The Rx Bricks Podcast: Recent Episodes
USMLE-Rx
The Rx Bricks podcast from USMLE-Rx is designed to help you master medical school. Each episode is an audio version of one of our revolutionary Rx Bricks, which are short, high-yield, interactive learning modules. Each week, we present a new audiobrick based on an important basic science topic (e.g., pressure-volume loops) or clinical concept (e.g., ischemic heart disease). Learn more at www.usmle-rx.com
Gallstones are hardened deposits that form when substances such as cholesterol or unconjugated bilirubin become overly concentrated in bile. They vary greatly in size and often cause no symptoms, but stones that leave the gallbladder can obstruct the biliary tract and cause inflammation or infection.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Compare cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, cholecystitis, and cholangitis.
- Describe how cholesterol and pigment gallstones form.
- Identify the major risk factors, clinical course, and complications of gallstones.
- Distinguish acute from chronic cholecystitis.
- Describe the treatment of gallstones and acute cholecystitis.
Explore the original Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis brick from our Gastrointestinal collection.
Access more than 230 Rx Bricks for free:https://usmle-rx.com/free-bricks/
Learn more about Rx Bricks:https://usmle-rx.com/products/rx-bricks/
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Enjoyed the episode? Leave us a review on Apple Podcasts to help more medical students discover the show:https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-rx-bricks-podcast/id1530646481
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Digestion is regulated by a complex network of hormones, peptides, and neural signals. In this episode, we review the major gastrointestinal hormones, introduce several secondary regulatory peptides, and explain how the GI tract senses its luminal contents and integrates multiple signals to control digestive function.
After listening to this episode, you should be able to:
- Identify the source, release stimulus, and function of the major gastrointestinal hormones, including secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
- Summarize the release stimuli and functions of key GI regulatory peptides, including bombesin, GLP-1, GLP-2, ghrelin, leptin, motilin, somatostatin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP).
- Explain how the physical and chemical properties of luminal contents are sensed and how they trigger hormonal responses.
- Describe how GI cells integrate hormonal and neural inputs to regulate digestive function.
You can also check out the original brick on Gastrointestinal Regulatory Substances from our Gastrointestinal collection, which is available for free.
Explore more with USMLE-RxCreate a free USMLE-Rx account at www.usmle-rx.com.
You’ll receive five days of full access to Rx360+, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the trial, you can continue accessing more than 150 free Bricks, including the complete General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology collections.
Enjoyed the episode? Please consider leaving us a review on Apple Podcasts. Reviews help more medical students and future medical students discover the podcast…and help us continue creating resources for the physicians of tomorrow.
Question Lab: Neuro for Step 1Think you can spot a subarachnoid hemorrhage from the clues alone? What about localizing a stroke to the exact arterial distribution? In this episode of Question Lab, Dr. Abraham Titus walks through 4 board-style neurology questions, breaking down the clinical clues, teaching the underlying pathophysiology, and walking through the answers step by step.
Pause the episode, commit to your answer, then listen to the explanation. It’s the closest thing to a live boards review session you can get on the go.
Topics covered:
- Berry aneurysms and their classic associations
- Stroke localization and aphasia types
- Parkinson’s disease pharmacology
- Traumatic intracranial hemorrhages and herniation syndromes
Want to try these Qmax questions yourself? Take the test: https://usmle-rx.scholarrx.com/share/jory9yevdp5kd3g
Free Rx Study Planner: https://go.usmle-rx.com/study-schedule
Learn more: www.usmle-rx.com
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Shock brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: usmle-rx.com/blog-postsX: @usmle_rx_Instagram: @usmle_rx_YouTube: youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmle-rx.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Tackle High-Yield Concepts for USMLE Step 2 CK Cardiology
This interactive session, led by Dr. Abraham Titus (Hematology/Oncology Fellow, University of South Alabama) and ScholarRx’s Jeff Downing, focuses on challenging USMLE Step 2 CK cardiology questions that will sharpen your clinical decision-making skills and deepen your understanding of cardiovascular medicine.
WHAT YOU’LL LEARN: In this episode, we work through four board-style questions using our proven systematic approach that helps you think like a clinician first, then a test-taker second. You’ll learn how to apply clinical guidelines and make evidence-based management decisions through detailed explanations that go beyond just identifying the correct answer.
Topics Covered:
- Cardiovascular risk management and pharmacotherapy
- Acute coronary syndrome management strategies
- Peripheral vascular disease evaluation and treatment
- Secondary hypertension workup and management
Perfect for:
- Medical students preparing for USMLE Step 2 CK
- Clinical year medical students on cardiology rotations
- IMGs studying for board exams
- Anyone looking to strengthen their cardiology clinical reasoning
Review the full test: https://usmle-rx.scholarrx.com/share/1do75erd2wnmg0y
Free Resources:
- Biochemistry Course: https://usmle-rx.com/biochemistry-course/
- More Rx Bricks Podcasts: https://usmle-rx.com/podcast
- Study Planner: https://go.usmle-rx.com/study-schedule/
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Emergent Hypertension brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Glucose is the main source of energy for all forms of life, but it isn’t usually stored as individual C6H12O6 molecules. Animals use glycogen to do that job. Glycogen is a large branched polymer of glucose molecules, linked together by α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds. The liver and muscles break down the stored glycogen whenever the body needs an extra boost of glucose.
Glycogen storage diseasesare genetic defects in glycogen metabolism resulting in accumulation of glycogen. What happens when macromolecules accumulate in cells? Cell damage and dysfunction.
Because the liver and muscles are the two main organs that use glycogen, they are also the two most affected by glycogen storage diseases. In the liver, glycogen accumulation leads to hypoglycemia since the glycogen can’t be broken down to glucose. Damage to the liver from extra glycogen can also lead to liver failure or even liver cancers. In the muscles, glycogen accumulation causes weakness, exercise intolerance, and potentially heart failure.
There are at least 12 distinct glycogen storage diseases, but we’ll cover only the 4 most common ones.
After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to:
- Identify the most common glycogen storage diseases: von Gierke disease (type 1), Pompe disease (type 2), Cori disease (type 3), and McArdle disease (type 5).
- Identify the enzymes deficient in each of the most common glycogen storage diseases.
- Describe the clinical manifestations of each of the most common glycogen storage diseases.
- Describe management for each of the most common glycogen storage diseases.
You can also check out the original brick from our Cellular and Molecular Biology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Acid-Base Disorders: Putting it all Together brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Adrenal Insufficiency brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Early in fetal development, the precursors of the major systems in the body are outlined. The three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) are formed during the third week of development. We’ll focus on the ectoderm, from which the entire nervous system (central and peripheral) forms.
But first, let’s back up to review the anatomy of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) so that we know what the end products of their development are. The CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord; the PNS is composed of the 31 pairs of spinal and 12 pairs of cranial nerves and all the ganglia.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- List the derivatives of ectoderm.
- Define neurulation and explain how it occurs, including closure and the dates of neuropore closure.
- Describe the origin, migration, and fate of neural crest cells, particularly those that form the peripheral nervous system.
- Explain how the neural tube is organized into three layers.
- Describe how the spinal cord develops from the neural tube, and describe the contributions of each to these layers to the structure of the mature spinal cord, with emphasis on the alar and basal plates.
- Describe the development of the brain, including the five brain vesicles, the brainstem, and the cerebral cortex.
You can also check out the original brick on the development of the nervous system from our Neurology and Special Senses collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Differences in ion concentrations inside and outside a cell cause a difference in the charge of the intracellular and extracellular environments. This electrical polarization of a cell relative to its environment is referred to as cellular membrane potential. This potential serves as an energy source for a variety of cellular functions and as a way for excitable cells like muscle cells and neurons to communicate their signals. A cell controls its membrane potential by regulating the concentration of multiple ions and other charged particles. Let’s take a closer look at the biochemistry behind the cell membrane potential.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define equilibrium and describe the forces at work on ions across a biological membrane.
- Discuss the importance of the Nernst equation and equilibrium potentials.
- Describe the importance of Na-K-ATPase in relation to the resting membrane potential (Vr).
- Describe the nonequilibrium steady-state (NESS).
- Define and discuss the chord conductance equation.
You can also check out the original brick from our Cellular Biology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
What are bullous skin disorders? Bullae are fluid-filled blisters >1 cm in diameter. They can be caused by infection, mechanical stress, or a malfunctioning immune system. In this discussion, we tackle the latter, focusing on the most common autoimmune bullous (blistering) disorders: pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, and dermatitis herpetiformis. Distinctly, the blisters in each of these disorders involve different layers of the skin and autoantibodies against different proteins.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Describe the typical clinical presentation, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic features, and treatment of pemphigoid vulgaris.
- Describe the typical clinical presentation, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic features, and treatment of bullous pemphigoid.
- Describe the typical clinical presentation, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic features, and treatment of dermatitis herpetiformis.
You can also check out the original brick on Bullous Skin Disorders from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
A macrovascular complication of diabetes, diabetic nephropathy is progressive, chronic kidney disease seen in patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, usually after at least 10 years of hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels). The three main lesions that are seen in the kidney in patients with diabetes are glomerular lesions, vascular lesions, and pyelonephritis. This brick will focus primarily on the first two of these three lesions; diabetic pyelonephritis is covered in a separate brick.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define diabetic nephropathy.
- Outline the timeline of progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) by urine, serum, and histologic criteria.
- Describe the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy.
- Outline the prevention of diabetic nephropathy and, once it is established, how to slow its progression.
- Describe the management of diabetic nephropathy.
You can also check out the original brick from our Renal collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
It might not be the flashiest anatomical structure, but if you want to stand upright, and keep your retroperitoneal organs (like your kidneys) in place, the posterior abdominal wall is pretty important. Located at the back of the body, bounded by the lateral abdominal walls and the posterior parietal peritoneum, the posterior abdominal wall is a complex combination of muscles, bones, nerves, and vessels that provides structural support for the body and for the organs of the retroperitoneal space.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Describe the structure and relationships of the posterior abdominal wall, including the aorta (including collateral channels), inferior vena cava (including collateral tributaries), lymphatics, muscles (psoas major, quadratus lumborum), sympathetic chain, and lumbar plexus.
- Describe the relationship of the kidneys in the retroperitoneal space as it relates to posterior abdominal wall anatomy.
You can also check out the original brick from our Cardiovascular collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Epithelium is one of the four basic tissue types (the other three are muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and connective tissue). It is found throughout the body—covering it; lining organs, vessels, and cavities; and forming glands. It absorbs nutrients, transports electrolytes, secretes hormones, and regulates body temperature by producing sweat.
We begin with some general principles of how epithelial tissue is organized, and then we describe its various components.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- List the two types of epithelium (covering/lining and glandular) and describe their functions.
- Describe the structure and histologic features of epithelial tissue.
- Explain how covering/lining epithelium is classified.
- Describe the histologic features of glandular epithelium.
- Describe the five types of epithelial intercellular junctions.
You can also check out the original brick on the Histology of Epithelial Tissue from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
What do you know about prokaryote structure and the gram stain? Bacteria are members of a unique taxonomic kingdom consisting of prokaryotic unicellular organisms. Prokaryote is a term from ancient Greek meaning “before the kernel.” The kernel in this case is a nucleus, which prokaryotes lack. Prokaryotes also do not have any membrane-bound organelles. In fact, many of the organelles found in eukaryotes—like an endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes—are completely absent in prokaryotes.
Bacteria first began to be identified by a “defective method.” Or so its Danish inventor, a recent medical school grad named Hans Christian Gram, deemed it in 1884. Gram was working with lung tissue from cadavers who had died of infections from Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae when he discovered that those organisms reacted differently to certain substances under the microscope, and—voilà—the Gram stain was born, to identify gram-positive bacteria. The defect he mentioned was overcome by German pathologist Carl Weigert, who added a final step to Gram’s procedure and gave us the method to identify gram-negative bacteria. We’re still using the same techniques more than 130 years later!
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Describe the structure of prokaryotic cells.
- Discuss the physiologic niche of bacteria and their growth characteristics.
- Describe the staining characteristics and classification and identification of bacteria.
To learn more about prokaryote structure and the gram stain, check out the original brick on Gastrointestinal Regulatory Substances from our Gastrointestinal collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
What Is Global Health?In our increasingly interconnected world, health challenges transcend national boundaries and demand global solutions. Global health is an interdisciplinary field of study and practice that seeks to improve the health and well-being of populations worldwide, focusing on the health challenges that require global and national action in every country. It encompasses epidemiology, public health, medicine, environmental health, anthropology, sociology, health policy, and economics.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Explain how globalization impacts health.1
- Explain how health status varies across countries, time, age, and gender.2
- Identify the main threats to global health.
You can also check out the original brick from our Global Health collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
How do we survive in a complex environment filled with harmful organisms that thrive on colonizing us? Our heroic defender is the immune system, a network of organs and cell lines that exist with the mission of protecting the body from harm. While we often recognize the pathogen-fighting capabilities of the system, we can sometimes forget that the immune system is also crucial in ensuring the body is kept safe from itself, as in when our cells transform into cancer cells. On the dark side, sometimes our immune system can get overactive, reacting against our own normal body tissue. Taken together, the immune system is both critical for survival and a vital topic for new medical research.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Discuss the main purposes of the immune system.
- Briefly explain how the innate immune system works, and describe how antigens are transferred from the innate to the adaptive immune system (dendritic cells).
- Briefly describe the main purpose of the adaptive immune system, and explain how the two arms (cellular and humoral) work.
- Describe what happens after an immune response is finished.
You can also check out the original brick from our Immunology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
In the fed state, glucose is used by almost all the cells in the body to generate energy. But even when we are not fueling it with food, our bodies still run well, such as during sleep. Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. The major substrates (substances that enzymes act on) are the glucogenic amino acids, lactate, glycerol, and propionate. The liver and kidneys are the major sites where gluconeogenesis occurs; the kidneys may contribute up to 40% of total glucose synthesis in the fasting state and more in starvation.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Describe gluconeogenesis and the compounds that can and cannot serve as glucose precursors in mammals.
- Explain the gluconeogenesis pathway.
- Describe ways in which gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are reciprocally regulated.
You can also check out the original brick from our Cellular and Molecular Biology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
When you hear the word blood, what do you picture in your mind? Most likely, your brain conjures up an image of thick, red liquid. But what would blood look like if you removed all the red cells? You’d be left with a murky yellowish liquid that would clear up once you removed the white cells and platelets. This lovely, clear, straw-yellow, liquid portion of blood is known as plasma. So let’s talk about plasma composition.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define blood plasma and explain its importance and function.
- Compare and contrast the contents of plasma and serum.
- Understand how plasma components are used in medicine.
