desire for economic sovereignty among the newly liberated countries?
Through detailed analysis, we examine how figures within the neoliberal camp responded to this challenge, and how the neoliberals themselves had little time for the aspirations of newly decolonised peoples. This episode sheds light on a critical chapter in global history, revealing the intricate dynamics between economic ideologies and the fight for national self-determination. Join us as we navigate the legacies of these historical debates and their implications for our understanding of global economic policies today.
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In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, we delve deep into the heart of the twentieth century's most defining conflict: World War II. Often remembered as "The Good War," this episode, inspired by Geoffrey Wheatcroft's insightful essay and Richard Overy's comprehensive study, invites listeners to re-examine the conventional narratives that have shaped our understanding of the war.
Through a meticulous analysis of "World War Two: The Myth of the Good War" and "Blood and Ruins," we uncover the layers of complexity that challenge the black-and-white morality often associated with the Allies' cause. From the strategic bombing campaigns that devastated civilian populations to the political compromises that sowed the seeds of future conflicts, we explore the ethical ambiguities and harsh realities that defy the simplistic notion of good versus evil.
Join us as we navigate the geopolitical chessboard of the 1930s and 1940s, examining the motivations, decisions, and consequences that defined the era. We confront the uncomfortable truths and moral dilemmas faced by nations and leaders, shedding light on the lesser-known aspects of the war that complicate its legacy.
This episode is not just a journey through history but a call to critically engage with our past, understanding that the myths we hold dear often obscure the nuanced truths that can teach us invaluable lessons about humanity, war, and the price of peace.
Tune in to "World War Two: The Good War" on the Explaining History podcast, and prepare to see one of history's most significant events in a new light.
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2014/dec/09/-sp-myth-of-the-good-war
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Hi everyone, I get trolled from time to time on Twitter by various far right types who object to a particular video I did years ago which states that Hitler was not, in fact, a socialist and did not , in fact, have socialist ideas. Here I revisit the argument, though I doubt it will do me much good.
Anyway, would love to hear your thoughts (unless you want to tell me he is a socialist, and whilst I'm all for free discourse, you should know that I've heard this one before, lots).
Thanks
Nick
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In this thought-provoking episode of the Explaining History podcast, we delve into the often overlooked conservative resistance on American college campuses during the height of the counter-culture movement. Join us as we sit down with Lauren Lassabe Shepherd, academic at the University of New Orleans and distinguished historian and author, who sheds light on the dynamic and complex interactions between conservative students and the liberal ideologies that defined much of the 1960s and 70s academic landscape.
Through our conversation, Lauren provides a nuanced analysis of the motivations, strategies, and impacts of right-wing student organizations and their efforts to challenge and shape campus culture and policies. From sit-ins and protests to the intellectual debates that raged within classroom walls, we explore the breadth of conservative activism that countered the era's prevailing liberal norms.
This episode offers listeners a unique perspective on a pivotal moment in American educational and political history, highlighting the diversity of thought and activism that contributed to shaping contemporary campus climates. Whether you're a history enthusiast, a student of political science, or someone curious about the complex interplay of ideologies in education, this conversation with Lauren Lassabe Shepherd offers invaluable insights into the forces that have influenced American colleges and universities.
Tune in to "Resistance from the Right: America's Campus Backlash Against the Counter Culture" for a deep dive into a fascinating aspect of America's educational and political history that continues to resonate today.
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Description:
In this insightful episode of the Explaining History Podcast, we delve into a pivotal period in British history - the years 1968-1970 under the leadership of Prime Minister Harold Wilson and his Chancellor of the Exchequer, Roy Jenkins. Drawing from Kenneth O. Morgan's meticulously researched book "The People's Peace," we explore the significant economic challenges and austerity measures that defined this era.
As Britain faced mounting economic pressures, Wilson and Jenkins's policies aimed to stabilize the economy and curb inflation, leading to a series of austerity measures that had profound impacts on the British society and politics. This episode examines the delicate balance they attempted to strike between economic necessity and political feasibility.
We'll discuss the backdrop of global economic trends, the pressures of the Cold War, and domestic political dynamics that influenced their decisions. Furthermore, we'll look at the social and cultural shifts occurring in Britain during this period and how these interacted with the government's economic policies.
Join us as we unravel the complexities of this crucial period in British history, shedding light on how the decisions of Wilson and Jenkins have shaped the economic and political landscape of modern Britain. Whether you're a history buff, a student of economics, or just curious about the past, this episode offers a compelling glimpse into an era of transformation and challenge.
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Hi everyone, this is a podcast I should have done a couple of months ago and I have been remise in not creating it sooner. This are some thoughts on the ongoing genocide of the Palestinian people in Gaza. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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In this captivating episode of the Explaining History podcast, we sit down with David Slattery-Christy, author of "Flyte Or Fancy," to delve into the tragic and fascinating life of aristocrat Harry Clifton. Join us as we explore the tumultuous world of Harry Clifton, a figure whose life story reads like a novel, filled with grandeur, crisis, and heartbreak. David Slattery-Christybrings to life the compelling narrative of Clifton, heir to a vast family fortune that was squandered in a lifetime. An eccentric interwar figure and an increasingly isolated and lonely man later in life, Clifton was the reluctant custodian of a fortune amassed from land ownership over several centuries. His forays into film production in Hollywood made him a target for crooks and con artists, and by his death in 1979, most of the money was gone. From his extravagant lifestyle to his lonely demise, we discuss how Clifton's story offers a unique window into the aristocratic world of his time and the declining fotunes of the British aristocracy in the 20th Century.
You can buy Flyte of Fancy here and David's biography of Ivor Novello (also mentioned in this week's episode) here
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In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, we turn our focus to the remarkable life and enduring legacy of Merze Tate, a groundbreaking intellectual whose contributions have left an indelible mark on the study of international relations, disarmament, colonialism and post colonialism, race, gender and injustice. Joining us for this exploration is esteemed Professor Barbara Savage, an expert in African American history and culture.
Professor Savage guides us through the extraordinary journey of Merze Tate, the first African American woman to attend the University of Oxford and to earn a Ph.D. in government from Radcliffe College. We delve into Tate's remarkable achievements in a time of significant racial and gender barriers, highlighting her role as a pioneer in academia and diplomacy.
The discussion illuminates Tate's influential work as a historian and political scientist, where she challenged conventional narratives and offered fresh perspectives on international relations and peace studies. Professor Savage shares insights into Tate's unique approach to scholarship and her impact on the field, particularly in understanding the dynamics of imperialism and disarmament.
Listeners will gain a deeper appreciation for Tate's contributions, not only as a scholar but also as a role model and mentor to many. The episode also touches on the challenges Tate faced, including the racial and gender discrimination of her era, and how she navigated these obstacles with resilience.
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In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, we dive deep into the complex legacy of Che Guevara, the iconic revolutionary figure whose image has transcended generations. Our special guest, acclaimed author Otto English, joins us to discuss his new book, "Fake Heroes," which critically examines the myths and realities surrounding Che Guevara.
English, known for his incisive analysis and engaging storytelling, sheds light on the lesser-known aspects of Guevara's life and the consequences of his actions. The episode navigates through Guevara's journey from a young idealist to a key figure in the Cuban Revolution, questioning the romanticized portrayal that often overshadows the more contentious aspects of his legacy.
Listeners will be treated to a nuanced conversation that delves into how Guevara's image has been commodified and romanticized over the years, often at the expense of historical accuracy. English brings a fresh perspective, challenging the traditional narratives and exploring the dichotomy between Guevara's ideals and the methods he employed to achieve them.
This episode is a must-listen for history enthusiasts and anyone interested in understanding the complexities of revolutionary icons. Join us as we unpack the myths, explore the controversies, and gain a deeper understanding of Che Guevara through the critical lens of Otto English's research and insights.
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Description:
In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, we delve into the clandestine world of the Special Air Service (SAS) during its critical missions in Italy from 1943 to 1945. Joining us is n historian and author Damien Lewis, an expert on the SAS, whose new book "Forged in Hell" meticulously chronicles this intriguing chapter of World War II history.
Lewis provides captivating insights into the daring and audacious raids carried out by the SAS, shedding light on the unwavering bravery and unique military ethos that defined this elite unit. We explore how these soldiers operated deep behind enemy lines, facing not only the relentless threats from the Axis forces but also the uncertainty of their future due to the scepticism and opposition from senior figures within their own military ranks.
Throughout the episode, we unravel the tactics, challenges, and triumphs of the SAS, understanding their pivotal role in the broader context of the war. Lewis shares anecdotes and stories, many of which are untold until now, bringing to life the sheer determination and ingenuity of these soldiers.
Whether you're a military history enthusiast, a fan of untold war stories, or simply intrigued by the SAS's legendary reputation, this episode promises to be a captivating journey into the heart of covert operations and unyielding courage. Don't miss this deep dive into history with Damien Lewis, as we uncover the legacy and indomitable spirit of the SAS in Italy during World War II.
So, tune in, and prepare to be transported back in time to the treacherous terrains of Italy, where the SAS fought not just for victory, but for their very existence and recognition.
You can buy the book here
And if you've enjoyed today's podcast and would like to support with a one off donation, you can do so here
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Winthrop Bell is probably the most important spy you've never heard of. In this episode of the Explaining History podcast we hear about his life and exploits and his attempts during the 1930s to draw attention to the growing threat that Nazism posed. Academic and author Jason Bell joins us on the podcast to discuss the life, career and legacy of Winthrop Bell and his new book Cracking the Nazi Code.
You can order a copy of the book here
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In this episode of Explaining History, we delve deep into the origins and enduring impact of one of the world's most powerful hymns: "Amazing Grace." A song that has transcended boundaries of religion, race, and nation, it has served as an anthem for both the abolition of slavery and the civil rights movement in the United States.
Joining us for this exploration is the esteemed Professor Emeritus James Walvin, an expert in the history of slavery and abolition. Professor Walvin traces the hymn's beginnings with John Newton, a former slave trader turned abolitionist. We uncover the layers of meaning the song acquired as it traveled through history, especially during tumultuous periods of societal upheaval and transformation during the civil rights struggles of the 19th and 20th Centuries.
Hear stories of how "Amazing Grace" provided hope to enslaved Africans, galvanized abolitionists, and later inspired civil rights leaders. Learn how a simple hymn could evoke such powerful emotions, bridging the gap between generations, cultures, and political movements.
Whether you're a history enthusiast, a music lover, or someone curious about the intertwining of art and social change, this episode promises a harmonious blend of historical insight and emotional resonance.
Highlights:
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The transformative journey of John Newton from a slave trader to a clergyman and abolitionist.
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The early influences and iterations of "Amazing Grace."
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The hymn's role in the American abolitionist movement.
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The resurgence of "Amazing Grace" during the Civil Rights Movement.
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Personal anecdotes from Professor Walvin on the hymn's influence in contemporary times.
James Walvin’s published work has been largely in the field of slavery and modern British Social History. In 2019-20 he held the position of Distinguished Fellow in the History and Culture of the Americas, at the Huntington Library. He previously held fellowships at Yale University, The University of the West Indies, the Australian National University and the University of Edinburgh.
For twenty years he co-edited the journal Slavery and Abolition.
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In this thought-provoking episode, we sit down with esteemed historian David Veevers to discuss his latest work, "The Great Defiance." Beyond the usual tales of empire-building and domination, Veevers sheds light on the often overlooked stories of those who stood up, resisted, and defied the might of English and later British colonizers throughout the early modern period. Together, we delve deep into the rich tapestry of histories that highlight the resilience, courage, and tenacity of communities across the globe. Through "Defiant Empire," Veevers challenges traditional narratives, pushing listeners to reconsider what they thought they knew about colonization. Join us as we embark on a journey that re-centers the experiences and voices of the defiant, and offers a fresh perspective on a chapter of history too crucial to be forgotten.
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In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, I'm joined by Professor Chad Williams to explore the life and thought of W.E.B. Du Bois, the foremost intellectual of the civil rights movement. We discuss his complex and often difficult relationship with the First World War and its aftermath and his unfinished work, African Americans and the Wounded World. This is a fascinating discussion of Du Bois's life, his intellectual journey and his significance.
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In this episode, I've had the pleasure of talking with a good friend of the podcast, Alvaro Gomez Velasco, our eyewitness on contemporary politics in Spain. We explore the recent rise of right wing populism across Europe and the growth of the Vox movement in Spain. Examining the legacy of Franco, the suppression of the Catalan independence movement and the issue of immigration, we explore the reasons for a resurgence of the right in Spain and the prospects for the left in the future. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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Description:
In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, we embark on a journey through modern economic history, tracing the evolution of global free markets from the height of Victorian Britain to the transformative concepts of Francis Fukuyama's "End of History." Drawing insights from the seminal work "False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism" by renowned scholar John Gray, we delve deep into the intricate web of economic, political, and social forces that have shaped our world.
This episode guides us through a narrative that illuminates the critical junctures, key figures, and paradigm-shifting events that have defined the trajectory of global capitalism. With a keen focus on historical context and nuanced analysis, we examine the rise of free markets during the 19th century, their role in the world wars, and their triumph during the late 20th century.
John Gray's incisive critique serves as our compass, challenging us to reconsider the assumptions that underpin the global capitalist system. As we explore the promises and pitfalls of unrestricted markets, we question whether Fukuyama's vision of "The End of History" has truly come to pass or if it remains an elusive goal.
Whether you're a history enthusiast, an economics buff, or simply curious about the forces that have shaped our modern world, this episode offers a captivating exploration of global free markets' tumultuous journey, underpinned by the invaluable insights of John Gray's "False Dawn." Join us on this intellectual odyssey as we navigate the complex terrain of capitalism's evolution and its enduring impact on our lives.
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This episode takes our listeners on a remarkable journey into the tumultuous period of the 1970s in Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, as seen through the lens of James McManus, the former Africa correspondent for The Guardian. McManus was not just a journalist chronicling events from the periphery; he was in the thick of it, engaging with pivotal figures who would shape the course of the nation's history.
In an era marked by political upheaval, civil strife, and a tug-of-war for power, McManus met the staunchly pro-white minority rule leader, Ian Smith. His insights into this enigmatic figure shed light on the psyche of a leader desperately clinging to the vestiges of colonial rule. Equally compelling is his account of Robert Mugabe, the charismatic anti-colonial leader, whose transition from liberator to dictator left an indelible mark on Zimbabwe.
Yet, McManus' narrative is not limited to these towering figures. He delves into his encounters with a myriad of African nationalist leaders, painting a multi-faceted picture of a continent in flux, and a nation on the cusp of monumental change. Drawing from these rich experiences, McManus has penned his latest novel, "Love in a Lost Land," a poignant tale that encapsulates the passion, peril, and paradoxes of this transformative period.
Join us for a deep dive into an era that redefined the African continent, as told by an eyewitness who stood at the crossroads of history. Whether you're a history aficionado or simply intrigued by personal tales that mirror broader societal shifts, this episode promises a captivating listen.
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Explaining History Podcast Episode Description:
In the highly anticipated second installment of our conversations with the esteemed Professor Jean Phaelzer, author of the groundbreaking work, "California: A Slave State," we delve deeper into the interwoven tapestry of California's historical landscape. The Gold Rush, a period synonymous with opportunity and prosperity, bore witness to the dark side of fortune as it intersected with the repercussions of the Fugitive Slave Act.
The Gold Rush not only lured countless individuals with the promise of golden riches, but it also inadvertently became a playing field for slave owners to exploit the Fugitive Slave Act, transforming California into a contentious battleground for slavery's final stand in the West. This episode elucidates the complex dynamics between runaway slaves seeking refuge, opportunistic slave catchers, and the mounting tensions in a territory grappling with its identity.
Yet, the episode does not merely halt at this juncture of history. Prof. Phaelzer expertly bridges the past with the present as she exposes the insidious birth of the American carceral state. Born from the ashes of this era was the unofficial slavery of prison labor, a system that continued to tether marginalized communities to systemic oppression and economic exploitation. This clandestine practice has deeply influenced modern policies and perceptions surrounding incarceration, and its roots lie surprisingly close to the gold-laden hills of California.
Join us in this captivating journey as we uncover the obscured truths of California's past and its indelible mark on the America we know today.
You can purchase California: A Slave State here
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In this episode, we navigate the contemporary debates around colonialism, empire and slavery and its resonating echoes in modern culture wars with the guidance of Professor Alan Lester. As an eminent historian, Alan brings profound insight into the intricate relationship between colonial legacies and the contemporary debates surrounding them.
Together, we journey into the heart of the British Empire, examining its impact on the world and, more importantly, how it's remembered and debated today. Why are discussions about the Empire so polarized? How have past actions and decisions shaped present-day perspectives? And, crucially, how can we approach this topic in a divisive and politically charged environment?
Professor Lester sheds light on these questions, offering both historical context and nuanced strategies for fostering constructive dialogues about the Empire in today's culture wars.
Dive into "Colonialism and Culture Wars: In Conversation with Professor Alan Lester" for a thought-provoking exploration that bridges the past with present-day challenges. This episode is not just a history lesson; it's a guide to understanding and navigating one of the most contested terrains in contemporary discourse.
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n this eye-opening episode, we journey into the often-overlooked history of slavery in California, guided by the insights of Professor Jean Pfaelzer, author of the seminal book, "California: A Slave State."
Pfaelzer's groundbreaking research uncovers a hidden chapter of California's past, where the institution of slavery played a significant, if clandestine, role. Through an engaging conversation, we explore the legal, political, and social mechanisms that allowed slavery to exist in a state that, ostensibly, had outlawed the practice.
We discuss the complex and contradictory laws, such as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, that both supported and clashed with California's "Free State" status. We also examine the lived experiences of those who were enslaved, their struggles, triumphs, and the lasting impact on their descendants.
This episode illuminates a neglected part of American history and challenges our understanding of the Golden State's legacy. By tracing the intricate web of laws, politics, and personal narratives, we paint a vivid picture of a California that is far removed from its popular mythos.
Tune in to "Slavery in California: In Conversation with Jean Pfaelzer" for an engaging and thought-provoking exploration that will leave you with a deeper understanding of California's complex past and its enduring impact on present-day issues of race and justice. Whether you are a student of history, an avid reader, or someone looking to broaden their understanding of American history, this episode offers valuable insights that will provoke reflection and discussion.
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In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, we delve into the intellectual climate of 1930s Europe, as detailed in Richard Overy's illuminating work, "The Morbid Age." The episode seeks to uncover the complex web of fears, anxieties, and escalating tensions that pervaded Britain and the broader European landscape, leading many to view the outbreak of war as an inevitability by the late 1930s.
The 1930s, marked by economic turmoil, political instability, and the rise of totalitarian ideologies, were a period of profound apprehension. Overy's book provides a rich backdrop against which we explore this era, characterized by a deep-seated dread of the imminent war.
This episode traverses the intricate maze of the public consciousness during this tense period, from the intellectual debates raging in Britain to the pervading sense of dread that gripped the European continent. We examine how, against this backdrop of escalating international tension, war was increasingly viewed not as a possibility, but as an impending reality.
We shed light on how intellectuals, commentators, and the general populace grappled with this looming specter of conflict. From fears of aerial bombardment and the potential for total societal collapse, to the chilling realities of the totalitarian regimes emerging in Europe, this episode delves into the psyche of a continent on the brink of cataclysm.
Tune in to this in-depth exploration of a Europe gripped by fear, forever shadowed by the looming specter of war. This journey into the heart of the 'Morbid Age' offers invaluable insights into a critical period in our history, shaping our understanding of the years leading up to World War II.
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In the first episode of our exploration into "Roots and Culture" by Eddie Chambers, we delve into the history of Black Britain from 1948 to 1989. This period witnessed a profound shift in Britain's cultural, social, and racial landscape, marked by the arrival of the Windrush Generation in 1948 and culminating with the end of the 1980s.
In this episode, we navigate the complex tapestry of Black British history, charting the experiences, struggles, and triumphs of Black communities within Britain. We delve into the intricate web of immigration, systemic racism, cultural heritage, and identity formation that defines this era.
The tale unfolds with the arrival of the Empire Windrush at Tilbury Docks, bringing the first large group of Caribbean migrants to the UK. This pivotal moment marked the beginning of significant Black immigration to Britain, shaping the multicultural society we know today.
Throughout the subsequent decades, Black Britons forged a space for themselves in the face of adversity, enriching Britain with their unique culture, talents, and resilience. Despite persistent challenges, their legacy resonates in every facet of British society – from music and arts to politics and sports.
Join us as we journey through this dynamic period in history, unveiling the vibrant and often overlooked narrative of Black Britain. The lessons learnt from this saga of resilience and cultural revolution hold vital importance for our understanding of modern Britain.
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In the second episode of our deep dive into the months prior to Stalingrad, reading Max Hastings' "All Hell Let Loose," we shift our gaze to a pivotal moment in 1942. This was a year marked by startling contrasts between the strategic decision-making processes in the Kremlin and the Führerbunker.
We explore how the relentless calamities faced by the Red Army on the Eastern Front became a powerful catalyst for change. Recognizing the fatal errors of his overbearing control, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin took a step back. He acknowledged the necessity of delegating military decisions to his generals - a move that would later prove decisive for the USSR's war efforts.
On the other side of the front, Adolf Hitler took a strikingly different course of action. Overwhelmed by hubris, he firmly believed in his unrivalled command prowess. Disregarding the wise counsel of his experienced generals, Hitler chose to marginalize these critical voices within the German High Command. This grave mistake set the stage for what would eventually become the most catastrophic military blunder of the war: the assault on Stalingrad.
The German war machine, fuelled by Hitler's ambition, rolled onwards in the summer of 1942, spanning an imposing 500-mile front. Hitler's decision to seize Leningrad - deviating from the initial plan of enforcing a siege to starve the city into submission - forced additional resources to be redirected northwards.
In this episode, we examine these strategic blunders and their far-reaching repercussions, as we continue to navigate the labyrinthine path of World War II history through the lens of Max Hastings' insightful narrative. Tune in to explore how the ideological tunnel vision of these leaders dictated the course of the war and sealed the fate of countless lives.
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In this episode of Explaining History, we dive into the tumultuous events of World War II's Eastern Front, focusing on the German victories in the Caucasus region during the spring and summer of 1942. Drawing upon insights from Max Hastings's masterful book, "All Hell Let Loose," we present a comprehensive account of this critical phase of the war.
Our exploration begins with the German Wehrmacht's ambitious summer offensive, Case Blue, aimed at seizing the oil-rich Caucasus and the strategic city of Stalingrad.
Guided by Hastings's meticulous research, we dissect the military strategies and battlefield manoeuvres that allowed Germany to achieve initial successes in this gruelling campaign.
However, these victories didn't come without significant costs. We delve into the tremendous human toll and logistical challenges that the Wehrmacht faced in the unforgiving terrain and climate of the Caucasus. We further examine how these victories sowed the seeds for the catastrophic German defeat in Stalingrad, marking a turning point in the war.
Our conversation also illuminates the larger context of the war, including the strategic importance of the Caucasus for both Axis and Soviet forces, and how the battles in this region influenced the broader trajectory of World War II.
Whether you're a seasoned history buff, a military enthusiast, or a student eager to delve into the intricate dynamics of the Second World War, this episode promises a wealth of insights. Join us as we navigate through the intricate details of the German Caucasus campaign, shedding light on the human stories and strategic decisions that shaped this pivotal period of the war.
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In this thought-provoking episode of Explaining History, we turn our focus to a pivotal period in Latin American economic history - the collapse of Mexican neoliberalism between 1994-5. Drawing from John Gray's incisive book "False Dawn," we delve into the intricacies of this economic implosion and its far-reaching implications.
Our exploration takes us through the establishment of neoliberal economic policies in Mexico, their relationship with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and how these intertwined factors contributed to an economic crisis that shook the nation.
Gray's insightful analysis provides a compelling backdrop as we dissect the Mexican government's struggles with mounting debt, the challenge to its sovereignty, and the turbulent relationship with its NAFTA partners, chiefly the United States. We delve deep into the underlying assumptions of neoliberalism and how these principles contributed to the financial meltdown in Mexico.
Our conversation also touches on the 'Tequila Crisis,' the international financial panic triggered by the abrupt devaluation of the Mexican peso in December 1994. We discuss how these financial shocks reverberated far beyond Mexico, creating ripple effects that had significant implications for global economic systems and the viability of neoliberalism as an economic model.
Whether you're an economics student, history enthusiast, or just someone interested in understanding the forces that shape our global economy, this episode provides a comprehensive exploration of a critical historical event. Join us as we unravel the complexities of Mexico's financial crisis and take a closer look at the broader effects of neoliberal policy on the world stage.
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In this compelling episode of Explaining History, we delve deep into the ideological and historical currents that gave rise to Maoism, the influential doctrine of China's revolutionary leader, Mao Zedong. Drawing from Julia Lovell's profound work, "Maoism: A Global History," we aim to demystify Mao's philosophy and its global impact.
Our exploration takes us from the early seeds of Mao's political thought, encapsulated in his infamous aphorism "Power comes from the barrel of a gun," to its implementation during his reign and its repercussions that resonate in China and across the globe even today.
We discuss how Mao's philosophy extended beyond mere political theory, shaping China's societal and cultural structures in profound ways. Lovell's comprehensive account guides us through the intricate web of Mao's policies, their intended and unintended consequences, and how his doctrine went on to influence numerous revolutionary movements worldwide.
We examine the ideological transformation of a nation and its people, considering the breadth and depth of Maoism in Chinese society and its foreign policy. Furthermore, we delve into the international manifestations of Maoism, investigating its global reach from the rice fields of rural Asia to the political battlegrounds of the African continent and even into the heart of Western academia.