You can also check out the original brick on plasma composition from our Hematology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder resulting from defects in factors of the coagulation cascade. There are two primary types of hemophilia: A and B. Both types of hemophilia are rare, with only a combined frequency of about 1 in 5000 live births. Of the two types, hemophilia A is about four times more common. In the intrinsic arm of the coagulation cascade, factor VIII serves as a cofactor for factor IX. They cooperate to activate factor X, leading to the formation of fibrin.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Compare and contrast the underlying defect in hemophilia A and B.
- Describe the inheritance pattern and relative incidence of hemophilia A and B.
- Describe the clinical features of hemophilia A and B.
- Explain how hemophilia A and B are diagnosed.
- List and briefly describe other factor deficiencies.
You can also check out the original brick on Hemophilia from our Hematology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Pain is a sensation that warns of potential injury and alerts the person to avoid or treat it. For example, if you touch a hot object, you will feel pain and immediately remove your hand from that object, protecting your hand from further damage. As much as pain can burden and torment, ultimately it is an essential part of our bodies’ mechanisms of self-preservation.
Pain can be mild or severe, constant or intermittent, sharp or dull. Sometimes it can even be hard to describe the uncomfortable sensation in words. Nevertheless, clinicians always ask their patients to describe their pain. Why? Because its characteristics can help us better determine the mechanism behind a patient’s pain.
In the clinic, the patient’s subjective experience of pain can be crucial to arriving at the correct diagnosis and treatment. For this reason, understanding the different kinds of pain and their underlying biology is an essential building block of foundational clinical knowledge.
There is no standard system of classifying pain. In this discussion, we will classify the five main types of pain as nociceptive, breakthrough, inflammatory, neuropathic, and functional.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define the different classifications of pain and why they occur.
- Describe the mechanisms of neuropathic pain.
- Define and describe transient and chronic paresthesia.
- Define and describe allodynia and hyperalgesia.
You can also check out the original brick on Pain Mechanisms from our Neurology and Special Senses collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
As we eat, our gastrointestinal (GI) system releases a host of both local and distant regulators to control the process of digestion. We will begin with the primary hormones, then cover some of the secondary hormones, and lastly discuss how our body senses its intraluminal contents and then subsequently integrates all of the various stimuli it receives.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Identify the location, cell type, release stimulus to the endocrine cells, and function of the major gastrointestinal (GI) hormones secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).
- Describe in brief the release stimulus and function of the GI regulatory peptides bombesin, GLP-1, GLP-2, ghrelin, leptin, motilin, somatostatin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP).
- Understand how the physical and chemical compositions of luminal contents are sensed and the hormonal responses that then occur.
- Outline how GI cells integrate multiple regulatory inputs from hormonal and neural inputs to control function.
You can also check out the original brick on Gastrointestinal Regulatory Substances from our Gastrointestinal collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
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Headaches are an unavoidable fact of life and often are nothing more than the result of sitting through one too many lectures. However, they can become debilitating and get in the way of daily life, especially when they become recurrent. Although some headaches have symptoms other than head pain, we typically think of headache pain relative to its location, how intense it is, and how long it lasts.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Compare and contrast the clinical features of primary headache syndromes (migraine, cluster, tension-type headaches).
- Differentiate migraine aura from other transient neurological disorders (eg, transient ischemic attacks, seizure, presyncope).
- Discuss the mechanisms of central nervous system sensitization and pain referral and the interaction of neural structures, particularly pain pathways and neurovascular control.
- Outline which patients warrant radiologic or other lab evaluation for headache.
- Describe the treatment of patients with headache disorders and potential complications of treatment.
You can also check out the original brick on Migraine, Cluster, and Tension Headaches from our Neurology and Special Senses collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
he ductus arteriosus (DA) is a structure that allows blood pumped from the right side of the heart to bypass the lungs while the fetus is developing in utero. Normally, the DA closes shortly after birth and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. When the DA fails to close (remains open, or patent) after birth, it is known as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). This acyanotic congenital heart defect causes abnormal blood flow from the left to the right side of the heart and can lead to heart failure and failure to thrive in neonates.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).
- Describe the anatomy and intrauterine function of the ductus arteriosus, the normal sequence of changes in the ductus during the transition from fetal to postnatal circulation, and the consequences of failure to close the ductus.
- Describe the findings on physical exam of an infant with a PDA, the clinical presentation of a child with a significant PDA, and the diagnostic tests used to confirm the diagnosis of PDA.
- Explain the treatment options for a child with a PDA, along with the risks and complications associated with an untreated PDA.
You can also check out the original brick on Patent Ductus Arteriosis from our Cardiology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
In typical reproductive system development, recall that the intermediate mesoderm forms the mesonephric (Wolffian) and paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts and the indifferent gonads; primitive germ cells migrate into the indifferent gonads. These are the structures that become the internal organs of the reproductive systems.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Describe the normal development of male and female reproductive systems.
- Compare and contrast anomalies of the uterus and vagina arising in the female reproductive system.
- Compare and contrast anomalies of the testes, scrotum, and penile urethra arising in the male reproductive system.
- Compare and contrast disorders of sexual development (DSD): ovotesticular DSD, 46 XX DSD, and 46 XY DSD.
You can also check out the original brick on Congenital Disorders of the Reproductive Systems from our Reproductive collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Substance use disorder (SUD) refers to a pattern of substance use—be it nicotine, cannabis, cocaine, or something else—that causes significant impairment or distress to the user. SUD is prevalent and growing in the United States and around the world. People of any age may be at risk for developing a substance use disorder. But exposure to and experimentation with alcohol and drugs usually begins in early adolescence. Many adolescents experiment with substances and then taper down or stop using them. Others continue to advance their drug use, leading to a diagnosable substance use disorder with negative health and social consequences.
TheDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition; DSM-5) is the widely accepted and respected guide to diagnosing psychiatric disorders in the United States. Substance abuse has been recognized in the DSM-5 as a mental health disorder for many years. The manual no longer describes substance abuse and dependence separately but instead globally uses substance use disorder with specifiers to determine the severity of the use.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define and explain the essential features of substance use disorders.
- Describe the epidemiology of substance use disorders.
- Explain how the reward pathway in the brain is involved in the development of substance use disorders, and describe how the brain changes during active use and recovery.
- Describe the evidence-based assessments and treatment approaches for substance use disorders.
You can also check out the original brick on Substance Use Disorders from our Psychiatry collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Stimulant medications are drugs that increase alertness and attention. They also elevate heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. Stimulants are used to treat many conditions, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), chronic lethargy, narcolepsy, and obesity. Examples of stimulants include caffeine, amphetamines (such as dextroamphetamine), methylphenidate, and modafinil.
Cognitive-enhancing drugs serve a similar purpose, increasing memory, alertness, and attention. These drugs are used to treat Alzheimer disease, Lewy body dementia, and other neurocognitive disorders.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Name conditions for which stimulants and cognitive-enhancing drugs are used as treatment.
- Describe the mechanism of action of stimulants and cognitive-enhancing drugs.
- List the main examples of stimulants and cognitive-enhancing drugs.
- Describe the significant adverse effects of stimulants and cognitive-enhancing drugs.
You can also check out the original brick on Stimulants and Cognitive-Enhancing Drugs from our Psychiatry collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
If you’ve studied the hematopoietic system malignancies—all the leukemias, lymphomas, and plasma cell disorders—you probably feel like you’ve been hit with the good old medical school fire hose. Now’s a good time to take a step back from all the details, make sure that you remember the underlying framework, and pull together some information that connects several different diseases.
In this brick, we’ll revisit some of the hematopoietic diseases that we often talk about in pairs: acute vs chronic leukemias, benign lymph node diseases vs lymphoma, and low-grade vs high-grade lymphomas. Also, in case you haven’t already done this on your own, we’ll pull together all the important translocations, their respective diseases, and the reasons why we should remember them.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Compare and contrast acute and chronic leukemias.
- Compare and contrast the morphologic features of benign follicular hyperplasia and follicular lymphoma.
- Compare and contrast the morphologic and clinical features of low-grade and high-grade lymphomas and give examples of each.
- Know the following translocations and name the disease (and prognostic significance, if any) associated with each: t(8;21), t(15;17), inv(16), 11q23, FLT3 mutation, t(9;22), t(11;14), t(14;18), and t(8;14).
You can also check out the original brick on Hematopoietic Malignancies: Putting It All Together from our Hematology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Substance use disorder (SUD) refers to a pattern of substance use—be it nicotine, cannabis, cocaine, or something else—that causes significant impairment or distress to the user. SUD is prevalent and growing in the United States and around the world. People of any age may be at risk for developing a substance use disorder. But exposure to and experimentation with alcohol and drugs usually begins in early adolescence. Many adolescents experiment with substances and then taper down or stop using them. Others continue to advance their drug use, leading to a diagnosable substance use disorder with negative health and social consequences.
TheDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition; DSM-5) is the widely accepted and respected guide to diagnosing psychiatric disorders in the United States. Substance abuse has been recognized in the DSM-5 as a mental health disorder for many years. The manual no longer describes substance abuse and dependence separately but instead globally uses substance use disorder with specifiers to determine the severity of the use.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define and explain the essential features of substance use disorders.
- Describe the epidemiology of substance use disorders.
- Explain how the reward pathway in the brain is involved in the development of substance use disorders, and describe how the brain changes during active use and recovery.
- Describe the evidence-based assessments and treatment approaches for substance use disorders.
You can also check out the original brick on Substance Use Disorders from our Psychiatry collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Megaloblast. Now there’s a word you don’t hear every day. The root -blast (from the Greek blastos, meaning germ or bud) may be somewhat familiar since we talk about blast cells (very young hematopoietic precursor cells) in hematology. And megalo- (from the Greek megas, meaning large or great) is also used fairly frequently, as in splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen). So does “megaloblast” just mean a large, immature cell? We’ll answer this question, and many more, in this discussion of megaloblastic anemia.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Describe the pathogenesis of megaloblastic anemia.
- List common causes of B12 and folate deficiency and associated nonhematologic symptoms of each.
- List and understand the characteristic complete blood count values in megaloblastic anemia.
- Describe and identify the morphologic changes present in the blood and bone marrow in a patient with megaloblastic anemia.
- Describe the treatment of megaloblastic anemia.
You can also check out the original brick on Megaloblastic Anemia from our Hematology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Blood glucose is proof that you can have too much of a good thing. While glucose serves a critical role as fuel for many of our bodily functions, it must remain in a very tightly controlled range. If the level goes too low, you can fall into a coma. If glucose is too high, damage to tissues throughout the body can occur. When blood glucose is consistently too high and the mechanisms that return it to the normal range fail, this is called diabetes mellitus. Nearly 10% of the US population has a form of diabetes, so it is critical that physicians understand the disease and be prepared to care for patients with the diagnosis.
Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by a lack of insulin-mediated blood glucose control. Insulin is a hormone released by the pancreatic β cells in the islets of Langerhans, which make up the endocrine portion of the pancreas.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Compare and contrast the pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Compare and contrast the clinical presentation of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Compare and contrast diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome as complications of diabetes mellitus.
- Describe laboratory tests that help distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Compare and contrast management principles for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
You can also check out the original brick on Diabetes Mellitus: Foundations and Frameworks from our Endocrine collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Gallstones are the hardened precipitates—“stones”—of the substrates found in bile. The liver makes bile to help digest fats, and the bile is stored in the gallbladder. When there is an excess of a particular substance in the bile (eg, cholesterol or unconjugated bilirubin), gallstones form in the gallbladder.
Gallstones can be as small as a grain of sand, as large as a golf ball, or any size in between. Gallstones are very common and usually do not cause any symptoms. But not all gallstones stay in the gallbladder.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define, compare, and contrast cholelithiasis, cholangitis, choledocholithiasis, and cholecystitis, listing the most common causes of each.
- Describe the structure and pathogenesis of cholesterol and pigment gallstones.
- List the major risk factors for development of gallstones, describe the typical clinical course, and list the potential complications.
- Distinguish acute and chronic cholecystitis, and describe the clinical presentation, signs, and lab abnormalities.
- Describe the treatment of gallstones and acute cholecystitis.
You can also check out the original brick on Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis from our Gastrointestinal collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Normal blood pressure keeps us alive. It’s the force that moves blood throughout our circulatory system, ensuring that oxygen and nutrients reach our organs and tissues and that waste products are eliminated. When we hear the word hypertension—high blood pressure—we know this describes the blood flow exerting too much force against blood vessel walls. Pulmonary hypertension describes high blood pressure in the vessels of the lung. Specifically, pulmonary hypertension is an elevated mean arterial pressure (≥20 mm Hg at rest) of the vessels between the heart and the lung.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define pulmonary hypertension and compare with pulmonary arterial hypertension.
- Describe the clinical presentation and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, including results from electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and heart catheterization. Explain how pulmonary hypertension leads to right-sided heart failure.
- Describe how pulmonary vascular resistance affects pulmonary arterial pressure. List common etiologies of pulmonary hypertension, differentiating between cardiac and pulmonary causes. List the most common cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
- Describe the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
You can also check out the original brick on Pulmonary Hypertension from our Respiratory collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Macroscopic Skin LesionsA thorough skin examination should be performed annually to assess for new or changing macroscopic skin lesions. It is critically important to be able to identify and describe normal and abnormal skin and to note your findings carefully, because a change in an existing skin lesion is the most common sign of skin cancer, including deadly ones like melanoma. In this discussion, we will describe the specific ways in which you document skin lesions, using a vocabulary that other clinicians will understand.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Explain the importance of physical examination of the skin.
- Describe skin lesions, explaining and illustrating each of the following: size, type (eg, vesicle, bulla), color, configuration (eg, annular, targetoid, discoid), arrangement (eg, solitary, grouped, linear, reticular), and distribution and location.
You can also check out the original brick on Macroscopic Skin Lesions from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com.
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including Step 1 Qmax, Flash Facts, Express Videos, a digital version of First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, and nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Have you ever cut your finger, bumped your head, or fallen and scraped your knee? While you were cursing your clumsiness or bad luck, your body got straight to work healing the injury, relying on the wondrous process of acute inflammation. Shortly after your injury, you most likely experienced some or all of the cardinal signs of acute inflammation: pain (dolor), redness(rubor), heat(calor),and swelling(tumor).
There are two types of inflammation: acute and chronic. Acute inflammation is an essential part of the body’s defense system and generally lasts a few days. Chronic inflammation (discussed in detail in another brick) involves an ongoing low-level inflammation that lasts for weeks, months, or even years. Unlike acute inflammation, chronic inflammation is not beneficial; it leads to tissue damage and is linked to the development of many types of chronic disease, including diabetes, cancer, and a range of autoimmune disorders.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Describe the three roles of inflammation.
- Identify the cells of innate immunity involved in acute inflammation and the timeline of when each cell type is involved.
- Describe the four reactions of blood vessels in acute inflammation.
- Describe leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation.
- Explain how these processes result in the general clinical manifestations of acute inflammation.
- Provide specific examples of acute inflammation.
- Describe the utility of acute-phase reactants as a marker of inflammation: erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, ferritin, fibrinogen (all increased with inflammation—positive markers).
You can also check out the original brick on Acute Inflammation from our General Pathology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Multiple endocrine neoplasias are familial syndromes of endocrine tumors occurring in endocrine organs throughout the body. Despite its acronym, the risk for acquiring MEN is about the same in men and women and also across geographic and racial and ethnic groups. These are rare syndromes, affecting about 1 in 30,000 people. Genetic mutations cause the MEN syndromes, which are then inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. This means several members of the same family are often affected; an affected parent has a 50% chance of passing down the disease to his or her children. Unlike cancers without a hereditary basis, tumors associated with MEN often occur in younger patients (under age 40 years) and affect multiple organ systems all at once, making them particularly troublesome. Generally, tumors may arise in the pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas, thyroid, or adrenal glands (Figure 1). The three major types of multiple endocrine neoplasia are MEN1, MEN2A, and MEN2B, and each has a characteristic picture of endocrine or neurologic disorders and tumors.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), and list the three MEN syndromes.
- Compare and contrast the main clinical features of MEN1, MEN2A, and MEN2B.
- Describe the genetic defects that cause MEN1, MEN2A, and MEN2B.
- Briefly describe the management of the MEN syndromes.
You can also check out the original brick on Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia from our Endocrine collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Myocarditis is the inflammation of the heart muscle. This muscle is the middle layer of the heart, formally called the myocardium, hence the name myocarditis (the -itis suffix indicates inflammation). Inflammation of the myocardium can be caused by a variety of etiologies, from infection to drugs. If severe enough, inflammation can lead to necrosis and cardiomyocyte death. This is dangerous because the heart is considered permanent tissue. This means there is limited regenerative potential, so tissue loss is essentially permanent. As part of the healing process, myocardial tissue is replaced by a fibrous scar to fill the defect. But because the fibrous scar has no contractile properties, it diminishes the heart’s strength. If severe enough, this damage can even cause heart failure.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define myocarditis.
- List the most common viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic causes of myocarditis, and describe the general mechanism for how these agents damage the myocardium.
- List noninfectious causes of myocarditis, and describe the general mechanism for how the myocardium is damaged in these conditions.
- Describe the characteristic microscopic features of acute infectious myocarditis.
- Describe the typical presentation, clinical spectrum, and prognosis of myocarditis.
You can also check out the original brick on Myocarditis from our Cardiovascular collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Learning is traditionally defined as acquiring knowledge through study, experience, or being taught. In psychology, it is often defined as a relatively lasting change in behavior that results from experience. Learning is an ongoing process; we continue learning throughout our entire lives.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Name and briefly describe the three major theories of learning.
- Define classical conditioning, including unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response.
- Define operant conditioning and differentiate between positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment.
- Compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning.
- Describe examples of social learning theory.
You can also check out the original brick on Principles of Learning from our Psychiatry collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Salmonella and Shigella speciesare almost made to be confused—two bacterial infections in the Enterobacteriaceae family that are spread by food and dirty conditions, cause gastroenteritis, and start with S! To make matters more confusing, they look similar on microscopy. While they are more common in developing communities, they are also seen in the United States. Here, we will give you the tools to keep these bugs and their presentations straight.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Differentiate the microscopic and growth characteristics and habitat of Salmonella typhi, Salmonella spp other than S typhi, and Shigella.
- Describe the host (risk) factors, mode of transmission, and pathobiology of diseases caused by these organisms.
- Describe the clinical manifestations of diseases caused by these organisms.
- Discuss concerns of antibiotic resistance related to these organisms.
You can also check out the original brick on Salmonella and Shigella. from our Microbiology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Inflammatory Disorders of the Pharynx, Larynx, and Trachea brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Hyperkalemia brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Renal Laboratory Tests and Urinalysis brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Supraventricular Arrhythmias brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Secondary Hypertension brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Chest X-Ray brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Congenital Disorders of the Urinary System brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Hypercapnia brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Myocardial Infarction brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Cystic Fibrosis brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Drugs to Treat Acute Coronary Syndrome brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Thrombotic Microangiopathies brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Bleeding Disorders: Foundations and Frameworks brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Physiology of Diuretics brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Anemias: Foundations and Frameworks brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Hyperparathyroidism brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the brick Mechanical Ventilation.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Thrombotic Disorders: Foundations and Frameworks brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the brick Multiple Myeloma and Other Plasma Cell Disorders.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
he ductus arteriosus (DA) is a structure that allows blood pumped from the right side of the heart to bypass the lungs while the fetus is developing in utero. Normally, the DA closes shortly after birth and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. When the DA fails to close (remains open, or patent) after birth, it is known as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). This acyanotic congenital heart defect causes abnormal blood flow from the left to the right side of the heart and can lead to heart failure and failure to thrive in neonates.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Define patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). * Describe the anatomy and intrauterine function of the ductus arteriosus, the normal sequence of changes in the ductus during the transition from fetal to postnatal circulation, and the consequences of failure to close the ductus. * Describe the findings on physical exam of an infant with a PDA, the clinical presentation of a child with a significant PDA, and the diagnostic tests used to confirm the diagnosis of PDA. * Explain the treatment options for a child with a PDA, along with the risks and complications associated with an untreated PDA.
You can also check out the original brick on Patent Ductus Arteriosis from our Cardiology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Pneumothorax brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Today's Audio Brick is based on the upcoming Brick 2.0: Adrenaline (Epinephrine). If you're looking for supplemental information from Bricks 1.0, read up on our Valvular Diseases/Autonomic Regulation of the Cardiovascular System Brick.
As a listener of the podcast, you can take 50% off a subscription with code RXPOD.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Sleep Apnea brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Starling Forces brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Viral Pneumonia brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Tobacco Smoking brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
In this episode, we dip into the Psychiatry collection of Rx Bricks to learn about Alcohol Use Disorder. Learning Objectives
- Describe the etiology and epidemiology for alcohol use disorder.
- List the most commonly used alcohol agents in the United States and their associated potency, delivery method, and long-term effects.
- Describe the DSM-5 diagnostic features and criteria for alcohol use disorder as well as the effects on the body.
- Describe the evidence-based assessments and treatment approaches for alcohol use disorder.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You'll get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Introduction to Planetary Health brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Asthma Management brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
A macrovascular complication of diabetes, diabetic nephropathy is progressive, chronic kidney disease seen in patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, usually after at least 10 years of hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels). The three main lesions that are seen in the kidney in patients with diabetes are glomerular lesions, vascular lesions, and pyelonephritis. This brick will focus primarily on the first two of these three lesions; diabetic pyelonephritis is covered in a separate brick.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Define diabetic nephropathy. * Outline the timeline of progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) by urine, serum, and histologic criteria. * Describe the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy. * Outline the prevention of diabetic nephropathy and, once it is established, how to slow its progression. * Describe the management of diabetic nephropathy.
You can also check out the original brick from our Renal collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Pulmonary Embolism brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
You probably know that the kidneys play an important role in maintaining blood pressure within the normal range. You might also know that they do this by regulating blood volume and the degree of arterial contraction or dilation (the systemic vascular resistance). But do you know how the kidneys do this? The answer is the kidneys accomplish this primarily through a set of hormones and enzymes known together as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). In this brick, we will discuss the components, functions, and regulation of the RAAS.
Renin is an enzyme released by the kidneys that ultimately causes the formation of the hormone angiotensin II (Ang II) in the body—which in turn stimulates the release of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Ang II and aldosterone act in a number of ways to increase blood volume and blood pressure.
RAAS acts to increase sodium reabsorption in the kidney, increase vascular tone, and even stimulate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to reabsorb more water: all of these defend our extracellular volume and blood pressure. RAAS is therefore a critical system for keeping us upright!
After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to:
- Outline the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, including sensors, factors that control it, sources of hormone release, and the actions of each hormone.
- Describe the mechanisms by which the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates blood pressure.
- Compare and contrast tubuloglomerular feedback with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
You can also check out the original brick from our Endocrine collection, which is available for free.Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over *150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Asthma brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder resulting from defects in factors of the coagulation cascade. There are two primary types of hemophilia: A and B. Both types of hemophilia are rare, with only a combined frequency of about 1 in 5000 live births. Of the two types, hemophilia A is about four times more common. In the intrinsic arm of the coagulation cascade, factor VIII serves as a cofactor for factor IX. They cooperate to activate factor X, leading to the formation of fibrin.After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:* Compare and contrast the underlying defect in hemophilia A and B. * Describe the inheritance pattern and relative incidence of hemophilia A and B. * Describe the clinical features of hemophilia A and B. * Explain how hemophilia A and B are diagnosed. * List and briefly describe other factor deficiencies.
You can also check out the original brick on Hemophilia from our Hematology collection, which is available for free.Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.***If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Thrombotic Disorders: Foundations and Frameworks brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Malaria brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Mitral stenosis (MS) is a narrowing of the mitral valve. In the normal cardiac cycle, the heart relaxes during diastole and allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle through the open mitral valve. When the mitral valve is narrowed, blood flow becomes restricted (Figure 1). Excess volume and pressure build up in the left atrium, while forward flow to the left ventricle decreases.After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:* Define mitral stenosis. * List and explain the common causes of mitral stenosis. * Describe the clinical presentation and diagnosis of mitral stenosis. * Describe the treatment of mitral stenosis.
You can also check out the original brick from our Cardiovascular collection, which is available for free.Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology, plus all of the bricks developed by MeSAGE, the Medical Student Alliance for Global Education.**If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx * Blog: www.firstaidteam.com * Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam * Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ * YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX * TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@firstaidteam
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Sickle Cell Disease brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Want more information? Check out our Structure and Function of the Pituitary Gland brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Social Determinants of Health brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Acid-Base Disorders: Putting it all Together brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Ineffective Endocarditis brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Signs of Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Lesions brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Chronic Kidney Disease brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Baroreceptor Regulation of Blood Pressure brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Regulation of Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Aortic and Berry Aneurysms brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Primary (Essential) Hypertension brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the IgA Nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein Purpura brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus brick.If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.Follow USMLE-Rx at:Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerxBlog: www.firstaidteam.comTwitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteamTwitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hubInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERXLearn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.comYou will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Vasculitis: Foundations and Frameworks brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Twitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hub Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Loop Diuretics brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Twitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hub Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Water Homeostasis brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Twitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hub Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Acute Kidney Injury brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Twitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hub Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Glomerular Diseases: Foundations and Frameworks brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Twitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hub Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Supraventricular Arrhythmias brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Twitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hub Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Development of the Urinary System brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Twitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hub Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Hyperkalemia brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Twitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hub Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Renal Replacement Therapy brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Twitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hub Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Myocardial Infarction brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Twitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hub Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Renal Laboratory Tests and Urinalysis brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Twitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hub Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Drugs to Treat Acute Coronary Syndrome brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Twitter: https://twitter.com/mesage_hub Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including over 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Secondary Hypertension brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Ischemic Heart Disease: Foundations and Frameworks brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Congenital Disorders of the Urinary System brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Bleeding Disorders: Foundations and Frameworks brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Congenital Disorders of the Urinary System brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Nephritic Syndrome brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Emergent Hypertension brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Cyanotic Congenital Heart Defects: Foundations and Frameworks brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Cyanotic Congenital Heart Defects: Foundations and Frameworks brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Physiology of the Renal Tubular System brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Hyperparathyroidism brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Starling Forces brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Starling Forces brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Cystitis and Pyelonephritis brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Diabetic Nephropathy brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Nephrotic Syndrome brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Shock brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Physiology of Glomerular Filtration brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Acid-Base Disorders: Putting it All Together brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Thrombotic Disorders: Foundations and Frameworks brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Thrombotic Disorders: Foundations and Frameworks brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Acyanotic Congenital Heart Defects: Foundations and Frameworks brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Physiology of Diuretics brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Hemodynamics brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Hemodynamics brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Ventricular Septal Defect brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Adrenal Insufficiency brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Acyanotic Congenital Heart Defects: Foundations and Frameworks Brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Acyanotic Congenital Heart Defects: Foundations and Frameworks Brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Today's Audio Brick is based on an upcoming Brick 2.0. If you're looking for supplemental information from Bricks 1.0, read up on our 1.0 Structure and Function of the Pituitary Gland brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Today's Audio Brick is based on an upcoming Brick 2.0. If you're looking for supplemental information from Bricks 1.0, read up on our 1.0 Structure and Function of the Pituitary Gland brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Today's Audio Brick is based on an upcoming Brick 2.0. If you're looking for supplemental information from Bricks 1.0, read up on our 1.0 Cardiac Conduction System brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Today's Audio Brick is based on an upcoming Brick 2.0. If you're looking for supplemental information from Bricks 1.0, read up on our Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis Brick.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Today's Audio Brick focuses on valvular disease, and is based on a new brick that will be arriving soon. If you're looking for supplemental information from Rx Bricks, read up on our Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis Brick.
As a listener of the podcast, you can take 50% off a subscription with code RXPOD.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmle-rx.com/free-bricks/
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Today's Audio Brick is based on an upcoming Brick 2.0. If you're looking for supplemental information from Bricks 1.0, read up on our Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis Brick.
As a listener of the podcast, you can take 50% off a subscription with code RXPOD.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Aortic stenosis (AS) is a condition in which there is a narrow left ventricular outflow tract caused by failure of the aortic valve to open up completely. The heart has to work harder to pump blood through this tight opening to deliver blood to the rest of the body.
The aortic valve is positioned between the left ventricle and the aorta, the main artery that leaves the heart and supplies blood to the rest of the body. The valve is usually made up of three leaflets and is called a semilunar (SL) valve because of the half-moon–shaped leaflets. Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) are positioned between a ventricle and a great vessel (as opposed to an atrioventricular valve between an atrium and a ventricle). When the left ventricle contracts (this is called systole), the leaflets of the aortic valve open and let blood flow out of the left ventricle and into the rest of the body. In AS, the valve leaflets do not open up completely, thus reducing blood flow in systole.
After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to:
- Define aortic stenosis (AS).
- List and explain the common causes of AS.
- Describe the common signs and symptoms in patients with AS, and explain why these findings occur.
- Explain how to diagnose AS.
- List the treatment options for AS.
- Describe the indications for valve replacement.
You can also check out the original brick from our Cardiology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for Ge
Today's Audio Brick is based on the upcoming Brick 2.0: Renal Calcium and Phosphate Regulation. If you're looking for supplemental information from Bricks 1.0, read up on our Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis Brick.