Whether you're a student of history, political science, or international relations, or someone simply intrigued by the significant ideologies that have shaped our world, this episode promises to be an enlightening tour through one of the 20th century's most influential and controversial political doctrines.
Join us on this journey through history as we untangle the complexities of Maoism, its origins, its implications, and its lasting legacy in the ever-evolving global political landscape.
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Join us on this episode of Explaining History, where we journey back to one of the most politically turbulent eras in American history. We're privileged to have Mary McNeil, a renowned historian and scholar, as our guide through the labyrinth of events that transpired from the release of the Pentagon Papers to the fall of the Nixon administration in the Watergate scandal.
Mary elucidates the critical roles that Daniel Ellsberg and John Dean played in these defining moments of the early 1970s. She sheds light on Ellsberg, the military analyst who risked everything to leak the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret study revealing government deception about the Vietnam War. On the other side of the equation, we delve into the actions of John Dean, White House Counsel under President Nixon, whose testimony about the Watergate cover-up contributed significantly to Nixon's resignation.
Our conversation delves deep into the crucial role the Washington Post played in these events, from their brave decision to publish the Pentagon Papers, to their dogged reporting on the Watergate scandal, which exemplifies the power of the press in holding the government accountable.
We further dissect the often complex relationships between journalists and their subjects, exploring the boundaries and responsibilities of the press. Our discussion challenges the traditional perception of journalism's role in political discourse and provides a fascinating exploration of how media can shape, influence, and ultimately, change the course of history.
Whether you're a history enthusiast, a journalism student, or simply a seeker of intriguing narratives, this episode promises a riveting deep dive into a critical period of American history and its enduring legacy on politics and media. Join us in this enlightening journey through the annals of investigative journalism and political accountability, where truth often proves stranger than fiction.
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In this episode of Explaining History, we turn our focus from world events to a pivotal moment in pop culture history: the infamous legal battle between music superstar Elton John and the British tabloid, The Sun. Based on John Sweeney's insightful feature, "The Sun and the Star," from the "Faber Book of Pop" anthology, we unravel the intricate story behind one of the most high-profile libel cases of the 1980s.
Our exploration takes us through the tumultuous relationship between the media and celebrity culture, set against the backdrop of the fast-paced and scandal-driven world of British tabloid journalism. We dissect the dynamics of this epic battle, where Elton John took on The Sun's sensationalist reporting, claiming defamation and fighting for his privacy.
The episode delves into how the case unfolded, the consequences it had for both parties involved, and the wider implications for press freedom and privacy rights. As Sweeney's feature deftly illuminates, this was not merely a feud between a pop star and a newspaper, but a watershed moment that challenged the boundaries of media ethics and celebrity privacy.
We also consider the broader societal context of the 1980s, highlighting the role of the media in shaping public perception, and the emergence of celebrities as powerful figures in their own right.
Join us as we step back into this riveting period of pop history, examining the tension and the impact of this landmark case on celebrity and media relations.
Whether you're a fan of pop culture, interested in media studies, or just love a good story of David Vs Goliath, this episode of Explaining History is a fascinating look at an event that helped shape the landscape of modern celebrity culture.
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In this captivating episode of Explaining History, we delve into the profound historical moments leading to the end of World War II with our special guest, acclaimed writer and historian, Evan Thomas.
As the author of numerous bestselling books and an expert in American history and foreign policy, Thomas guides us through the fraught final days of the Pacific War. He elaborates on the intricate blend of military strategy, diplomatic negotiations, and human psychology that marked this tumultuous period.
We explore how the relentless Allied advances and devastating aerial bombardments, including the unprecedented atomic attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, contributed to Japan's decision to surrender. Thomas provides fresh insights into the complex calculations of Japan's leadership and the Emperor's role in the surrender, breaking down the myths and misconceptions.
Our conversation also scrutinizes the effects of these final manoeuvres on both sides of the conflict and their broader impact on the post-war world. Additionally, we discuss the moral, ethical, and historical debates that continue to surround these events.
Join us for this thought-provoking journey into one of the most critical periods in global history, offering a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics that ultimately brought World War II to its dramatic conclusion.
Whether you're a history buff, a student looking for comprehensive insights, or someone fascinated by the influences shaping our world, this episode of Explaining History with Evan Thomas will leave you with a broader understanding and deeper appreciation of these significant historical events.
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In this episode, we delve deep into the dynamic period in British history spanning 1945 to 1990. Our exploration is based on "The People's Peace" by esteemed historian Kenneth O. Morgan, who masterfully encapsulates the cultural, social, and political transformation of post-war Britain.
We open with the euphoria of victory in 1945 and the advent of the welfare state under the Labour government. Drawing on Morgan's in-depth research, we trace the rise of collectivism, the spirit of cooperation, and the development of pivotal institutions like the National Health Service, a beacon of British society.
The episode moves on to consider the societal and political challenges that arose in the face of post-war optimism, delving into the complex interplay of conflicts and consensus in this period.
In the latter part of the episode, we navigate the turbulent '70s and '80s, looking at the rise of Thatcherism and the decline of collectivism. We discuss the social and economic transformations under Thatcher's government, the miners' strike, and the growing societal division.
Throughout the episode, we take a closer look at the daily lives of the British people, highlighting the significant shifts in social norms, living standards, and cultural values. "Post-War British Society: Collectivism, Cooperation, Conflict 1945-1990" promises an engaging, comprehensive, and nuanced understanding of this transformative period in British history. Whether you're a history buff, student, or simply curious about the past, this episode offers a captivating insight into the decades that fundamentally reshaped Britain.
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In this thought-provoking episode of the Explaining History Podcast, historian we delve into the captivating world of war reporting during Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Drawing inspiration from the renowned book "The First Casualty" by Phillip Knightley, we explore the intricate landscape of journalism, censorship, and chaos that unfolded during this pivotal moment in history.
The episode takes us on a compelling journey through the challenges faced by journalists attempting to report on the realities of war within the Soviet Union. We delve into the harsh conditions, censorship mechanisms, and propaganda efforts that shaped the narrative surrounding the conflict.
Using Knightley's groundbreaking research and insights, the episode uncovers the struggles faced by both foreign correspondents and Soviet reporters as they navigated the complexities of reporting from the frontlines. We examine the pressures they encountered, the risks they took, and the compromises they made to convey the truth amidst a web of censorship and propaganda.
Through vivid storytelling and historical analysis, the episode paints a vivid picture of the chaos and confusion that permeated the war reporting landscape. We explore the information gaps, conflicting narratives, and challenges of transmitting accurate accounts of the war to the public.
Furthermore, we examine the broader implications of war reporting in the USSR and its impact on public perception, military morale, and the shaping of historical memory. We analyze the role of propaganda and censorship in manipulating public opinion and the subsequent challenges faced by historians in uncovering the truth.
By the end of this gripping episode, listeners will gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and nuances of war reporting during Operation Barbarossa.
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In today's podcast I chat with Jason Bell about his book Cracking the Nazi Code, the story of Winthrop Bell, a Canadian academic and MI6 agent who witnessed the rise of Nazism first hand. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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Join historian us on a journey into the intricate world of international politics during the aftermath of World War I in the latest episode of the Explaining History Podcast. In this episode, titled "Anglo-American Liberalism and the Mandate System 1918-1919," we delve into the clash between imperial ambitions, paternalism, and the ideals of Wilsonian internationalism.
We will unravel the complex dynamics that unfolded at the Paris Peace Conference, where the victors of the war convened to shape the post-war world order. Focusing on the pivotal issue of mandates, we explore how Britain and France's imperial aspirations had to contend with the emerging influence of American and British liberalism.
Throughout the episode, we navigate the ideological fault lines that emerged during the negotiations, as the imperial powers sought to maintain their dominance while grappling with the principles of self-determination and the promotion of democracy advocated by President Woodrow Wilson.
We delve into the historical context that shaped the mandates system, a compromise between imperial control and the call for national sovereignty. This episode sheds light on the motivations and tensions that guided the decision-making process, highlighting the delicate balance between promoting stability and safeguarding the interests of indigenous populations.
With meticulous research and expert analysis, we explore the impact of the mandates system on various regions, including the Middle East and Africa. We examine how this system created a unique blend of imperial rule and international oversight, setting the stage for future struggles and complexities in these territories.
This episode examines the legacy of Anglo-American liberalism and its enduring influence on global politics. We discuss the tensions between self-interest, paternalism, and the ideals of a liberal international order, shedding light on the lasting implications of this pivotal moment in history.
By the end of this captivating episode, listeners will gain a deep understanding of the intricate web of competing ideologies and interests that shaped the mandates system and its aftermath. We unveil the complexities of Anglo-American liberalism, imperial ambitions, and the ideals of Wilsonian internationalism during this transformative period.
Tune in to the Explaining History Podcast and join us as we explore the fascinating clash of ideologies, the creation of the mandates system, and the lasting impact of these historical developments on our modern world.
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Welcome to a captivating episode of the Explaining History Podcast, we take an insightful journey into the legacy of Mussolini's historical memory in Italy. In this episode, titled "Mussolini's Mausoleum," our focus centers on the site where his remains are interred, located in Predappio, Italy.
We delve into the fascinating history surrounding the mausoleum and its significance as a symbol of Mussolini's enduring impact on Italian society. Join us as we navigate the complex emotions, controversies, and conflicting narratives that surround this poignant location.
Throughout the episode, we explore the historical context of Mussolini's rise to power and the creation of a fascist regime in Italy. We examine the construction of Predappio as a cult-like pilgrimage site for fascist sympathizers, where Mussolini's burial place became an emblematic space for the perpetuation of fascist ideology and nostalgia.
Drawing on Keith Lowe's Prisoners of History, we unravel the layers of historical memory associated with Mussolini and his mausoleum. We delve into the public reception of the site, exploring the varied perspectives of Italians who view it as either a place of reverence, a reminder of a dark past, or an opportunity for critical reflection.
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Episode Description:
In the latest instalment of the Explaining History Podcast, join us as we delve into the multifaceted nature of Thatcherism, a political ideology that has left an indelible mark on British society. This episode, titled "Thatcherism's Contradictions, 1975-2023," explores the intricate relationship between social conservatism and economic liberalism, which have often found themselves in conflict during the era shaped by the Iron Lady.
The show takes us on a captivating journey through the key events, policies, and ideologies that characterized the Thatcher years, spanning from 1975 all the way up to the present day. We uncover the profound contradictions that emerged within Thatcherism, dissecting the tension between the desire for a more socially traditional Britain and the push for a free-market economy.
Exploring the writing of philosopher John Gray, the podcast navigates the complex interplay between these seemingly opposing forces within Thatcherism. On one hand, we witness the rise of social conservatism, which sought to reinvigorate traditional values and norms in response to societal shifts. From the contentious battle over Section 28 to the heightened focus on law and order, we explore the ideological motivations behind these policies and their impact on communities across the nation.
Simultaneously, the episode examines the triumphs and pitfalls of economic liberalism under Thatcher's governance. We delve into the deregulation of industries, privatization of state-owned assets, and the transformation of the British economy. We analyze the ideological underpinnings of Thatcher's economic policies and the subsequent consequences for working-class communities, trade unions, and the wider social fabric of the country.
The episode, skillfully weaves together expert insights and historical context to paint a comprehensive picture of Thatcherism's contradictions. By exploring the clash between social conservatism and economic liberalism, we gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and lasting legacies of this influential period in British political history.
So tune in to the latest episode of the Explaining History Podcast and join us on a fascinating exploration of Thatcherism's Contradictions, 1975-2023. Discover how the tension between social conservatism and economic liberalism shaped the political landscape of Britain, leaving an indelible imprint on the nation's social, cultural, and economic fabric.
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In this episode of Explaining History, we are delighted to welcome renowned author and dedicated Francophile, David Lawday. With his extensive knowledge and passion for French history, David delves into the dramatic and impactful events of the Siege of Paris in 1870 and the subsequent Paris Commune.
The year 1870 was a turning point for France, marked by the defeat of Napoleon III and the Siege of Paris during the Franco-Prussian War. Lawday brings to life this brutal siege, transporting us back to a city under a 4-month blockade, rife with starvation and desperation. He explores the strategies, key players, and pivotal moments that defined this remarkable period in history.
From there, we explore the tumultuous uprising of the Paris Commune, and how the spirit of revolutionary socialism and radicalism emerged from the ashes of the siege, leading to one of the most radical moments in French history. We explore the impact of the Commune on global movements, and its lingering legacy today.
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This week, we have an intriguing episode as we converse with acclaimed author Philip Augur, who brings to life the tale of John Stonehouse, the controversial Labour MP.
We explore the remarkable and complex narrative depicted in the book 'Agent Twister', co-written with Keely Winstone. Discover Stonehouse's tumultuous journey from political prominence to disgrace, marked by an infamous scandal that astonished the British public, a story truly stranger than fiction.
Our conversation uncovers the man behind the headlines, delivering a nuanced understanding of his life, actions, and legacy. John Stonehouse, the British Labour MP, was a man whose life was as gripping as it was perplexing. Born in 1925, Stonehouse served as an MP for two constituencies over his political career, marking his presence in the British Parliament from 1957 to 1976. However, it was the controversy that eclipsed his achievements and turned him into a figure of national notoriety.
Stonehouse's political career was initially noteworthy. A charismatic orator and dedicated servant of the Labour Party, he championed various causes, including postal services and aviation. As Postmaster General in Harold Wilson's government, Stonehouse was in a position of considerable influence and seemed set for a promising future in British politics.
However, beneath the respectable facade, Stonehouse's life was spinning into a maelstrom of intrigue. Over time, he became embroiled in numerous financial scandals, which eventually led to his dramatic fall from grace, all the time spying for the Czech secret intelligence service. But the defining moment of his career was undoubtedly his audacious attempt to fake his own death in 1974.
Plagued by financial troubles and fearing arrest for fraud, Stonehouse devised an elaborate plan to disappear. He left a pile of clothes on a beach in Miami, leading many to believe he had drowned. He then fled to Australia under a pseudonym, where he hoped to start a new life with his mistress. The audacity of this move stunned the world and resulted in a media frenzy.
However, his escape was short-lived. Less than two months after his disappearance, he was discovered by Australian police and arrested. He was returned to Britain, where he faced a high-profile trial and was subsequently sentenced to seven years in prison for fraud.
The Stonehouse saga, involving politics, scandal, deception, and romance, captivated the nation, transforming him into an infamous figure. Despite the downfall and disgrace, his story continues to hold a fascinating allure, providing a remarkable lens into the human capacity for ambition, deception, and ultimately, self-destruction.
Stonehouse's life story, told with fresh insights and perspectives by Philip Augur and Keely Winstone in their book 'Agent Twister', offers readers an engaging exploration of a man who was as complex as he was controversial.
You can purchase the book here in hardback and also in paperback
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Join us on an enthralling journey into the annals of history as we delve into the extraordinary exploits of the Special Air Service (SAS) during World War Two. In this captivating episode of Explaining History, host [Podcast Host's Name] sits down with acclaimed author and historian, Damien Lewis, to explore the gripping tales of war, trauma, and the birth of modern special forces.
Drawing on extensive research and first hand accounts, Damien Lewis takes us back to the harrowing days of the Second World War when the world hung in the balance. From the sands of North Africa to the treacherous battlefields of Europe, the SAS emerged as an elite force, spearheading daring operations and transforming the nature of warfare forever.
In this thought-provoking conversation, Damien Lewis uncovers the human stories behind the legendary unit, revealing the true impact of war on the individuals who served. Through tales of courage, resilience, and sacrifice, we gain insight into the profound effects of combat on the minds and souls of those who confronted unimaginable horrors.
Examining the origins of the SAS, Damien Lewis takes us back to the pivotal moments when visionary commanders like David Stirling conceived the audacious concept of small and highly trained units capable of striking deep behind enemy lines with lightning speed and precision. We delve into the challenges faced by these early special forces pioneers as they sought to establish an unconventional approach to warfare, pushing the boundaries of traditional military tactics.
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Join us in this captivating episode of Explaining History as we delve into the remarkable life of Isaac Murphy, a legendary African American jockey, and his experiences during the Reconstruction Era (1861-96).
This week Nick is joined by esteemed historian and author Katherine Mooney, who provides an insightful look into the untold stories of this pivotal period in American history. Together, they discuss the challenges faced by African Americans following the Civil War, the complexities of race relations, and how figures like Isaac Murphy navigated their way through these trying times.
You can buy Katherine's biography of Isaac Murphy here
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This podcast episode "Los Angeles and CORE - The Freedom Rides 1947-61" delves into the origins of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and their pivotal role in the civil rights movement. The episode focuses on James Farmer, a civil rights activist and one of the founders of CORE, who was instrumental in organizing the Freedom Rides of 1961 in Alabama and Mississippi.
The Freedom Rides were a series of bus trips taken by civil rights activists to challenge segregation in public transportation. The activists, both black and white, faced brutal violence from the Ku Klux Klan and local authorities, including the notorious Eugene 'Bull' Connor. Despite this, the Freedom Rides gained national attention and brought the issue of segregation to the forefront of American politics.
The podcast also explores the weakness and indifference of President John F. Kennedy's administration towards the civil rights movement. Although Kennedy had initially expressed support for the Freedom Rides, he ultimately failed to take decisive action in response to the violence and discrimination faced by the activists.
Overall, this podcast episode provides a compelling and informative look into the history of the civil rights movement, highlighting the bravery and determination of activists like James Farmer and the ongoing struggle for racial equality in the United States.
You can find more study help and information at the Explaining History website
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In this captivating episode of the Explaining History podcast, we sit down with Heidi Langbein Hall, author and daughter of World War II survivor Willi Langbein. Heidi shares the harrowing story of her father's life during the war and how his memoirs have been transformed into a powerful book.
At just 13 years old, Willi was taken from his family by the Nazis under the guise of protection. In reality, he and his fellow children were groomed to become sacrificial pawns in the final days of the war. Sent to confront the advancing Russian forces, they were not expected to return alive. Miraculously, Willi survived and returned to a devastated homeland, where he realized the truth behind the lies he had been fed.
Six decades later, Heidi conducted extensive interviews with her father, capturing his experiences and insights. These conversations have been skillfully woven into a compelling book, preserving Willi's story for future generations. With significant distribution throughout Europe and pending foreign rights deals, the memoir is set to make a profound impact on readers worldwide.
In this thought-provoking episode, listeners will gain an intimate understanding of Willi's journey as a child soldier and his subsequent path to healing. Through Heidi's recounting of her father's ordeal, we explore the resilience of the human spirit and the power of truth in the face of deception.
Join us for this unforgettable conversation with Heidi Langbein Hall, as we delve into the true story of a remarkable survivor who defied the odds and reclaimed his life from the clutches of a twisted regime. Don't miss this riveting episode of the Explaining History podcast, where history comes alive through the voices of those who experienced it firsthand.
You can grab a copy of Save the last bullet here
Remember to check out www.explaininghistory.org for help for study and other handy content.
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In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, we delve into the complex relationships between Asian nationalism and the British Empire in the aftermath of World War II. Focusing on India, Burma, and Malaya, we examine how the war had radicalized nationalist movements in these countries, leading to increasing demands for independence and the eventual end of British colonial rule in the region.
We discuss the impact of the war on these societies, including the disruption of traditional power structures, the mobilization of millions of people for military and industrial purposes, and the emergence of new political ideologies and movements. We also examine how the British responded to these challenges, often relying on force and repression to maintain their control over the region.
Throughout the episode, we explore the different strategies employed by Indian, Burmese, and Malay nationalists to achieve their goals, including mass protests, strikes, and armed resistance. We also consider the role of key figures such as Gandhi, Aung San, and Tunku Abdul Rahman in shaping the course of these movements.
In addition to this episode, history students can find a wealth of study resources and content on the Explaining History website at www.explaininghistory.org. From detailed articles and essays to study guides and interactive timelines, the website offers a range of tools and materials to help students deepen their understanding of key historical events and themes. So be sure to check it out for additional support and guidance on your history studies.
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In this episode, we dive into the strategic challenges faced by the Austro-Hungarian Army in 1914 as they mobilized for World War One. As the empire faced threats from multiple directions, including Serbia, Russia, and Italy, the army struggled to coordinate its response and maintain supply lines to its troops. We explore the political and logistical issues that hampered the Austro-Hungarian war effort and examine the impact of these challenges on the course of the conflict. Join us as we delve into the complexities of one of the key players in the First World War and the difficulties it faced in the early years of the conflict.
For more content and study help, visit the Explaining History website here
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In this special episode of the Explaining History Podcast we hear from biographer Norman Poser, whose new book From the Battlefield to the Stage: The Many Lives of John Burgoyne tells the story of Burgoyne, who famously surrendered to the American armies at Saratoga in 1777. In this fascinating interview we explore the story of Burgoyne himself, the revolutionary war and the nature of parliamentary life in the 18th Century and the foundational ideas of conservatism.
You can grab a copy of Norman Poser's From the Battlefield to the Stage here
And you can also access more history help and resources here at the Explaining History website
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Welcome to the Explaining History Podcast. In this episode, we dive into the American neoliberal counter revolution of the 1970s, a period of profound political and economic change that continues to shape the world we live in today.
During this decade, a new political and economic philosophy emerged, driven by figures like Milton Friedman and the Chicago School of Economics, that sought to roll back the gains of the New Deal and reassert the power of the free market. This movement, called neoliberalism, would have profound effects on American society and on the rest of the world.
In this episode, we explore the key figures and ideas that drove the neoliberal counter revolution, from the deregulation of industries to the privatization of public services, and the resulting increase in income inequality and economic instability. We also examine the political and cultural shifts that accompanied these changes, including the rise of the conservative movement and the decline of labour unions.
Join us as we uncover the complex and often contentious history of the American neoliberal counter revolution of the 1970s, and its lasting impact on our society and economy.
You can access Explaining History Study Guides and Ebooks here
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In this episode, we are exploring the post-war women's movement from a global perspective, focusing on the years 1945 and beyond. The end of World War II marked a turning point for women's rights and activism, as women from all over the world banded together to demand equal treatment and opportunities.
We'll be discussing the key players and events that shaped the post-war women's movement, including the formation of national and international feminist organizations, the impact of decolonization, and the role of women in the workforce.
We'll also examine the challenges that women faced, including resistance from traditional societal norms, cultural and political barriers, and the struggle for reproductive rights.
Join us as we take a comprehensive look at the post-war women's movement, and how it has influenced the fight for gender equality in the decades since.
Check out our expanding learning resources at www.explaininghistory.org
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In this episode of the Explaining History podcast we sit down with Adam Langer, Editor of the Forward podcast, to discuss their latest show "Playing Anne Frank". We delve into the history of the dramatization of Anne Frank's diary and explore the complex politics of the Holocaust on either side of the Iron Curtain during the Cold War. This episode offers a unique perspective on the preservation of Holocaust memory and the impact of politics on cultural narratives. Join us as we gain a deeper understanding of the significance of the play and its place in history.
You can access the show here:
https://forward.com/podcasts/playing-anne-frank/
Also, check out the newly expanded Explaining History site - we're currently adding resources for students of Russian history (with other topics to come soon):
www.explaininghistory.org
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In this episode of the Explaining History Podcast, we dive into the story of the Dulles brothers and their impact on the Eisenhower administration in 1954. We explore the backgrounds of John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles, their rise to power, and the key events of their tenure as Secretary of State and Director of the CIA, respectively. We discuss their role in shaping US foreign policy during the Cold War, including their involvement in the 1954 coup in Guatemala, and the Suez Crisis. We also examine the relationship between the Dulles brothers and President Eisenhower, and the influence they had on his administration.
Key Takeaways:
- The Dulles brothers, John Foster and Allen, played a significant role in shaping US foreign policy during the Cold War.
- As Secretary of State and Director of the CIA, respectively, the brothers were involved in key events such as the 1954 coup in Guatemala and the Suez Crisis.
- The relationship between the Dulles brothers and President Eisenhower was complex, with the brothers often exerting significant influence on his administration.
Discussion Questions:
- How did the Dulles brothers' backgrounds and experiences shape their approach to foreign policy?
- What were the major events of their tenure, and how did they impact US foreign policy?
- How did the Dulles brothers' influence on the Eisenhower administration compare to that of other advisors?
Links and Further Reading:
- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War by Stephen Kinzer
- "The Dulles Brothers and the Eisenhower Administration" by Peter Grose in Diplomatic History
- "The Dulles Brothers and the Cold War" by David Tal in International History Review
Music credit: "RetroFuture Clean" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, we explore the concept of American empire and its role in the framework of modern capitalism, exploring the Making of Modern Capitalism by Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin. The book discusses key points such as the role of the state in modern capitalism, the global power dynamics at play, and the ways in which American empire has shaped the current economic system.
News Update
Are you a student of history looking for extra support and resources? Look no further! We are thrilled to announce that our website, www.explaininghistory.org, now has A level Russian History resources available. Keep an eye out for more subjects being added in the near future.
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During the 1930s, the Soviet Union, under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, experienced a wave of repression and terror that came to be known as the Great Terror.
This period saw the widespread use of secret police, forced labor camps, and executions to suppress perceived threats to the regime.
We'll be examining the causes and consequences of the Great Terror, and exploring how it impacted Soviet society and the lives of ordinary people.
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A popular view of the war at sea is that of Britain pushed right to the edge, mounting shipping losses leading to fears of starvation in Britain and possible capitulation. Military historian Max Hastings suggests otherwise, pointing to the shortcomings and failings of Germany's U-Boat fleet and the growing expertise and technological superiority of the allied navies.
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Why did the patchwork Habsburg empire collapse in 1918? The pressures of war and the competing identities and loyalties of the men that fought in the Austo Hungarian armies both have a significant part to play. This podcast explores the overlapping national, regional and ethnic identities, loyalties and ambitions. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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When Leon Trotsky was murdered by NKVD agent Ramon Mercader in 1940, his ideas lived on. The Trotskyist Fourth International and the American Socialist Workers Party in particular claimed (though this was disputed by his widow Natalia) to be the inheritors of his beliefs. Trotsky's critique of the USSR and its capitalist enemies stated that the Russian Revolution had effectively been killed in its infancy, and that instead a bureacratic state had replaced a revolutionary society. Some of Trotsky's former disciples eventually distanced themselves from his beliefs, embracing American conservatism and free market capitalism, most famously the recanting revolutionary James Burnham. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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In this episode of the Explaining History Study Extra, we explore Lenin's death and the consequences for the power struggle to succeed him. We examine the legacy of the New Economic Policy and War Communism and the divisions in the party they led to. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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In this episode of the Explaining History Study Extra, we explore Lenin's death and the consequences for the power struggle to succeed him. We examine the legacy of the New Economic Policy and War Communism and the divisions in the party they led to. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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By 1916 Winston Churchill's wartime reputation was in tatters after the disaster of the Dardanelles Campaign. His self belief was his most powerful asset, particularly as so many of his parliamentary colleagues mistrusted him. He was brought back into David Lloyd George's war cabinet, though even the new prime minster was wary of him. Lloyd George, who had used the conscription issue to remove Herbert Asquith, eventually led Britain to victory, but this was partially in spite of Churchill, not because of him. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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By 1916 Winston Churchill's wartime reputation was in tatters after the disaster of the Dardanelles Campaign. His self belief was his most powerful asset, particularly as so many of his parliamentary colleagues mistrusted him. He was brought back into David Lloyd George's war cabinet, though even the new prime minster was wary of him. Lloyd George, who had used the conscription issue to remove Herbert Asquith, eventually led Britain to victory, but this was partially in spite of Churchill, not because of him. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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This is the first Explaining History study extra recording for students. In this podcast we hear about the origins of Italian fascism and the experience of striking workers and returning soldiers after 1918. The desire for national unity and social order that had motivated many Italians to fight hardened into violent anti communism when they witnessed chaotic scenes of strikes and anti war protests on arrival home. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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This is the first Explaining History study extra recording for students. In this podcast we hear about the origins of Italian fascism and the experience of striking workers and returning soldiers after 1918. The desire for national unity and social order that had motivated many Italians to fight hardened into violent anti communism when they witnessed chaotic scenes of strikes and anti war protests on arrival home. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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In the second year of the Great War, the British began to consider the future of the Middle East once the Ottoman Empire had been defeated. The Ottomans were proving to be far more effective fighters than the British had anticipated, but the discovery of oil at Mosul had made the control of the Middle East a priority. Prime Minister David Lloyd George summoned Sir Mark Sykes, a British diplomat and explorer to demonstrate how British and French ambitions in the region could both be accomodated. This is the first of several podcasts on the division of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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In the second year of the Great War, the British began to consider the future of the Middle East once the Ottoman Empire had been defeated. The Ottomans were proving to be far more effective fighters than the British had anticipated, but the discovery of oil at Mosul had made the control of the Middle East a priority. Prime Minister David Lloyd George summoned Sir Mark Sykes, a British diplomat and explorer to demonstrate how British and French ambitions in the region could both be accomodated. This is the first of several podcasts on the division of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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Neoliberalism in Britain has shaped the political, economic and social fabric of the nation in its entirety for almost half a century. As a cluster of ideological positions which evolved from the interwar years onwards, it existed as a fringe doctrine. Britain's current economic and political chaos suggests that the ideology has finally reached its point of collapse, just as the UK's new prime minister, Liz Truss has endorsed it in ever more radical and extreme ways. This podcast reflects upon Neoliberalism as a doctrine and its hold over both of Britain's two main political parties. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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Neoliberalism in Britain has shaped the political, economic and social fabric of the nation in its entirety for almost half a century. As a cluster of ideological positions which evolved from the interwar years onwards, it existed as a fringe doctrine. Britain's current economic and political chaos suggests that the ideology has finally reached its point of collapse, just as the UK's new prime minister, Liz Truss has endorsed it in ever more radical and extreme ways. This podcast reflects upon Neoliberalism as a doctrine and its hold over both of Britain's two main political parties. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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After the first attempt at a national uprising by the fascist generals in Spain ended in failure, Madrid became a dangerous and violent city dominated by anarchist militias. Many had no trust for the Republican government and their ranks were bolstered by murderers and other violent prisoners let loose from the city's jails. In 1936 many of the Madrid police and civil guard had joined with the fascist insurrection and the last hold outs of the failed uprising within the city were brutally massacred after they fired repeatedly on civilians. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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After the first attempt at a national uprising by the fascist generals in Spain ended in failure, Madrid became a dangerous and violent city dominated by anarchist militias. Many had no trust for the Republican government and their ranks were bolstered by murderers and other violent prisoners let loose from the city's jails. In 1936 many of the Madrid police and civil guard had joined with the fascist insurrection and the last hold outs of the failed uprising within the city were brutally massacred after they fired repeatedly on civilians. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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The surviving Jews who became citizens of East Germany faced a precarious existence when the GDR was established. Not only was Stalin, the Soviet dictator, becoming ever more anti Semitic in the final years of his life, but the establishment of the state of Israel and its ties to the Western allies made Jews in Eastern Europe suspect in the eyes of the various communist regimes. In East Germany Jews presented a challenge to the established memory of the war and their supposed connection to the western powers began years of official persecution. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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In the aftermath of the Second World War, the economic strains on Britain after six years of conflict were immense, but Britain's international commitments were if anything even greater than during the war. Imperial overstretch, the temporary re-conquest of other European colonies like French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies, the occupation of Germany and the involvement in the Greek Civil War, and the new realities of the Cold War world meant that Britain needed to maintain a large standing army. Many military and civilian planners also blamed British disarmament between the wars for the rise of war mongering regimes in Germany, Italy and Japan. This podcast explores the impact of the international situation on Britain's peacetime national service Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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This is the tenth anniversary episode of the Explaining History Podcast, thankyou to everyone who has listened to my lo-fi ramblings over the years, I hope you've found it interesting.
This week, we explore the complex social relations at the heart of Britain's blitz experience and challenge the myth of a united and stoic people pulling together, the truth, as ever, is far more complex.
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Yugoslavia, a state created in 1919 and recreated from the ashes of war once again in 1945 was a federation of balkan nationalities held together after World War Two by the totalitarian Leninist Josep Tito. The fact that Yugoslavia under his leadership had liberated itself and was not dominated like the rest of Eastern Europe by the Red Army, meant that its Cold War years would be fundamentally different. Yugoslavia was affected by the wave of unrest that afflicted Eastern Europe in 1968, following the crushing of the Prague Spring. The result was the energising of nationalist movements, the most vocal of which was in Croatia, which was eventually crushed by Tito. However, from 1971 to the early 1990s, nationalism, far from being extinguished, became the force that would rip Yugoslavia apart. Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/explaininghistory.
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In 1941, Iraq was a nominally independent country, but still part of the British sphere of influence in the Middle East. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany saw the growing wave of Arab nationalism in Iraq as a powerful device to place pressure on Britain in the Middle East. As intelligence reports showed that some form of Axis intervention in Iraq was planned, the Commander in Chief of British forces in India, Claude Auchinlek, saw the subcontinent as being particularly vulnerable and argued with London that a task force be prepared from India and sent to Basra to seize control of the country's oil.
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In 1941, Iraq was a nominally independent country, but still part of the British sphere of influence in the Middle East. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany saw the growing wave of Arab nationalism in Iraq as a powerful device to place pressure on Britain in the Middle East. As intelligence reports showed that some form of Axis intervention in Iraq was planned, the Commander in Chief of British forces in India, Claude Auchinlek, saw the subcontinent as being particularly vulnerable and argued with London that a task force be prepared from India and sent to Basra to seize control of the country's oil.
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The world of the Soviet peasantry was complex and seemingly contradictory, and did not easily fall into the class stratification that the new Soviet regime believed could define all social categories. The lower to middle peasants, the Serednyaks, who would both work for others and sometimes hire labour themselves presented the regime with a conundrum - were they workers or were they exploiters? The outcome of these questions would determine how this group would be treated by the regime, a fact that would have dire consequences during the era of collectivisation.
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When the Second World War in Europe ended in May 1945, some 40 million people, German and non German were displaced in the four occupied zones of the country alone. This podcast is the first of two recordings that explore the desperate circumstances of former forced workers, prisoners of war, displaced German civilians and camp survivors.
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In the decade after the October Revolution the relations between the Soviet government and the peasantry declined as Stalin, Lenin and Trotsky all percieved that a new 'capitalist' peasantry was emerging in the guise of the Kulak class.
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This podcast explores Stalin's plans for Poland in the run up to the outbreak of the Second World War, and Neville Chamberlain's flawed diplomacy in the aftermath of the fall of Czechoslovakia. Stalin's secret diplomacy with both the western allies and the Nazis and his determination to see Poland destroyed as a state shaped the events between March and September 1939.
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In this episode we hear from writer Mary McNeil, who discusses her new biography Century's Witness - which examines the life and career of Wallace Carroll, an American journalist and contemporary of William L. Shirer and Edward Murrow.
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Austria Hungary, a patchwork empire of nationalities, saw a surprising enthusiasm for war in the summer of 1914 from non Austrian subjects. Across the empire, subject peoples who still had loyalties to the empire as a whole volunteered to fight, overwhelming the offices of military recruiters. The Habsburg empire was far more suspicious of its own population than was in any way warranted, but succeeded in squandering the opportunities for greater social harmony through the closure of the Austrian parliament, the Reichsrat. Whilst this had a limited effect in 1914, the need for cooperation and plurality later on in the war would be paramount.
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In the winter of 1937-38, Japan launched an assault of previously unprecedented brutality against a Chinese civilian population in the nationalist capital of Nanjing. Japan's desigs for China and South East Asia rested on being able to break the power of China's Guomindang nationalists, who were more inclined to build alliances with European powers or America. The Japanese invaders wanted China to be reoriented towards Japan as the power that would lead China along with the rest of Asia. A symbolic display of violence and destruction at Nanjing would demonstrate to China that further resistance was futile.
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Two weeks ago Sinn Fein achieved something that had previously been considered politically impossible in Northern Ireland, it gained a majority in the Northern Ireland Assembly elections and is now likely to form a government. This edition of the update explores the ramifications for Northern Ireland, Britain, the Irish Republic and the EU of this momentous event and the ongoing problems caused by Brexit.
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In today's episode of the podcast, I explore Richard Overy's arguments in Blood and Ruins and discuss his ideas around the necessity for expansionism during the 1930s among the three Axis powers, Germany, Italy and Japan. The great depression triggered ideas of expansionism as a solution to economic hardship and eugenic beliefs about growing, vital populations taking the resources of 'lesser' peoples.
Even before the war had officially ended, German cities began the process of clearing debris and rubble and rebuilding. Often, municipal authorities didn't wait for allied authorisation, they simply organised the clearances and began to move the millions of tonnes of brick and stone that had been left in the wake of allied bombing and Soviet shelling. In some instances, vigilante groups ordered former Nazi officials to carry out the clearance work, but before the allied occupation it had been slave labourers who had been used after repeated bombing raids from 1940 onwards.
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Germany was able to inflict huge losses on Britain during the Battle of the Atlantic. The British organised merchant ships into trans-Atlantic convoys, but between 1940-41 the German U-Boat wolf packs sank millions of tonnes of shipping. The initial successes were gradually replaced with ever greater losses for Germany, as inadequate U-Boats (too small and too few), were met with improving intelligence and technology on the part of Britain and the USA.
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This episode of the update explores the enormous consequences of the US Supreme Court's decision to overturn the Roe vs Wade ruling 1973, effectively giving states the power to make abortion illegal.
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Today's update focuses on the emerging dynamics of the Ukraine war and the possible long term position on the crisis that the Biden administration is taking. Plus, a short history of Moldova and Transnistria and the power of Russian gas.
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This is the first of many podcasts exploring the writing of historian Sean McMeekin in his revisionist exploration of the role of the USSR in World War Two. In this episode we examine how conventional ideas about Stalin's intentions, preparedness and his outlook regarding the prospects of the allied powers against Germany by 1941 need to be revised.
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In today's episode we discuss author and lawyer James Philips new book, Two Revolutions and a Constitution, which explores the impact of Britain's Civil Wars in the 17th Century, and the American war of Independence in the 18th Century on the shaping of the US Constitution.
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In today's update, we look at the implications for Twitter as it faces takeover by the tech billionaire Elon Musk.
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Part two of today's exploration of Chiang Kai Shek's decision making in the summer of 1937 as Japan's armies placed ever greater pressure on northern China.
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After six years of Japanese control of Manchuria, and the establishment of control piecemeal across northern China, a skirmish at the Marco Polo bridge near Beijing presented Chiang with a fateful decision, to wage war now against Japan to prevent China further weakening or to ignore the crisis. Chiang knew that China would be forced to fight alone, as there would be no help forthcoming from embattled European democracies or the USA. Nationalist Chinese troops had developed under the tutelage of German military advisors, but the Chinese officer corps was still too small to face the onslaught to come.
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Today's update takes a sidestep away from Ukraine to look at the historic developments in France, following the defeat of Marine Le Pen and the Front National in Sunday's presidential election by Emmanuel Macron.
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This is the fourth part of my exploration of the Ukraine crisis, and its wider ramifications. Across Europe and America both the Russian Federation and more recently Ukraine have found sympathisers whose support to either side reflects the state of cultural conflicts that have divided western democracies in the past decade. Whether this is by Russian design or not, these divisions and the support from the far right and populist right of the west have benefitted Vladimir Putin immesurably.
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In this special extended feature episode of the Explaining History podcast, I had the great pleasure to chat with Dominic Selwood, author of Anatomy of a Nation: A history of Britain in 50 documents. In this episode we discuss British national identity throughout the post war era and the crisis of identity that marks the Brexit era. You can purchase a copy of the book here.
SS killers approached the violence and brutality of their murderous work in the camps during the war as part of the wider racial struggle that the Nazi regime had tasked them with. The camp SS viewed the camps as a battlefield and the murder of prisoners as another arena of warfare, so much so that SS murderers were given medals by Heinrich Himmler. However, not all camp SS could cope with the brutality of what they were tasked with and some tried to avoid becoming complicit with the regime's crimes. Many of those who sought to avoid becoming killers were forced through peer pressure into killing, and resorted to murder in order to retain their social standing amongst their peers.
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This is the third Ukraine update and in this episode, we look at the wider strategic and diplomatic realignments that are rapidly occurring, including China's current strategic ambiguity and Britain's growing diplomatic irrelevance under Johnson's Brexit government.
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The failure of Nazi Germany to seize the small British mediterranean colony of Malta was a significant strategic error. In 1941, Hitler decided not to invade the island and instead decided to put his energies into the seizure of Crete, which he believed would pose a threat to Romania's oil fields if it remained in British hands. General Erwin Rommel (later promoted to field marshal), had a year of almost unstoppable victories against the British during the 1942, but as he raced across the desert, his supply lines grew and became ever more vulnerable. The inability to fully control the Mediterranean by the Axis powers was fatal for Rommel's resupply needs, just as allied forces in Egypt were being resupplied with thousands of tanks and othe vehicles by the USA.
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In this week's Ukraine update, I focus on the bigger strategic and geopolitical problems that face a kleptocratic state in Russia and the shortcomings of a Sino-Russian alliance.
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This is the first of a series of special episodes dedicated to exploring the Ukraine crisis. I will post these weekly, alongside regular history podcasts in order to help navigate the rapidly changing situation.
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After the detection of the Soviet Union's first atomic bomb test in 1949, the race to create bigger and more destructive weapons led to testing in the wide expanses of Utah and at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific. The horrific costs of on civilians of these tests was mirrored by the USSR, which air-detonated bombs in the Urals to see if soldiers on the ground could continue fighting. The effect on the American defence industry of atomic testing was entirely positive however, with a massive arms boom in the 1950s providing huge opportunities.
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China, in the British or American historical memory of the Second World War is rarely seen as an equal allied power, despite the huge sacrifices endured by the Chinese people during the conflict. This is the second part of a series of podcasts based on the work of Dr Rana Mitter, which re-examines China's wartime role and origins and causes of Japan's brutal invasion in 1937.
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In August 1914, German leaders of the SPD, including the anti war Hugo Hasse accepted the inevitability of conflict and voted against their principals of internationalism and solidarity. The fear of the Rusian army invading Germany, or of state repression against political parties viewed as treacherous or disloyal created the illusion of unity. Elsewhere, the Kaiser appeaeld to all parties as 'Germans' to come together in a spirit of national unity and many Germans adopted a seige mentality, believing the Reich to be surrounded by enemies. The notion of the burgfried, or 'peace within the fortress' was widespread, as Germans set aside class conflicts temporarily as a wave of patriotic sentiment swept aside all other considerations. This harmony would not last, however, and by 1916 the temporary social truce had broken down.
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Eisenhower's domestic policy is often obscured to students of history by the struggles of the era (the Red Scare and McCarthyism and the civil rights struggle), making the president's own policy agenda and his political inclinations less easy to explore. This podcast looks at the conservative tendencies of Eisenhower, his opposition to the growing role of the state in the lives of Americans was born of his belief in the spirit of 'rugged individualism' and the idea that state intervention was a threat to liberty itself. Eisenhower knew politically, however, that dismantling the social safety nets created by Roosevelt was political suicide and it would be later Republican presidents, Nixon and Reagan that would eviscerate what remained of Roosevelt's signature policy.
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China was the first country to be invaded by an Axis power and historian Rana Mitter has argued that its wartime experience is one of the most obscured and misunderstood in the west, though Chinese losses dwarfed those experienced by European and American combatants. Only the USSR suffered more during the war than China, but the immediate civil war that engulfed China and the victory of the communist party in 1949 meant that the Chinese wartime experience was lost under the complexities of Cold War politics.
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Robert McNamara was John F Kennedy's choice to fix the sprawling bureacracy at the Department of Defence. McNamara employed an economist's mind to problems, had greatly increased the destructive power of the USAAF during the Second World War by using data and intelligence to firebomb Japanese cities more effectively, and became the first non family member to run the Ford Motor Company. Kennedy wanted business people in government to bring the dynamism of the American corporate world to the state (whether this was ever really achieved is a matter of debate). McNamara brought the same managerialist approaches to the war in Vietnam, with limited success, as much of the conflict defied his kind of quantified approach. Whilst McNamara understood kill ratios and other statistics, he and the rest of the government understood virtually nothing about the politics and society of the country they sought to protect from the north and the real motivations of the Vietnamese peasants.
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Eisenhower found McCarthy distasteful but had not desire to enter into a political fight with him. He thought that this would diminish the presidency and give lie to the idea that America was a harmonious post war society. He hoped that the public mood would change and when McCarthy was finally defeated the evidence suggests that attitudes were transitioning away from hysteria anyway. It was his decision to conduct televised hearings into suspected communist subversion in the army that eventually led to his political demise, and in this podcast we explore how Eisenhower was able to play a role at the 11th hour.
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By 1939, the Royal Navy had lost a decade of growth, after budget cuts during the Great Depression and the closure of shipyards resulted in an older fleet than that of its enemies. The navy's role as the defender of the sea lanes that bound the empire together meant that it was for much of the war, Britain's primary line of defence against the Axis powers. The British were vulnerable as a net importer of food to U-Boat warfare and following the failure of the Battle of Britain and the decision by Hitler to shelve plans for an invasion indefinately, attacks on British merchant shipping was the means by which the Nazi regime believed the British could be brought to their knees. This podcast explores the challenges of strategy and military hardware that the British were presented with at the start of the war.
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When Richard Nixon won his second presidential term in 1972 defeating George McGovern in 1972, he was at the height of his popularity. The previous year he had captured the public mood when he addressed the nation's fears about the growing economic stagnation that America had begun to experience at the end ofthe 1960s. He had successfully negotiated with both Mao and Brezhnev earlier that year and offered many Americans the prospect of a withdrawal from Vietnam without humiliation. The break in at the Watergate hotel had not attracted many headlines by the time of the January 1973 inauguration, but within seventeen months, Nixon's presidency was over and he left the White House in disgrace.
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Despite a decade of social conflict prior to the First World War between German trade unions and bosses, the declaration of war by Germany against Russia in the summer of 1914 led to a temporary but significant period of social unity in the Reich. The SPD, Germany's Social Democratic Party, showed its loyalty to the Kaiser's government by voting for his war credits to fund the army, and were recognised by the Chancellor Bethman Hollweg as a pliant and passive organisation that did not need to be repressed. National minorities in Silesia, Alsace Lorraine and Schleswig Holstein did not fare quite as well, with their leaders facing arrest and imprisonment at the start of the war.
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When the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies drove their tanks into Prague in 1968, crushing the nascent pro democracy movement led by Alexander Dubcek, the last pretense of there being anything emancipatory about Soviet Communism disappeared. Instead, the USSR and its sattelite regimes were shorn of any ideological credibility and now faced sullen and uncooperative populations across the eastern bloc whose only interest in communism was whether it could economically deliver. The next two decades were an exercise in economic failure for the Soviet Union and its satellites, and an opportunity for Western banks, that had injected debt into Eastern Europe, as Soviet backed regimes desperately tried to modernise their economies, but became ensnared in a financial game that the west and its institutions were far better at playing.
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In the summer of 1940 the British faced supply shortages in the Middle East and were vastly outnumbered by Italian forces in Libya. Archibald Wavell, one of Churchill's least favourite generals, came under intense pressure from his Prime Minister for a swift and impressive victory. HIs opposite number Count Graziani quickly realised the Italian Army was poorly equipped for desert war, and despite its size would struggle to achieve a decisive victory. The Indian Fourth Division was deployed in this context and intensively trained by Major General Richard O'Connor to fight the desert battles to come. This podcast is the first of several where I will examine the realities of desert warfare for Indian soldiers.
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In the summer of 1940, German successes in Europe had been based on a very particular model of interaction between air and ground forces. The planned invasion of southern England and the seizure of London envisioned by Hitler presented the German airforce with entirely new problems. Some German commanders believed that the Luftwaffe alone could defeat the British, but it was Eric Raeder, the head of Hitler's navy, who wanted an amphibious invasion to showcase the power of the Kriegsmarine. Hitler offered a peace deal to the British, certain that it would be rejected, and instead embarked upon his first great failure, the Battle of Britain and the subsequent bombing campaign known as the Blitz.
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During the forced programme of industrialisation in the late 1950s in China, known as the Great Leap Forward, China's peasants came under intense pressure from the violent Maoist state to produce impossible grain quotas. Villages had already undergone the process of communalisation, where the basic structures of communal and even family life were torn apart and peasants were taken from the land in huge numbers to work on poorly planned vanity projects. In villages, kitchens and cooking utensils were taken from homes and communal kitchens were established, giving the state ultimate control over food supply in rural China. This podcast draws from the excellent account of the famine, Tombstone by Yang Jisheng.
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Harold Wilson was the most successful Labour prime minister of the 20th Century, but was the subject of plots to remove him from power by the military, business and intelligence elites. No coup attempt against Wilson was ever launched in Britain, but his sudden resignation in 1976 followed years of speculation that he had been spied upon by the intelligence services. This podcast explores his often frictional relationship with Britain's intelligence services and the record of other Labour leaders, who were frequently viewed as illegitimate by Britain's upper classes and the security state.
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When Mao Zedong, China's 'great helmsman' died in 1976, the China that emerged after destructive reign began to be de-Maoified economically but also culturally. By the early 1980s a cutlure of Mao criticism was prevalent in the arts, television and cinema, along with critiques of the Mao era communist party. This podcast examines the processes of De-Maoification and how China changed throughout the 1980s, and the significance of this in the 21st Century.
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By 1944 it was clear that there was no future for the Third Reich, but unlike other regimes that have faced overwhelming odds, Germany fought on to the end. Historian Ian Kershaw wrote a groundbreaking book in 2011, The End, which explained why the Third Reich chose the path of Gotterdammerung (downfall). This is the first of several podcasts where we explore Kershaw's thesis.
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By the late 1960s there were huge opportunities for Richard Nixon to capitalise on the growing discontent across America towards the counter culture. Millions of Americans looked on with disdain at a generation of anti war protesters and young men and women who actively rejected the lifestyles of their parents generation. Nixon, and every Republican president and presidential candidate since has tried to tap into the social conservatism of small town and rural America. In the late 1960s Woodstock, the Manson murders and the trial of the Chicago Seven created prisms through which many Americans could see their country, and two different nations emerged, seeing different things.
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Following the disastrous chaos and violence of the cultural revolution, Deng Xiaoping, one of Maoist China's inveterate survivors and a hate figure for Mao himself, began a series of changes of global significance in 1978. Deng's four modernisations (agriculture, industry, education, science and defence), and the policy of opening up China to foreign investment were the product of two fears. Firstly, that a disorderly, anarchic China would eventually see the collapse of party rule, and secondly, that South East Asian capitalism in Taiwan, South Korea and Japan, would eclipse China and leave the country in a highly vulnerable state. Deng's reforms were an integral component in the creation of late 20th and early 21st Century capitalism, bringing hundred of millions of workers into a global economy that saw free market transitions in both the east and the west.