As a listener of the podcast, you can take 50% off a subscription with code RXPOD.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
As you’ve probably gleaned by now, this discussion is all about male reproductive anatomy (including the testicles). We’ll stick mostly to structures here because male reproductive function and details of the male sexual response are covered elsewhere. Let’s start with the basic setup.
After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to: * Identify and describe the anatomy and histology of the male reproductive organs and their functions. * Describe the arterial supply and venous and lymphatic drainage of the male reproductive organs. * Describe the autonomic innervation of the male reproductive organs.
You can also check out the original brick from our Reproductive collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Today's Audio Brick is based on the upcoming Brick 2.0: Contractility, Preload, and Afterload. If you're looking for supplemental information from Bricks 1.0, read up on our Cardiac Muscle Contractility Brick.
As a listener of the podcast, you can take 50% off a subscription with code RXPOD.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Today's Audio Brick is based on the upcoming Brick 2.0: Tricuspid Regurgitation. If you're looking for supplemental information from Bricks 1.0, read up on our Valvular Heart Disease: Foundations and Frameworks Brick. As a listener of the podcast, you can take 50% off a subscription with code RXPOD.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Today's Audio Brick is based on the upcoming Brick 2.0: Adrenaline (Epinephrine). If you're looking for supplemental information from Bricks 1.0, read up on our Valvular Diseases/Autonomic Regulation of the Cardiovascular System Brick.
As a listener of the podcast, you can take 50% off a subscription with code RXPOD.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Gastrulation is a major milestone in development. It is the process of forming a trilaminar (three-layered) embryo by creating the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). These germ layers are the building blocks for forming the entire body. The term gastrulation means formation of the gastrula, which is the name of the three-layered embryo. Gastrulation takes place during week 3 of development. (Remember: week 3 = 3 layers.)
But before we get to the nitty gritty of gastrulation, let’s back up and review what happens in week 2 of development that sets the stage for this important process.
After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to:
- Define the term gastrulation, know when it occurs, and describe the process of forming the three germ layers and their orientation to each other.
- Describe the development and fates of ectoderm derivatives including surface ectoderm, neural tube, and neural crest and list the adult tissues that are derived from ectoderm.
- Describe the development and fates of each region of mesoderm, including paraxial, intermediate, and lateral, and list the adult tissues that are derived from mesoderm.
- Describe the development and fate of endoderm and list the adult tissues that are derived from endoderm.
You can also check out the original brick from our Reproductive collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
When you know the meaning of the word autonomic, the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) becomes clearer. Autonomic denotes involuntary or subconscious activity. In physiology, it refers to the many bodily functions that are subconsciously controlled, such as breathing, digestion, and—most relevant to our discussion here—heartbeats.
The ANS is the neural network that controls these subconscious functions. For variable control, there are two opposing divisions of the ANS:
- The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) controls many functions under times of acute stress. Its effects are generally described as a “fight-or-flight” response because it’s sympathetic to our plight.
- The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) controls many of these same functions when the SNS is not activated. It produces the default setting so to speak. It is often described as a “rest-and-digest” response.
Anatomically speaking, the SNS and PSNS have separate divisions; the SNS is derived from the thoracolumbar division while the PSNS is derived from the craniosacral division.
After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to:
- Define the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
- Identify which ANS component is dominant at rest and during exercise.
- Describe cardiac innervation.
- Describe the mechanisms by which the ANS alters ion conductance and subsequently the action potentials to ultimately modulate heart rate and contractility.
- Describe vascular innervation.
- Describe how the ANS regulates blood volume.
You can also check out the original brick from our Cardiology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Aneuploidies are chromosome number abnormalities. Trisomies fall under the umbrella of aneuploidies. The term trisomy comes from tri, meaning tripled, and soma, meaning body—the tripling of a single chromosomal body. This serious genetic abnormality can have significant effects on development.
There are two types of trisomies: X/Y and autosomal. The X/Y trisomies result from an extra copy of one of the sex chromosomes. They include conditions like Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) and triple X syndrome (47, XXX). Autosomal trisomies result from an extra copy of one of the 22 autosomal (nonsex) chromosomes and include several conditions we will discuss in more detail below.
Trisomies can result from abnormal chromosome separation during meiosis or from an inherited joined chromosome. The most common type of joined chromosome is called a Robertsonian translocation and can lead to trisomies in offspring.
Most trisomies are embryonic lethal abnormalities. Only trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), and trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) are survivable until birth, and generally only trisomy 21 individuals survive infancy.
After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to:
- Explain how a carrier of a Robertsonian translocation is at higher risk of having a child with a trisomy.
- Contrast the genetic etiology and clinical presentation of Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, and Patau syndrome.
- Differentiate Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, and Patau syndrome based on ultrasonographic findings and altered serum marker levels.
You can also check out the original brick from our Cellular and Molecular Biology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
The 22 bones that make up the human skull can be divided into two groups:
- The eight bones that make up the neurocranium, which houses the brain
- The 14 facial bones, including the mandible, which make up the structure of the face
Grouping the 22 bones this way makes it easier to commit them to memory. It doesn’t hurt that many of them are paired, too! Let’s look at these groups in detail, starting with the eight bones that make up the neurocranium.
After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to:
- List and describe the bones of the skull.
- List and describe the bones of the neurocranium, orbit, and nose.
- Describe the fossae and foramina of the skull and list the structures that pass through each.
- Describe the anatomy and function of the sinuses.
You can also check out the original brick from our Respiratory collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Glucose is the main source of energy for all forms of life, but it isn’t usually stored as individual C6H12O6 molecules. Animals use glycogen to do that job. Glycogen is a large branched polymer of glucose molecules, linked together by α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds. The liver and muscles break down the stored glycogen whenever the body needs an extra boost of glucose.
Glycogen storage diseases are genetic defects in glycogen metabolism resulting in accumulation of glycogen. What happens when macromolecules accumulate in cells? Cell damage and dysfunction.
Because the liver and muscles are the two main organs that use glycogen, they are also the two most affected by glycogen storage diseases. In the liver, glycogen accumulation leads to hypoglycemia since the glycogen can’t be broken down to glucose. Damage to the liver from extra glycogen can also lead to liver failure or even liver cancers. In the muscles, glycogen accumulation causes weakness, exercise intolerance, and potentially heart failure.
There are at least 12 distinct glycogen storage diseases, but we’ll cover only the 4 most common ones.
After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to:
- Identify the most common glycogen storage diseases: von Gierke disease (type 1), Pompe disease (type 2), Cori disease (type 3), and McArdle disease (type 5).
- Identify the enzymes deficient in each of the most common glycogen storage diseases.
- Describe the clinical manifestations of each of the most common glycogen storage diseases.
- Describe management for each of the most common glycogen storage diseases.
You can also check out the original brick from our Cellular and Molecular Biology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Cardiac auscultation is a clinical skill that involves listening to heart sounds using a stethoscope. It is a low-tech way of detecting disease directly without expensive scanners, blood work, or pathology reports—and another reminder that the art of medicine is not a lost art despite today’s technology. Moreover, heart disease is so common that we see plenty of it in many different specialties. Before we get into pathologic sounds, though, we need to learn the basics of normal heart sounds.
After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to: * Explain how hemodynamic and electrocardiogram (ECG) events correlate with normal S1 and S2 heart sounds. * Explain the physiology of normal S2 splitting. * Explain the physiology and causes of the following types of abnormal S2 splitting: wide splitting, fixed splitting, and reversed splitting (paradoxical splitting). * Define the extra S3 and S4 heart sounds and describe their timing, physiology, and clinical significance.
You can also check out the original brick from our Cardiovascular collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Eukaryotic cells reproduce themselves by going through the cell cycle, which divides one cell into two. The cell cycle comprises two main phases, interphase and mitosis, both of which are further broken down into steps, as well as a separate resting phase. When a cell divides appropriately, this allows our bodies to fix damaged tissue and replace old layers of cells. However, when the cell cycle happens either at an inappropriate time or without stopping, cancers can develop. This is why the cell cycle is highly regulated with multiple checkpoints and myriad regulatory proteins. Next, we’ll go over the steps of the cell cycle and dive into the complex regulatory mechanisms that prevent cancers from forming.
After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to: * Outline the four main stages of the cell cycle. * Describe the role of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in promoting cell cycle progression. * Describe the cell cycle checkpoints. * Outline the process of mitosis.
You can also check out the original brick from our Cellular and Molecular Biology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Hyperthyroidism is an elevation in the serum thyroid hormones T3 and T4 (thyroxine), caused by excess thyroid hormone production from the thyroid gland. This can result from an abnormal thyroid gland (primary hyperthyroidism) or increased synthesis of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) by the anterior pituitary gland (secondary hyperthyroidism) or by overdosing on thyroid medication (exogenous hyperthyroidism). The latter is common because thyroid hormone is an effective agent for losing weight, since it increases the basal metabolic rate.
Although less common than other endocrine disorders like diabetes and Cushing syndrome, hyperthyroidism is one of the most dramatic presentations you will see in all of clinical medicine, with its bulging eyes and goiter, sweatiness, and hyperactivity. Let’s discuss its causes, diagnosis, and management.
After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to:
- Define hyperthyroidism and describe its typical clinical features.
- Explain the common causes of primary, secondary, and exogenous hyperthyroidism.
- Describe the pathogenesis and histologic features of Graves disease and toxic multinodular goiter, and describe their unique clinical findings.
- Describe the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism.
- Outline the basic management of hyperthyroidism.
You can also check out the original brick from our Endocrine collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
You probably know that the kidneys play an important role in maintaining blood pressure within the normal range. You might also know that they do this by regulating blood volume and the degree of arterial contraction or dilation (the systemic vascular resistance). But do you know how the kidneys do this? The answer is the kidneys accomplish this primarily through a set of hormones and enzymes known together as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). In this brick, we will discuss the components, functions, and regulation of the RAAS.
Renin is an enzyme released by the kidneys that ultimately causes the formation of the hormone angiotensin II (Ang II) in the body—which in turn stimulates the release of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Ang II and aldosterone act in a number of ways to increase blood volume and blood pressure.
RAAS acts to increase sodium reabsorption in the kidney, increase vascular tone, and even stimulate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to reabsorb more water: all of these defend our extracellular volume and blood pressure. RAAS is therefore a critical system for keeping us upright!
After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to:
- Outline the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, including sensors, factors that control it, sources of hormone release, and the actions of each hormone.
- Describe the mechanisms by which the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates blood pressure.
- Compare and contrast tubuloglomerular feedback with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
You can also check out the original brick from our Endocrine collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Glycolysis is the first step of metabolism and the biochemical pathway by which glucose is converted into pyruvate. Some cells use glycolysis to make pyruvate to use in other metabolic processes; others, like erythrocytes, rely on glycolysis as their main means of energy production. Because glycolysis is central to energy production, it is tightly regulated by many mechanisms. Metabolites along the glycolytic pathway also regulate other processes in the body. Figure 1 shows the overall pathway of glycolysis with all its intermediates, enzymes, and cofactors. It looks daunting, but don’t worry! We’ll break down all the important components and go through it step by step.
After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to: * Describe the reactions of glycolysis in sequence and know where ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is used and where ATP is made. * Identify the reactions that are rate-limiting in the pathway. * Explain the regulation of the pathway with emphasis on the rate-limiting reactions. * Describe the roles of insulin and glucagon in the regulation of glycolysis and the enzyme targets. * Explain why glycolysis occurs in all cells, including erythrocytes, and explain the relevance of oxygen availability and mitochondria in terms of the end products of glycolysis. * Explain 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate and its relevance to glycolysis and the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin. * Identify the diseases associated with defects in glycolysis, particularly pyruvate kinase defect.
You can also check out the original brick from our Endocrine collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
In your reading about thyroid diseases, you have run across a number of symptoms, physical exam findings, tests, and diagnostic strategies. You have also encountered the diagnostic overlap between the various syndromes and diseases like hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Graves disease, and thyroiditis, which can be confusing. How can you keep all this straight? The purpose of this brick is to summarize the key similarities and differences to bring together your knowledge of thyroid disease.
After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to: * List the signs and symptoms that distinguish hypothyroidism from hyperthyroidism. * Differentiate between goiter and a thyroid nodule. * Describe how T3, T4, and TSH levels vary in thyroid disorders. * Describe how the radioactive iodine uptake scan and antithyroid antibody tests vary in different thyroid diseases.
You can also check out the original brick from our Endocrine collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
People who play tennis or golf, or even those who get wrist or shoulder pain from working on their computers, likely are familiar with pain around the joints of the upper extremity. Is it rotator cuff tendonitis or subacromial bursitis? Tennis elbow or olecranon bursitis? Similar conditions can affect the lower extremity: jumper’s knee or popliteal bursitis? Because bursae are located in direct proximity to tendons, inflammation of one can mimic that of the other, causing nearly identical pain in the same parts of the body.
How do you determine the culprit? Tendonitis is an inflammation or irritation affecting the tendon; bursitis refers to an inflammation or irritation affecting the joint bursae. In this discussion, we explain common types of tendonitis and bursitis, differentiating them as we go.
After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to:
- Define tendonitis and bursitis and compare their epidemiology and causes.
- Describe two common forms of tendonitis, rotator cuff tendonitis and lateral epicondylitis, and discuss their clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatments.
- Describe three common forms of bursitis, shoulder bursitis, olecranon bursitis, and popliteal (Baker) cysts, and discuss their clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment.
You can also check out the original brick from our Endocrine collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Rx Bricks Season Pass https://go.usmle-rx.com/brick-season-pass/
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the most dreaded acute complications of diabetes mellitus. It is a medical emergency. When patients with DKA arrive at the emergency department, they are clearly ill, with vomiting, diarrhea, disordered breathing, and mental status changes—even unconsciousness. Up to 2% of patients with DKA may die from the disorder. This means physicians must understand the multistep and complex treatment. Let’s look at what is involved.
After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to: * Define diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and present an overview of the risk factors for DKA. * Describe the pathophysiology of DKA. * Describe the presenting signs and symptoms of DKA, and explain how they relate to the pathophysiology. * Discuss common laboratory findings at presentation and during treatment of DKA. * Outline management strategies for DKA.
You can also check out the original brick from our Endocrine collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Rx Bricks Season Pass https://go.usmle-rx.com/brick-season-pass/
Some of the most dreaded chronic complications of diabetes mellitus come from injury to the blood vessels. Such injury may lead to blindness, renal failure requiring dialysis, and early death from heart attacks. These complications develop slowly over years and can be divided into two groups based on the size of the blood vessels involved—microvascular and macrovascular. The good news is that many can be prevented or slowed by excellent control of blood glucose, so there is hope. Let’s examine these complications in detail.
After listening to this Audio Brick, you should be able to: * Describe the microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus. * Explain how elevated blood sugar leads to these complications. * Describe screening and prevention strategies for complications of diabetes mellitus. * Outline the most common treatments for diabetic complications.