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The Republican Party and the right of the American liberal establishment colluded in the immediate post war years to wage war against the American left. The Republicans saw it an opportunity to undermine the New Deal years and their liberal collaborators view of the illiberalism of the Soviet Union justiified any and all political crack downs on those they viewed as Soviet agitators in the USA. The chief target for accusations of subversion was the Communist Party of the USA, but actual Soviet intelligence work against America almost always bypassed the party, meaning that the claims of suberversion were hollow.
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By 1937 the Soviet newspaper Pravda (its editorial board pictured above), was a key part of the mechanisms of denunciation and terror. It presented lurid tales of corruption and embezzlement that most Soviet citizens knew happened in the party constantly, weaponising their anger against those accused in the show trials. The purpose was to build a mass popular base for Stalin's attacks against the party itself. This podcast explores how the paper operated as part of the wider culture of denunciation.
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This is the first of a multi part exploration of protest music in America during the late 1960s, beginning with Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young's Ohio, written to mourn the killing of four students by the National Guard at Kent State University in Ohio, in May 1970. By the late 1960s, the pressure of the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights movement had led to a progressive radicalisation of the new left and also a reactionary backlash from America's lower middle classes, who flocked to Nixon in 1968 and his promise to restore order to a seemingly anarchic country.
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Fear and solidarity defined both Austro Hungarian and Germany societies in August 1914. The pace of mobilisation meant that over three million soldiers in Germany alone were in uniform in just twelve days. Soldiers said emotional farewells to loved ones and took last minute photographs with sweethearts, and both German and Austro Hungarian economies were plunged into crisis by the disruption of war, with families losing most of their income from the loss of a breadwinner. This podcast looks at the lived experience of German and Austro Hungarian people during the first days of the First World War.
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History as entertainment has shaped, for many, the understanding of the past. Mythologisation of key moments of the past crafts powerful and often misleading national stories that provide simple and often comforting notions about the past. In his new book Fake History, Otto English takes many of these fantasies to task, and today we explore one of the most enduring myths of all, the fantasy figure that is Winston Churchill.
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Throughout the 1930s the forces that led to a year of terror in 1937 had been gradually developing, from the trials of bourgeois specialists in the1920s to the murder of Sergei Kirov. The regime initially looked to the population at large to show their anger and rage at figures such as Iuri Piatikov, who as a former ally of Trotsky, was cast as a saboteur and wrecker. Others were characterised as corrupt embezzlers as well as foreign agents. In a time of constant setbacks in industry and society, shortages and hunger, these accusations in the Soviet press led to widespread anger and condemnation.
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In present day Volgograd, one of the largest Second World War memorials in the world stands. The city, once known as Stalingrad, is home the gigantic concrete and steel sculpture, The Motherland Calls, which was built in 1967, eleven years after Stalin himself had been denonced and disgraced by his successor. The immense losses that the USSR suffered at the hands of Nazi Germany and its allies will shape Russian memory for centuries to come and this podcast explores the creation of the memorials that were built after the war, and those which are still being constructed.
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John F Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson both saw Vietnam as the vital frontline in America's struggle against communism, but it was Chinese, as opposed to Soviet communism they were most concerned about. The widely accepted 'Domino Theory' which postulated that one country in Asia after another would fall to the communist rule was widely accepted across the administrations of both presidents, and it was also a vision that Mao and his inner circle hoped for. However, the lack of understanding about Indochinese history on the part of the USA meant that America was blind to the intense animosities and rivalries between China, Vietnam and Laos. This led to countless miscalculations by both Kennedy and Johnson, and Mao also failed to predict that an assertive and well armed North Vietnam would soon wish to throw off the mantle of 'obedient pupil' and wish greater autonomy in its affairs. This would be an unforgivable affront to the great helmsman in Beijing.
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When Neville Chamberlain succeeded Stanley Baldwin as Prime Minister in 1937 he inherited a highly precarious world situation. His predecessor was exhausted from his time in office but also was defeated by the dilemmas posed by rearmament. Chamberlain believed that a broad policy of appeasement in both Europe and Asia would stabilise the world situation that had been produced by the peace making of 1919 at the Paris Peace Conference
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In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the French Fourth Republic commenced a purge of former members of the wartime Vichy regime that had collaborated with the Nazi occupiers. However, by 1947, under the new conditions of the Cold War, the enthusiasm for anti fascist trials had waned and instead anti communism replaced it. This was accompanied by a swift revival of prewar fascist movements such as Action Francais, but the most successful figure on the fascist right by the 1950s was the populist Pierre Poujade, who presented himself as a lower middle class everyman, but was anything but.
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The British hold over the Indian Army was born of strategic calculations; the army was the most powerful weapon in Asia at Britain's disposal, and its huge manpower enabled Britain to punch above its weight on the world stage during the conflict. The British government attempted to limit the numbers of commissions granted to Indian officers, but the demands of war and the mass mobilisation of India to fight the Axis powers meant that by 1945, the numbers of officers leading Indian companies and regiments had dramatically expanded.
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During the 1950s, Britain, France the USA and the USSR all conducted great power politics and diplomacy in the Middle East, competing to court and undermine rising nationalist movements in Egypt, Sudan, Jordan and beyond. This podcast explores the wider context of these interactions and their culmination in the Suez Crisis
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There are numerous competing histooriographies of the Stalinist terror, which peaked in 1937. The pretext of the assassination of Kirov, that Stalin may well have had a hand in was simply that, an excuse for Stalin to shore up his own personal power by targeting for the first time the party itself. The disaster of collectivisation and the failure of the Soviet famines left Stalin highly vulnerable in 1934, an experience he would never forget nor allow to be repeated.
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Anti communism became a defining aspect of American politics during the 1940s and 1950s, not just for the right wing of the Republican Party, but also for the Democrats and the liberal intelligentsia and journalists the traditionally supported the party. They shifted to the right throughout the period, and whilst some decried McCarthy's methods, others began to lend them tacit and then vocal support. Liberals saw communism as antithetical to their beliefs and believed it could and should be resisted, particularly in the emerging battlegrounds of South East Asia.
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Margaret Thatcher was deposed by her party in 1990, but the legacy of her ideas in some form lingers on. The Tory Party itself has abandoned any pretence of interest the operating of free markets and is led my the antithesis of her views on social conservatism. Instead of the offspring of a lower middle class shop keeper who values financial prudence and views the economy like a household budget, the party is led by an Etonian with an almost complusive dishonesty who has frittered more money on fantasy projects than any British leader, ever. However, it is in the public imagination that Thatcherism exists in zombie form. Popular culture regurgitates an endless series of Thatcherite nostrums about competition, enterprise, thrift, individualism and the merits of privatisation. This podcast explores the context of her rise to power and the shortcomings of her reign.
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In the first year of the war, from September 1939 to September 1940, Germany's military forces fought four seperate European campaigns (Poland, Scandanavia, France and the Low Countries, Britain), three of which could be described as blitzkrieg, rapid, armoured 'lightning wars' using aircraft and armour. The fourth campaign, the Battle of Britain, fought in the summer and autumn of 1940 was a failure, despite Lufwaffe hopes that a war could be won from the air alone. This podcast explores the use of terror bombing in one of these four campaigns, against France and the Netherlands.
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The Second World War was a national humiliation for France, enduring occupation, collaboration with the Nazis and Vichy complicity in the Holocaust. The violent purge of collaborationists after the war saw tens of thousands of mainly low level members of Vichy and the French civilians who had been friendly with the occupying Germans assaulted, imprisoned or killed. High profile collaborators like Peirre Laval were tried and executed, whereas other fascist figures evaded justice and re-emerged as part of the new Cold War alliance from 1947 onwards.
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The conquest of the Soviet Union was an idea that had been at the forefront of HItler's thoughts since the 1920s. Exploiting the resources of Russia and the Ukraine for the benefit of Germany was not a new concept and it had most recently been tried during the last year of the First World War. Hitler and Himmler had grand visions of a transformed landscape, full of vast German cities, relying on Russian slaves to work the land for German farmers. When the USSR didn't collapse quite as readily as expected, these utopias crumbled, and the plan for a 'final solution' to the Jewish question, which had been scheduled to be addressed after the war, became the number one wartime priority.
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In 1937 many Soviet citizens had traumatic memories of collectivisation, anti Kulak campaigns and famine from the period 1928-33. Many could sense that a new time of crisis was emerging and saw the arrest of party members as the beginnings of a dramatic change. Few had any knowledge of how indescriminate and far reaching the terror would become, as the regime searched endlessly for imagined enemies within.
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In the decade before the FIrst World War, Germany and Austria-Hungary put little effort in to coordinating their military strategies in the event of a war on two fronts. Germany's chief of General Staff Helmuth Von Moltke assured Austria that the plans inherited from Alfred Von Schlieffen, his predecessor, would offer the best chance that the central powers had of overcoming unfavourable odds. The plans were out of date by 1914, however, and both Germany and Austria-Hungary went to war basing their futures on flawed assumptions.
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The landslide victory for Eisenhower and the Republican Party in the 1952 Presidential Election showed Democrats that a right of centre, socially conservative America in the grip of an obsessive anti communism would decide their political fate for decades to come. The continuing Korean War and the loss of China to communism three years earlier shaped American attitudes to communism and its perceived threat.
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History teaching is within the confines of a curriculum and under the pressure of examinations is riven with unfortunate compromises and unintended outcomes. The question of the civil rights movement in America is a case in point. Textbooks in the UK tend to focus on the 1950s and 1960s, centring mainly around the story of Martin Luther King and the civil rights movement in the south. The narrative becomes more complex after the passage of the Voting Rights Act 1965 and then after 1968 most textbooks shift to an examination of the black power movement and nod towards progressive changes that happen during the 1970s. We learn that America saw a generation of black sports stars and entertainers in the 1980s and a smattering of politicians, judges and civil servants. Most students are left with the firm impression that the civil rights struggle ended in success, that black America’s problems were largely resolved by the advent of civil rights and freedoms and that liberalism triumphed. Would that it were.
Most UK teaching of the civil rights movement ignores the fact that many of the gains of the 50s and 60s were stripped away in the 80s and 90s by Reaganite welfare cuts and urban decay in black neighbourhoods (the blame for the resulting deprivation and criminality being dumped on impoverished black communities), and mass incarceration under Bill Clinton. The explosion of anger against endless police brutality last summer has reawoken interest in Britain on the subject of systemic injustice and state violence against black Americans and here I talk with Larry Auton Leaf about the problems of teaching a truncated and ahistorical view of the civil rights movement.
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In early 1942 the American Eighth Air Force existed on paper only. Within twelve months it was a formidable fighting force in daylight raids over Germany and by 1945 was mounting the first two thousand bomber raids. In this episode of the Explaining History podcast, we hear from military historian David Dean Barrett about the 'Mighty Eighth' and the strategic bombing of Germany.
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During the First World War, much of the fighting occurred in colonial Africa, which in 1918, the victorious powers believed could not rule itself. President Woodrow Wilson of the USA and Britain were able to collude on a neo colonial mandate system that mainly benefited them at the expense of France. All three had agreed that it was unthinkable that former German and Ottoman colonies be returned.
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A popular view of the July crisis that led to the start of the First World War was the excitement and enthusiasm across Europe for war. Examining Alexander Watson's Ring of Steel, we discuss the validity of this view and the motivations of the crowds that filled the streets of Berlin and Vienna in July 1914. This podcast also explores the motivations and loyalties of Germany's largest party the Social Democrats.
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For the Republican Party in the 1940s and 1950s, the only means of attacking the Democrats was by inflating the fear of communism and accusing their rivals of treason. In 1951, following the dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur for challenging the authority of President Truman, Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin used the end of MacArthur's career to boost his own, and to suggest that it was the result of 'treason'.
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In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the belief that anything was now possible in the reshape and redesign of societies was widespread in the liberal capitalist and communist worlds. The role that planning had played in the victory over fascism was beyond doubt and politicians, intellectuals, planners and citizens in Europe, Asia, America and Africa saw the post war era as an opportunity to harness the power of the state to transform society. A fringe group of economists and thinkers saw this as creeping totalitarianism, but it would take three decades for their arguments to gain traction and to form the core of neoliberal orthodoxy.
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The invasion of Australian ruled Papua New Guinea in 1942 by the Japanese presented a direct threat to Australia and to Supreme Commander in the South West Pacific Douglas MacArthur's plans to retake the Japanese held Pacific. The tenuous fighting across the Owen Stanley mountain range by the retreating Australian 'diggers' was one of the most desperate and savage campaigns of the war in rain drenched jungle conditions.
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In the years following the Conservative Party's defeat in the 1945 general election, the Tories were forced to accept significant parts of Labour's programme, recognising their un-electability otherwise. A right wing fringe of the party rejected this centre ground compromise and demanded an extreme brand of supply side economics known as monetarism. The opportunity to impose this on the party and later the country emerged in the crisis years of the 1970s.
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In 1958 as part of Mao's attempts to improve productivity and create a socialist economic miracle in China, Mao waged war against private property and family life during the disastrous 'Great Leap Forward'. He removed from families the ability to privately farm vegetables and rice, own livestock and prepare food in their own homes. Following the communalisation of entire provinces, families were forced to each at communal kitchen, where food was often withheld for party members and visiting dignitaries, and instead the peasants forced to eat between exhausting work shifts would be fed thin watery gruel.
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In the mid 1930s, successive waves of state terror devastated not only Soviet society, but also coopted Soviet citizens into the processes of state violence. A deep fatalism was commonplace throughout much of the country, as Soviet citizens struggled to avoid becoming victims, and many became the denouncers and informants of the state.
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In this episode of the Explaining History Podcast, I speak with journalist and media critic Mic Wright about the power of Britain's media and its distorting effect on British politics
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In the last years of Jimmy Carter's presidency, the ruthless Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua was overthrown by the Sandinista revolutionaries, a coalition of the moderate and revolutionary left. The incoming Reagan administration in 1981 immediately froze aid to the Nicaragua and began to arm the anti Sandinista rebels, the Contras.
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By the mid 1930s a widespread working class anti fascist movement was established in Britain, in response to the development of the British Union of Fascists, and the growth of fascist movements in Europe. When the Spanish government was attacked by the country's fascist generals, many from Britain's anti fascist movement took up arms to defend the Spanish Republic in the British battalion of the International Brigade.
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In 191, following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in Belgrade, the Austrian government sent a list of demands to Serbia, who they alleged was behind the plot. The final demand, a partial surrender of sovereignty in order for Austria to apprehend the culprits was rejected, presenting Austria with a case for war. This enflamed nationalist passions which had been ignited as a result of the crisis, leading to scenes in Austrian and German cities of mass outbursts of spontaneous jubilation and excitement.
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During the Second World War the imperial government of India, ruled by Lord Linlithgow, the Viceroy of India, was desperate for manpower and the traditional 'martial classes' that the British had relied on were to small in number to supply all the troops needed. The vast scope of the conflict meant that millions of men not normally considered for military service would be enticed to volunteer. This would have a radical effect on Indian nationalism and the movement for independence after the conflict.
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In the mid 1950s, Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, Britain and France's respective prime ministers initially showed little determination to overthrow Colonel Nasser of Egypt. However, mounting French problems in Algeria and Britain's dependence on 'holding out' in Egypt against further imperial decline, and the small and conspiratorial groups of ministers, intelligence chiefs and senior military figures that surrounded both governments began to shift thinking towards war.
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At the allied wartime conferences it was agreed by the big three that the Poles, Czechs and Hungarians could remove German civilians who had occupied lands now in newly recognised nation states, in some cases for generations. This decision was taken in large part because national governments and vigilante bands had already started the expulsions.
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In the immediate aftermath of the October Revolution, European governments looked nervously at the poor and dispossessed, the peasants, workers and soldiers whose conditions were frequently intolerable. The spectre of communism, both real and imagined hung over Europe, but in Spain, France and Britain, strikes and protests had more to do with the harsh economic realities that the poor felt, than the desire for a Bolshevik style uprising.
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In the half decade after the end of the First World War, the size and the militancy of the trade union movement was at its height and the largest union was the Miner's Federation of Great Britain. The appalling treatment of miners by pit owners was exacerbated by the decline in the industry's fortunes after the war, leading to strike action by the 900,000 miners in Britain.
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When Britain, France and Russia secretly planned to carve up the Ottoman Empire in 1915, France made a claim on Ottoman Syria and acquired it as a mandate during the Paris Peace Conference. Brutality, colonial mendacity and a refusal to acknowledge the demands of Druze leaders and Syrian nationalists led to an explosion of anti colonial violence in 1925, along with an equally brutal response from the French occupiers.
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Following the Bolshevik seizure of power in October 1917, class based terror and repression of social and political enemies became central to the party's attempts to establish itself. In addition to this, the savagery of the civil war and Lenin's belief that a parallel class war needed to be waged saw the earliest improvised camps, of which there were 107 by 1920.
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In 1956 the British Government, led by Anthony Eden, embarked on a disastrous military adventure with France and Israel that divided the country, split both political parties and was conducted despite the misgivings of the navy and air force. The agreement to attack Egypt was decided by the three main powers at a villa at Sevres weeks before the invasion. Britain wished to removed an irritant in the form of Colonel Nasser, the nationalist leader of Egypt who had nationalised the Suez Canal, the vital waterway between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, the French wished to destroy him because of his pan Arabist support for the Algerian independence movement, and Israel saw an opportunity to cripple is most deadly neighbour.
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Following the shock of the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, Vienna, Sarajevo, and other parts of the German and non German speaking empire saw outbreaks of public anger and mourning. However, it was the popular press that falsely presented the assassination as part of a wider conspiracy and created fear and anxiety among German Austrians, leading to police raids and persecution of Serb and non Serb Slavs across the empire.
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By the end of the First World War, the British, French and American Armies were using gas more effectively than Germany, and the German Army's ability to resist gas attacks was crumbling. After the war, the view in Britain that gas had been a uniquely German crime persisted, as did the fear of gas use in future conflicts, particularly against civilians.
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In the 1970s and 1980s two political figures came to define the polarisation of British politics and society and the end of political consensus between the Conservative and Labour Parties. This podcast explores the ideological worlds of Thatcher and Benn and their impact on the trajectory of both parties.
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In all totalitarian societies, individuals instinctively find ways of navigating and interacting with a repressive state. In the USSR, rumours, jokes and anonymous letters to the authorities, were often ways of expressing deep seated anger with the Stalinist state, whilst trying to avoid the most severe punishments.
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In this episode of the Explaining History Podcast, we hear from history teacher and writer Larry Auton Leaf about Mao, Stalin, Khrushchev and Sino Soviet Split
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Following the assassination of John F Kennedy, his vice president, Lyndon Johnson, was unexpectedly propelled into the White House, but faced a staff of Kennedy loyalists, including the president's brother Bobby, who he could not trust. Johnson was also faced with the myth of JFK, a public perception of a great and now martyred president. Johnson saw this as an opportunity, rather than a threat, and used the memory of Kennedy for his own ends.
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The long battle of attrition by the Japanese Army against the resilient US Marine Corps on Guadalcanal began with serious miscalculations by Japan. Both sides saw the island as a linchpin in the Pacific War and Japan's over confidence and their imperial over stretch led to their eventual defeat, but not before inflicting immense losses on America, on land and at sea.
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Working class life in Britain during the 1930s was shaped and reshaped by economic forces. In the first part of the decade, a devastating economic slump in the staple industries of coal, cotton, ships and steel saw the migration of working people to more prosperous parts of the country. In the later 1930s, rising living standards and wages gave some working class households living standards and opportunities they had never experienced before.
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In 1941 Sachsenhausen concentration camp became the first of the existing pre war concentration camps to become a site of mass killings as 9,000 Soviet POWs were murdered there by gas or shooting. Heinrich Himmler, anxious to find more efficient methods of mass murder, was kept informed by his henchman Theodore Eicke and took a keen interest in the killings, knowing that the methods used at Sachsenhausen would be later employed in the mass murder of the Jews.
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After the appointment of Adolf Hitler as chancellor in 1933, Stalin began to privately regret his decision to prevent a popular front of communist and social democratic forces emerge in Germany. Across Europe communist parties found themselves in uneasy alliances with social democrats and in Britain the threat of the British Union of Fascists galvanised this process. The popular front government in Spain that came under assault in 1936 drew communist and non communist volunteers from Britain and other European countries to defend it, with both Hitler and Stalin becoming involved in the fate of the Spanish people.
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Following the victory over Japan at Midway, the US Navy was unprepared for a devastating defeat inflicted on its landing force at Guadalcanal. The Japanese sought to control islands close to the sea lanes vital to Australia's survival; shutting them off would bring the country to its knees and prevent it becoming a staging post for the liberation of Asia and the Pacific. The commitment of America to Guadalcanal would lead to one of the bloodiest campaigns of the Pacific war.
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In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, civilian governments struggled to establish law and order and in many cars failed to prevent a wave of vigilante violence against those suspected of collaboration. The complicity in Nazi crimes and the everyday experience of occupation created huge divisions in societies of western and eastern Europe and a deep suspicion on the police, who had often been used by the Nazis and collaborationist governments
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The Battle of Midway was the first major victory of the US Navy in the Second World War, resulting in the loss of four out of Japan's six carriers. This devastating defeat was not the end of Japan's war in the Pacific, but it signalled the start of a downward trajectory from which Japan would not deviate, despite the ability to inflict losses on America until the end of the war.
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During the 1950s, as Britain attempted to hold on to its African colonies, it had to deal with the ambitions of white colonial settlers for domination of the black population on a more explicitly racist model of government, exemplified by apartheid South Africa and the growing force of black nationalism. The British attempted to foster 'moderate' African leaders who might be compliant in a new state, the Central African Federation, which incorporated North and South Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Outmanoeuvred at every turn by the white settlers, the British were forced to accept defeat and see the break up of their federation.
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The rapid industrialisation of the USSR, poor housing, poverty and family breakdown led to countless children being abandoned to fend for themselves by uncaring and cruel parents and step parents. The Soviet state often intervened and prosecuted fathers who refused to pay for the upkeep of their families.
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As French power and influence declined in Vietnam from 1953 onwards, the conflict started to become a proxy for the wider cold war and not simply an anti colonial struggle. The enormous French miscalculation at Dien Bien Phu, where the garrison was surrounded in a north Vietnamese valley by DRV armies came just as France prepared peace talks at Geneva with the government of Ho Chi Minh.
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Despair and defeatism defined the French political class's response to the worsening situation in Vietnam following the French defeat at Cao Bang in 1950. This lack of hope led to a gradual decline in the necessary resources to defeat the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. At the same time the DRV was becoming an increasingly professional and organised fighting force.
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In the half decade after the Second World War, a stream of wanted Nazi war criminals, including Adolf Eichmann and Josef Mengele fled from Germany and escaped via Italy to Argentina and Brazil. They lived relatively openly in the established German communities in both countries and only a handful were ever brought to justice. In this special edition of the Explaining History podcast, we hear from Guy Walters, whose book, Hunting Evil examines the hidden history of this often mythologised chapter of post war history.
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The German airforce was designed to support its army on the battlefield and act as a tool for rapid military operations or 'blitzkrieg'. Unlike British and American air fleets that pursued a policy of strategic bombing away from the battlefield, lighter German aircraft were focused on ground support. Their role in the terror bombing of the defended city of Warsaw was to force capitulation of the army and other defenders, but this came at a deliberate massive civilian cost.
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In 1973 the Conservative Party and the right of the Labour Party voted to join the European Economic Community or 'Common Market' as it was known. Despite opposition on the right and left, the decision to join was ratified by a referendum in 1975, but the political divisions foreshadowed endless political conflict over the issue of European integration in later decades.
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By 1950 the French political establishment was in a state of despair about its prospects in Vietnam. The newly reorganised army of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam had inflicted defeats on France in 1950 ad Cao Bang on the Vietnam/China border. The involvement of the USA in the war brought badly needed military and financial aid, but placed an intolerable burden on French national pride.
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In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the popularity of international, multilateral organisations such as the UN and the Bretton Woods institutions in America was high. Wartime cooperation was looked upon favourably by most Americans, even though there was a considerable minority who favoured a return to isolationism. The Republican Party and right wing journalists and thinkers saw international cooperation, sympathies towards Britain and wartime cooperation with the USSR as ideal material to attack the Democrats with. This was an integral part of the growth of anti communism in the USA in the 1940s and 1950s.
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This is the second in our two part interview special with historian David Barrett, whose new book 140 Days to Hiroshima examines the decision making regarding the dropping of the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima. This time we examine the factionalism within the Japanese wartime leadership, the impact of the second atomic bomb on the regime's decision making and the role of Emperor Hirohito.
You can purchase the book here: https://www.amazon.co.uk/140-Days-Hiroshima-Untold-Surrender/dp/1635765811.
There are further reviews of the book here: https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/david-dean-barrett/140-days-to-hiroshima/, and you can read David's further writings on Hiroshima at the History News Network here: https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/174871.
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In the 1930s, Ronald Reagan had been a Roosevelt Democrat supporter and had believed that the role of government in alleviating the crisis of the Great Depression was vital. By the early 1950s, Reagan, a failing actor was moving to the political right and had embraced the Hayekian obsession with reducing the size of the state. As a spokesman for the company GE he toured the USA, speaking to working class Americans who shared his views and in doing so, he prepared for his later political career.
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America's war in the Pacific had begun with Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbour and within six months the US Navy inflicted a devastating defeat on Japan at the Battle of Midway. American admirals and aviators learned the rules of naval warfare quickly, despite the fact that Japan initially outclassed America in naval warfare and aviation.
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In the 1930s the deteriorating world situation presented all major political parties in Britain with profound dilemmas, whether to back pacifism, collective security or appeasement. The peripheral British Union of Fascists advocated peace with Nazi Germany in order to allow Hitler to wage his war against Europe's Jews.
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In 1942 Heinrich Himmler appointed a new administrator to the head of his concentration camp network, Oswald Pohl. Pohl saw the key to his personal advancement the utilisation of slave labour for arms manufacture. By late 1942 and in early 1943 it was clear that the tide of war was turning against Germany and Pohl believed that the brutal extraction of work from prisoners could contribute to victory.
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By 1935 the Soviet regime appeared to relax its stance towards citizens deemed to be class enemies and their children. Stalin said: "A son does not answer for the father." However, persecution of former Kulaks and former members of the Tsarist order continued regardless, as many Soviet employers or teachers did not wish to appear lenient towards 'social aliens' in case the political mood changed and they were accused of anti Soviet sympathies.
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This special episode of the Explaining History Podcast features historian David Barrett, whose new book 140 Days to Hiroshima examines the decision making regarding the dropping of the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima. This is the first of two interviews with David and it explores the decisions by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and President Truman to use the bomb instead of an amphibious landing in the Japanese home islands.
You can purchase the book here: https://www.amazon.co.uk/140-Days-Hiroshima-Untold-Surrender/dp/1635765811.
There are further reviews of the book here: https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/david-dean-barrett/140-days-to-hiroshima/, and you can read David's further writings on Hiroshima at the History News Network here: https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/174871.
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In the late 1970s, as Britain, America and other wealthy countries were developing free market solutions to the problems of inflation and low growth, China selected aspects of capitalism to incorporate into its economy, while maintaining the fiction that it was a communist society. This podcast explores how China transformed the world economy in the 1980s as a result.
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By 1949 the development of a communist state in China radically changed the fortunes of France in Vietnam, a shift in dynamics that made the war for France virtually un-winnable. In 1950, a well armed Democratic Republic of Vietnam Army inflicted devastating losses on the French along the Chinese border, supported by Chinese supplies and training.
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By the summer of 1942 the Japanese military was drunk on the victories it had achieved in the previous six months of war. It had over run Singapore, Malaya, Burma and Indochina, and it had dealt America a huge blow at Pearl Harbour and had seized the American protectorate of the Philippines. It was precisely this arrogance and risk taking that would result in a series of naval disasters and defeats in the summer of 1942, starting with setbacks at the Battle of the Coral Sea.
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Between 1915 and 1918 all sides in the First World War used poison gas against one another, but it was Germany that was the biggest pioneer of battlefield chemical weapons. The last year of the war saw the highest intensity of gas use as the desperation by all sides for a breakthrough intensified.
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The Communist Party of Great Britain was established in 1920 and was heavily influenced by Comintern, the Communist International organisation in Moscow. Lenin was interested in shaping the party in Britain and other European countries, imposing the principal of democratic centralism on party members.
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Fascist bombing campaigns and planned coups, leading up to a massacre in Bologna in 1980 brought the threat of splinter group fascism to the Italian government's attention. The MSI (Italian social movement) attempted to broaden its appeal and mask its overtly fascist politics during a period where there was widespread revisionism about the legacy of Mussolini and an attempt to partly rehabilitate the fascist era in mainstream politics and discourse.
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In the aftermath of the Second World War a set of global institutions allied with a social democratic shift in several leading world economies to create a relatively stable post war economic order. The long and bitter memories of the 1930s and the destruction of the Second World War gave rise to this post war new order. By the 1970s this had started to fall into decline and provide opportunities for the political and economic insurrectionaries of neoliberalism to seize control of economic agendas around the world.
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In the 1960s, splinter groups from the right wing Italian Social Movement began to believe that only a military coup in Italy could save the country from the threat of communism. By the late 1960s they began actively planning and carrying out bombing campaigns across Italy in order to 'prepare the population' for direct rule by the army.
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As the allied powers deliberated at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, David Lloyd George encouraged the Greek prime minister Venizelos to seize the former Ottoman city of Smyrna. The consequences for the city, once a bastion of religious and cultural tolerance, would be tragic, but to the British simply consequence of a wider imperial game in the near east.
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The Nazis always intended to wage a war of annihilation in the Soviet Union and both soldiers and civilians would die in unprecedented numbers. In the Nazi camps Soviet soldiers were left to starve, but the Soviet political officers, the commissars, were targeted for immediate execution wherever they were discovered.
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In the mid 1960s a series of plots were considered, with varying degrees of organisation and commitment, to overthrow the Labour governments of Harold Wilson using the army. Even though a coup failed to transpire, the plots showed that deeply reactionary forces in the army, the City of London and the aristocracy were resistant to the modest reforms of the decade and the social change that accompanied mass affluence.
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Between the the late 1940s and late 1950s, as Cold War politics swept Europe, the Italian Social Movement, a neo fascist party, tried to merge into the wider parliamentary political right. Using electoral pacts with the other parties of the right, they saw their electability gradually improve, but faced angry resistance on the streets from those with long, bitter memories of Mussolini's crimes.
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The coordination and control of the German press by the Nazis took several years to complete as prior to 1933, the German newspaper industry was among the most diverse and vibrant in the world. A process of intimidation and self censorship, combined with Nazi confiscation and theft destroyed German press independence within three years.
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In the aftermath of the Second World War, a centre right Christian Democratic Party emerged and by 1947 the Communist Party of Italy had been expelled from its coalition. The far right was able to reinvent itself in the Italian south, but were much diminished by the end of the 1940s.
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When the poorly defended British colony of Burma was attacked by Japan in December 1941 it quickly collapsed. For many Burmese, it was a moment of opportunity and for the British a desperate bid for escape and survival. Racial colonial attitudes soon showed themselves as the million Indians who had served the British in Burma were abandoned by their colonial masters and at least 50,000 died as they walked across the Burmese jungle to the Indian border.
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In order to rule China, Mao knew he needed to dominate the peasantry. In order to do this he divided Chinese peasant villages, creating new social classes in an otherwise socially conservative world that had little experience of such concepts. Mao created a landlord and poor peasant class and gave the latter free reign to terrorise the former (and in many cases educated them to do so). The result was rural anarchy, which only benefitted the Communist Party.
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In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the new Labour government nationalised Britain's utilities, rail but most importantly its vast coal industry, creating more state employees of a national industry than anywhere else in the industrialised world. The decision to own the once mighty coal industry was part based in Labour's founding traditions but also in a shift towards economic and industrial nationalism that was emerging across the post war world.
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During the 1930s, the pressures on families in the USSR was immense. Men, women and children faced extreme economic hardship and political uncertainty, which in some cases had the effect of making families more cohesive and intimate, and in others tore families apart.
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During the 1930s, social class in Great Britain was experiencing a gradual transition away from the dominance that the landed aristocracy had enjoyed during the 19th Century. Instead, a new bourgeoisie was emerging, divided between an upper and lower middle class with different expectations and experiences, but similar political loyalties.
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Even before 1933, the Nazis were aware that radio offered then unprecedented opportunities to shape public thought. However, the use of radio did not quite have the power to create the type of existential and cultural revolution that Goebbels and Hitler had envisaged.
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This is the first of a series of podcasts on the development of anti communism in the 1940s in the USA and the role that the Republican Party played. By 1945 a fear of communism and also the suspicion that the Democrats had been too easy on communists led to the development of deep changes in the public perception of communism and fears that communists might be operating in the USA.
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This podcast is a continuation of a series on the origins of fascism and it examines the development of fascist ideas in interwar Italy and Germany.
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Strategic bombing of the enemy's home front began in earnest in the second half of the First World War, with London facing a near collapse of its air defences in early 1918. This podcast focuses on the development of German strategic bombing and the British and French anti aircraft responses.
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During the 1920s and 1930s, communist parties across Europe and beyond fell under the control, often voluntarily, of Comintern, the Soviet body dedicated to foreign subversion. This podcast explores the prominence that Comintern agents rose to in Eastern Europe after the Second World War how non 'Moscow Communists' were viewed with suspicion by Moscow.
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During the Stalin era, those accused of counter revolutionary crimes and their family members were desperate to be relieved of the stigma of being a class enemy and the punishments that accompanied it. One approach to dealing with the threat of being disenfranchised was to renounce ones class origins, even if this meant renouncing ones family, community, spouse or religion.
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During the interwar years Britain became a dramatically more democratic society, following the extension of the franchise in 1918 and 1928. British society began to change gradually with the challenges of modernity and mass democracy, but many traditional deferential values endured.
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At the end of the Second World War, Czech prime minister in exile Eduard Benes petitioned both western allies and the USSR to expel all ethnic Germans from Czechoslovakia. This permission was granted and the result was the ethnic cleansing of the Sudetenland.
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The second in my reports on the current political crisis here in Great Britain.
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By 1945 the political landscape in America was changing in ways that would be far less favourable to Truman than the previous years had been to Roosevelt. An impressive and far reaching domestic agenda for reform was sabotaged by conservative and business interests on Capitol Hill throughout the seven years of his time in office.
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Continuing the study of the background to European fascist thinking, this episode focuses on the impact of the ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche on fascist thinking and ideas.
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This is an unprecedented podcast for Explaining History, but in 2019 here in Britain we're in uncharted constitutional territory. I try not to engage too much in political podcasting because I wanted the podcast to connect with a broad audience but I feel it would be intellectually dishonest to talk about political history each week and ignore the crisis in Britain at the moment. To listeners around the world who want to understand why an unelected British Prime Minister is planning to suspend the country's parliament, here is a brief explainer.
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The Stalinist regime, in the mid 1930s brutally purged towns and cities of those they considered to be socially deviant. Beggars, gypsies, prostitutes and thieves were exiled and sent to labour colonies and camps in a bid to change them into 'productive' soviet citizens and to socially change the nature of soviet towns and cities.
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Following the surprise attack on Pearl Harbour on December 7th 1941, the strategic decision making of America, Japan, Germany and Britain shaped the eventual outcome of the war itself. Japanese military planners realised they had begun a war they had no chance of winning and while Churchill rejoiced in this fact, he was also aware that a 'Japan first' strategy might divert badly needed American aid away from Britain.
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In the aftermath of the Chinese Civil War, the beginnings of dramatic and brutal social change in China were evident in Mao's attitudes towards the urban poor. Those deemed socially unproductive, beggars, rickshaw pullers, hawkers and prostitutes were sent to re-education camps. The ultimate goal of the regime was to socially re-order urban life and to eliminate politically unwanted and seemingly socially useless or deviant labour.
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This podcast continues the examination of Britain's social, economic and political circumstances on the eve of the First World War.
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The origins of Stalin's imitators, admirers and henchmen in Eastern Europe is explored in this podcast. Walter Ulbricht of East Germany, Boleslaw Beirut of Poland and Matyas Rakosi of Hungary respectively were the first generation of post war Stalinists to rule Eastern Europe, but their long association with Soviet communism from 1919 onwards through Comintern made them trusted and loyal candidates for power.
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A new feature on the Explaining History Podcast, Talking History is our opportunity to hear from teachers, researchers, writers and academics about the history books they value and how they have engaged with them. Today's guest is history teacher Siobhan Profaska who has chosen The Five by Hallie Rubenhold to discuss.
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By the eve of the Second World War, Great Britain had been economically eclipsed by the USA, but it was still the most industrialised and urbanised nation in the world and experienced a transition away from heavy to light industry. In the fields of aviation, mass media and scientific discovery, Britain continued to be a world leader.
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Seizing political power was just the beginning of the Nazi programme, creating a profound and lasting cultural change among Germans to undo the perceived corruption of Germanic culture by the Weimar Republic was the longer struggle. Hitler's war on liberal democracy and socialism was in his view a bid to reclaim the essence of German identity from false and foreign ideas.
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Germany and Austria were outnumbered in terms of troops and cavalry by nearly 2:1 in 1914 and desperately needed to win a rapid war on the western front if they stood any chance of victory. For both powers a long drawn out conflict would result in social unrest, economic ruin and revolution. For both powers, following the failure to encircle and destroy the French and British armies in 1914, this was the inevitable outcome.
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This is the second in a series on the development of fascism in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries. In this podcast we examine the legacy of racial thinking, imperialism and the interaction of romantic nationalism and racial thought.
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In 1934 a new interior minister in the right wing government that took power in late 1933, Salazar Alonzo, declared a state of emergency and the right wing CEDA movement that supported the government demanded extreme action against striking peasants and workers. A new fascist party, the Falange, formed in early 1934 to wage a bloody war against the left, believing in the 'bullet and the fist' as tools to preserve Spain from the spectre of socialism. The Falange would usher in a new phase of violent class confrontation in Spain.
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During the Second World War, the fate of British and French mandates in the Middle East was a constant pressure on war time diplomacy and on American domestic policy. The legacies of the Anglo-French carve up of the Middle East after the war and the pressures placed on both empires by the Axis powers gave Jewish nationalism and the careerism of Roosevelt's chief rival Wendell Wilkie new opportunities.
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Administrative exile had been used by the Tsarist regime against political dissidents and the revolutionary intelligentsia, however the mass deportation of entire ethnic and social groups was a new phenomenon under the Stalinist regime. This podcast explores the exile and deportation of class groups and nationalities and the mass dekulakisation campaigns.
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Hitler's vision of a new Germany, built in vast neoclassical grandeur, required stone to be quarried and bricks to be manufactured in vast quantities. Three camps, Flossenburg, Mauthausen and Orianenburg were created to supply these materials. They were significantly different from the existing network of camps and far more lethal in the 18 months before the outbreak of the Second World War. Listen to the full podcast now.
In the late 19th Century a series of intellectual and ideological movements coalesced into the beginnings of fascist thought. Romanticism, nationalism and racial thinking created the intellectual climate for authoritarian creeds based around race, identity and a rejection of materialism and modernity to develop.
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During the 1930s the Nazi regime attempted to exploit prisoners for their labour but there were few examples of successful profiteering and as the decade wore on prisoners were mainly forced to build the infrastructure of the Nazi camp system itself.
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In 1945 Truman inherited from Roosevelt a more prosperous America, but one which had moved politically to the right. Rising living standards and the Republican Party's successful capture of anti communist sentiment made for a difficult environment for New Deal liberalism to thrive in.
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Initially, Mao proceeded with caution against the social enemies of the Communist Party, using the tools of state repression left behind by Chiang Kai Shek's Kuomintang. Assigning a new legal social class status to all Chinese citizens saw many later condemned to forced labour, imprisonment
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During the four years of the First World War, intelligence gathering from informants, captured soldiers, aerial reconnaissance and signals traffic developed in sophistication. In addition, the methods used to keep secrets secure kept up as an intelligence 'arms race' changed the nature of information gathering and warfare.
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By the late 1920s alinist fears of subversion by enemy social classes saw the disenfranchisement and expulsion from jobs and homes of members of the former bourgeoisie. This policy had both supporters and opponents in local and national government.
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In the inter war years as air policy developed in Britain, 'air policing' of the British Empire was a strategy adopted by the RAF in order to wage aerial warfare against colonised peoples in Africa and Asia. The same principals were applied later to Germany, in the flawed belief that strategic bombing would work in a similar way
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In November 1933 the reactionary movement CEDA became the a key part of a new right wing government. CEDA actively proposed a violent fascist coup and began to prepare a militia to achieve this. The socialist party the PSOE threatened revolution in response but in reality lacked the determination or the means to carry it out.
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The Marshall Plan was the most successful use of American soft power in the country's history. By offering $13 billion in economic aid to rebuild western Europe, America stabilised half the continent and created new markets for American corporations.
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In the USSR during the Stalinist era, class origins defined all aspects of an individual and by the end of the decade were a matter of life and death. This podcast explores how 'former people' from enemy classes were treated and excluded from society.
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The development of air power in the USA from 1938 onwards in the shape of the B-17a four engine bomber was not matched by an official air doctrine, but a belief in the importance of mass bombing of industrial areas was emerging from planners, air force generals and junior officers throughout the decade.
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By 1939 the Camp SS, normally responsible for controlling prisons such as Dachau was equipped and trained to fight at the front line. This podcast explores the evolution of its role.
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In four years between 1958-62 a catastrophic famine in China killed 40 million people and a quarter of those died in Szechuan, a food rich province. This podcast explores the wilful blindness of Mao and the corruption of the communist party that cost so many lives.
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At the start of the First World War, Egypt and the Suez Canal were vital to the functioning of the British Empire and were under huge pressure from an Ottoman offensive. However, it was Muslim, Seikh and Hindu Indian soldiers from a British India riven with nationalist revolutionary politics that were deployed to hold the British Empire together in the Sinai.
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After two short years of social reform under the socialist PSOE party in Spain a new right wing government came to power led by the conservative party CEDA. In the following two years poverty, hunger and violence tore apart the modest gains made by Spain's peasants and workers
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By the end of 1946 a guerrilla war was being waged by the new Democratic Republic of Vietnam against the colonial French in the south, but developments over the next three years would radically expand the scope of the conflict to make it the 'first total war of the anti colonial era'.
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Hi everyone, I'm sending out this podcast today to invite you all to collaborate in the creation of a new podcast focusing on contemporary political, social, environmental and other crises, challenges and debates. Please get in touch if you'd like to become involved.
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In 1947 US President Harry Truman was forced to commit to the defence of Greece and Turkey against the possibility of communist victories in the Greek civil war and the threat of Soviet pressure on Turkey. The British had been forced to end their commitments to both countries, placing the eastern Mediterranean in danger and as a result the flow of Middle Eastern oil to Europe and America.
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The island fortress of Singapore was meant to be an unassailable bastion of British imperial power in Asia. Its fall in February 1942 was the biggest humiliation for the British of the entire war and doomed the British empire in Asia.
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By the end of the 1930s the Nazi regime had successfully directed public opinion in favour of the concentration camp system. As the decade wore on gradual apathy and disinterest in the camp system was a defining feature of public attitudes towards mass social and political incarceration.
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In 1945 a Labour Government swept to power at the end of the Second World War, it had an agenda of domestic social reform but considerable foreign policy commitments. Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin was an advocate of National Service to meet Britain's military manpower needs.
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In the aftermath of the Second World War the British gave assistance and support to the French in their attempts to recolonise Vietnam. French colonialists deliberately sabotaged negotiations with Ho Chi Minh and led to the outbreak of war in December 1946.
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In December 1941, hours before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour, a naval invasion of Malaya began. Poor planning and a collective denial on the part of British colonialists that the Japanese were a serious threat led to the rapid collapse of Britain's colonies in Malaya, Singapore and Burma.
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One book more than any other propelled Mao to global significance, 13 years before he seized power in China. It was called Red Star Over China and was written by an ambitious and often naive American journalist, Edgar Snow.
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What did ordinary Austrians and Germans think, feel and believe during the July Crisis of 1914? This podcast explores how the murder of a widely disliked archduke who was assassinated in 1914 presents largely apathetic populations in both countries with the pretext for war.
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In 1941, despite believing that thee USSR could not last against a Nazi invasion for more than a month, Churchill and his cabinet rejoiced at the news that they were no longer fighting the war alone and planned to offer the USSR whatever assistance they could.
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How did everyone from German citizens to concentration camp survivors, war ravaged citizens of Poland and partisans across eastern Europe encounter the Red Army in 1945? In some cases violent conquerors and in others as liberators.
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For those unable or unwilling to offer manual labour in service of the Nazi volksgemeinschaft, mass arrests and imprisonment in the growing camp system was an ever present threat. The Nazi camps by 1938 were full of 'asocial' prisoners who were arrested largely on the basis of poverty, vagrancy or the inability to fit into the new world of the Third Reich.
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By 1927 the situation of the Soviet peasantry had just about stabilised from the famine years of the Russian Civil War. However, both Lenin and Stalin looked upon the peasantry and especially the wealthier peasants with barely concealed disgust and suspicion. In Bolshevik thinking, the peasants represented an existential threat to the revolution and would be subsequently broken by Stalin after 1928.
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Following the end of a bloody civil war in China, the communist party began to rapidly seize the levers of power and create class categorisations for the population. Control of the police and a network of communist spies and informers began a wave of repression which was but a foretaste of catastrophes and horrors to come.
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A complete absence of intelligence about new German guns along the Dardanelles led Britain into a disastrous campaign against the Ottoman Empire in 1915, in the hope that naval power alone could defeat Germany's ally and lead to a break through away from the western front.
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By 1946 America's political class, it's intellectuals and opinion formers and the population as a whole was broadly anti Soviet but had not committed to any major confrontation with the USSR. It would take changes in world circumstances in 1947 to bring about this commitment in the guise of the Truman doctrine.
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After three years of fixed positions, trenches and deadlock, the First World War became a conflict of rapid movement again in 1918. This podcast explores how military innovation made this possible, focusing on artillery and intelligence.
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Between 1928 and 1935, bread rationing in the USSR had been implemented due to the extraction of foodstuffs from the peasantry for export and Stalin's disastrous collectivisation policy. In 1935 Stalin signalled a shift towards consumerism, but many Soviet citizens saw little improvement in their living conditions.
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In a two month period Truman's policy towards the Soviet Union became more entrenched in the face of Soviet advances in eastern Europe and Iran. Truman, with little foreign policy experience was swayed by wartime diplomats such as George Kennan and the former Prime Minister of Britain, Winston Churchill.
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By October 1918, the resolve of the central powers to carry on the war was crumbling. The Austro Hungarian Empire fragmented following a manifesto by the new emperor Karl promising a federal future and German resolve finally ended with the German revolution.
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During the Stalin era, the science of genetics came under a sustained attack and was denounced as a bourgeois ideology. This podcast explores the changing thinking of British communist scientist J.B.S. Haldane and the Stalinist fraud Trofim Lysenko
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How did a combination of Wilsonian liberal internationalism and British colonial ideas about civilisation intersect with Britain's objectives in expanding its territories after the First World War? The Mandate system for administering German and Ottoman colonies was a largely British project, influenced by American internationalism and resented by the French.
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In 1937 there was a dramatic increase in the numbers of petty criminals being arrested, re-arrested and taken into the Nazi camp system. There were deep seated economic reasons for this assault on Germany's small time thieves and burglars, and precious little solidarity in the camps from other political inmates.
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The recording of the anti war protest song Give Peace a Chance in 1969 was part of a complex and often contradictory period of political journeying by John Lennon as he abandoned the Beatles and embraced different forms of political and psychoanalytical radicalism in the last decade of his life.
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In the mid 1930s a celebration of the achievements of workers, aviators, explorers and peasants accompanied Stalin's Five Year Plans. This championing of the 'everyday' hero was the product of Stalinist thinking and a utopian belief in the creation of a new egalitarian society. The myths, however, rarely corresponded to reality as most Soviet citizens experienced it.
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This week I was fortunate enough to interview Jacob Field, the author of A history of Europe in bite sized chunks. We discussed the future of the EU, the nature of medieval Christendom and the legacy of Churchill's wartime diplomacy among other topics.
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During the Second World War the Indian Army grew in size by a factor of ten. This radical transformation would have profound consequences for post war India and the independence movement.
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In the mid 1960s a weak pound and the Vietnam War combined to place pressure on Anglo American relations and the belief in the mind of British prime minister Harold Wilson of the diplomatic 'special relationship' between America and Britain.
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In 1945, following the death of Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, a foreign policy novice, was determined to take a tough line with the Soviet Union but was no match for Stalin, despite the detonation of America's first atomic bombs, ending the war with Japan.
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Before the First World War, Munich was the home of Germany's avante garde, with vibrant socialist and anarchist parties, whereas Berlin was the home of militarism and conservatism. By the mid 1920s, this had reversed, with Munich producing Nazism and Berlin seeing radical political, cultural and social liberation. This inversion would have profound implications for the fate of Germany in the 1930s.
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One key part of Nazi racial policy was the 'cleansing of the aryan racial body', which meant extreme repressive policies to poor, criminal, deviant and unemployed Germans who did not conform to the stereotype of German masculinity or femininity. For those deemed asocial, mass incarceration was their punishment.
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In the 1930s a generation of young Soviet citizens were motivated to work for the development of a socialist society. Massive urban reconstruction projects, an obsession with aviation and the development of a new urban Stalinist aesthetic began to dramatically transform Russia, along with huge increases in literacy and urbanisation.
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Between August and October 1914, the Ottoman Empire attempted to play both sides in the First World War off against the other. The empire pledged to Germany that it would go to war against Russia and its allies, while offering reassurances to the Russians that it would not. Eventually, Germany would force the Ottoman's hand and ensure that the empire joined the war on Germany's side.
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The death of Roosevelt in 1945 left Harry Truman a politician with limited foreign policy experience surrounded by Roosevelt's top aides and ministers. Truman had little knowledge of international affairs and yet was far quicker to take a stand against the USSR than his predecessor
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This is a special feature length episode of the Explaining History podcast, featuring an interview with Joanna Lillis who brings with her thirteen years of experience in Kazakhstan. We discuss the experience of the communism, free market capitalism, famine and cultural suppression on the Kazakh people and ask what the future holds for the oil rich former soviet republic.
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In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, Britain's wartime policy of national service continued as a result of Britain's acute need for military manpower around the world. This podcast explores the politics of national service and its origins.
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Despite the hunger, hardship and terror, a generation of young Soviet citizens were committed to a bright vision of the future where technology conquered nature and a modern socialist society emerged.