You can also check out the original brick from our Endocrine collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Cushing syndrome is a cluster of clinical features resulting from exposure to excess glucocorticoids (hypercortisolism). Most of the abnormalities in Cushing syndrome are caused by high levels of cortisol itself, but an accompanying excess of androgens and mineralocorticoids like aldosterone may also add to the syndrome. Cortisol is produced continuously in the adrenal gland. It even has a specific circadian pattern. This means it is at its highest peak in the morning after we wake up from sleep and gradually declines during the day. The lowest concentration is typically in the late evening, before bedtime, with a big decrease around midnight. Levels also vary based on the day’s activities.
Cortisol is part of the fight-or-flight response that helps us react to unexpected and frightening circumstances. Produced in the adrenal gland’s zona fasciculata, cortisol does three main things:
- Increases blood pressure
- Changes metabolic activity
- Decreases the inflammatory response
Cortisol increases blood pressure by upregulating α1 adrenergic receptors in the arterioles. This increases their sensitivity to norepinephrine and epinephrine, leading to vasoconstriction. Cortisol also increases insulin resistance and facilitates gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and proteolysis; these changes help the body prepare to battle stressors—or run from them. Furthermore, cortisol modulates the immune response and decreases the body’s inflammatory and immune reactions by a variety of mechanisms.
From this perspective, cortisol seems to help us battle external threats, which means its presence in the human body is welcome. However, prolonged secretion and chronic high levels of cortisol causes hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome), leading to other effects:
- Decreased fibroblast activity and poor wound healing
- Decreased osteoblast activity and therefore slower bone formation
- Reduced immune response and therefore increased infections
- Chronic increased serum glucose, leading to a secondary form of diabetes
You can also check out the original brick from our Endocrine collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Getting the air to our lungs in the first place can be challenging enough. How do we get the oxygen out of the air once we have it in our lungs? This huge job comes down to one tiny unit: the alveoli-capillary unit. In this brick, we take a look at how the exchange of gases takes place.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Describe the features, dimensions, and components of the respiratory membrane. * List the components and explain the function of surfactant. * List the factors that affect the rate of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane. * Describe the alveolar gas equation and explain how it is used. * Define respiratory quotient.
You can also check out the original brick from our Respiratory collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus, previously known as juvenile diabetes, is one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood. The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes begins with autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing β cells in the islets of Langerhans, thus leading to insulin deficiency. A crucial role of insulin is to increase glucose uptake into tissues. When insulin is deficient or absent, high blood sugar levels in the body (hyperglycemia) can occur. These have long-term adverse effects. But other metabolic disorders occur as well, including hyperlipidemia and ketonemia (formation of acidic ketone bodies).
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Define type 1 diabetes mellitus and describe its epidemiology. * Describe the underlying pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus. * Describe how type 1 diabetes mellitus presents clinically, and outline common acute and chronic complications. * Outline the laboratory testing that confirms the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. * Briefly describe the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
You can also check out the original brick from our Endocrine collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
The ovaries are a pair of reproductive organs located deep in the pelvis of the female body; they contain the female gametes, the ova. As in many other organs, cancerous and benign tumors (neoplasms) can arise there, but most are malignant. Such tumors are distinct from ovarian cysts, although some ovarian neoplasms may have cystic features.
Ovarian tumors can originate from many of the cell types found in the ovaries, and the cell of origin has a significant effect on how the tumor behaves. Up to 8% of women will present with ovarian masses in their lifetime. The incidence of ovarian cancer is 13 women per 100,000 per year (compared with breast cancer’s incidence of 124/100,000), and about 22,000 new cases are diagnosed annually in the United States. In malignant form, ovarian tumors are a deadly form of cancer—the most common cause of cancer death from gynecologic malignancy in the United States.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Describe the clinical presentation of the most common types of ovarian tumors.
- List the various types of ovarian tumors and classify them by epithelial, sex cord stromal, germ cell, non-neoplastic, or metastatic.
- Compare and contrast the clinicopathologic features of the major types of ovarian tumors.
- Describe the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian tumors, including the use of tumor markers.
You can also check out the original brick from our Reproductive collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
The central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord is an incredibly complex part of the human body, so it is no surprise that sometimes things go awry during development. The various anatomic anomalies that result can be so severe as to be incompatible with life, such as when most or all of the brain fails to develop, a condition known as anencephaly. CNS anomalies are some of the most common congenital anomalies, and they are among the leading causes of infant mortality and fetal loss. These anomalies can involve brain, spinal cord, and meningeal development and position. Although the brain and spinal cord each arise from the neural tube, their development differs. The end result is that the spinal cord is fairly uniform in structure throughout its length, but the brain subdivides into multiple regions, each with its own structure. Accordingly, congenital anomalies of the spinal cord are similar anywhere along its length, but congenital anomalies of the brain are different in different brain regions.
We’ll discuss CNS congenital anomalies in terms of those that can involve both brain and spinal cord (neural tube defects [NTDs]), those that involve the cranial parts of the brain (forebrain anomalies), those that involve the caudal parts of the brain (posterior fossa anomalies), and those that involve the spinal cord, as well as congenital hydrocephalus.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Describe the main anatomic feature shared by the neural tube defects, and list some of the known etiologies.
- Compare and contrast the anatomic and clinical features of spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele, and myeloschisis.
- Describe the mechanisms that lead to defects of the skull.
- Describe the main mechanism that leads to forebrain abnormalities.
- Discuss the anatomic and clinical features and treatment of congenital hydrocephalus.
- Describe the mechanism that leads to defects of the cerebellum and brainstem.
- Describe the mechanism that leads to defects of the spinal cord, and discuss the anatomic and clinical features of syringomyelia.
You can also check out the original brick from our Neurology and Special Senses collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
A neoplasm is the abnormal growth of new cells, sometimes called a tumor. A variety of tumors can grow in our bones, and luckily more of them are benign (noncancerous) than malignant (cancerous). What causes these tumors? We usually don’t know, though we do know that most malignant bone tumors are secondary, with cancer spreading to the bones from other organs, including the nearby bone marrow. Malignant primary bone tumors (those that start in the bone) are thankfully rare but still are the sixth most common cancer in children and third most common in adolescents. In the United States, about 3000 cases of malignant bone tumors are diagnosed each year and about half of these cases result in death.
The terminology of these tumors overlaps quite a bit and can be confusing. We usually equate the prefix sarco- with muscle (sarcomere, sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum), but the word actually means flesh or tissue, so it is used in the names of a number of bone tumors, many of which were named before the precise tissue types were known. The other terms are easier: osteo is bone and chondro is cartilage. We’ll introduce the three main types of bone neoplasia and then go into more depth on the primary bone tumors.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define primary, hematopoietic, and metastatic bone tumors, and explain which is most common.
- Describe the pathologic appearance and clinical presentation of the most common benign primary bone tumors: osteochondroma and osteoid osteoma.
- Describe the pathologic appearance and clinical presentation of the most common malignant primary bone tumors: osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma.
You can also check out the original brick from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Every movement we make is caused by the contraction of different muscles, which are themselves controlled by the neurons that innervate them. However, one long nerve fiber does not run from the brain all the way down the spinal cord to reach our muscles. Instead, our bodies use a two-neuron system.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Briefly compare and contrast upper vs lower motor neuron lesions and the general approach to diagnosing each. * Define and describe spasticity and clonus and their common causes. * Define and describe hyperreflexia and its common causes. * Define and describe fasciculations and fibrillations and their common causes. * Define and describe a positive Babinski sign, and indicate the importance of its clinical finding.
You can also check out the original brick from our Neurology and Special Senses collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Bile is a greenish-yellow fluid produced by the liver. It is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine, where it aids digestion by breaking down fats into fatty acids.
Water is the main component of bile (about 95%). Bile also contains bile salts (the salt form of bile acids), cholesterol, phospholipids, bilirubin (a yellow-orange bile pigment produced by the breakdown of red blood cells that gives bile its characteristic color), and inorganic salts.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Define bile, list its components as secreted from the liver, and explain how this differs after storage in the gallbladder. * Describe the endocrine mechanism stimulating gallbladder contraction and the secretion of bile into the small intestine. * Describe the amphipathic structure of bile salts and why this is important. * Describe the absorption of bile acids and salts in the small intestine and the enterohepatic circulation, and explain differences among handling of primary and secondary bile salts and bile acids. * Describe the cellular mechanisms for the recycling of bile salts.
You can also check out the original brick on Bile Secretion and Function from our Gastrointestinal collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of obstructive lung disease, an umbrella diagnosis that also includes asthma. The two types of COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. The general underlying cause of obstructive lung disease is a narrowing of airways that results in decreased airflow and difficulty with respiration. Pharmacologic approaches to obstructive lung diseases generally have a common goal of improving air flow and expiration by doing one of three things: increasing diameter of the airways, reducing inflammation, or clearing the mucus that causes obstructions.
However, asthma has additional components of management. Asthma is often exacerbated by allergens and triggers. Therefore, we will also discuss specific drugs that prevent allergic reactions in patients with asthma.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Briefly review the features of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (emphysema and chronic bronchitis).
- List the classes of drugs that are used in the treatment of asthma, and describe their indications, mechanisms, and adverse effects.
- List the classes of drugs that are used in the treatment of emphysema and chronic bronchitis, and describe their indications, mechanisms, and adverse effects.
You can also check out the original brick on Drugs to Treat Asthma and COPD from our Respiratory collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
For the most part, the brain relies on glucose as its main energy source. In fact, we say the brain preferentially uses glucose. In times of low glucose levels such as fasting or starvation, the brain can use ketones, lactate, and amino acids (worth noting: the brain does not use fatty acids to generate energy).
Circulating glucose molecules are recruited into neurons via GLUT transporters (specifically GLUT3 on neuronal cell membranes). Neuronal hexokinase phosphorylates the glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate. This phosphorylation prevents the glucose molecules from leaving the cell. The inward glucose gradient is maintained, and the molecule is committed to an energy-producing pathway.
Glucose-6-phosphate can be processed via a handful of pathways in the brain, including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glycogenesis. The first two of these pathways occur in the neurons. Glycogenesis only happens in the brain astrocytes.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- List and briefly describe the major pathways for energy metabolism in the brain, and explain the role of astrocytes in these pathways.
- Describe the role of glycogen in brain metabolism and the regulation of this process.
- Explain the mechanism and function of the lactate shuttle.
- Describe how metabolism is altered in pathological conditions (including hypoxia, ischemia, hypoglycemia, and depression).
You can also check out the original brick on Brain Energy Metabolism from our Neurology and Special Senses collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
Before we jump into the details of essential thrombocythemia (ET), let’s back up for a little perspective. ET is one of a group of disorders called chronic myeloproliferative disorders. These disorders share a lot of similarities: they occur in adults, they have a relatively good prognosis, and they’re caused by mutations in proteins involved in cell growth. The main thing that defines all of them is this: they have malignant, maturing myeloid cells filling up the bone marrow and spilling out into the blood.
The predominant type of proliferating myeloid cell is different in each disorder, though. In ET, the megakaryocytes are proliferating more than any of the other myeloid cell lines. These megakaryocytes make platelets, of course, which spill over into the blood—so the blood has tons and tons of platelets in it. Bottom line: essential thrombocythemia is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by massive platelet production.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Describe the characteristic blood and bone marrow findings in essential thrombocythemia.
- Describe the typical presentation and clinical course of essential thrombocythemia.
- Explain why essential thrombocythemia is a diagnosis of exclusion.
You can also check out the original brick on Essential Thrombocythemia from our Hematology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Antibiotics work by halting essential cellular processes to kill bacteria. Broken down into its roots, the word antibiotic is interpreted as “opposing life.” This trait can be beneficial against such living things as pathogenic bacteria, which endanger us. Like our own cells, bacteria synthesize protein using ribosomes, which are located in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes. Additionally, ribosomes comprise two subunits, one small and one large. In prokaryotes, the small subunit is 30S, while the large is 50S. Ribosomes also contain the A, P, and E sites, where individual amino acids are loaded and bonded.
Protein synthesis inhibitor (PSI) antibiotics can interact with the A, P, and E sites or other parts of the ribosome to inhibit or kill bacteria (Figure 1). PSIs can be divided into two classes based on which subunit they target, so there are 30S and 50S ribosome-inhibiting antibiotics (30S RIAs and 50S RIAs).
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Describe the two classes of protein synthesis inhibitors based on the ribosomal targets and chemical (parent) structures and source.
- Describe the mechanism of action and targets of 30S and 50S ribosome-inhibiting antibiotics (RIAs).
- Describe the major mechanisms of resistance of bacteria against 30S RIAs and 50S RIAs; explain why erythromycin resistance may render cross-resistance to other drugs in this class.
- Explain why aminoglycosides are potently bactericidal in nature, but the tetracyclines and the 50S RIAs are mostly bacteriostatic in actions.
- Describe the clinical uses for protein synthesis inhibitors and list common adverse reactions.
You can also check out the original brick on Protein Synthesis Inhibitors from our General Microbiology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Early in fetal development, the precursors of the major systems in the body are outlined. The three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) are formed during the third week of development. We’ll focus on the ectoderm, from which the entire nervous system (central and peripheral) forms.
But first, let’s back up to review the anatomy of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) so that we know what the end products of their development are. The CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord; the PNS is composed of the 31 pairs of spinal and 12 pairs of cranial nerves and all the ganglia.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- List the derivatives of ectoderm.
- Define neurulation and explain how it occurs, including closure and the dates of neuropore closure.
- Describe the origin, migration, and fate of neural crest cells, particularly those that form the peripheral nervous system.
- Explain how the neural tube is organized into three layers.
- Describe how the spinal cord develops from the neural tube, and describe the contributions of each to these layers to the structure of the mature spinal cord, with emphasis on the alar and basal plates.
- Describe the development of the brain, including the five brain vesicles, the brainstem, and the cerebral cortex.
You can also check out the original brick on the development of the nervous system from our Neurology and Special Senses collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
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from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
What are bullous skin disorders? Bullae are fluid-filled blisters >1 cm in diameter. They can be caused by infection, mechanical stress, or a malfunctioning immune system. In this discussion, we tackle the latter, focusing on the most common autoimmune bullous (blistering) disorders: pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, and dermatitis herpetiformis. Distinctly, the blisters in each of these disorders involve different layers of the skin and autoantibodies against different proteins.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Describe the typical clinical presentation, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic features, and treatment of pemphigoid vulgaris. * Describe the typical clinical presentation, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic features, and treatment of bullous pemphigoid. * Describe the typical clinical presentation, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic features, and treatment of dermatitis herpetiformis.
You can also check out the original brick on Bullous Skin Disorders from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Epithelium is one of the four basic tissue types (the other three are muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and connective tissue). It is found throughout the body—covering it; lining organs, vessels, and cavities; and forming glands. It absorbs nutrients, transports electrolytes, secretes hormones, and regulates body temperature by producing sweat.
We begin with some general principles of how epithelial tissue is organized, and then we describe its various components.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- List the two types of epithelium (covering/lining and glandular) and describe their functions.
- Describe the structure and histologic features of epithelial tissue.
- Explain how covering/lining epithelium is classified.
- Describe the histologic features of glandular epithelium.
- Describe the five types of epithelial intercellular junctions.
You can also check out the original brick on the Histology of Epithelial Tissue from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
What do you know about prokaryote structure and the gram stain? Bacteria are members of a unique taxonomic kingdom consisting of prokaryotic unicellular organisms. Prokaryote is a term from ancient Greek meaning “before the kernel.” The kernel in this case is a nucleus, which prokaryotes lack. Prokaryotes also do not have any membrane-bound organelles. In fact, many of the organelles found in eukaryotes—like an endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes—are completely absent in prokaryotes.
Bacteria first began to be identified by a “defective method.” Or so its Danish inventor, a recent medical school grad named Hans Christian Gram, deemed it in 1884. Gram was working with lung tissue from cadavers who had died of infections from Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae when he discovered that those organisms reacted differently to certain substances under the microscope, and—voilà—the Gram stain was born, to identify gram-positive bacteria. The defect he mentioned was overcome by German pathologist Carl Weigert, who added a final step to Gram’s procedure and gave us the method to identify gram-negative bacteria. We’re still using the same techniques more than 130 years later!
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Describe the structure of prokaryotic cells.
- Discuss the physiologic niche of bacteria and their growth characteristics.
- Describe the staining characteristics and classification and identification of bacteria.
To learn more about prokaryote structure and the gram stain, check out the original brick on Gastrointestinal Regulatory Substances from our Gastrointestinal collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
As we eat, our gastrointestinal (GI) system releases a host of both local and distant regulators to control the process of digestion. We will begin with the primary hormones, then cover some of the secondary hormones, and lastly discuss how our body senses its intraluminal contents and then subsequently integrates all of the various stimuli it receives.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Identify the location, cell type, release stimulus to the endocrine cells, and function of the major gastrointestinal (GI) hormones secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). * Describe in brief the release stimulus and function of the GI regulatory peptides bombesin, GLP-1, GLP-2, ghrelin, leptin, motilin, somatostatin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP). * Understand how the physical and chemical compositions of luminal contents are sensed and the hormonal responses that then occur. * Outline how GI cells integrate multiple regulatory inputs from hormonal and neural inputs to control function.
You can also check out the original brick on Gastrointestinal Regulatory Substances from our Gastrointestinal collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
There’s certainly a lot to cover, and that is exactly where we will start; the abdominal cavity has a sort of “covering” of its own, involving most all of the organs within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. After exploring this covering in detail, we’ll progress systematically, organ by organ down along the GI tract, stopping at each structure to discuss its function and histology.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Describe the mesenteries, ligaments, and omental layers of the peritoneum.
- Distinguish regions of the digestive tract as retroperitoneal or with mesentery.
- Identify and describe the anatomy, primary functions, and histology of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and large intestines.
You can also check out the original brick on the Anatomy and Histology of the GI Tract from our Gastrointestinal collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Macroscopic Skin Lesions A thorough skin examination should be performed annually to assess for new or changing macroscopic skin lesions. It is critically important to be able to identify and describe normal and abnormal skin and to note your findings carefully, because a change in an existing skin lesion is the most common sign of skin cancer, including deadly ones like melanoma. In this discussion, we will describe the specific ways in which you document skin lesions, using a vocabulary that other clinicians will understand.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Explain the importance of physical examination of the skin. * Describe skin lesions, explaining and illustrating each of the following: size, type (eg, vesicle, bulla), color, configuration (eg, annular, targetoid, discoid), arrangement (eg, solitary, grouped, linear, reticular), and distribution and location.
You can also check out the original brick on Macroscopic Skin Lesions from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com.
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including Step 1 Qmax, Flash Facts, Express Videos, a digital version of First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, and nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Salmonella and Shigella species are almost made to be confused—two bacterial infections in the Enterobacteriaceae family that are spread by food and dirty conditions, cause gastroenteritis, and start with S! To make matters more confusing, they look similar on microscopy. While they are more common in developing communities, they are also seen in the United States. Here, we will give you the tools to keep these bugs and their presentations straight.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Differentiate the microscopic and growth characteristics and habitat of Salmonella typhi, Salmonella spp other than S typhi, and Shigella. * Describe the host (risk) factors, mode of transmission, and pathobiology of diseases caused by these organisms. * Describe the clinical manifestations of diseases caused by these organisms. * Discuss concerns of antibiotic resistance related to these organisms.
You can also check out the original brick on Salmonella and Shigella. from our Microbiology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Multiple endocrine neoplasias are familial syndromes of endocrine tumors occurring in endocrine organs throughout the body. Despite its acronym, the risk for acquiring MEN is about the same in men and women and also across geographic and racial and ethnic groups. These are rare syndromes, affecting about 1 in 30,000 people. Genetic mutations cause the MEN syndromes, which are then inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. This means several members of the same family are often affected; an affected parent has a 50% chance of passing down the disease to his or her children. Unlike cancers without a hereditary basis, tumors associated with MEN often occur in younger patients (under age 40 years) and affect multiple organ systems all at once, making them particularly troublesome. Generally, tumors may arise in the pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas, thyroid, or adrenal glands (Figure 1). The three major types of multiple endocrine neoplasia are MEN1, MEN2A, and MEN2B, and each has a characteristic picture of endocrine or neurologic disorders and tumors.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Define multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), and list the three MEN syndromes. * Compare and contrast the main clinical features of MEN1, MEN2A, and MEN2B. * Describe the genetic defects that cause MEN1, MEN2A, and MEN2B. * Briefly describe the management of the MEN syndromes.
You can also check out the original brick on Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia from our Endocrine collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Normal blood pressure keeps us alive. It’s the force that moves blood throughout our circulatory system, ensuring that oxygen and nutrients reach our organs and tissues and that waste products are eliminated. When we hear the word hypertension—high blood pressure—we know this describes the blood flow exerting too much force against blood vessel walls. Pulmonary hypertension describes high blood pressure in the vessels of the lung. Specifically, pulmonary hypertension is an elevated mean arterial pressure (≥20 mm Hg at rest) of the vessels between the heart and the lung.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Define pulmonary hypertension and compare with pulmonary arterial hypertension. * Describe the clinical presentation and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, including results from electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and heart catheterization. Explain how pulmonary hypertension leads to right-sided heart failure. * Describe how pulmonary vascular resistance affects pulmonary arterial pressure. List common etiologies of pulmonary hypertension, differentiating between cardiac and pulmonary causes. List the most common cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension. * Describe the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
You can also check out the original brick on Pulmonary Hypertension from our Respiratory collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Perianal disease is essentially a disease of tissue surrounding the anus. It comprises a cluster of diseases that greatly affect quality of life. Common symptoms include anal pain, bleeding, discharge, and pruritus (itching). Inflammatory and vascular anorectal disorders discussed here include hemorrhoids, anal fissures, anal abscesses, perianal fistulas, proctitis, and anal itching.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Describe the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of hemorrhoids. * Describe the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of anal fissures. * Describe the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of anal abscesses. * Describe the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of anal fistulas. * Describe the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of proctitis. * Describe the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of anal pruritus.
You can also check out the original brick on Inflammatory and Vascular Anorectal Disorders from our Gastrointestinal collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Substance use disorder (SUD) refers to a pattern of substance use—be it nicotine, cannabis, cocaine, or something else—that causes significant impairment or distress to the user. SUD is prevalent and growing in the United States and around the world. People of any age may be at risk for developing a substance use disorder. But exposure to and experimentation with alcohol and drugs usually begins in early adolescence. Many adolescents experiment with substances and then taper down or stop using them. Others continue to advance their drug use, leading to a diagnosable substance use disorder with negative health and social consequences.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition; DSM-5) is the widely accepted and respected guide to diagnosing psychiatric disorders in the United States. Substance abuse has been recognized in the DSM-5 as a mental health disorder for many years. The manual no longer describes substance abuse and dependence separately but instead globally uses substance use disorder with specifiers to determine the severity of the use.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define and explain the essential features of substance use disorders.
- Describe the epidemiology of substance use disorders.
- Explain how the reward pathway in the brain is involved in the development of substance use disorders, and describe how the brain changes during active use and recovery.
- Describe the evidence-based assessments and treatment approaches for substance use disorders.
You can also check out the original brick on Substance Use Disorders from our Psychiatry collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Preterm infants are at risk of breathing difficulties because their lungs have not had enough time to fully mature. In particular, they do not produce enough surfactant, which helps keep terminal air spaces from collapsing. Without surfactant, they cannot get enough oxygen into their body, and the body reacts with tachypnea (respiratory rate >60/min), tachycardia, cyanosis (the skin turns bluish), and grunting (the glottis closes in an attempt to increase functional residual capacity). This results in a condition called respiratory distress syndrome, and it is a hard thing to watch these babies gasp for breath.
Before we get into the details, let’s review what’s happening in the lungs during the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life. A fetus in utero obtains oxygen and nutrients from the maternal circulation via the umbilical vessels. At this point, the lungs of the fetus are filled with amniotic fluid and do not perform their main function—gas exchange. The majority of blood in the fetus is shunted past the lungs by the patent foramen ovale and patent ductus arteriosus.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) and list its risk factors.
- Apply Laplace law, lung compliance, pulmonary vascular resistance, and extra-pulmonary shunts to the etiology of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
- Differentiate between type 1 and type 2 alveolar epithelial cells and their role in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
- Discuss the clinical presentation of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
- Explain how the application of positive end expiratory pressure and exogenous surfactant improves patients with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
You can also check out the original brick on Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome from our Respiratory collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
If you’ve studied the hematopoietic system malignancies—all the leukemias, lymphomas, and plasma cell disorders—you probably feel like you’ve been hit with the good old medical school fire hose. Now’s a good time to take a step back from all the details, make sure that you remember the underlying framework, and pull together some information that connects several different diseases.
In this brick, we’ll revisit some of the hematopoietic diseases that we often talk about in pairs: acute vs chronic leukemias, benign lymph node diseases vs lymphoma, and low-grade vs high-grade lymphomas. Also, in case you haven’t already done this on your own, we’ll pull together all the important translocations, their respective diseases, and the reasons why we should remember them.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Compare and contrast acute and chronic leukemias.
- Compare and contrast the morphologic features of benign follicular hyperplasia and follicular lymphoma.
- Compare and contrast the morphologic and clinical features of low-grade and high-grade lymphomas and give examples of each.
- Know the following translocations and name the disease (and prognostic significance, if any) associated with each: t(8;21), t(15;17), inv(16), 11q23, FLT3 mutation, t(9;22), t(11;14), t(14;18), and t(8;14).
You can also check out the original brick on Hematopoietic Malignancies: Putting It All Together from our Hematology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Headaches are an unavoidable fact of life and often are nothing more than the result of sitting through one too many lectures. However, they can become debilitating and get in the way of daily life, especially when they become recurrent. Although some headaches have symptoms other than head pain, we typically think of headache pain relative to its location, how intense it is, and how long it lasts.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Compare and contrast the clinical features of primary headache syndromes (migraine, cluster, tension-type headaches). * Differentiate migraine aura from other transient neurological disorders (eg, transient ischemic attacks, seizure, presyncope). * Discuss the mechanisms of central nervous system sensitization and pain referral and the interaction of neural structures, particularly pain pathways and neurovascular control. * Outline which patients warrant radiologic or other lab evaluation for headache. * Describe the treatment of patients with headache disorders and potential complications of treatment.
You can also check out the original brick on Migraine, Cluster, and Tension Headaches from our Neurology and Special Senses collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder resulting from defects in factors of the coagulation cascade. There are two primary types of hemophilia: A and B. Both types of hemophilia are rare, with only a combined frequency of about 1 in 5000 live births. Of the two types, hemophilia A is about four times more common. In the intrinsic arm of the coagulation cascade, factor VIII serves as a cofactor for factor IX. They cooperate to activate factor X, leading to the formation of fibrin.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Compare and contrast the underlying defect in hemophilia A and B. * Describe the inheritance pattern and relative incidence of hemophilia A and B. * Describe the clinical features of hemophilia A and B. * Explain how hemophilia A and B are diagnosed. * List and briefly describe other factor deficiencies.
You can also check out the original brick on Hemophilia from our Hematology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Pain is a sensation that warns of potential injury and alerts the person to avoid or treat it. For example, if you touch a hot object, you will feel pain and immediately remove your hand from that object, protecting your hand from further damage. As much as pain can burden and torment, ultimately it is an essential part of our bodies’ mechanisms of self-preservation.
Pain can be mild or severe, constant or intermittent, sharp or dull. Sometimes it can even be hard to describe the uncomfortable sensation in words. Nevertheless, clinicians always ask their patients to describe their pain. Why? Because its characteristics can help us better determine the mechanism behind a patient’s pain.
In the clinic, the patient’s subjective experience of pain can be crucial to arriving at the correct diagnosis and treatment. For this reason, understanding the different kinds of pain and their underlying biology is an essential building block of foundational clinical knowledge.
There is no standard system of classifying pain. In this discussion, we will classify the five main types of pain as nociceptive, breakthrough, inflammatory, neuropathic, and functional.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define the different classifications of pain and why they occur.
- Describe the mechanisms of neuropathic pain.
- Define and describe transient and chronic paresthesia.
- Define and describe allodynia and hyperalgesia.
You can also check out the original brick on Pain Mechanisms from our Neurology and Special Senses collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
In typical reproductive system development, recall that the intermediate mesoderm forms the mesonephric (Wolffian) and paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts and the indifferent gonads; primitive germ cells migrate into the indifferent gonads. These are the structures that become the internal organs of the reproductive systems.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Describe the normal development of male and female reproductive systems. * Compare and contrast anomalies of the uterus and vagina arising in the female reproductive system. * Compare and contrast anomalies of the testes, scrotum, and penile urethra arising in the male reproductive system. * Compare and contrast disorders of sexual development (DSD): ovotesticular DSD, 46 XX DSD, and 46 XY DSD.
You can also check out the original brick on Congenital Disorders of the Reproductive Systems from our Reproductive collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Have you ever cut your finger, bumped your head, or fallen and scraped your knee? While you were cursing your clumsiness or bad luck, your body got straight to work healing the injury, relying on the wondrous process of acute inflammation. Shortly after your injury, you most likely experienced some or all of the cardinal signs of acute inflammation: pain (dolor), redness (rubor), heat (calor), and swelling (tumor).