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Italy's final offensive of the First World War and the only outright victory the Italian army gained, as fought with French and British help but begun after Austria Hungary had called for an armistice.
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When Stalin died, Mao felt entitled to lead the world communist movement and looked upon Khrushchev as an insignificant upstart. However, Soviet attitudes towards China only brought about greater resentment between the two powers, with catastrophic consequences in China.
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In 1933 the Nazi Party came to power and encountered a once powerful workers movement that was now deeply weakened and which hoped for compromise. Hitler was determined to destroy the trade unions which he believed were the source of Germany's downfall in 1918.
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Review of Susan Paul Pattie's Armenian Legionnaires, published by IB Tauris.
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In the aftermath of the Second World War, British fascist Oswald Mosley, free from internment, attempted to revive his political career. In the 1950s he used non white immigration to re-build a political platform but this met in the end with political failure.
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In the immediate aftermath of the October Revolution, there was a power vacuum in Petrograd that the Bolsheviks seemed to fill in name only. The new Bolshevik government had the loosest grasp on power but were able to effectively channel violence.
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In 1945 there was every chance that America might retreat into isolationism once more. The US population sought to avoid overseas commitments, but the American foreign policy establishment recognised that in the new conditions of the Cold War, they were unavoidable
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The shortages of the command economy and the failings of Stalinism made speculation, theft and the black market an essential part of everyday life in the Soviet Union
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As the 1930s progressed, the experience of life for prisoners in the camps became ever more regimented and focused on back breaking manual labour.
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Long accustomed to dealing with the challenge of national movements within the Austro Hungarian Empire, the various police and intelligence forces merged to combat sedition during the First World War, but ultimately failed to prevent the break up of the empire
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In America and much of the developed world, two decades of dramatically increased birth rates caused profound demographic, social and economic change. Newfound economic security and post war prosperity was the basis of this unprecedented social change.
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By 1968 counter cultural movements existed across the world. This podcast explores the British context and the art house and avant garde scene that surrounded it.
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The extent to which Hitler coopted and controlled Germany's industrialists has been a topic of fierce debate. The complicity of Krupp and IG Farben with the Nazis crimes has also been examined in depth by historians. This podcast begins to explore Hitler's approach to German capitalism and the Nazis incorporation of industry into their own racial world view.
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The devastating humiliation of defeat and occupation during the Second World War meant that for the new Gaullist Fourth Republic, regaining world status through empire was vital. However, the failure to stamp out independence movements in Lebanon and Syria meant that France's dreams of a new post war empire were fatally undermined.
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The overwhelming pressures that the First World War placed on Russia resulted in chaos to the empire's food economy. Russia had plentiful food supplies but railway chaos, and peasants who could not get paid fairly for their produce led to the food economy breaking down and the end of Tsarism.
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When the Nazis occupied Hungary in 1944 and began mass deportations to Auschwitz, two unlikely saviours, a diplomat from Franco's Spain and a businessman from Mussolini's Italy, worked to save over 5,000 Jews from the Nazis and their Hungarian Arrow Cross accomplices.
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When the Viceroy of India, Lord Linlithgow, declared war on India's behalf unilaterally there was considerable anger. This was replaced by concern and growing support for fighting a war against fascist aggression following Hitler's devastating successes in France in the summer of 1940.
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At the start of his second term in office Nixon saw an opportunity in the return of American POWs in Vietnam to present a positive and patriotic narrative at the end of America's most divisive conflict since the American Civil War over a century earlier.
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The dramatic increase in standards of living for British working class people from the mid 1950s onwards was accompanied by anxieties that an entire way of life and working class culture would be lost.
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Comprised mainly of teenagers in the late 1930s, the Death's Head Division guarded the camps and brutalised prisoners, but many believed they had been recruited for more active military service in the name of the Fuhrer.
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For a century Afghanistan had been a theatre for the 'great game' of espionage between the British and Russian empires, but on the eve of the Second World War the country was in an unenviable situation. Fearing Soviet aggression and occupation, the Afghans looked to British India for assurances of its security but found few concrete promises.
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When Hitler invaded the USSR in June 1941, the changing strategic picture presented Britain and America with opportunities and hazards. A deal with Stalin was in the minds of both Roosevelt and Churchill, but the American public was far more reticent and divided on the issue.
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Second in the series of discussions on Italy's departure from the Paris Peace Conference.
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When half a million supporters of the Spanish Republic fled from Franco's murderous nationalist armies in 1939 to France, they faced hostility and imprisonment, first at the hands of the French and later at the hands of the invading Germans.
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The mid term elections in 1946 were a disaster for the Democratic Party, which faced fraudulent accusations of communist sympathies from their Republican rivals. Both Democrats and Republicans learned that 'red baiting' was a useful tactic and could be weaponised against political enemies.
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By the winter of 1941 the Japanese public, military planners and government were in broad agreement about the necessity of war against America, Britain, France and the Netherlands. However, the war was based on a number of strategic assumptions that would in time devastate the Japanese.
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A combination of free market economic liberalism and social conservatism, was Margaret Thatcher an 'inconsistent ideologue'?
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When Italy attended the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando had immense ambitions to acquire new territories. The disappointments Italy endured would speed fascism's path to power.
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In the hidden world of the Nazi camps, Himmler's desire for order presented the sadists who worked as camp guards with strict regulations on prisoner treatment. Himmler desired order above all things, ensuring that the brutal violence meted out to prisoners was centrally organised and directed.
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In 1955, psychoanalyst Erich Fromm examined the emotional realities behind the lives of Americans experiencing unprecedented material wealth. His findings formed his book the Sane Society. It concluded that despite the advances in prosperity, modern society actually was far from sane and generated much emotional suffering and neurosis.
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In the decade after 1945 American life was transformed by cheap housing, cheap fuel and the biggest increase in material well being in human history.
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For the Chinese people, the Second World War began in 1937, with Japan's ruthless invasion of the mainland and the destruction of cities such as Nanjing and Chongqing. This podcast explores the west's historical amnesia on the topic of Chinese wartime suffering and resistance.
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Despite impressive victories against the allied powers during the First World War, by 1918 the Ottoman Empire was exhausted by fighting and the advantage was shifting towards Britain in the Middle East. General Edmund Allenby skilfully encircled Ottoman armies in late 1918, seizing Damascus and Beirut.
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In the 1930s Woodie Guthrie became the authentic voice of the dispossessed, drifting American diaspora in the drought afflicted heartlands of the USA. However, he was part of a long tradition of American folk and protest music.
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In the immediate aftermath of the German revolution, radical forces on the left and right were discontent with the development of a centre left Weimar Government. In January 1919, the army and freikorps violently suppressed the revolutionary movement of the Independent Social Democrats, also known as the Spartacists.
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Stalin's decision to ban private trade and to create state monopolies was carried out in haste with little planning during a period of immense economic upheaval. The results were chaotic and led to one of the most intense periods of economic hardship since the Russian Civil War.
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Days after the November armistice was signed, the Red Army launched its bid for the Baltic States and only local anti communists, former German soldiers and German mercenaries stood in their way. The consequences for Latvia were horrendous, with warcrimes on both sides and civilians bearing the brunt of the violence.
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Strange Fruit was the first popular song that reached a mainstream audience which addressed the question of violence against black people in America and it made Billie Holiday, its original singer, a star. The song lived far beyond her death in 1959 and shaped protest music America throughout the 20th Century.
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Whilst Leningrad's citizens starved, Soviet party bosses enjoyed food, warmth and comfort. Laying siege to the city, the demoralised and ever more brutal German Army started to see by the spring of 1942 the impossibility of Hitler's dreams in Russia.
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Years of inconsistency in America's foreign and defence policy throughout the 1930s had left deep confusion at the highest levels of government about what kind of war might be fought against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan and what kind of war machine was needed. It was only in early 1941 that these questions began to be answered and American mass production began in earnest.
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When Russia left the First World War in 1918, the generals and politicians of the Central Powers were convinced that victory was in sight. Germany's determination to end the war quickly resulted in the Ludendorff Spring Offensives that failed disastrously and within months the final cost of the war led to collapse not of Britain and France but of Germany and its allies.
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Rising living standards, new scientific innovation and a faith in progress were prevalent in America in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War. However, social progress was segregated and enjoyed mainly by white Americans, creating the conditions of future conflict in the 1950s and 1960s.
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When President of the Reichbank and Economics Minister Hjalmar Schacht suggested slowing the pace of rearmament to Hitler in the mid 1930s, he was replaced by the ineffectual but loyal Herman Goering. A new policy to rearm Germany, the Four Year Plan was Hitler's subsequent attempt to finally address the seemingly intractable problems of Germany's war industries and economy.
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The journey made by Vladimir Lenin in 1917 from Zurich to Petrograd was part of a German strategy to undermine its enemies from within. Previous attempts at subversion in the British Empire, specifically in Ireland had failed, and there was no way of knowing if Lenin would succeed. Creating chaos in Russia was as much as Germany could realistically hope for, but Russia's withdrawal from the war was the ultimate result.
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At the start of the Second World War, India had several overlapping defence concerns and Britain sought to place more cost and responsibility on the government of India. This podcast explores the strategic crisis facing India at the commencement of the war.
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While the German Army prepared to seize Moscow, the longest siege of the war began at Leningrad on the Gulf of Finland. It would result in the deaths of over a million citizens and see the city completely cut off from Stalin's control for much of the war.
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An interventionist state, the capture of global markets and the destruction of economic opponents (Germany and Japan) and the loss of Britain's economic world power saw America emerge as the wealthiest nation in world history from 1945 onwards. This prosperity would shape the hopes and ambitions of an entire generation.
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After a summer and autumn of devastating defeats at the hands of the Wehrmacht, the Red Army was finally able to inflict a major setback on Hitler's forces just nine miles from Moscow itself. A combination of the Russian winter, Germany's poor preparations and hardened Siberian divisions saw the first major German retreat of the war in December 1941.
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Following the unilateral declaration of war by the Viceroy of India, Lord Linlithgow, in 1939 without consulting any of India's political parties, longstanding political divisions deepened. The Indian Congress Party and the Muslim League began to agitate for their visions of the future.
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As Lloyd George's political career ebbed away and he became increasingly marginalised in British politics, his sympathies for Germany and his positive view of Hitler led him to visit the Nazi dictator in September 1936.
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Despite Germany's spectacular advances and the devastating defeats inflicted on the Red Army, Hitler failed to capture Moscow. In late October 1941 the first snows fell, his dreams of a final victory over the USSR disappeared.
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In the half decade after the Second World War, the fortunes of America's trade union movement declined and communist led trade unions were ostracised by the AFL and CIO. This was consistent with the broader shift towards the political right happening in America in the late 1940s.
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In July 1914 as the final desperate negotiations to avoid war failed, the Ottoman Empire engaged in secret diplomacy with both Germany and Russia to gain as much from the forthcoming conflict as possible. However it was the arrival of a German dreadnought in Constantinople that tied Turkey to the Central Powers.
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Britain had a very limited internal security and overseas intelligence capability before the Boer War. However, a government and public obsessed with fears of subversion led to pressures to create a series of agencies that resulted in MI5, Britain's domestic security service.
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The training of a ruthless fraternity who's sadism was encouraged and given free reign - this was the training role of the Nazi camp system. It became the proving ground for a generation of SS men who would later perpetrate the Holocaust.
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A war of historically unprecedented size and ferocity needed the industrial productivity all belligerent powers. However, American productive capacity dwarfed its European neighbours, as did America's ability to raise finances to pay for the conflict.
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In the aftermath of the First World War a federation of Balkan states that had emerged from the collapsed Austro Hungarian and Ottoman Empires, each with conflicting agendas, created a new South Slav Federation; Yugoslavia. The Paris Peace Conference would determine the new nation's future.
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The devastation of Germany and Eastern Europe by Hitler created the perfect environment for Soviet rule. Shattered, bewildered and destitute populations had little choice but to accept the domination of the Red Army.
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Francoist Spain avoided direct conflict with Britain and America, but waged war against the USSR. By 1943 the tide of war had turned against Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, but Franco's survival instincts enabled his regime to endure long into the post war era.
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In 1933 Hitler appointed Hjalmar Schacht as the president of the Reichsbank. Hitler had little understanding about economics and relied on the financial engineering of his new chief banker. However, the problems of the German economy persisted even through the period of rearmament.
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As Germany armies surges across western Russia in the summer of 1941, Stalin seemed to lose his nerve and suffer a breakdown. This podcast explores how Stalin recovered and held on to power which seemed momentarily to be close to evaporating.
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In the last years of the Second World War, a new education act designed to create a school system for post war Britain was established. It was instrumental in creating the post war British class system, but many of the educational advances hoped for failed to materialise.
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A review of Babushka's Journey and a discussion of the field of Gulag memoir literature (listen to the end for details on how to get your free copy).
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How did the decline of Richard Nixon and the humiliations heaped upon America in the 1970s lead to the rise in popularity of a once marginal Republican figure, Ronald Reagan? This podcast explores the transition between the two figures in the Republican Party.
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The internal logic of Stalinism was based around perceived threats, class enemies, overseas conspiracies and an all pervading secrecy.
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Hitler's invasion of the USSR was the largest land invasion in history, but it was the most under reported theatre of fighting in the entire war. This podcast explores why so little was known about the Russian Front by news audiences in Russia, Britain and America.
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Following Roosevelt's election victory in November 1940, the news that Britain faced certain bankruptcy in dollar terms presented the president with the first major challenge of his new term. The lend lease agreement, signed in March 1941 was the solution.
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This is the second podcast on labour relations and the Truman Presidency. In 1947, Congress took up the baton of anti union legislation, just as the president was having second thoughts. The Taft Hartley Act was the most significant anti union legislation of the post war era and rolled back many of organised labour's achievements during the New Deal.
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This is the third part of a series on Operation Barbarossa, the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union. This podcast focuses on the views and beliefs of attackers, defenders and the citizens caught in the middle.
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When US volunteers from the International Brigade returned to America after two years of bloodshed and slaughter in Spain, they received a frosty welcome from a suspicious FBI and police. Much of the American public knew very little about the war and understood nothing of what was at stake.
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In the aftermath of the First World War, utopian visions of a future world without war informed a generation of diplomats, politicians and peace makers. The horrors of the First World War meant that this vision had become an urgent necessity.
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Mao, Stalin, Truman and MacArthur's calculations, along with the ambitions of Kim Il Sung and Syngman Rhee turned Korea from a Cold War sideshow into the first hot war of the long Cold War age.
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Incoherence was one of the defining features of Nazi economic thinking, as competing economic tendencies within the party and externally were suborned to Hitler's racial ideas.
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At the height of the allied intervention in Russia, David Lloyd George wavered in his enthusiasm for the mission but his political ally and friend Churchill had no such doubts and did everything in his power to encourage an allied crusade against the Bolshevik regime.
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Following his death in 1883 Marx was elevated the position of a secular prophet of history by the guardians of his legacy the German Social Democratic Party. The 20th Century Marx is a very different individual to the real 19th Century intellectual and revolutionary.
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In the last years of the 1970s a fringe economic ideology captured the centre ground in Britain, America and China, transforming the world economy and shifting the balance of power from labour to capital for a generation.
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Hitler, his ministers and many of his generals fully intended to fight a war of racial annihilation in Russia unlike anything previously seen. This podcast explores the economic and racial thinking behind the Nazi Generalplan Ost.
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The question of whether or not to negotiate with Russia and what form the allied intervention in the Russian Civil War should take divided Britain, France and America at the Paris Peace Conference. The Bolshevik response to the western powers was equally mercurial and ambig.uous
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I am working on a plan and I need everyone's input to create a historical literacy course in these frighteningly confused times. Please listen and then give me your thoughts.
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On June 22nd 1941 Nazi Germany and its allies launched the largest invasion in history against the Soviet Union. The attack on the USSR had consequences that would be felt for the rest of the 20th Century.
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Despite impressive advances against the Axis powers in 1940 and 1941, the organisation and leadership of Rommel's Afrika Korps devastated Britain's position in North Africa by the summer of 1942. Inflexibility and weak leadership led to one of Britain's greatest wartime humiliations, the fall of Tobruk.
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The prolonged crisis of the Russian Empire throughout the 19th and early 20th Centuries that resulted from the advance of modernisation led to the creation of revolutionary tensions not just from the left but from the right. Extreme anti semites, Slavophiles and defenders of Orthodoxy merged into the fascist Union of Russian Peoples and their street fighters the Black Hundreds.
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The British, aware of their imminent loss of world power in Asia, encouraged the partition of India. Military planners and politicians hoped that a Muslim state, favourable to British interests and opposed to the USSR would emerge in the shape of Pakistan
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The annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany presented the country and its exiles with the first of several crises. The disastrous outcome of the war for Nazi Germany meant that not just Germany's but Austria's fate would be decided in London, Washington and Moscow
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Despite British setbacks and failures in Greece and an overstretched force in North Africa, Churchill was determined to seize Syria from the French Vichy collaborationist regime. The fighting to take Damascus was far harder and more difficult that Churchill had anticipated.
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Paranoia and the obsessional belief that the party and state were infiltrated by enemies and saboteurs created a culture of confession and interrogation. This existed at all levels of society from the bottom to the top and found its ultimate expression in the terror of the late 1930s.
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With ever more alarming new unfolding in Europe and the fate of Britain hanging in the balance, Franklin Roosevelt decided to stand for re-election for a second time, breaking with tradition that a president serves a maximum two terms. Facing him was the former Democrat Wendell Wilkie, a political outsider who rejected isolationism just as Roosevelt did.
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The formation of the Communist Party of Great Britain had direct organisational, financial and ideological input from Lenin himself. He saw it as essential to have a political foothold in Britain, following the British decision to intervene against the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War.
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The Nazi regime's consolidation of power led to an assault on the structures of Germany's federal system. It resulted in the creation of regional governors, but these were local tyrants soon left without any real power
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A series of strategic errors, missed opportunities and disasters handed Germany victory in Greece and Crete and led to two further allied evacuations. However, the fall of Crete was the most costly airborne operation ever mounted by Germany.
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In 1946 General George Marshall met both Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai Shek, and concluded that the nationalist cause in China was lost. From this fateful decision a gradual change in American policy towards Chiang developed with profound consequences.
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After the initial chaotic phase of the development of the camp system, by 1936 new purpose build camp complexes that dwarfed their predecessors emerged. Sachsenhausen in 1936 was part of this new model camp system, designed to work as a means of transforming and 'educating' inmates into becoming ideal members of the racial community.
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In the post war years a rise in union militancy was matched by an increase in anti union hostility by the federal government and a decline in union power due to a changing labour force and the privatisation of social security. This led to a gradual decline in union power.
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The impulsive decision by Mussolini to invade Greece dragged the Balkans into the Second World War, with terrible consequences for Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Romania. His inept campaign led Hitler to wage war in Greece and the Balkans to prevent the region from becoming a foothold for the British.
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More on the inner workings of the Soviet Communist Party after 1928
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Continuing from a previous podcast on the complications of the Russian Revolution to the attempts to create a European peace in 1919, this episode focuses on the differing approaches proposed to dealing with Soviet Russia by the Paris Peacemakers and the risks of leaving the vast country out of the proceedings.
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In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War a strong, organised American working class movement faced an uncertain future of stagnating wages and fears about a return to the Great Depression. By 1946 the USA faced unprecedented union militancy and strike action
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The cold war certainties that existed up until March 1953 were thrown into doubt when Stalin died, leaving Eisenhower and his spy chief Alan Dulles with no reliable intelligence as to Soviet intentions. The Cold War entered one of its most dangerous and uncertain phases as a result.
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In 1933 Hitler sought to extend his power over the German Civil Service and to politicise it by purging non Nazis. However, he hoped to achieve this without damaging the workings of a powerful organ of state.
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In the immediate aftermath of World War Two, women left war industries in huge numbers and some entered the domestic sphere. However the view that women existed in the 'comfortable concentration camp' theorised by Betty Friedan requires closer examination.
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Despite being vastly outnumbered in Egypt, a small British Empire force inflicted devastating losses on a vast Italian Army. Mussolini's poorly led and poorly motivated troops were swiftly defeated by a small but well equipped and mobile force.
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Between 1890 and 1915 the eradication of political, social and economic gains that black Americans had achieved after the Civil War in the Reconstruction era occurred across the southern states. The most famous black American figure, Booker T Washington sought accommodation with white American society and argued the black people should earn acceptance through education and hard work.
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This podcast is the first of several that explore the inner workings of the Soviet State and the Communist Party under Stalin after 1928.
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After fifteen years of 'struggle' Hitler brought to orderly German Government the politics of the demagogue and the populist, and retreated from the bureaucratic business of government. His actions were typical of his outlook and of fascist and Nazi ideology.
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While revolution and civil war tore the former Russian Empire apart, the British, French and American leaders at the Paris Peace Conference were unsure as to how to deal with Russia and what part it might play in the shaping of a post war world order.
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In 1911 Italy launched an opportunist war against the Ottoman Empire for control of Libya. Despite the huge costs and the unexpected guerrilla war that Italian troops found themselves fighting against Arab and Ottoman forces, Italy gained control of the Ottoman provinces.
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The wartime Manhattan project resulted in unforseen diplomatic tensions between the three powers and gave America unprecedented power which President Truman was reluctant to use and uncertain how to wield.
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Poorly equipped and with virtually no training, the American and British volunteers in the International Brigades, along with French, German, Belgian, Polish and other groups of anti fascists sustained huge casualties keeping the road to Madrid open. The battle of Jarama involved immense sacrifice but once again kept Spain's fascist generals out of the capital
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The insertion of a highly personalised dictatorship into Germany's previously highly functional bureaucratic state and the gradual erosion of barriers between Fuhrer, state and party led to the growth of institutional chaos in a regime that projected in image of order.
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A temporary lull in imperial tensions, arms races and the threat of a major European war was illusory in the last years before the First World War. This podcast explores the nature of this 'Indian summer' and the causes of renewed tensions from 1911 onwards.
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Nazi Germany was more than simply a personal dictatorship and the manner in which the chaotic and restless Nazi movement captured and infiltrated all areas of the German state dictated the pace of events and change from 1933 onwards.
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As fascist armies raced across Spain to seize the capital they committed horrific war crimes against Spanish workers and peasants. Madrid braced itself for the onslaught, but managed to deny Franco and the generals a breakthrough victory
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The development of the CIA by 1949 into a well funded unaccountable agency with the scope for paramilitary operations against the USSR, meant that poorly conceived and ultimately doomed missions against the Soviet Bloc proliferated using anti communist emigres.
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Peacemakers at the Paris Peace Conference attempted to build new nation states out of the chaos of four collapsed empires. However, events on the ground in Eastern Europe overtook the pace at which decisions in Paris could be made.
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Hitler's capture of Germany's Government saw the introduction of Nazi ideas that sought to abolish the normal functioning of constitutional systems of governance. The concept of the Fuhrer swept away legalism and instead drew legitimacy from the notion of Hitler's relationship with 'the people'.
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Hi everyone, I'm inviting all listeners to join with me to debate about online hate speech which is creeping into the various Explaining History platforms. Have a listen and give me your views @https://www.facebook.com/Explaininghistory/
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In Sven Beckert's book Empire of Cotton, he discusses the development of modern capitalism's first industry (and empire), that of global cotton. The complex interplay of states, capitalists, waged workers, peasants and slaves created the foundation of the world economy we now inhabit.
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When the delegates of the Paris Peace Conference met in 1919 a council of ten from the five dominant victorious powers formed into the Supreme Council, but the workings of the group were highly contested and problematic.
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In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, racism and discrimination existed in different forms in both northern and southern states, with a Federal Government often reluctant to intervene or actively complicit.
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The British mandate in Palestine and Jewish mass immigration placed immense economic pressure on the indigenous Arab peoples. Land ownership became a flashpoint for violent unrest and by 1936 the Arabs rose in revolt against the British.
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The outbreak of hostilities in Europe had global consequences and Japan, allied to Britain saw its chance to expand its power in China at the expense of both China and European imperialists in Asia.
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Despite a devastating attack on the USA at Pearl Harbour, Japan paid little attention to the safety of its merchant shipping and faced economic devastation as a result.
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By 1939, Britain was poorly prepared for the onslaught of the blitz, with weal central administration and most responsibility for air raid protection placed on families and individuals
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The desert war, a battle that Hitler did not want and Mussolini did, became an opportunity for Churchill to show that the fight was being taken to the enemy, even though it had a questionable impact on Britain's fortunes at war.
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As the Luftwaffe's operations in Britain switched from RAF airfields to towns and cities, the first target was East London's docks. In this podcast we hear eye witness testimony from the first day of the blitz
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A devastating air campaign against Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Iraq saw the Arab forces that faced Israel destroyed and the balance of power in the Middle East changed forever. The success of the Israeli attack also sent shock waves through the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Eastern Europe.
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The experience of managing information in the First World War shaped how Britain and Germany would control propaganda in the next conflict. Both sought to influence their own populations and also third parties such as the USA.
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In the aftermath of the First World War, France and Germany sought ways to cooperate throughout the 1920s in order to provide economic stability and security for both countries. This resulted in the foundations for the European Union, but a second world war would derail the project for a generation.
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The months that followed the fall of France were crucial in determining the future outcome of the war. Hitler's decision making became more impulsive and his goals for the invasion of the USSR more urgent as the possibility of a US entry into the war loomed large in his thoughts.
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The rising star of the Zionist movement by the end of the Second World War, Ben Gurion was a mercurial figure with complex and often antagonistic relationships with Chaim Weizmann and Menachem Begin.