There are two types of inflammation: acute and chronic. Acute inflammation is an essential part of the body’s defense system and generally lasts a few days. Chronic inflammation (discussed in detail in another brick) involves an ongoing low-level inflammation that lasts for weeks, months, or even years. Unlike acute inflammation, chronic inflammation is not beneficial; it leads to tissue damage and is linked to the development of many types of chronic disease, including diabetes, cancer, and a range of autoimmune disorders.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Describe the three roles of inflammation.
- Identify the cells of innate immunity involved in acute inflammation and the timeline of when each cell type is involved.
- Describe the four reactions of blood vessels in acute inflammation.
- Describe leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation.
- Explain how these processes result in the general clinical manifestations of acute inflammation.
- Provide specific examples of acute inflammation.
- Describe the utility of acute-phase reactants as a marker of inflammation: erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, ferritin, fibrinogen (all increased with inflammation—positive markers).
You can also check out the original brick on Acute Inflammation from our General Pathology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Learning is traditionally defined as acquiring knowledge through study, experience, or being taught. In psychology, it is often defined as a relatively lasting change in behavior that results from experience. Learning is an ongoing process; we continue learning throughout our entire lives.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Name and briefly describe the three major theories of learning. * Define classical conditioning, including unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. * Define operant conditioning and differentiate between positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment. * Compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning. * Describe examples of social learning theory.
You can also check out the original brick on Principles of Learning from our Psychiatry collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Myocarditis is the inflammation of the heart muscle. This muscle is the middle layer of the heart, formally called the myocardium, hence the name myocarditis (the -itis suffix indicates inflammation). Inflammation of the myocardium can be caused by a variety of etiologies, from infection to drugs. If severe enough, inflammation can lead to necrosis and cardiomyocyte death. This is dangerous because the heart is considered permanent tissue. This means there is limited regenerative potential, so tissue loss is essentially permanent. As part of the healing process, myocardial tissue is replaced by a fibrous scar to fill the defect. But because the fibrous scar has no contractile properties, it diminishes the heart’s strength. If severe enough, this damage can even cause heart failure.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Define myocarditis. * List the most common viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic causes of myocarditis, and describe the general mechanism for how these agents damage the myocardium. * List noninfectious causes of myocarditis, and describe the general mechanism for how the myocardium is damaged in these conditions. * Describe the characteristic microscopic features of acute infectious myocarditis. * Describe the typical presentation, clinical spectrum, and prognosis of myocarditis.
You can also check out the original brick on Myocarditis from our Cardiovascular collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Ulcers are open sores that develop in the skin or mucous membranes. In peptic ulcer disease (PUD), painful sores develop, most commonly in the lining of the stomach, duodenum, or both. PUD arises when there is an imbalance between protective factors (eg, mucosal barrier) and damaging factors (eg, hydrochloric acid).
How does PUD differ from gastritis? Gastritis describes inflammation of the stomach lining, which can be acute or chronic. With gastritis, the submucosae are not harmed, and the muscular stomach wall remains intact. In PUD, there is ulceration through the mucosa into underlying tissue, which can reach into the submucosa and muscular layer. It may cause perforation and bleeding. Chronic gastritis can be a predisposing factor, but it is not required to diagnose PUD.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and state the most important risk factors.
- Describe the morphologic and pathogenetic features of Helicobacter pylori and the histology of gastric lesions with which it is associated.
- Explain gastrinoma and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome as a cause of PUD.
- Describe the typical clinical presentation of PUD and the tests used to make a diagnosis.
- Explain the most common treatment strategies for PUD.
- List the potential adverse outcomes of untreated PUD.
You can also check out the original brick on Peptic Ulcer Disease from our Gastrointestinal collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
he ductus arteriosus (DA) is a structure that allows blood pumped from the right side of the heart to bypass the lungs while the fetus is developing in utero. Normally, the DA closes shortly after birth and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. When the DA fails to close (remains open, or patent) after birth, it is known as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). This acyanotic congenital heart defect causes abnormal blood flow from the left to the right side of the heart and can lead to heart failure and failure to thrive in neonates.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Define patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). * Describe the anatomy and intrauterine function of the ductus arteriosus, the normal sequence of changes in the ductus during the transition from fetal to postnatal circulation, and the consequences of failure to close the ductus. * Describe the findings on physical exam of an infant with a PDA, the clinical presentation of a child with a significant PDA, and the diagnostic tests used to confirm the diagnosis of PDA. * Explain the treatment options for a child with a PDA, along with the risks and complications associated with an untreated PDA.
You can also check out the original brick on Patent Ductus Arteriosis from our Cardiology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Megaloblast. Now there’s a word you don’t hear every day. The root -blast (from the Greek blastos, meaning germ or bud) may be somewhat familiar since we talk about blast cells (very young hematopoietic precursor cells) in hematology. And megalo- (from the Greek megas, meaning large or great) is also used fairly frequently, as in splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen). So does “megaloblast” just mean a large, immature cell? We’ll answer this question, and many more, in this discussion of megaloblastic anemia.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Describe the pathogenesis of megaloblastic anemia. * List common causes of B12 and folate deficiency and associated nonhematologic symptoms of each. * List and understand the characteristic complete blood count values in megaloblastic anemia. * Describe and identify the morphologic changes present in the blood and bone marrow in a patient with megaloblastic anemia. * Describe the treatment of megaloblastic anemia.
You can also check out the original brick on Megaloblastic Anemia from our Hematology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Gallstones are the hardened precipitates—“stones”—of the substrates found in bile. The liver makes bile to help digest fats, and the bile is stored in the gallbladder. When there is an excess of a particular substance in the bile (eg, cholesterol or unconjugated bilirubin), gallstones form in the gallbladder.
Gallstones can be as small as a grain of sand, as large as a golf ball, or any size in between. Gallstones are very common and usually do not cause any symptoms. But not all gallstones stay in the gallbladder.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define, compare, and contrast cholelithiasis, cholangitis, choledocholithiasis, and cholecystitis, listing the most common causes of each.
- Describe the structure and pathogenesis of cholesterol and pigment gallstones.
- List the major risk factors for development of gallstones, describe the typical clinical course, and list the potential complications.
- Distinguish acute and chronic cholecystitis, and describe the clinical presentation, signs, and lab abnormalities.
- Describe the treatment of gallstones and acute cholecystitis.
You can also check out the original brick on Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis from our Gastrointestinal collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Blood glucose is proof that you can have too much of a good thing. While glucose serves a critical role as fuel for many of our bodily functions, it must remain in a very tightly controlled range. If the level goes too low, you can fall into a coma. If glucose is too high, damage to tissues throughout the body can occur. When blood glucose is consistently too high and the mechanisms that return it to the normal range fail, this is called diabetes mellitus. Nearly 10% of the US population has a form of diabetes, so it is critical that physicians understand the disease and be prepared to care for patients with the diagnosis.
Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by a lack of insulin-mediated blood glucose control. Insulin is a hormone released by the pancreatic β cells in the islets of Langerhans, which make up the endocrine portion of the pancreas.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Compare and contrast the pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Compare and contrast the clinical presentation of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Compare and contrast diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome as complications of diabetes mellitus.
- Describe laboratory tests that help distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Compare and contrast management principles for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
You can also check out the original brick on Diabetes Mellitus: Foundations and Frameworks from our Endocrine collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Stimulant medications are drugs that increase alertness and attention. They also elevate heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. Stimulants are used to treat many conditions, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), chronic lethargy, narcolepsy, and obesity. Examples of stimulants include caffeine, amphetamines (such as dextroamphetamine), methylphenidate, and modafinil.
Cognitive-enhancing drugs serve a similar purpose, increasing memory, alertness, and attention. These drugs are used to treat Alzheimer disease, Lewy body dementia, and other neurocognitive disorders.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Name conditions for which stimulants and cognitive-enhancing drugs are used as treatment.
- Describe the mechanism of action of stimulants and cognitive-enhancing drugs.
- List the main examples of stimulants and cognitive-enhancing drugs.
- Describe the significant adverse effects of stimulants and cognitive-enhancing drugs.
You can also check out the original brick on Stimulants and Cognitive-Enhancing Drugs from our Psychiatry collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
When you hear the word blood, what do you picture in your mind? Most likely, your brain conjures up an image of thick, red liquid. But what would blood look like if you removed all the red cells? You’d be left with a murky yellowish liquid that would clear up once you removed the white cells and platelets. This lovely, clear, straw-yellow, liquid portion of blood is known as plasma. So let's talk about plasma composition.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Define blood plasma and explain its importance and function. * Compare and contrast the contents of plasma and serum. * Understand how plasma components are used in medicine.
You can also check out the original brick on plasma composition from our Hematology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
In the fed state, glucose is used by almost all the cells in the body to generate energy. But even when we are not fueling it with food, our bodies still run well, such as during sleep. Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. The major substrates (substances that enzymes act on) are the glucogenic amino acids, lactate, glycerol, and propionate. The liver and kidneys are the major sites where gluconeogenesis occurs; the kidneys may contribute up to 40% of total glucose synthesis in the fasting state and more in starvation.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Describe gluconeogenesis and the compounds that can and cannot serve as glucose precursors in mammals.
- Explain the gluconeogenesis pathway.
- Describe ways in which gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are reciprocally regulated.
You can also check out the original brick from our Cellular and Molecular Biology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
How do we survive in a complex environment filled with harmful organisms that thrive on colonizing us? Our heroic defender is the immune system, a network of organs and cell lines that exist with the mission of protecting the body from harm. While we often recognize the pathogen-fighting capabilities of the system, we can sometimes forget that the immune system is also crucial in ensuring the body is kept safe from itself, as in when our cells transform into cancer cells. On the dark side, sometimes our immune system can get overactive, reacting against our own normal body tissue. Taken together, the immune system is both critical for survival and a vital topic for new medical research.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Discuss the main purposes of the immune system. * Briefly explain how the innate immune system works, and describe how antigens are transferred from the innate to the adaptive immune system (dendritic cells). * Briefly describe the main purpose of the adaptive immune system, and explain how the two arms (cellular and humoral) work. * Describe what happens after an immune response is finished.
You can also check out the original brick from our Immunology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
It might not be the flashiest anatomical structure, but if you want to stand upright, and keep your retroperitoneal organs (like your kidneys) in place, the posterior abdominal wall is pretty important. Located at the back of the body, bounded by the lateral abdominal walls and the posterior parietal peritoneum, the posterior abdominal wall is a complex combination of muscles, bones, nerves, and vessels that provides structural support for the body and for the organs of the retroperitoneal space.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Describe the structure and relationships of the posterior abdominal wall, including the aorta (including collateral channels), inferior vena cava (including collateral tributaries), lymphatics, muscles (psoas major, quadratus lumborum), sympathetic chain, and lumbar plexus. * Describe the relationship of the kidneys in the retroperitoneal space as it relates to posterior abdominal wall anatomy.
You can also check out the original brick from our Cardiovascular collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Mitral stenosis (MS) is narrowing of the mitral valve. In the normal cardiac cycle, the heart relaxes during diastole and allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle through the open mitral valve. When the mitral valve is narrowed, blood flow becomes restricted (Figure 1). Excess volume and pressure build up in the left atrium, while forward flow to the left ventricle decreases.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Define mitral stenosis. * List and explain the common causes of mitral stenosis. * Describe the clinical presentation and diagnosis of mitral stenosis. * Describe the treatment of mitral stenosis.
You can also check out the original brick from our Cardiovascular collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
A macrovascular complication of diabetes, diabetic nephropathy is progressive, chronic kidney disease seen in patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, usually after at least 10 years of hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels). The three main lesions that are seen in the kidney in patients with diabetes are glomerular lesions, vascular lesions, and pyelonephritis. This brick will focus primarily on the first two of these three lesions; diabetic pyelonephritis is covered in a separate brick.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Define diabetic nephropathy. * Outline the timeline of progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) by urine, serum, and histologic criteria. * Describe the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy. * Outline the prevention of diabetic nephropathy and, once it is established, how to slow its progression. * Describe the management of diabetic nephropathy.
You can also check out the original brick from our Renal collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Differences in ion concentrations inside and outside a cell cause a difference in the charge of the intracellular and extracellular environments. This electrical polarization of a cell relative to its environment is referred to as cellular membrane potential. This potential serves as an energy source for a variety of cellular functions and as a way for excitable cells like muscle cells and neurons to communicate their signals. A cell controls its membrane potential by regulating the concentration of multiple ions and other charged particles. Let’s take a closer look at the biochemistry behind the cell membrane potential.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Define equilibrium and describe the forces at work on ions across a biological membrane. * Discuss the importance of the Nernst equation and equilibrium potentials. * Describe the importance of Na-K-ATPase in relation to the resting membrane potential (Vr). * Describe the nonequilibrium steady-state (NESS). * Define and discuss the chord conductance equation.
You can also check out the original brick from our Cellular Biology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
You might have heard the term opiates. These are drugs like morphine, codeine, and thebaine that are found naturally in the opium poppy plant. Synthetic drugs like fentanyl and methadone that target the same receptors but are not found in the opium poppy are referred to as opioids. Opioids that are created by chemically modifying a naturally occurring opiate are referred to as semi-synthetic opioids. These include some of the most commonly used opioids, such as hydrocodone and oxycodone (modified thebaine) and even heroin (modified morphine).
Opioids are a class of drugs with many medicinal uses, including for analgesia (pain relief) and cough suppression, as adjuncts to general anesthesia, and as antidiarrheal medications. And perhaps counterintuitively, opioids can be used for the treatment of opioid dependence.
Opioid use disorders can be classified into opioid dependence or opioid withdrawal. Opioid use disorders that are not addressed can cause many social and personal problems, ranging from a lack of personal hygiene to homelessness, along with domestic disputes, poverty, and increased rates of crime.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Describe the etiology and epidemiology for opioid use disorders.
- List the most commonly used opioids in the United States and their associated potency, delivery method, and long-term effects.
- Describe the DSM-5 diagnostic features and criteria for opioid use disorders as well as the effects on the body.
- Describe the evidence-based assessments and treatment approaches for opioid use disorders.
You can also check out the original brick from our Microbiology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Welcome to the fascinating world of cell wall synthesis inhibitors, where we will venture into the realm of one of the most clinically used antibiotics, the penicillins. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, meaning they attack more than one species of bacteria. We’ll explore each drug, its mechanism of action, its side effects, and so on.
Penicillin structure consists of a fused β-lactam ring (so it’s also called a β-lactam antibiotic) and a thiazolidine ring (Figure 1). An amide and a carboxylic acid group are also present. The variation is mostly limited to the side chain (R) group of the amide, but prodrugs have been developed by modifying the carboxylic acid.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Describe penicillins and list common examples.