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During and immediately after the First World War, a range of plans were devised to distribute and manage German and Ottoman colonies and the process became led by American priorities and values.
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Despite Herman Goering's estimates that the RAF would be defeated in under a month, a long battle of attrition raged throughout August and September 1940, resulting in unsustainable losses for the Luftwaffe.
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Some fresh perspectives on Stalin's labour camps, revising Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archepelago
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The Second World War had a dramatic impact on the civil rights struggle, but as a new era in the battle for equality and justice for Black Americans dawned, deep prejudices and entrenched inequality existed.
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In the space of a year the Ottoman Empire was convulsed by two revolutions and a violent civil war between secular modernisers and Islamic traditionalists. The struggle resulted in the overthrow of the political schemer Abdul Hamid II
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Following the devastating defeat of France, Hitler turned his eyes to Britain, the last obstacle in his conquest of the west. Poor planning and a failure to understand Britain's strengths contributed to a wildly unrealistic approach to defeating and occupying the island nation.
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Konrad Adenauer, the first Chancellor of West Germany attempted to suppress the memory of the Holocaust in the new republic. His political opponent, Kurt Schumacher of the SPD was determined to bring the crimes of the Nazis in to the open, but there was little popular appetite for such honesty.
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After decades of decline and gradual European encroachment into the Ottoman Empire, disaffected and angry army officers staged a revolt in 1908, forcing the Sultan Abdulhamid II to accept the reinstatement of a reformist constitution.
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The second part of the discussion on Sacco and Vanzetti, based on Eric Foner's 1977 essay 'The Men and the Symbols'
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British Prime Minister David Lloyd George led the British delegation and also those of the British empire dominions who had fought in the First World War at the Paris Peace Conference. The shrewd political operator and outsider was determined to enhance the power of the British Empire.
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Following the military disaster of the fall of France and the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from France, Churchill waited for Hitler's next move and hoped for assistance from the USA
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The politically motivated trial of Italian anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti is examined in depth here, courtesy of Eric Foner's 1977 essay The Men and the Symbols.
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At the end of the Second World War an American survey of Jewish survivors in Europe recommended mass Jewish immigration into Palestine. President Harry Truman embraced the study partly out of idealism, but also with his own calculating political considerations, knowing the existing levels of anti Semitism in America.
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The conflict in Spain attracted writers and correspondents from around the world and excited passions among their readers in Europe and America. Many were openly partisan in favour of the republic and saw Spain as the world's last chance to stop fascism
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A series of disastrous miscalculations led the French Army and the British Expeditionary Force to fall into the German Army's trap in 1940. The fall of France was Hitler's greatest military triumph but was in large part the result of allied mistakes.
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The election of a left wing Popular Front government in Spain triggered a coup by rebel generals against the Second Spanish Republic. Hitler and Mussolini's intervention in the guise of a massive airlift across the Straits of Gibraltar saved Franco's coup and doomed the republic.
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By the end of the First World War, French Prime Minister Clemenceau knew that France's security relied on maintaining an Anglo American alliance with France to keep the war ravaged country safe from Germany. However, the chances of achieving this dwindled week by week.
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Following the disaster of the Great Leap Forward and during Mao's attempts at reclaiming his power, a vast new initiative to defend western China was launched. The Third Front proved to be the most costly misallocation of public resources in 20th Century history.
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Chaos, incompetence and poor intelligence by the British and French handed Hitler an easy victory in Norway, seizing a vital source of raw materials. The loss of Norway showed Britain had a long learning curve ahead.
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Initially, all sides in the First World War were wary and suspicious of journalists, fearing they would give away vital intelligence or impede the progress of the war. Later, as the conflict dragged on, politicians in Britain, but not British generals, began to see the propaganda value of journalism.
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In December 1918 US president Woodrow Wilson set sail for Europe to build a lasting peace after four years of devastating war. The principled but often dogmatic Wilson wanted to create a more democratic world, but one geared towards America's economic interests.
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Expecting to report to the House of Commons a terrible military disaster, Winston Churchill on June 4th 1940, gave the most important speech of his career and the most famous speech of the 20th Century.
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In 1939 American diplomats were certain that Britain and France faced defeat and Roosevelt would have to play the role of peace broker. A new prime minister in 1940, Winston Churchill, spoke the language of defiance and struggle that impressed the US president and was key in securing American aid.
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After eight years of devastating war with Japan, China found an uncertain peace in the summer of 1945, which would soon come crashing down. The civil war between the Nationalists and Communists was temporarily suspended, but intervention from the USA and the USSR gave both sides the resources to resume the conflict.
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In Phillip Knightley's seminal account of war reporting 'The First Casualty', the British came to excel in distorting war reporting and influencing public thinking, presenting the war as the 'Great struggle for civilisation'
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The outbreak of war in the Korean peninsula in 1950 was preceded by half a decade of careful consideration by Stalin and an desire by Mao to take on the capitalist world. Prior to this, Korea had been an afterthought for the Soviet dictator, who was more interested in affairs in Europe.
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The horrors of the Holocaust have shaped how we see Germany and Europe's Jews, mainly as victims. However, German Jews were among the most emancipated and assimilated diasporas in the world prior to 1914 and significantly contributed to German national life.
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Hitler's war industries experienced critical manpower shortages throughout the war and the solution was to import millions of foreign workers from allied and conquered territories. However, this profoundly altered German society during the conflict.
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In 1968 a new wave of political purges began, following two years of anarchy in the Cultural Revolution. This time, young people were sent to be ideologically transformed through hard labour in the countryside. Many embraced this new life, but for most, the reality was misery and back breaking labour.
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In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, a skeptical Harry Truman abolished America's only spy agency the OSS, without a replacement. Within two years, as British military and intelligence power declined, Truman discovered the need for a new organisation was paramount.
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How did Australia adapt to the decline of the British Empire and the challenges of the Cold War, while seeking to contain its own oppressive racial policies during the 1960s?
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The British government had a long standing suspicion of the powers of broadcasting when the BBC was established in 1922. The experience of the General Strike, however, established the BBC as the most effective means of disseminating hegemonic ideas in Britain.
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In 1939 Franklin Roosevelt struggled against the popularity of isolationism in the USA and his plans to aid Neville Chamberlain's Britain and Eduard Daladier's France were crippled by half a decade of neutrality acts
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In the first two years of the First World War, German society was largely unified in fear of external enemies, particularly Russia. However, by 1916 this unity had broken down and major social and political divisions - along with economic and political crises emerged.
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Following the death of the dictator and the end of Stalinism, different Warsaw Pact members attempted to solve their economic problems by building consumer societies. Each met with varying degrees of short term success and long term failure.
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Reviewing books by Linda Colley, Benedict Anderson and David Reynolds on the development of British national identity
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Often seen as a failed experiment in state 'moral' control, prohibition was the product of Christian, industrial and suffragist pressure.
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Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in Sarajevo on June 28th 1914, Austria demanded concessions form Serbia. Germany's support would prove pivotal in transforming a Balkan crisis into a European war.
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By 1940, the British had no other way of taking the fight directly to the enemy than aerial bombing. In the four years that followed, bombing became a controversial but essential aspect of the allied war effort, even though targeting civilians became a specific objective
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In the mid 19th Century China experienced a prolonged crisis as a result of the loss of the two opium wars with Britain. An attempt to economically revolutionise the country in the guise of the Self Strengthening Movement resulted in rapid economic development, but also fierce resistance from China's traditionalists.
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The 20th Century was an age of political and artistic manifestos and visions, but the 21st Century is largely devoid of them. This podcast explores the factors that have led to their decline
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Reviewing the new biography of Ronald Reagan, US president and figurehead of the conservative revolution.
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A combination of factors in the aftermath of the First World War - ethnic nationalism and racism, capitalism in crisis and resurgent class conflict made peace in Europe fragile and temporary.
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Review of Laura Trevelyan's biography of the Winchester repeating rifle
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In this podcast, I examine the facade of economic growth in Nazi Germany and using the work of historians Adam Tooze and Richard J Evans, examine the far less impressive reality
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In the immediate aftermath of the First World War, hopes of an economic boom in Britain were shortlived. Instead, the country was plunged into economic crisis, union unrest as the Conservative Party rose to dominance.
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This Wednesday's review is Gotham Rising, a cultural history of New York in the 1930s, by Jules Stewart
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In 1966, Mao returned from four years in the political wilderness to enact the Cultural Revolution, inspiring millions of young people to carry out an assault on traditions and authority figures across China. In reality, Mao was engendering the first phase of a civil war that would rage until his death a decade later.
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Exhausted by the Second World War, Britain was desperate to hold on to influence in the Middle East and yet policy makers were anxious to withdraw from Palestine as quickly as possible. At the same time, Britain was engaged in another hurried departure from India.
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This week's book review is an excellent and incisive analysis of the cultural history of black power in America by Rafael Torrubia.
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In the decades before the First World War, the role that public opinion and the press in forming the foreign policy of European powers became considerably more decisive. This podcast explores how and why.
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The monthly book review returns, with a review of Battles for Freedom - the essays of Eric Foner for the Nation magazine 1977-2015
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- In the late 1970s, after a decade of economic stagnation, western economies, accompanied by China, began the first steps towards the abandonment of the Bretton Woods system and social democracy. They replaced it with the current model of global economics, neoliberalism.
In 1947 the last of the Nuremberg trials began. The accused were German industrialists from the chemicals cartel IG Farben. Prosecutors charged them with using slave labour at their bunawerk factory during the Second World War - Auschwitz Monowitz.
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The development of British national identity in the 20th Century is intimately connected with conflict. War has provided a unifying force that has held together an inherently fissile union throughout the century.
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Stalin and his chief henchman Lavrenti Beria poured resources from a devastated USSR into the creation of an atomic bomb from 1945 onwards. The development of the bomb rested on Soviet espionage and the ability of scientists to experiment and work without ideological controls.
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In 1944 at Bretton Woods in the USA a new model of the world economy that would provide postwar stability and prosperity was devised. However, the compromises and plans of the USA meant that the system created a fatal flaw, leaving it to unravel by 1971.
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Between 1958-1962 Mao's second five year plan, known as the Great Leap Forward, resulted in economic chaos and a famine that killed over 40 million people. It was in part inspired by Mao's attempts to eclipse Soviet leader Khrushchev as the leader of the communist world.
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In a slight change from our regular episodes, I've interviewed study specialist and coach Lucy Parsons to offer her knowledge on how to prepare for history exams and what skills are needed to excel at A level. Coming on Friday: Berlin and Willy Brandt.You can find out more about Lucy's academic coaching @ http://lifemoreextraordinary.com
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After three decades of unprecedented global economic growth from the Second World War onwards, the economy of the first world experienced prolonged economic crisis throughout the 1970s and 1980s. This podcast explores the long and short term causes of the crisis.
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Throughout the interwar period French politics polarised between right and left, but unlike Germany, the political centre ground managed to hold. On the right, a series of anti communist, pro Catholic, nationalist and militarist parties and societies proliferated, but it took a German invasion in 1940 to create a fascist government in France in the guise of the Vichy regime.
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By 1941 Japan was facing acute economic crises due to the long drawn out war in China and the American oil and scrap metal embargo. The surprise attack on Pearl Harbour seemed to many Japanese a way out of the crisis.
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At the end of the Second World War, savage reprisals against anyone suspected of collaborating with the Nazis swept Europe. In many instances, however, political and personal motivations led to widespread violence and killing.
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In November 1963, shortly before he was assassinated, John F Kennedy ordered the overthrow of President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam. Diem, a corrupt authoritarian had become an embarrassment and his lack of support meant the likelihood of a communist takeover in Vietnam was steadily growing.
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In September 1939 Lord Linlithgow, the British Viceroy of India declared war on Nazi Germany without consulting any of India's political parties. The war presented Indian politicians with opportunities to further their agendas and the British used divide and rule tactics to maintain their control.* visit www.audiopi.co.uk and use the discount code Explain for ten percent off all podcasts and subscriptions.
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Following the failure of Germany's last bid to defeat Britain, France and America in the west, a counter offensive took advantage of the Kaiser Army's weakness. The decisive moment, politically and militarily came on August 8th 1918 with the Battle of Amiens, after which Germany's leaders saw the war as unwinnable.
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In 1933, as Hitler consolidated his power, he signed an agreement or 'concordat' with the Catholic Church, removing the power of the Papacy from German politics. Within months, however, the deal was abandoned and persecution of the church began. This podcast explores the reasons for the Nazis betrayal of the church.
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For the first time in its history, British popular music became radically politicised in the mid 1970s as a result of the rise of far right racist groups in Britain. This radicalism lasted long into the 1980s, ending with the advent of New Labour.
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What factors led to the destruction of Yugoslavia and the death of 140,000 people over a decade? This podcast examines the mounting tensions that communism's failure unleashed.
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By the late 1960s anxieties over rapid social change and racial tensions promoted a conservative backlash against the perceived permissiveness of the decade. Richard Nixon and then Ronald Reagan used the criminalisation of drugs to present themselves as defenders of American values but the consequences of their policies in America and beyond have been catastrophic.
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In the decade and a half before the Spanish Civil War, a bitterly divided society existed in constant conflict. Wealthy landowners and industrialists, supported by the army and civil guard viewed the peasantry as a subhuman 'other' and feared the threat of communism.Subscribe to the Explaining History YouTube Channel here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXutxjOzJ8vTGHkVWikl0NQ
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In 1946, following the formation of a Hindu dominated transitional government in India, inter ethnic violence broke out in Calcutta. Hindus and Muslims killed their neighbours in days of rioting, but the violence continued for two years, during and after the partition.
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Throughout the Second World War, Britain saw its colonies as sources of available manpower, food and finance. As Britain's fortunes changed throughout the conflict, so did its attitude to the present and future of the rest of the empire.
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Harlem was the epicentre of black cultural and intellectual life in the inter war decades. Competing radical nationalist and communist parties struggled with each other to attract members from with black community. Each attempted to address the problems of discrimination and prejudice that black Americans faced.
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After 1936 the Spanish Civil War became the focal issue for Europe's socialist and communist parties. The rise of Hitler to power had made anti fascist struggle the most important battle for communist movements, especially as Stalin had encouraged political divisions between communist and social democratic parties in the run up to 1933.
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Did Britain have a sexual revolution in the 1960s? All indications suggest that momentous change occurred in attitudes to pregnancy, marriage, divorce and homosexuality in that decade. However, in reality Britain had experienced a long century of changing attitudes to sex and private life.
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At the end of the Second World War, intense ethnic hatreds had been reawoken in Yugoslavia and Josef Tito's victorious communist partisans took advantage of internecine feuds and attempted to suppress them in order to establish Yugoslavia as a communist state.
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In the second half of the 1930s, after explosive economic growth during the five year plans the USSR was convulsed by murderous political violence. The phenomenon of Stalinist terror has occupied the writing of historians for decades and in this podcast we examine two perspectives.
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In 1845, at the height of Britain's industrial revolution, Friedrich Engels, the son of a German cotton industrialist came to live in Manchester. His study of the lives of the English working classes was the first major work to highlight the appalling effects of the industrial revolution on the poor.
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In the middle years of the Second World War, Bulgaria became a target for repeated and heavy RAF and USAAF bombing raids. Bulgaria's alliance with Germany proved to be a disaster for the country, but there was very little real strategic value for the western allies in the Balkans.
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In the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, railways and steam boats became tools for European powers to colonially exploit a weakened China. Following the 1911 revolution however, rail became a key device by the nationalist Sun Yat Sen to unify a chaotic and fissile country.
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In the 1920s and 1930s the ownership of Britain's newspapers concentrated in an ever smaller number of hands. Lords Northcliffe, Rothermere and Beaverbrook were able to wield unprecedented political power because they had captured a mass audience of readers. They advanced their own political agendas and existed on the far right of the political spectrum in an age of political uncertainty and crisis.
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In 1905 the destruction of the Russian fleet by the Japanese sent political and cultural shockwaves throughout the world. Colonised Asia saw weaknesses in European power that had hitherto never been revealed. The implications for European colonial powers like Britain and France were significant.
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In March 1933 the arrest of thousands of communists, socialists and trade unions saw the birth of Hitler's concentration camp system. However, the idea that the camps were a product of an ordered and planned seizure of power should be revised as new evidence suggests that the camps grew out of chaos and the autonomous actions of the SA.****The new A level history series that gives teachers some fresh perspectives and new energising ideas for their lessons will start on October 19th with the first webinar which will focus on modern Britain. On November 2nd I will be co hosting with Alf Wilkinson on Soviet Russia and then on the 9th with Richard Kennet where we will be talking about Nazi Germany. Finally, I’ll be presenting with Helen Snelson on November 16th on post war Germany from 1945-1991. If you’re a subscriber to Explaining History you can get a discount on each booking by following the link that comes with this podcast and quoting the promotionally code WF0009023, which is also listed...
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Why did British, American and European philosophers, writers and journalists embrace Maoism and the violent repression of China after 1949? This podcast attempts to explore the thoughts and motivations of a range of sympathetic 'fellow travellers'.
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In the mid to late 1970s, faith in politicians and a belief in the moral sanctity of the office of President went into decline in the USA. The Watergate Scandal that ended the career of Richard Nixon was followed by the presidencies of Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter. Both men were seen as weak and ineffective by wide sections of the public.
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How did the British Labour Party emerge after 1900, from a wide array of affiliated socialist parties and trade unions? This podcast explores the origins and the rise of the party and its effect on British politics in the Edwardian era.
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In August 1968, during a year of violence and political tension in America, protesters fought a pitched battle in the streets of Chicago with the police. The anti Vietnam war demonstrators clashed outside the Democratic National Convention, while inside the pro and anti war factions of the divided Democrats attacked one another.
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Between 1926 and 1937 the Marxist intellectual Antonio Gramsci was imprisoned by Mussolini's fascist government following the dictator's crack down on left wing parties. During his incarceration he wrote some of the most important critiques of capitalist society of the 20th Century. Gramsci's prison notebooks are a fundamental part of Marxist thought and attempt to answer questions that Marx was unable to address about the workings of capitalist society.
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In 1949, following the creation of the Soviet controlled German Democratic Republic, Walter Ulbricht, the German Communist Party leader unleashed a wave of repression against the last surviving Jews. The repression was inspired by events in the USSR and the Middle East and help to highlight the moral and ideological pragmatism of the GDR.
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In 1945, following the dropping of two atom bombs on Japan, General Douglas MacArthur became the ruler of the country for six years. He imposed on Japan a modern constitution, while helping to absolve Emperor Hirohito from any blame in the atrocities perpetrated by his armies during the Second World War.Webinar Links (discount code: WF0009023)Modern Britain: http://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/Event/562Germany 1945-91: http://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/Event/561Nazi Germanyhttp://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/Event/563Soviet Russiahttp://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/Event/564
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In January 1945 the city of Budapest was surrounded by the Red Army and Hitler's occupying forces made a desperate and futile last stand. The siege of the city by the Red Army is often overshadowed by the subsequent downfall of Berlin, but the consequences for the inhabitants were no less savage.
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In the second half of the 1930s the Polish Government abandoned its previously liberal policies towards Poland's large Jewish population and instead hoped to force mass migration to the British mandate of Palestine. Their partners in this endeavour were the extreme right wingers on the zionist movement, the revisionists, led by Vladimir Jabotinsky.If you can spare a dime towards the hosting, I'd be ever so grateful: https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/help-fund-the-explaining-history-podcast/x/13613771#/
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In the 1960s a diverse movement of protest and activism closely associated (but not limited to) the hippy movement developed in the USA. The politicised parts of the counterculture demanded the overthow of capitalism but did not look to the USSR as a possible replacement - Soviet communism had long since been discredited.Webinar Links (discount code: WF0009023)Modern Britain: http://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/Event/562Germany 1945-91: http://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/Event/561Nazi Germanyhttp://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/Event/563Soviet Russiahttp://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/Event/564Also, if you can spare a dime towards the hosting, I'd be ever so grateful: https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/help-fund-the-explaining-history-podcast/x/13613771#/
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When Leonid Brezhnev came to power in 1964 he was determined to undo many of the liberalising reforms of his predecessor Nikita Khrushchev. However, his appointment of Alexei Kosygin gave joint control of the economy to a moderniser who attempted to introduce more market based reforms.
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At the end of the Second World War, the USA reshaped the world economy in its own interests. The acute economic problems facing great Britain due to the cost of the war were a matter of indifference to many US policy makers and large sections of the American public. When John Maynard Keynes, Britain's pre-eminent economist proposed that Britain seek a loan from the USA, tough negotiations followed which would have a profound effect on post war Britain's economy and society.Also, if you can spare a dime in the annual crowd funding drive, I'd be terrifically grateful:https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/help-fund-the-explaining-history-podcast/x/13613771#/
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When Rudolf Hoess, the commandant of Auschwitz between 1940 and 1943 was tried for his crimes in 1947 he was open and revealing about the process of genocide at the camp and the attitudes of the SS men under his command to their work. The testimony raises as many questions and challenges for Holocaust historians as it answers.
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In 1916 a British officer, Thomas Edward Lawrence and an Arab prince, Feisal of Mecca led a guerrilla army of Bedouin against the Ottoman Empire in Arabia. In the 1920s Lawrence became an international celebrity due to his wartime exploits and he has remained a mythologised figure for much of the 20th Century.
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In the post war decades the dream of new affordable housing came true for millions of white Americans. Black, Latino, Jewish and other ethnic minority families were excluded from the new utopia of the suburbs and instead many lived in increasingly deprived inner city ghettoes.
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At the end of the Second World War, the British Army marched into the French colony of Indochina, which had been occupied by Japan for the previous four years. The British used Japanese and Indian troops to prevent a Viet Minh nationalist government establishing itself and returned French colonists to power.
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In the second half of the 19th Century a quiet publishing revolution was taking place. Victorian ladies with education and wealth were able to produce new newspapers, pamphlets and books demanding equal political and legal rights for women.
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Between 1918 and 1939 France's overseas colonial empire, like Britain's, grew with the acquisition of Ottoman territories as mandates. France's empire was ruled using different ideas and institutions to Britain but both systems struggled to hold together during economically and politically turbulent decades.
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In 1947, two days after India became an independent nation, the plans to partition the country into a Hindu India and Muslim East and West Pakistan were announced. British policies of divide and rule, combined with hastily drawn up boundaries and a lack of a real understanding about the possible outcome led to ethnic violence on an enormous scale.
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In 1945, after the devastation of a long war across Asia, Britain's hold over her Indian empire was greatly weakened. The new Labour Government was notionally committed to Indian independence, but it was the inability of Britain to continue ruling and the development of India as a powerful new military force in the region that made independence an inevitability.
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In the aftermath of the October Revolution in 1917, Constructivism, a radical avante garde modernist style of architecture became influential. The Constructivists enthusiasm for the revolution was not shared by Lenin and the Bolsheviks who viewed it with suspicion. In 1932 architecture and all other forms of art and culture were finally harnessed in the interests of Stalinism and the Constructivists were replaced by Stalinist architecture.
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Following the death of US president Franklin Roosevelt, his successor, Harry Truman entered the Oval Office in the last days of World War Two. The inexperienced and untested president charted a new course in US diplomacy, ending his predecessor's accommodation of Soviet demands. One of the key moments in the development of the Cold War began in April 1945 with Truman's presidency.
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By the end of the 1960s the Cold War was in deadlock and America was mired in war in Vietnam. Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger attempted to address these crises but in a secretive and controlling fashion. The results were a major shift in Cold War relations but also terrible devastation and destruction in Asia.
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During the Second World War, Subhas Chandra Bose courted Soviet, Nazi and Imperial Japanese leaders in order to build an army to force the British out of India. He died in a plane crash in Taiwan in 1945 but was seen by many in India as a freedom fighter and a hero.
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In 1974 the government of Edward Heath was defeated in an election called to give Heath a mandate against the trade unions. His nemesis was the miners union organiser Arthur Scargill. In 1984 Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher inflicted a crushing defeat on the union movement, a victory long in the planning by the Conservative Government.
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In August 1945 two atomic bombs were dropped on Japan ending the Second World War in Asia. However the bombs did not end conflict across the region, instead they ended Japan's involvement as an imperial power. Fighting continued in Asia throughout the next three decades as the new fault lines of the cold war emerged and European powers sought to regain control of their colonies.
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At the end of the Second World War, the USA was the wealthiest society in history and experienced an economic boom that was to last for nearly three decades. This boom had a profound transformational effect on American society and was the dawning of the USA that dominated the world in the second half of the 20th Century.
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During the chaos of the First World War a generation of British and American correspondents in Russia astutely predicted the failure of the Provisional Government and came to see the Bolsheviks as a viable alternative. Some, like Arthur Ransome and John Reed went further and became passionate advocates for the new regime led by Vladimir Lenin.
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Throughout the 20th Century Romania has endured the twin catastrophes of fascism and communism. During the Second World War Romania was deeply involved in the holocaust and the development of an aggressive nationalism that remained undiminished throughout the communist era was chiefly to blame.
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Margaret Thatcher was a politician convinced that a return to 'family values' after two decades of seeming moral decline in the 60s and 70s was part of the key to restoring British fortunes. Throughout the 1980s, however, this manifested itself in a prolonged attack on gay rights, during a time when the existence of the HIV virus and AIDS was associated in the press with the LGBT community. During the 1980s however, Conservative policies led to a politicisation of the gay community and the question of gay rights in a way that had not previously occurred in Britain.
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In February 1943, after one of the longest coldest winters of the war, the news that the German 6th Army had been lost at Stalingrad shocked the nation. In response Joseph Goebbels, the public face of the regime made the most important speech of his career announcing a new time of struggle and total war.
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During the First World War the racist terrorist organisation the Ku Klux Klan reformed and by 1924 boasted four million members. However five years later it was once more a political irrelevance.
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In August 1961 East German and Soviet forces created a wall around West Berlin, preventing East Germans from fleeing to the west. The failures of Soviet Communism and the attractions of a prosperous west had led a fifth of the population to migrate. This podcast explores the crisis and how the wall led to a gradual stabilisation in the Cold War in Europe.
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In the early 1970s John Lennon embarked on a brief and rather inglorious career as a political activist while based in America. His activism was an indication of the wider radicalisation of the decade and can help us to examine the prevalence of the counter culture in 1970s America.
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In 1966 after four years of existing at the margins of the Chinese Communist Party following the disasters of the Great Leap Forward, Mao Zedong returned. He claimed that revisionist and right deviationist elements within the party were derailing the revolution and only the millions of Red Guards and the Chinese workers and peasants could put China back on track to socialism. The result was the catastrophic cultural revolution.
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Erich Fromm, one of the most overlooked intellectual figures of the 20th Century wrote insightful critiques of consumerist capitalism and explanations of the appeal of Nazism. His work also explored the dilemmas of being human in an increasingly alienating world.
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By the early 1960s the once cordial relations between the USSR and The People's Republic of China had been replaced by suspicion and animosity. Two rival interpretations of communism vied for supremacy across the communist world and East Germany came to back the Soviet Union against the Chinese.https://explaininghistory.selz.com/item/55ad4404b7987212602077ee?mode=edit
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by early 1918 the Bolshevik's revolution was in serious danger of being overthrown. Instead of elite troops the new government possessed poorly disciplined Red Guards. By 1921, the army was over three million strong and had defeated its enemies, but at immense political cost to its creator, Leon Trotsky.
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When the Nazis' occupation of Greece ended and a gradual withdrawal turned into a desperate retreat from the Red Army, a civil war in Greece began. The British occupied Athens in a bid to restore King George II and prevent a communist takeover, but it proved to be one of Churchill's most controversial initiatives of the war and the beginning of a conflict that would last until 1949.
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Towards the end of the Second World War, zionist terrorist Menachem Begin and the paramilitary organisation Irgun instigated their own war against the British authorities in Palestine. They sought to establish a Jewish state there and saw the British as an obstacle to this ambition
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Throughout the 1920s and 1930s the British became increasingly aware that they were vulnerable to air attack, especially after the rise of Nazism in 1933. The policy of evacuating children from the inner cities to counter this threat began in 1939, but at considerable physical and emotional cost to the children involved.
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During Stalin's First Five Year Plan (1928-1932), the Russian population experienced greater material hardship and shortages than at any time since the Russian Civil War. Mass industrialisation led to food and housing shortages, resulting in misery and protest among the urban population.
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Lyndon Johnson had an antagonistic relationship with the Kennedy brothers but was indispensable to John F Kennedy as a political fixer. Following Kennedy's death he became President of the USA and won a landslide victory a year later. This podcast explores the career, ambitions, struggles and crises of Lyndon Johnson.
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In March 1918 in Britain, Parliament voted to enfranchise property owning women for the first time. This podcast explores the wartime decisions that led to this moment of radical electoral reform.
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In the second half of the 1970s Americans developed a profound disillusionment with politics and a skepticism towards the office of president. The impact of Watergate and the apparent weakness of Nixon's two successors combined with an overall economic gloom and American humiliation in Vietnam and the Middle East.
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The massive increase in government spending, borrowing and currency devaluation that occurred during the First World War by all powers led to a global surge in inflation. This growth in prices had major implications for both the combatant powers and the empires they governed
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In 1936 a British Christian Zionist army officer, Orde Wingate, was posted to the British Mandate in Palestine to help quell the Arab revolt. Wingate's passionate support for the Jews in Palestine led to him organising a brutal counter insurgency against the Arabs with the Jewish defence organisation the Hagannah, laying down the tactics later employed by the Israeli Defence Force.
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As the Tsarist empire collapsed and Russia's new rulers, the Bolsheviks, negotiated with Germany at Brest Litovsk, the most important territory to both powers was Ukraine. The fate of the nation and its wealth of food and mineral resources would decide the outcome of the war for both empires. http://www.mrbsemporium.com
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In the mid 1930s, the Soviet Union claimed that living standards in the USSR had surpassed those in the capitalist world. For a brief period during the Second Five Year Plan the regime's focus was on creating a consumer culture of department stores and choice for Soviet citizens.
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Between 1956 and 1957 Mao Zedong took the unprecedented step of encouraging criticism amongst the people of the Chinese Communist Party. The deluge of anger and rage towards the party was overwhelming and swiftly inspired a brutal reaction from the dictator and a crack down against dissent.
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In 1961, the city of Berlin, divided between East and West since 1945 saw a more permanent division erected. A wall that cut the city in two prevented East Germans from crossing from East to West enticed by the promise of a better life. * Support Explaining History here: please take a moment to look at my project https://www.crowdfunder.co.uk/explaining-history and pledge whatever you can - there are some great rewards on offer!)
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In 1945, at the end of the Second World War, the Labour Party swept to power on a mandate of social reform. Six years later, despite the creation of an almost universally popular National Health Service, the party was defeated in the 1951 election and spent 13 years in opposition. What explains their success and failure in one term in office?
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In January 1945 the city of Budapest was surrounded by the Red Army and Hitler's occupying forces made a desperate and futile last stand. The siege of the city by the Red Army is often overshadowed by the subsequent downfall of Berlin, but the consequences for the inhabitants were no less savage.
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In the mid 1930s the Polish government contemplated the mass deportation of its large Jewish population to the British Mandate of Palestine. This anti semitic policy gained support from an unlikely ally, the right wing zionist Jews that made up the revisionist movement in Poland.
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In 1955 one of the most important international conferences of the 20th Century took place in Bandung, Indonesia. The leaders of the recently decolonised nations of Africa and Asia met to forge new economic and diplomatic ties. The conference was the first of a series of meetings of African and Asian nations resistant to colonialism and determined to avoid taking sides in the Cold War.
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When Leonid Brezhnev came to power in 1964 he was determined to undo many of the liberalising reforms of his predecessor Nikita Khrushchev. However, his appointment of Alexei Kosygin gave joint control of the economy to a moderniser who attempted to introduce more market based reforms.
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In the immediate aftermath of the Chinese Civil War and the seizure of power by the Chinese Communist Party, Mao Zedong began a violent struggle for control of China's countryside. In a bid to develop a rural powerbase for himself and his party, Mao encouraged communities to tear themselves apart in cycles of denunciation and revenge.
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In the immediate aftermath of the First World War, British anxieties over revolutionary tensions in India were high. The action of a lone British general at Amritsar in April 1919 shattered the fragile peace between the colonising British and the colonised Indians, radicalising the independence movement throughout the inter war period.
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When Rudolf Hoess, the commandant of Auschwitz between 1940 and 1943 was tried for his crimes in 1947 he was open and revealing about the process of genocide at the camp and the attitudes of the SS men under his command to their work. The testimony raises as many questions and challenges for Holocaust historians as it answers.
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In 1878 tensions over the Balkans were close to exploding into a major European war. German Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck held a conference in Berlin to resolve the tensions, but the result was simply the postponement of war, not its prevention.
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In 1922, during the turbulent early years of the Weimar Republic a social research institute was established in Frankfurt. It was set up by Marxist intellectuals and the alumni of the school had a massive impact on 20th Century thought, examining the workings of mass society, consumerism, culture, totalitarianism and the unconscious.
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One of the biggest forced movements of populations in human history occurred in the final months of the Second World War and long into the post war era. Eastern European countries expelled their German populations and some estimated 12 million people were added to the millions of refugees in Europe at the end of the war.
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Democrat presidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt hoped the USSR could become a key part of the post war worlds they were involved in developing. Both men were willing to overlook many of the violent excesses of Lenin's Bolsheviks and later Stalin, assuming that a more liberal and moderate Russia might emerge.
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At the start of the First World War the threat of civil war in Ireland between home rule nationalists and protestant unionists in the north began to recede. Two years later, however, a revolt in Dublin on Easter Monday 1916 against the British was crushed and fifteen of the rebels executed. This podcast explores the causes and consequences of the Easter Rising.
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In the second half of the 19th Century, the development of a new and diverse range of magazines, leaflets and books written by educated and wealthy Victorian women for a female audience had a radicalising effect on the women's movement. The desire for equality before the law led to a pressure for female suffrage and a minor publishing revolution developed in support of these goals.
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In the first two years of the First World War, British Prime Minister Herbert Asquith was a distant and detached character, leaving major decisions to the War Office, Winston Churchill and Horatio Kitchener. By 1915 two crises, munitions shortages and Gallipoli had resulted in his subordinates political demise and the creation of a coalition government.
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In 1919 America experienced a post war explosion of racial violence. Black communities in over 30 cities across the USA were attacked by mobs, angry at the new economic opportunities that had opened up to black people as a result of the First World War.
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During the First World War, nearly a hundred thousand poor Chinese labourers dug British trenches on the western front. Their government hoped that the war would provide opportunities to revise crippling treaties imposed on her by Britain and France and claim back territory lost to Germany and Japan. When Chinese hopes were dashed at the Paris Peace Conference, the long term political consequences in China were immense and dominated the next three decades.
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Benito Mussolini dominated Italy for two decades and was able to rule partly because of the relationship he had with the Italian people. To many ordinary Italians he was an immensely popular figure and many viewed him as down to earth and in touch with the lives of Italy's working poor. This podcast explores his cult of personality.
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The Potsdam Conference was the last major meeting of the allied powers and took place after the surrender of Germany. The conference was a key event in the development of the Cold War and drew up the conflict's battle grounds in Europe and Asia
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In January 1942 Reinhard Heydrich, Himmler's deputy held a conference at Wannsee in Berlin to order the mass extermination of all of Europe's Jews. This podcast explores the relationship between the conference and the course of the war.For a detailed analysis of this and the Jewish Holocaust, read Julia Routledge's excellent new ebook The Genocidal Century: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Genocidal-Century-Mass-Killing-20th-ebook/dp/B00PCMAV1E/ref=sr_1_1?s=digital-text&ie=UTF8&qid=1415438292&sr=1-1
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Harold Wilson was Britain's Prime Minister from 1964-1970, a period in which optimistic visions of a new country faltered and faded. By the end of the decade the modern, meritocratic and scientific country that he promised in 1964 had not materialised. This podcast explores Wilson and the challenges he and Britain faced.
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At the end of the Second World War Europe was devastated, starving and in chaos. Millions of refugees and displaced persons were dependent on the United Nations to feed and shelter them. Some of the newly restored governments saw it as an ideal opportunity to expel unwanted ethnic minorities and in parts of the continent, fighting between communist and non communist forces continued.
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by February 1945 The Soviet Union controlled most of Eastern Europe and outnumbered the Western Allies 3-1. Stalin was in a uniquely powerful bargaining position at the Yalta Conference in the Crimea to shape the post war world and demand concessions from Churchill and Roosevelt.
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In late 1943 the British, Americans and Soviets met at Tehran to discuss the final stages of the war and what the post war world would look like. Throughout the meeting Churchill's war strategies were steadily undermined by American disagreements and the growing power and confidence of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.
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Leni Riefenstahl was Adolf Hitler's favourite film maker and became an increasingly popular member of his inner circle, producing films like Triumph of the Will and Olympia throughout the 1930s. After the war she distanced herself from the Nazis crimes but evidence shows her complicity in them, despite acquittal at the Nuremberg Trials.
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In 1920 the sale, import and manufacture of alcohol in America was banned and for the next thirteen years the government waged an increasingly fruitless war against smugglers and gangsters to keep America dry. How did a society that cherished libertarian principals and the limited role of the state come to enact such far reaching laws?
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In 1963 John Profumo, Harold Macmillan's Minister for War was forced to resign following an affair with a young call girl Christine Keeler. Even though the scandal was relatively trivial it came to dominate the headlines and defined the modern sex scandal. It revealed far more about the anxieties of Britain in a time of growing prosperity than it did about the private life of a junior minister.
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Why did Stalin and Hitler, mortal enemies, sign a non aggression pact in 1939 on the eve of the Second World War? This podcast explores the origins and the consequences of the pact. If you'd like to know more you can check out my ebook Hitler, Stalin and the Destruction of Poland: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Hitler-Stalin-Destruction-Poland-Shepley-ebook/dp/B00E0KVDFW
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In 1921 Britain, America and Japan were among ten powers that met in Washington DC for the world's first ever disarmament conference. The declining power of the British and the rising confidence of Japan in Asia created the conditions for possible future conflict and all three nations positioned themselves to safeguard their interests.
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In 1956 Britain suffered her greatest post war humiliation with following Colonel Nasser's decision to nationalise the Suez Canal and reclaim it from Britain and France for Egypt. This videocast explores the long term reasons behind this and the foreign policy disaster that cost Anthony Eden his Prime Ministership.(Note: this first appeared on the Explaining History YouTube Channel)
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Throughout the 19th Century Britain felt constantly threatened by and suspicious of Russia. Russian expansionism in the Balkans threatened Britain's ability to access the routes to her Indian Empire and the British were committed to supporting the weakening Ottoman Empire against Russian expansionism.
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Between 1924 and 1929 Germany's economy and politics seemed to stabilise and recover from the violence, unrest and revolution of the previous four years. A vibrant avante garde culture flourished in Berlin, and the fortunes of the Nazi Party and the Communists slumped as Germans enjoyed prosperity. The recovery proved to be an illusion and politics once again polarised to the extremes of left and right after 1929 and the Wall Street Crash. For more on Germany, you can download my two ebooks here: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Reaction-Revolution-Century-Germany-ebook/dp/B00DQT4HYM/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1373383502&sr=1-1and http://www.amazon.co.uk/Explaining-Nazi-Germany-ebook/dp/B00DL1DCZU/ref=sr_1_9?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1373383814&sr=1-9
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In 1932 Oswald Mosley formed the British Union of Fascists, basing his new party firstly on Italian Fascism and later German Nazism. Within four years the movement had been broken, partly by anti fascist activism but mainly because it was rejected by the British public, fearful of its association with Nazism.
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There are few economists in the 20th Century who have had the effect on politics and economics in the western world that Friedrich Hayek achieved. His central thesis on the size of the state and the threat of dictatorship influenced politicians from the 190s onwards and has shaped the world we inhabit today.
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Between 1918 and 1921 the Russian Civil War claimed 14 million civilian and military lives. The conflict between the new Bolshevik government and the White counter revolutionaries also saw the fragmentation of the empire, famine and the intervention of Britain, France, America and Japan.
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How did Lenin manage to assert his control over Russia in the aftermath of the October Revolution? The new Bolshevik Government used hunger and terror to force widespread social and political change within the country, targeting the old bourgeoisie and the aristocracy. This podcast explores the Red Terror, the establishment of the Checka and policy of War Communism.For more help, follow these links: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Explaining-Russian-Revolution-Students-ebook/dp/B00FX18BOS/ref=la_B005ORPZFO_1_16?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1381871360&sr=1-16http://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Communist-Century-Revolution-Series-ebook/dp/B00IN6PY40/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1393664105&sr=8-1&keywords=chris+kostov
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In March 1917 a provisional government established itself in Russia in the aftermath of the downfall of the Tsar. By October 1917 it had been swept away and Lenin's Bolshevik Party replaced it. The crises of 1917 and the challenge of sharing power with the Petrograd Soviet overwhelmed the government before they could establish a democratic elected regime.
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In early 1943 the tide of the Second World War was turning in favour of the allies, following victories in North Africa. At Casablanca the British and the Americans met to discuss their two conflicting views of the future conduct of the war. The British approach triumphed, giving Churchill's strategy the upper hand but it was the beginning of the end of Britain's wartime influence.New Ebook titles: The Communist Century - http://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Communist-Century-Revolution-Series-ebook/dp/B00IN6PY40/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1393664105&sr=8-1&keywords=chris+kostovGeorge Orwell - http://www.amazon.co.uk/George-Orwell-Explaining-History-Century-ebook/dp/B00HLRW8YQ/ref=sr_1_18?ie=UTF8&qid=1388484876&sr=8-18&keywords=julia+routledge
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In 1945 France returned to its former colony in Indochina, determined to re-assert control after humiliation by Japan. The nationalist Vietminh were determined to fight for their independence and nine years later inflicted a catastrophic defeat on France at the long battle of Dien Bien Phu. How was France brought to her knees in Indochina and what were the consequences for France?
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in 1956 Soviet leader Nikita Kruschev spoke for the first time the 20th Party Congress about the crimes of his predecessor Joseph Stalin. His speech shocked those gathered and had profound consequences for the future of the Soviet regime, this podcast explores why. You can read more about this in our three ebooks on the Soviet Regime and communism: The Communist Century: http://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Communist-Century-Revolution-Series-ebook/dp/B00IN6PY40/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1393664105&sr=8-1&keywords=chris+kostovExplaining the Russian Revolution: A Student's Guide: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Explaining-Russian-Revolution-Students-ebook/dp/B00FX18BOS/ref=la_B005ORPZFO_1_16?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1381871360&sr=1-16Stalin, the Five Year Plans and the Gulags: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Stalin-five-plans-Gulags-ebook/dp/B00DQUWPYK/ref=sr_1_12?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1373383782&sr=1-12
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By the end of the First World War Herbert Hoover was a national hero in America for his humanitarian work. A decade later he was engulfed in an economic catastrophe following the Wall Street Crash that would claim his career and reputation. This podcast explores the contradictions and paradoxes of Hoover's character and life.Check out the Explaining History ebook on Hoover and the crash here:http://www.amazon.co.uk/Roaring-Wall-Street-Crash-ebook/dp/B005G4PK8W
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By the early 1970s a perfect storm of inflation and mounting industrial unrest brought the government of Edward Heath to its knees. His plans to introduce free market economics and politics to Britain were abandoned and he was outmanoeuvred by the National Union of Mineworkers, resulting in the 1974 three day week.This podcast explores the crises that beset Heath and their origins in the Wilson years of the late 1960s.
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From the 1840s onwards China endured over half a century of an unprecedented onslaught from Britain and other western powers. She was defeated, humiliated and forced to sign treaties that drained her of her wealth, Japan quickly reformed her economy and military to prevent the same process from occurring. This podcast explores the relationship between the west's 'Scramble For China' and the downfall of the Qing Dynasty. You can also download the companion ebook here: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Sun-Yat-birth-modern-China-ebook/dp/B00DJE8ANI
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Why did West Germany suffer a decade of terrorism from 1967-77? During the height of Vietnam War protests, a generation of radical West German students saw a relationship between the West German Government's support for America's war and their own unresolved Nazi past. Their decision to wage an urban war against what they saw as a barely concealed Nazism would culminate in the bloody summer of 1977.
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In 1933 Hitler established a state run mass leisure organisation in Germany to help develop his vision of a socially unified, racially homogenous society. The extent to which it was successful has been an area of debate by historians of Nazi Germany and is explored in this podcast.
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Between 1936 and 1938 nearly 2,000 British men and women travelled in secret to Spain to fight on the side of the Spanish Republic against a nationalist military rebellion. Motivated by fears of a fascist Europe and by the intervention on Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy on the side of the rebels, the men and women of the international brigade suffered appalling hardship and losses in an ultimately doomed struggle. Here is a short introduction exploring the context of their idealistic fight.Also check out Orwell's time in Spain here: http://www.amazon.co.uk/George-Orwell-Explaining-History-Century-ebook/dp/B00HLRW8YQ/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1392218617&sr=8-1&keywords=julia+routledge+george+orwell
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When the Italian Socialist Giacomo Matteotti was assassinated in 1924, parts of the nation were united in outrage, strongly suspecting that their Prime Minister Mussolini was behind the killing. How did Mussolini manage to turn the situation to his advantage and emerge as the dictator of Italy a year later?
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Why did the British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour give an assurance to Britain's Zionists that there would be a Jewish homeland in Palestine in 1917? This podcast gives a brief outline of the politics of the Balfour Declaration and Britain's deals with the Arabs, French and Jews.
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How did Benito Mussolini manage to be appointed Prime Minister in 1922? This podcast explores the details of his rise to power from relative obscurity and his March on Rome.
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What are the origins of Italian Fascism? In order to understand Fascism as a concept we have to delve into the 19th Century history of the country. The manner in which Italy was unified as a nation state led to a fundamentally divided country that was chaotic and unstable - an authoritarian idea like Fascism seemed to many on the right to be the solution to Italy's weaknesses.
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A general overview of the development of the trade union movement from the 1830s to the eve of the First World War. What factors led to the radicalisation of the movement and how did the two main parties, Liberal and Tory adapt to the 'threat' of mass democracy and the working class vote?
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How did the fall of France, the invasion of the Soviet Union and Pearl Harbour have bearing on the fate of Vietnam? This podcast explores not only the actions of the great powers towards Vietnam during the Second World War, but also the actions of the Vietnamese themselves and their resistance to both French and Japanese occupation.
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One of the more overlooked aspects of the history of Soviet Communism is the last years of Trotsky's life at Coyoacan in Mexico. This podcast explores the man and his feuds within his own movement, the plot to assassinate him and his relationships with his patron and eventual enemy Diego Rivera.
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Japan enjoyed spectacular military successes from December 1941 to February 1942, but from May to November that year was dealt a series of defeats that would ultimately spell doom for the Japanese war effort in the Pacific. Why was the Japanese advance halted in the South Pacific so quickly?
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The Five Year Plans involved and immense bureaucratic effort to industrialise Russia on a massive scale. Beyond the massive cost to the Russian people and the coercion of much of the population, there was also an immense degree of participation and consent in the grand historical undertaking to build socialism. This podcast explores the efforts of the Stakhanovites and other participants in the plans.
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Why did so many western intellectuals decide to offer their support to the Soviet Union in the 1930s? Writers like George Bernard Shaw, Freda Kirchwey and left intellectuals like Sidney and Beatrice Webb all gave Stalinism a veneer of legitimacy whilst hoping their own countries would stay steadfastly non communist.
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By the late 19th Century Russia was a rapid increase in acts of terrorism against the state, the assassination of government ministers, bombings of state buildings and attempts (eventually successful) on the lives of the Tsars. The terrorists were well educated members of Russia's middle classes, waging their own war against the state on behalf of Russia's peasants. Why? This Explaining History podcast attempts to address this question.
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How did Germany's defeat in World War One lead to a revolution that swept away the Kaiser and result in the rise of a liberal socialist government? What compromises and deals did the new administration make to prevent the spread of communism and how did that affect the development of the republic?Answers to all this and more are here in this Explaining History Podcast.
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Theodor Herzl is credited with being the father of Zionism and the intellectual force behind the founding of the state of Israel, even though he died nearly half a century earlier. How did Herzl's ideas emerge and evolve in the mid to late 19th Century and how was he influenced by the growing climate of intolerance across Europe in the last quarter of the century?
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How did Germany deal with the legacy of the Holocaust and Nazism? How did West and East German governments address the memory of crimes committed during the war?
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What did ordinary German people know or think about the genocide of the Jewish people? This podcast encourages students of Nazi Germany to move away from simplistic views of German Moralities.
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Both Britain and Germany had tried to starve each other into submission on the high seas in the First World War. The British were slow to adopt new tactics in the Second World War against the renewed threat of U-Boats, but by 1944, the British and Americans had devastated the German U-Boat fleet. How had these changes come about?
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Why did Roosevelt agree to help arm Britain and France before America joined the war? How did his Arsenals of Democracy Speech affect the nation?What effect did Lend Lease have on America's future enemies?
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Why did the USA offer billions of dollars in aid to Europe in 1948? How did the USSR react to this?This podcast explores the dangers to liberal democracy and the fragile peace in 1948 and George Marshall's plan to rescue Europe and keep America from fighting the next war.
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When President Harry Truman announced a huge military aid package to Greece in 1947 it signalled a sea-change in America's stance in the growing Cold War, and showed a willingness to commit fully to the fight. This podcast explores the wider context of that decision, and challenges students to consider: What does this all really show us?
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After 1917 there were radical changes to almost every walk of life, women, children and families all radically altered as service to the new Communist state took centre stage in everyone's lives.How did Lenin impose his own ideas of the role and the nature of individuals on the rest of Russia? Listen to this podcast for the answers.
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Why did Trotsky, the hero of the Red Army and the most likely candidate to succeed Lenin, fail to become leader of the USSR after his death?How did Stalin use his position to build a powerbase of mass support?
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How did the February Revolution happen? Why did it escalate from a series of protests over food shortages to the abdication of the Czar and the establishment of the Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet?
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Before the revolution, Russia's aristocrats played a key role in Russian society, and presented themselves in 1917 as an alternative to the Czar. They were utterly destroyed as a social class by the Bolsheviks from 1918 onwards.
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Why did Russia explode into violence and anarchy in 1905? How the the Czar react? Russia's experience in 1905 set the stage for the revolution in 1917 and showed to all sides, the Czar, workers, peasants and nobles, who could trust who, and how high the stakes were.
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How had the Russian Civil War affected Russia? The was had devastated the country and killed over ten million Russians, and it produced three crises for Lenin to deal with. His solution was to veer away from communism and to use immense violence to crush opposition.
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The effect of the collapse of Germany in 1918 and the armistice was to bewilder a nation that believed in ultimate victory. As the German Army marched back to the Reich, appearing undefeated, many ordinary Germans looked to more radical voices for explanations.
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