- Describe the pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action of penicillins.
- Describe the major mechanisms of resistance of bacteria against penicillins and how they developed.
- Differentiate the types of penicillins.
- Describe the major clinical uses of penicillins, including major types of susceptible bacteria.
- Describe the adverse reactions of penicillins.
You can also check out the original brick from our Microbiology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
In 1959, the first case of immunodeficiency virus to infect a human was documented in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Scientists would go on to theorize that the man contracted what became known as HIV-1 from a West African chimpanzee infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), probably from coming into contact with the chimp’s blood while hunting and killing it for meat. Over the next couple of decades, the virus spread through Africa and to other parts of the world, including the United States by the late 1970s. That’s when Kaposi sarcoma and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, rare illnesses that do not normally occur in people with healthy immune systems, began occurring in men who have sex with men (MSM) and intravenous (IV) drug users.
In 1982, public health officials adopted the term acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS, to describe these opportunistic infections. A year later, the virus that causes AIDS was discovered and named human T-cell lymphotropic virus-type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). This unwieldy tongue-twister was later changed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
HIV is a retrovirus, which means that it converts its RNA into DNA for integration into a host genome. HIV interrupts the body’s immune system. It is spread through blood and blood products, as well as through sexual contact, and can cause AIDS.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define HIV infection and AIDS, and discuss the epidemiology.1
- Describe the replication and life cycle of a retrovirus, and describe how HIV infection leads to immune deficiency.2
- Describe the presentation of a patient with HIV infection, with and without AIDS, and list common opportunistic infections seen in patients with AIDS.3
- Describe the diagnosis of HIV and AIDS.4
- Outline therapeutic and preventive approaches to HIV/AIDS.
You can also check out the original brick from our Reproductive collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
On inspiration, a healthy set of lungs is pulled outward by the negative pressure created by the increase in chest volume. On expiration, the lungs recoil inward due to their elastic properties. Simply put, the lung is easily stretched outward but shrinks inward when it is no longer being pulled by external forces.
Obstructive lung disease develops because a pathology causes an obstruction to airflow within the airways, particularly when trying to get the air out (exhale). Restrictive lung disease develops because a pathology restricts the lung from filling up with air during inhalation.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define and contrast obstructive lung disease and restrictive lung disease.
- Describe the underlying mechanisms of both obstructive and restrictive lung disease and explain how they result in different types of diseases. List the common clinical diseases associated with both obstructive and restrictive mechanisms and define the anatomic site of each disease.
- Compare and contrast the clinical presentation of a patient with obstructive lung disease vs restrictive lung disease.
You can also check out the original brick from our Reproductive collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects about a third of adults, making it a very prevalent condition. Having high blood pressure is generally an asymptomatic silent condition, unless it’s very severe. Without symptoms, the condition is likely to go undetected and thus untreated. Coupling untreated hypertension with pregnancy can lead to disastrous outcomes for both the mother and the baby, which makes it vital to closely monitor the mother’s blood pressure throughout the pregnancy.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Explain why it is important to detect and treat hypertension during pregnancy. * Describe the difference between chronic and gestational hypertension. * Describe the symptoms, treatment, and potential complications of preeclampsia. * Describe the symptoms, treatment, and potential complications of eclampsia. * Describe the symptoms, treatment, and potential complications of HELLP syndrome.
You can also check out the original brick from our Reproductive collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
If you are just starting out with musculoskeletal anatomy, the terminology might make your head spin. What are all the directions, terms, and obscure muscles and structures? The goal of this discussion is to clue you into the anatomy vocabulary you need to survive the study of the many muscles and bones you will encounter in the musculoskeletal system. We then review some general principles of the skeleton and of the joints that connect the bones.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Describe and give examples of body planes and anatomic orientations. * Describe the general characteristics of the axial and appendicular skeletons. * Describe the anatomy and types of synovial joints and how they are cushioned and supported by ligaments and muscles. * Describe the gross architecture and function of muscles and how they interact with the skeleton.
You can also check out the original brick from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Sickle cell disease affects millions of people worldwide, causing debilitating pain, infection, organ failure, stroke, and premature death. Although the mortality rate has decreased over the past 20 years, a staggering 90% of children with sickle cell disease in resource-poor countries do not survive to adulthood.
As improbable as it might seem, given the scope and magnitude of suffering for which it is responsible, sickle cell disease is caused by a single point mutation in a single gene. The gene involved encodes a critical portion of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells. Although there are many similar diseases, called hemoglobinopathies, with similar genetic defects, sickle cell disease is by far the most common, and it is the focus of our discussion here.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
- Define hemoglobinopathy and sickle cell disease, the most common hemoglobinopathy.
- Describe the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease.
- List and understand the characteristic complete blood count values in sickle cell anemia.
- Describe and identify the morphologic changes present in the blood of a patient with sickle cell anemia.
- Describe the typical clinical course and treatment of sickle cell disease.
You can also check out the original brick from our Hematology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of relatively common, progressive neurologic conditions that tend to affect people as they age. Basically, neurons in the brain die, causing functional losses. The part of the brain affected determines whether patients will experience dementia (deteriorated cognitive function), psychiatric disturbances, problems with movement, or a combination of these. These conditions usually are incurable.
In this AudioBrick, we'll cover the foundations and framework of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Lewy body dementia, Huntington disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * List the main neurodegenerative diseases.1 * Explain the mechanism of protein aggregation and neuronal loss that underlies all neurodegenerative diseases.2 * Describe common misfolded proteins pathogenic to degenerative central nervous system (CNS) disease, including hyperphosphorylated tau, amyloid, Lewy bodies, and prions.3 * Compare the clinical presentation, pathogenic abnormal proteins, and CNS locations of Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Lewy body dementia, Huntington disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
You can also check out the original brick from our Neurology and Special Senses, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Every 28 days, most women of reproductive age release an egg (ovum) from their ovaries for potential fertilization by a sperm and resulting pregnancy. This is ovulation. The cycle of events that prepares the egg for this event is the ovulatory cycle. But the egg also needs a supportive place to land and grow after fertilization. This place is the endometrial lining of the uterus. The menstrual cycle prepares the uterus for implantation of the egg and aligns precisely with the ovulatory cycle, also starting anew every 28 days.
How can all of this machinery line up?
In this AudioBrick, we'll cover the phases of the ovulatory cycle and the menstrual cycle, along with the hormonal changes that occur with each cycle.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Describe the phases of the ovulatory cycle and how ovulation occurs. * Describe the phases of the menstrual cycle and how the endometrium changes during the cycle. * Describe how gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen, and progesterone control the menstrual and ovulatory cycles. * Describe the timing of the various phases of the menstrual and ovulatory cycles, including the hormonal changes that occur during each phase.
You can also check out the original brick from our Reproductive collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, or lupus) is a systemic autoimmune disease that occurs when the body attacks its own tissues and organs. The severity of symptoms of SLE range from mild to severe and even wax and wane within a single patient, making the course unpredictable. In this AudioBrick, we'll discuss the basic features of the disease before exploring its etiology, diagnosis, and management.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Define systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and describe its major clinical manifestations. * Describe the pathogenesis of SLE * Describe the spectrum of autoantibodies in SLE and which are most diagnostic * Describe the typical clinical course of SLE and describe the treatment options available
You can also check out the original brick from our Immunology collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist. It pumps blood throughout the body, commanding a vast vascular network to deliver oxygen to every cell in the body. It beats nonstop for as long as we are alive, at an average of 80/min. So by the time we are 80 years old, our hearts will have beaten more than 3 billion times! The heart’s position in the center of our chest mimics the organ’s central position as the source of human love, spirituality, courage, and resistance. It is an amazingly beautiful organ; let’s learn more about its anatomy. After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Describe the pericardial sac and its layers, the pericardial space, and the pericardial fluid. * Identify the three layers of the heart. * Identify the four heart chambers, describe their topography, and explain their functions during systole and diastole. * Describe the systemic and pulmonary vessels that enter and exit the heart, including their origin and destination, and the oxygenation status of the blood being transported. * Explain the basic functional anatomy of the atrioventricular (AV) and semilunar valves, and explain how they operate during systole and diastole to create the four heart sounds (S1, S2, S3, and S4). * Describe the role of papillary muscles and chordae tendineae.
You can also check out the original Anatomy of the Heart brick from our Cardiovascular collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Depressive disorders are characterized by the persistence of sad, empty, or irritable feelings, accompanied by changes that have a significant negative effect on daily functioning. They include major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), substance/medication-induced depressive disorder, depressive disorder due to another medical condition, other specified depressive disorder, and unspecified depressive disorder. After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: * Describe the etiology and epidemiology of the depressive disorders * Compare and contrast the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for the depressive disorders * List the common differential diagnoses and comorbid conditions for each disorder * Describe the evidence-based assessments and treatment approaches for each disorder
You can also check out the original brick from our Psychiatry collection, which is available for free.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Here’s one of those questions in medical school that just might lead you to pull out all of your hair: what is the difference between nephrotic and nephritic syndrome?
Both involve the kidney, both are syndromes so they’re probably constellations of findings—yet the names are maddeningly similar except for one vowel. How can a person be expected to memorize these things? Actually, once you learn a few key facts, you’ll understand the features of each syndrome, which beats memorizing by a long shot. Nephrotic syndrome is covered in a separate brick; here in this AudioBrick, we’ll focus on nephritic syndrome.
After listening, you should be able to: * Define nephritic syndrome and indicate which renal diseases most frequently cause it. * Review the immunopathology and pathophysiology of nephritic syndrome. * Describe the clinical presentation of nephritic syndrome. * Describe the diagnosis and management of nephritic syndrome.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Sexually transmitted infections, or STIs, have been around ever since human beings started congregating. They share a common mode of transmission—sexual contact. They are prevalent in most world populations, although the causative microbes don’t have the same infection frequency in all areas.
In this AudioBrick from the Reproductive collection, we're going to cover STIs. A brief note on terminology: “sexually transmitted infection” has gradually replaced the older term “sexually transmitted disease” because patients frequently have no symptoms or even signs of disease on physical exam. These patients still need to be treated because they may pass their infection on to others.
After listening, you should be able to: * List the five most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States. * Describe the appearance and diagnosis of STIs with skin lesions and with penile or vaginal discharge. * Describe the recommended screening strategies for STIs. * Describe the use of vaccination or postexposure prophylaxis for STI prevention. * Describe the special prevention strategies for patients who are pregnant, adolescent, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
Sodium, like other electrolytes, plays a critical role in the normal functioning of cells and tissues in the body. The amount of sodium in the blood must be kept within a narrow range for things to run smoothly—and, as is the case with other electrolytes, when the level of sodium is too low or too high, the consequences can be devastating and even fatal.
In this AudioBrick, we return to Renal to learn the ins and outs of hyponatremia. Unlike other “hypo-” electrolyte disorders such as hypokalemia or hypocalcemia, hyponatremia does not necessarily mean too little sodium in the body. In fact, because of the intricate relationship between sodium and water levels in the body, hyponatremia is best thought of as a water excess, not a sodium shortage.
After listening, you should be able to: * Describe the causes and pathophysiology of hypovolemic, hypervolemic, and euvolemic hyponatremia. * Explain the mechanism of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in causing hyponatremia. * Describe the use of serum and urine testing in differentiating the types of hyponatremia. * Describe the management of the different types of hyponatremia, including acute/chronic and symptomatic. * Describe how and why to moderate the rate and degree of sodium correction.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
In this AudioBrick from the Renal collection, we explore metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. The normal pH of the blood falls within a pretty narrow range (7.35-7.45). Anything outside that range—whether acidotic or alkalotic—can lead to serious problems and even death. These abnormal pH states, called acid-base disorders, are grouped into two big categories: those that are caused by abnormal amounts of acid or base in the blood (metabolic acid-base disorders) and those that are caused by abnormal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood (respiratory acid-base disorders). Respiratory acid-base disorders are discussed in a separate brick; here, we will focus on metabolic acid-base disorders.
After listening, you should be able to: * Define metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. * Describe the normal serum anion gap and why it might increase. * Describe the pathophysiology and common causes of metabolic acidosis with a high serum anion gap and with a normal anion gap. * Outline how to diagnose and treat metabolic acidosis. * Describe the pathophysiology and common causes of chloride-responsive metabolic alkalosis and chloride-resistant metabolic alkalosis. * Outline how to diagnose and treat metabolic alkalosis.
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/
In this AudioBrick, we explore one of the valvular heart diseases from the Cardiovascular collection: infective endocarditis. Infective endocarditis is an infection of the endocardium, or the inner layer of the heart and valves. Infective endocarditis begins with some type of injury to the endocardium, most commonly the valvular surface. Such injuries may stem from turbulent blood flow (ie, from a congenital or acquired valvular defect), a catheter, or injection of foreign bodies in intravenous (IV) drug users. Injury to the endocardium causes fibrin and platelets to form a thrombus at the injury site. Infection occurs when bacteria are introduced into the thrombus through the blood.
After listening, you should be able to: * Define infective endocarditis (IE), including acute and subacute forms * List the most common valves affected in IE and describe the gross appearance of the valvular lesions * List the typical causal organisms involved in IE in the following risk groups: patients with healthy valves, patients with native but abnormal valves, patients with prosthetic valves, and intravenous drug abusers * Describe the sources for these organisms (ie, dental procedures) * Compare and contrast the presenting symptoms and typical clinical course of acute and subacute bacterial endocarditis
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
In this AudioBrick, we are heading into neurology and the special senses by looking at synaptic transmission. Synaptic transmission is the official term for how neurons communicate with each other across the junction between them, called the synapse. We’re going to break down that process into its components, beginning with the synapse.
After listening, you should be able to: * Define synaptic transmission and neurotransmitters. * Describe how chemical and electrical synaptic transmission differ. * Describe the process of chemical synaptic transmission. * Describe the process of electrical synaptic transmission. * Describe the main synaptic transmitters in terms of their signaling, function, and role in disease.
You can follow along by viewing the original brick here. Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX
In this AudioBrick, we are going to dig into one of the key areas of the endocrine system by learning about hormone classes, signaling pathways, and regulatory mechanisms. We'll explain how the various classes of hormones are synthesized, how they act, the factors that affect the target cell's response to hormones, and how the body regulates hormone secretion.
After listening, you should be able to: * Describe the major classes of hormones on the basis of chemical structure * Compare and contrast the pathways involving intracellular and cell membrane hormone receptors * Compare and contrast the cAMP and IP3 signaling pathways * Describe the common factors affecting target cell response to hormones * Discuss the stimulation and regulation of hormone secretion
Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com
You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks. After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.
If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world.
Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX