The Colonial Dept.: Recent Episodes
Lio Mangubat
Welcome to the Colonial Department, the podcast where we take long-lost stories from Philippine colonial history and bring them to life. Follow us on IG: @thecolonialdept
In the second part of our look at the lost sport of Philippine bullfighting, we go deep into its heyday in the 1800s, with social clubs, provincial arenas, and matadors with nicknames like “Fatiguitas.”
Then, we look at how and why bullfighting faded away in our archipelago.
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References:
Vibal, Gaspar (2022). Bullfighting in the Philippines, 1602-2022. Vibal Books.
Cornwell, Zach (Host). (13 December 2021). “Gore: The Brutal History of Bullfighting” [Audio podcast episode]. In Conflicted, Evergreen Podcast.
Amano, N., Bankoff, G., Findley, D. M., Barretto-Tesoro, G., & Roberts, P. (2020). “Archaeological and historical insights into the ecological impacts of pre-colonial and colonial introductions into the Philippine Archipelago.” The Holocene, 31(2), pp. 313-330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683620941152
Mudar, Karen (1997). “Patterns of Animal Utilization in the Holocene of the Philippines: A Comparison of Faunal Samples from Four Archaeological Sites.” Asian Perspectives, 36(1), pp. 67-105.
Davis, Janet M. (2013) “Cockfight Nationalism: Blood Sport and the Moral Politics of American Empire and Nation Building.” American Quarterly, 65(3), pp. 549-574.
In fiestas in a bygone age, the corrida de toros—the coursing of the bulls—would always be part of the festivities and celebrations in town plazas across the Philippines. Why did this tradition disappear from our shores?
In this two-part episode, we examine the history of bullfighting in the Philippines. In Part One, join Antonio Luna as he watches his first bullfight… and then travel back in time to the very start of the Spanish occupation, when the fiesta de toros became a fixture in our holidays!
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References:
Vibal, Gaspar (2022). Bullfighting in the Philippines, 1602-2022. Vibal Books.
Hemingway, Ernest (1927). Fiesta; or, The Sun Also Rises. Jonathan Cape Ltd.
Hartwell, Rafael Ernest (2019). “Bad English and Fresh Spaniards: Translation and Authority in Philippine and Cuban Travel Writing.” Unitas, 92(1), pp. 43-74.
Cornwell, Zach (Host). (13 December 2021). “Gore: The Brutal History of Bullfighting” [Audio podcast episode]. In Conflicted, Evergreen Podcast.
We know it now as the place where Rizal was executed, but the history of Bagumbayan reaches back centuries! (Listen to S7E7 before listening to this one!)
For centuries, Spain ruled the Philippines from within the closed, claustrophobic walls of Intramuros—the walled city of Manila. But right outside these walls, Manila, too, grew and developed, following the contours of migration, enterprise, and yes, even conflict. Let’s track the evolution of the districts and arrabales outside the walls, or extramuros.
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References:
Camagay, Ma. Luisa (1993-1996). “Urban Development of Manila During the 19th Century.” In Victoriano, Enrique L. (ed.), Historic Manila: Commemorative Lectures, Manila Historical Commission.
Wise, Edwin (2019). Manila, City of Islands. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Eng Sin Kueh, Joshua (2014). The Manila Chinese: Community, Trade, and Empire, c. 1570-1770 [doctoral dissertation]. Georgetown University.
Fish, Shirley (2003). When Britain Ruled the Philippines, 1762-1764: The Story of the 18th Century British Invasion of the Philippines During the Seven Years War. FirstBooks Library.
Banyard, Laurence (16 May 2025). “Manila Port City – A Story of Mutual Interdependence and Competing Self-interest.” PortCityFutures. https://www.portcityfutures.nl/news/manila-port-city-a-story-of-mutual-interdependence-and-competing-self-interest
Cubeiro, Didac (2017). “Modernizing the Colony: Ports in Colonial Philippines, 1880-1908.” World History Connected. https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/14.3/forum_cubeiro.html
Enano, Jhesset O. (25 June 2019). “Metro Manila’s green spaces continue to shrink.” Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1133654/metro-manilas-green-spaces-continue-to-shrink
De Villa, Kathleen (1 May 2025). “21 Manila Bay reclamation projects equal area of 2 cities.” Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2057082/21-manila-bay-reclamation-projects-equal-area-of-2-cities
A brief look at the team of novelists, poets, painters, cameramen, filmmakers, and other creatives who invaded the Philippines as part of the Propaganda Corps. (Listen to S7E6 before listening to this one!)
Beyond the bullets, the tanks, the planes, the bombs, the Japanese also brought other weapons to bear against the Filipinos: Typewriters. Radio waves. Movie theaters.
Here is one story from the frontlines of shisōsen, or "the thought war."
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References:
Campoamor II, Gonzalo (2017). “Re-Examining Japanese Wartime Intellectuals: Kiyoshi Miki during the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines.” Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia, 53(1), pp. 1-38.
Terami-Wada, Motoe (1990). “The Japanese Propaganda Corps in the Philippines.” Philippine Studies, 38(3), pp. 279-300.
Lagmay, Alfred (1977). “Bahala Na!” In Pe-Pua, Rogelio (ed., 2018), Handbuk ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Bolyum I: Perspektibo at Metodolohiya, University of the Philippines Press.
Jose, Ricardo T. (1998). The Japanese Occupation. In Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People. Asia Publishing Company Limited.
Griggs, Alyson (2020). There Were Children on the Battleground: Japanese and Filipino Youth in the Second World War [masteral dissertation]. Utah State University.
From the Panlilios of Pampanga to future gangster Jack Riley, Tom’s Dixie Kitchen pops up in the biographies of some unexpected people. (Listen to S7E5 before listening to this one!)
Governors and gangsters, spies and socialites—it seemed that all of Manila dined out at the two-floor restaurant that rose above the bustle of Plaza Goiti. Inside, waiters handed you menus with more than three hundred dishes on offer, and, for special guests, directed you to special themed dining rooms upstairs. But there was enough entertainment on the first floor. There was a jazz band playing live music. There was a boxing promoter hamming it up at the next table. There was a steady stream of VIPs coming in through the front door.
This is the story of Tom’s Dixie Kitchen.
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References:
Manila Electric Co. (1932). “City of Manila and Suburbs [map].”
Mount, Guy Emerson (2018). “Soul Food, Stir Fry, and Citizenship.” In Mount, The Last Reconstruction: Slavery, Emancipation, and Empire in the Black Pacific [doctoral dissertation], The University of Chicago.
Mount, Guy Emerson (2018). “An Open Door: The Geopolitical Possibilities and Pitfalls of Black Colonization to the Pacific.” In Mount, The Last Reconstruction: Slavery, Emancipation, and Empire in the Black Pacific [doctoral dissertation], The University of Chicago.
Ngozi-Brown, Scot (1997). “African-American Soldiers and Filipinos: Racial Imperialism, Jim Crow and Social Relations.” The Journal of Negro History, 82(1), pp. 42-53.
Lee, Ira (17 March 2020). “How Racism Pushed This U.S. Soldier to Join Filipino Guerrillas.” Esquire Philippines.
Department of Agricultural and Commerce (1934). Philippine Statistical Review. Bureau of Printing.
Pritchard vs. Republic, Case Digest (G.R. No. L-1715) (1948).
“Peste general.” “Pestilencial epidemia.” “Epidemia maligna.” In the Philippine archipelago, Spanish chroniclers wrote of deadly epidemics that struck their new possession. (Listen to S7E4 before this one.)
Smallpox was one of the deadliest diseases known to man—and not even the Philippines was immune to its virulent dangers! But how did the dreaded disease arrive on our shores? And what devastating effects did it have during the long centuries of our occupation?
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The thumbnail image, which dates from the 16th century, depicts Aztec victims of smallpox.
References:
Newson, Linda A. (2011). Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Fenner, F.; Henderson, D.A.; Arita, I.; Jezek, Z.; Ladnyi, I.D. (1988). Smallpox and Its Eradication. World Health Organization.
“Termination of Smallpox Vaccination.” DOH Memorandum Circular, May 08, 1980.
Herzog, Richard (23 September 2020). “How Aztecs Reacted to Colonial Epidemics.” JSTOR Daily. https://daily.jstor.org/how-aztecs-reacted-to-colonial-epidemics/
Mursell, Ian. (7 April 2020) “IN THE NEWS: epidemic, self-isolation, dedication and the preservation of memory.” Mexicolore. https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/spanish-invasion/epidemic-self-isolation-dedication-and-the-preservation-of-memory
Thein, M.M.; Goh, L.G., Phua, K.H. (1988). “The Smallpox Story: From Variolation to Victory.” Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 2(3), pp. 203-210.
Wise, Edwin (2019). Manila, City of Islands. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Crucial to the story of coffee in the Philippines is the industry’s boom years in Lipa during the late 1800s. What really happened then? (Listen to S7E3 before this one.)
Coffee. Tea. Cocoa. The three have a surprisingly rich, complex, and layered history in the Philippines. How did they arrive here, and what effect did they have in the archipelago’s colonial period?
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Thanks to Beach Reads Book Club (based in The Beach House cafe in Kapitolyo) for hosting the live premiere of this episode last July 5.
References:
Acabado, Stephen (4 May 2025). “[Time Trowel] A drunk history of the Philippines.” Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/time-trowel-drunk-history-philippines/
Edgar, Blake (2010). “The Power of Chocolate.” Archaeology, 63(6), pp. 20-25. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41780626
Doeppers, Daniel (2016). Feeding Manila in Peace and War, 1850-1945. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Topik, Steven (2003). The World Coffee Market in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, from Colonial to National Regimes. GEHN Conference, Bankside, London.
Sonnad, Nikhil (11 January 2018). “Tea if by sea, cha if by land: Why the world only has two words for tea.” Vox.
Chia, Lucille (2006). “The Butcher, the Baker, and the Carpenter: Chinese Sojourners in the Spanish Philippines and Their Impact on Southern Fujian (Sixteenth-Eighteenth Centuries).” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 49(4), pp. 509-534.
Lanzona, Claudine (2019). “The Search Party.” Grid.
“Cocoa (cacao).” (n.d.) Plant Village. https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/cocoa-cacao/infos
Crawford, John (1852). “History of Coffee.” Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 15(1), pp. 50-58.
This faraway empire shows up in unexpected pages of our history. (Listen to S7E2 before this one.)
As the United States moves to take over Mindanao, both the Americans and the Moros invoke the name of the Ottoman Empire—seat of the Caliph—to support their campaigns. But in 1914, an actual Ottoman emissary arrives in Zamboanga. How will the American occupiers react to his visit?
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References:
Dwight, H.D. (1915). Constantinople: Old and New. Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Inanc, Yusuf Selman. “Abdulhamid II: An autocrat, reformer and the last stand of the Ottoman Empire.” Middle East Eye. https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/abdulhamid-ii-last-stand-ottoman-empire
Göksoy, Ismail Hakki (2024). “The Ottomans’ Shaykh Al-Islam of Philippines, Mehmet Vecih Efendi: His Life, Duties and Activities.” In Göksoy, Kadi (eds.), Studies on the Relations Between the Ottoman Empire and Southeast Asia, YTB Publications.
Charbonneau, Oliver (2021). Civilizational Imperatives: Americans, Moros, and the Colonial World. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Amirell, Stefan Eklöf (25 August 2022). “‘An Extremely Mild Form of Slavery … of the Worst Sort’: American Perceptions of Slavery in the Sulu Sultanate, 1899–1904,” Slavery & Abolition, 43(3), pp. 517-532.
Vatin, Nicolas (19 December 2017). “The Death of Ottoman Sultans.” Politika. https://www.politika.io/en/notice/the-death-of-ottoman-sultans
In the last decades of Spanish rule in the Philippines, pianos—both foreign and local—provided the tinkling music of the colony’s rising middle class. (Listen to S7E1 before this one.)
It’s the late 1800s, and all across the Pacific seaboard, in places like Singapore and Yokohama, Medan and Sengalor, the music of town bands drifts across the esplanades. Many of these groups proudly hail from one port of call: Manila. This is their story.
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Audio of “Wiener Schwalben Marsch” is from the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
References:
Affan, Muhammad (2023). “From Riverside Hub to Urban Center: Understanding The Metamorphosis of The Sultanate of Deli's Capital Landscape.” Al-Tsaqafa: Jurnal Ilmiah Peradaban Islam, 20(2), pp. 194-203.
“The history of Medan” (26 December 2020). Stories from Deli—Chinese coolies life in Deli. https://storiesfromdeli.com/2020/12/26/the-history-of-medan/
Columbia matrix 87055. Wiener Schwalben Marsch / Kapelle Militär. (2025). In Discography of American Historical Recordings. Retrieved May 15, 2025, from https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/detail/2000112570/87055-Wiener_Schwalben_Marsch.
Birgit Krohn Albums, Vol. 2 (n.d.) “Porpourri Populaire, George Renaud (1835-1913).” Furman University Scholar Exchange. https://scholarexchange.furman.edu/krohn-album2/8/
Yamomo, Mele (2015). “Brokering Sonic Modernities: migrant Manila musicians in the Asia
Pacific, 1881-1948.” Popular Entertainment Studies, 6(2), pp. 22-37.
Castro, Christi-anne (2018). “Colonized by Rote: Music Education at the Outset of the US Colonial Era in the Philippines.” In Tan, Arwin Q. (ed.), Saysay Himig: A Sourcebook on Philippine Music History, University of the Philippines Press, pp. 39-44.
Chua, Maria Alexandra Iñigo. (2018). “The Appropriated Villancico Filipino in the Rituals of Philippine Christmas.” In Tan, Arwin Q. (ed.), Saysay Himig: A Sourcebook on Philippine Music History, University of the Philippines Press, pp. 91-99.
Chua, Maria Alexandra Iñigo. (2018). “Music Printing and Publishing in Urban Colonial Manila, 1858-1942.” In Tan, Arwin Q. (ed.), Saysay Himig: A Sourcebook on Philippine Music History, University of the Philippines Press, pp. 215-223.
Buenconsejo, Jose S. (2018). “Keyboards in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines.” In Tan, Arwin Q. (ed.), Saysay Himig: A Sourcebook on Philippine Music History, University of the Philippines Press, pp. 234-242.
Tan, Arwin Q. (2018). “Social Networking in Musicians’ Unions and Musical Associations.” In Tan, Arwin Q. (ed.), Saysay Himig: A Sourcebook on Philippine Music History, University of the Philippines Press, pp. 365-371.
Jando, Dominique (n.d.) “Giuseppe Chiarini: Equestrian, Circus Entrepreneur.” Circopedia. https://www.circopedia.org/Giuseppe_Chiarini
“The Overseas Market for Filipino Entertainers (March 2004).” TESDA. https://www.tesda.gov.ph/About/TESDA/60
Ng, Stephanie Sook-Lynn (n.d.) “Overseas Filipino Musicians and the Geographies of Migrant Creative Labor.” Dissertation Reviews.
Yu Jose, Lydia N. (2007). “Why are Most Filipino Workers in Japan Entertainers?: Perspectives from History and Law.” Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, 22(1), pp. 61-84.
Piquero-Ballescas, Ma. Rosario (1993). “The Various Contexts of Filipino Labor Migration to Japan.” Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, 8(4), pp.125-145.
Lousy pilots? Fierce storms? Rampaging currents? Some of these galleons never stood a chance. (Listen to S6E13 before this one.)
The route of a Spanish galleon from Manila to Acapulco was littered with the wrecks of ships that sailed before—hit by storms, hammered by tides, preyed on by pirates. Meanwhile, on the filthy decks, hunger and disease stalked the ranks of the sailors, slaves, and passengers. Spanning thousands of kilometers, every voyage of the Galleon Trade was grueling and lethal… but for the investors who bet fortunes on the trade ships, the payoff was worth every dead body.
In this episode, let’s sail aboard a galleon as it makes its way from Manila to Mexico. Will we make it to the end alive?
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References:
Casabán, José Luis (2014). “The Reconstruction of a Seventeenth-Century Spanish Galleon.” 2014 Underwater Archaeology Proceedings.
Legarda, Benito J. (1999). After the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines. Ateneo de Manila Press.
Seijas, Tatiana (2014). Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians. Cambridge University Press.
Isorena, Efren B. (2015). “Maritime Disasters in Spanish Philippines: The Manila-Acapulco Galleons, 1565-1815.” International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 11(1), pp. 53-83.
Schurz, William Lyle (July 1918). “Acapulco and the Manila Galleon.” The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 22(1), pp. 18-37.
Hayes, Lieutenant John D. (December 1934). “The Manila Galleons.” Proceedings of the US Naval Institute, 60(12).
Worrall, Simon (15 January 2017). “A Nightmare Disease Haunted Ships During Age of Discovery.” National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/scurvy-disease-discovery-jonathan-lamb
Morris, David Z. (17 May 2016). “Cruel ships of prosperity.” Aeon. https://aeon.co/essays/the-manila-galleons-that-oceaneered-for-plague-and-profit
Costumes, backdrops, dedications—in the 1900s, having your photo taken in a studio and sending prints to loved ones was the hot new thing in the Philippines! (Listen to S6E12 before this one.)
When the Americans arrive to take over the Philippines, amateur photographers take pictures of every possible inch of their new possession. Snapshots soon emerge from inside the cemeteries of towns and cities, showcasing an eerie and macabre trend. It seems that not even the most private places of the dead would be spared from the camera’s roving, ravenous, pinhole eye.
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Additional audio from Marques Brownlee, Dave 2D, and The Verge.
References:
Capozzola, Christopher (2017). “Photography and Power in the Colonial Philippines - 1.” Visualizing Cultures at the Massachusets Institute of Technology.
Lutz, Peter (1994-2024). “Beginners Guide To Understanding And Using A Brownie Box Camera.” Brownie-camera.com. https://www.brownie-camera.com/articles/petelutz/article.shtml
Williams, Nigel (17 July 2021). “Early Cameras, a Timeline.” A Flash of Darkness. https://flashofdarkness.com/early-cameras-timeline/
The Curious World (7 February 2024). “Taking pictures with a nearly-100 year old camera | Kodak No. 2 Brownie” [video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TXoSRDVJ3B4
Stricklin, Krystle Elaine (2022). “Grave Visions: Photography, Violence, and Death in the American Empire, 1898 – 1913” [dissertation]. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, Florida State University.
Rafael, Vicente (2000). White Love and Other Events in Filipino History. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Barretto, Grace (2000). “A Survey of Literature on Indigenous Archaeological Practices and Their Archaeological Implications." Indigenous Peoples, 15(2).
Dakudao, Michelangelo (1998). “The Development of Cemeteries in Manila Before 1941.” Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 26(1-2), pp. 254-271.
Scourge, scientist… and slave owner! Discover the ties of one of England’s most famous mariners to Philippine history. (Listen to S6E11 before listening to this one!)
In 1719, a book appeared on London shelves—and became an instant bestseller. Its cover featured the now-iconic image of a man, trapped in a deserted island, dressed only in goat skins. Daniel Defoe, author of Robinson Crusoe, never confirmed nor denied that his massive hit was based on the life of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotsman marooned for years on a tropical island… but the parallels were undeniable.
But before Selkirk made his way back to the Western world and became a celebrity, he was roped in by his rescuers for their deadly piratical mission: to hunt the greatest treasure ship of the high seas—the Manila galleon!
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References:
Kamen, Henry (2004). Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492-1763. Harper Perennial.
Rogers, Woodes (1928). A Cruising Voyage Round the World. The Seafarer's Library. (Original work published 1731).
Severin, Tim (2002). “Marooned: The Metamorphosis of Alexander Selkirk.” The American Scholar, 71(3), pp. 73-82. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41213335
Ball, Phillip (1 May 2019). “The many afterlives of Robinson Crusoe.” The New Statesman. https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2019/05/the-many-afterlives-of-robinson-crusoe
McInelly, Brett C. (2003) “Expanding Empires, Expanding Selves: Colonialism, the Novel, and ‘Robinson Crusoe’.” Studies in the Novel, 35(1), pp. 1-21. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29533546
Peterson, Andrew. “What Really Made the World Go Around?: Indio Contributions to the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade.” Explorations: A Graduate Student Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 11(1), pp. 1-18.
As he was brutally tortured by the Kempeitai, captured guerilla Gustavo Ingles was moved to different prisons and safehouses. What was his day-to-day life like behind bars? (Listen to S6E10 before listening to this one.)
When the Japanese invaded the Philippines, young military cadet Gustavo Ingles tried to hitch a ride with the upperclassmen to the front lines in Bataan. But officers told him to go home. Undeterred, he founded a guerilla group called the Hunters ROTC to continue the fight against the new occupiers.
Then, in 1943, Ingles was caught by the secret police.
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My voiceover partner-in-crime, Anya, is on leave this week, so I’ll be reading quotes from references and sources. When she’s able to record her lines, I’ll update the episode to include them.
References:
Ingles, Gustavo (1992).Memoirs of Pain.Mauban Heritage Foundation.
Guillermo, Mai & Guillermo, Lucky (Producers) & Logroño, Bani (Director). (2015)Unsurrendered 2: The Hunters ROTC Guerillas.
“Philippine Military Academy: History, Traditions and General Information.”https://www.pma.edu.ph/about.php
Luci-Atienza, Charissa (9 June 2019). “Tales heroes’ children tell.”Manila Bulletin.https://mb.com.ph/2019/06/09/tales-heroes-children-tell/
Alcazaren, Paulo (4 March 2016). “Manila’s Plaza Goiti: From postcard pretty to urban mess.”The Philippine Star.https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/modern-living/2016/03/04/1559451/manilas-plaza-goiti-postcard-pretty-urban-mess
The Royal Philippine Company helped usher in the twilight of the longstanding Galleon Trade that linked Manila and Acapulco! (Listen to S6E9 before listening to this one.)
In Francisco Goya’s painting Junta de Filipinas, sinister, shadowy figures preside over a stockholders’ meeting of the Royal Philippine Company. What was this Royal Philippine Company—and what was so important about it that Goya made a painting of one of its meetings? And more than that, what was Goya trying to say about this tumultuous period in Spanish and Philippine history?
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Additional audio from the Ville de Castres YouTube page, and The Social Network, © 2010 Columbia Pictures.
References:
Legarda, Benito J. (1999). After the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines. Ateneo de Manila Press.
Miranda-Chou, Teresita (1996). “Art as Political Subtext: A Philippine Centennial Perspective on Francisco Goya’s Junta de la Real Compañía de Filipinas.” Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 24, pp. 187-215.
Alford, Roberta M. (June 1960). “Francisco Goya and the Intentions of the Artist.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 18(4), pp. 482-493.
Ville de Castres (26 April 2022). “L'OEUVRE A LA LOUPE : La Junte des Philippines #1.” [Video] YouTube.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdv9bs207cs
Prodger, Michael (26 September 2015). “From princes to paupers: how Goya’s portraits tell the story of Spain.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/sep/26/francisco-de-goya-portraits-national-gallery-london
Dalrymple, William (2019). The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Harai, Yuval Noah (2015). Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind . Harper.
The sunken gunboats resurrected by the Americans were only a small part of the bloody war waged by the new occupiers against the Meranaw! (Listen to S6E8 before listening to this one.)
As Spain departed the Philippines, it abandoned four gunboats to a watery grave. For years, they slumbered at the bottom of Lake Lanao, their existence only a rumor back up on the surface. But when the Americans arrive in Marawi, they are determined to bring these ghost ships back to life.
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References:
Hitt, Parker (February 1938). “Amphibious Infantry—A Fleet on Lake Lanao.” US Naval Institute Proceedings, pp. 1-6.
Mastura, Datu Michael Ong (2023). The Rulers of Magindanao in Modern History, 1515–1903: Continuity and Change in a Traditional Realm in the Southern Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Ibrahim, Noralia U. & Ali, Abubacar A. (January 2023). “A Short History of Lanao and the Origin and Arts of their Traditional Weaponry.” International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Topics, 4(1), pp. 73-81.
Mitiuckov, Nick (1996-2023). “Spanish 3rd Class Gunboats.” Spanish American War Centennial Website. https://www.spanamwar.com/span3rdclassgunboats.htm
Teideman, Jess. “The bends: anatomy of decompression sickness.” Australian Geographic.
Naga, Pipilawan O. (2011) “Lake Lanao: An Ancient Lake in Distress.” Shiga University Environmental Research Center Annual Research Report, 8(1), pp. 25-33.
Show highlights. Favorite episodes. Behind-the-scenes bits. Think of this as The Colonial Dept. Wrapped.
2024 has been an amazing year for the podcast. I released a book version of the podcast, I've grown to more than 2,000 subscribers, and I've heard from fans from as far away as Spain, Singapore, and France. Thanks for sharing in my love for Philippine history, and for embarking on this project with me. YOU are the ones who made this year great!
See you next year!
Even as the automobile and the tram change the face of commuting and transportation in Manila, the cocheros persist… and resist. (Listen to S6E7 before listening to this one.)
Soon after the American takeover of the Philippines, Manila witnesses the coming of its first-ever car—a three-and-a-half horsepower, single-cylinder, wire-wheel Richard-Brasier. From then on, it’s full speed ahead for the wide-scale adoption of the automobile in the capital city and beyond. Packards and Studebakers roar through newly constructed Manila streets, while Stanleys chug up the Benguet highlands to reach Baguio. But what does the coming of the automobile mean for the former kings of the colonial roads—the coachman, the carriage, and the horse?
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Additional audio from the Philippine Daily Inquirer and Back to the Future Part 2 © 1990 Universal Pictures.
References:
Spector, Robert M. (1966). “W. Cameron Forbes in the Philippines: A Study in Proconsular Power.” Journal of Southeast Asian History, 7(2), pp. 74-92
Carlova, John (February 1959). “The Stanleys and their Steamer.” American Heritage. https://www.americanheritage.com/stanleys-and-their-steamer
“Ex-St. Louisan Listed as Held by Japanese” (31 March 1942). St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
The United States v. Otis G. Freeman. G.R. No. L-3779 (13 November 1907).
Cole-Jett, Robin (15 September 2023). “The Good Roads Movement.” Red River Historian. https://www.redriverhistorian.com/post/the-good-roads-movement
The American Chamber of Commerce of the Philippine Islands (July 1926). “Yesterday and Today in Manila’s Motor World.” The American Chamber of Commerce Journal.
Clymer, Floyd (1971). Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925. Bonanza Books.
LaFontaine Automotive Classic Cars (3 May 2024). “The History of the Packard Car Company.”
Zaldarriaga, Joe (18 April 2024). “On track for positive change.” The Philippine Star.
Brigham, Albert Perry (1904). “Good Roads in the United States.” Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, 36(12), pp. 721-735.
Gamble, Adrian (2017). “Manila's Long-Lost 'Tranvias' Once the Envy of Asia.” Skyrise Cities. https://skyrisecities.com/news/2017/03/manilas-long-lost-tranvias-once-envy-asia
Pante, Michael D. (2022). “The Calesa Vote: Street Politics and Local Governance in 1930s to 1940s Manila.” Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 37(2), pp. 201-229.
Pante, Michael D. (2012). “The "Cocheros" of American-occupied Manila Representations and Persistence.” Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints, 60(4), pp. 429-462.
Pante, Michael D. (2016). “Urban Mobility and a Healthy City Intertwined Transport and Public Health Policies in American-Colonial Manila.” Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints, 64(1), pp. 73-101.
Mohacek, Bozi (2003). Stanley Steamers and Yorkshire Steam Wagons in 1908 Philippines, Part 2. Surrey Vintage Vehicle Society. https://www.svvs.org/philippines2.shtml
Poco, Leandro Nicholas Ranoa (2019). Enclave Sub/Urbanism: A Historical and Configurational Assessment of Metro Manila’s Centres of Exclusion and Their Surrounding Spatial Fabric [masteral dissertation]. Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London.
Dacudao, Patricia Irene (2023). Abaca Frontier: The Socioeconomic and Cultural Transformation of Davao, 1898-1941. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Trade and tensions in the history of our two archipelagoes! (Listen to S6E6 before listening to this one!)
In a time when both God and gold define the tense relations between Japan and Manila, the galleon San Felipe gets stranded in the land of the rising sun. There, the fate of its passengers now lies in the hands of the most powerful warlord in Japan: Toyotomi Hideyoshi!
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Image: Mural from Cuernavaca, Mexico, published in the Academy of Christian Art.
Additional audio from Shogun, © FX.
References:
Kamen, Henry (2004). Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492-1763. Harper Perennial.
Conover, Cornelius (2011). “Saintly Biography and the Cult of San Felipe de Jesús in Mexico City, 1597-1697.” The Americas, 67(4), pp. 441-466.
O’Hara, Luke (5 February 2022). “The Galleon, the Tyrant and the 26 Martyrs of Nagasaki.” National Catholic Register.
Boscaro, Adriana (December 1973). “Toyotomi Hideyoshi and the 1587 Edicts Against Christianity.” Oriens Extremus, 20(2), pp. 219-241.
“The Edicts of Toyotomi Hideyoshi: Excerpts from ‘Limitation on the Propagation of Christianity’, 1587; Excerpts from ‘Expulsion of the Missionaries,’ 1587.” Asia for Educations, Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University. https://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/tokugawa_edicts_christianity.pdf
With poor salaries and pidgin commands, American women take charge of their household servants as they move into the Philippines! (Listen to S6E5 before listening to this one!)
When the guardia civil forced the Intramuros house of Victor Villegas open, they found a trail of blood that led all the way to a bathroom. Inside was the bloody corpse of the señor, his head smashed in, his body stripped to his underclothes. The police’s immediate suspects? The houseboys.
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Thumbnail Image: "Panguingue (Natives Playing Cards)." Jose Taviel de Andrade, ca. 1895. In Jose Maria Carino (2004), Islas Filipinas 1663-1888, Ars Mundi.
References:
Sayno, Mariano (20 March 2016). “Subic Spanish Gate: Sentinel of History in Olongapo’s Naval Legacy.” Beauty of the Philippines. https://www.beautyofthephilippines.com/subic-spanish-gate/
Bankoff, Greg (1992). “Servant-Master Conflicts in Manila in the Late Nineteenth Century.” Philippine Studies, 40(3), pp. 281-301.
Bankoff, Greg (1993). “Inside the Courtroom: Judicial Procedures in Nineteenth Century Philippines.” Philippine Studies, 41(3), pp. 287-304.
Coo, Stephanie (2019). Clothing the Colony: Nineteenth-Century Philippine Sartorial Culture, 1820-1896. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Mallat, Jean (1846). The Philippines: History, Geography, Customs, Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce of the Spanish Colonies in Oceania (Pura Santillan-Castrence, Trans.) (2021). National Historical Commission of the Philippines.
“Reglamento Provisional para la Policia de la Servidumbre Domestica” (1881). https://bibliotecadigital.aecid.es/bibliodig/es/catalogo_imagenes/descargarImprimir.do?id=descarga_1014590-1728387479953&multiple=false&idGrupo=1014590
Learn more about one of the most enduring Filipino folktales. (Listen to S6E4 before listening to this one!)
In the 1600s, a friar chronicled wild stories of titans who carried spears the size of tree trunks, waded all the way to Surigao, got slain by small warriors, or even traveled to Manila. Where did this titanic fascination come from—and what do stories of giants tell us about the world of our colonizers and our ancestors?
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Thumbnail art adapted from a map depicting the giant Patagonians of South America, from Gutierrez, Diego (1554-1569). “Americae sive quartae orbis partis nova et exactissima descriptio.” Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection (Library of Congress)
References:
Madarang, Catalina Ricci S. (5 May 2021). “Inches for height, hours for distance: Filipinos use our own set of measurement systems.” Interaksyon. https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2021/05/25/192465/inches-for-height-hours-for-distance-filipinos-use-our-own-set-of-measurement-systems/
Tim Reynolds (2023). “Victor Wembanyama officially listed at 7-foot, 3.5-inches tall.” Associated Press.
St. Augustine, City of God 16.8, “Whether Certain Monstrous Races of Men Are Derived from the Stock of Adam or Noah’s Sons.”
Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2022). Straits: Beyond the Myth of Magellan. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Reilly, Brandon Joseph (2013). “Collecting the People: Textualizing Epics in Philippine History from the Sixteenth Century to the Twenty-First.” [Doctoral dissertation] University of California, Los Angeles.
Morales, Resil (1997). “Imagining Giants.” In House of Memory. Anvil Publishing.
Mojares, Resil (2013). “Men With Tails.” In Isabelo’s Archive. Anvil Publishing.
Turban, Manon (31 December 2021). “Cartographic Monsters and the Rise of Empiricism.” XVII-XVIII [En ligne], 78.
Clark, Jordan (13 November 2017). “The Legend of the Agta, the Eastern Visayan Tree-Dweller.” The Aswang Project. https://www.aswangproject.com/agta/
Scalice, Joseph (2018). “Pamitinan and Tapusi: Using the Carpio legend to reconstruct lower-class consciousness in the late Spanish Philippines.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 49(2), p. 250-276.
One of the most fascinating dishes in the Philippines is kare-kare, which has a history as rich as its stew. (You don’t need to listen to S6E3 before listening to this one, but I’d appreciate it if you do!)
One of the most low-key and long-lived eateries in Makati’s central business district is the humble ‘jolly jeep’ known as SisigSaRada, which, as you can tell from the name, is located inside Rada Street. But who is this “Rada” the road is named after? To answer that, we travel four and a half centuries back in time. What can the story of Fray Martin de Rada tell us about the early history of Christianity in the Philippines?
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References:
Sitoy, T. Valentino Jr. (1985). A History of Christianity in the Philippines: The Initial Encounter, Volume 1. New Day Publishers.
“An ordinance prescribing rules and regulations for the operations of mobile-canteens in Makati City…”, City Ordinance No. 2002-07 (2002).
Tikim TV (2023). Sisig Sa Rada Story | Legendary Jolly Jeep in Makati | Filipino Street Food Icon | Tikim TV. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DAU-Qig-SI
Macdonald, Charles J-H (2004). “Folk Catholicism and Pre-Spanish Religions in the Philippines.” Philippine Studies, 52(1), pp. 78-93.
Macdonald, Charles J-H (2012). "Cleansing the Earth: The Pänggaris Ceremony in Palawan," Philippine Studies, 45(3).
Jocano, F. Lando (1968). “Notes on Philippine Divinities.” Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia, 6(2).
Bulatao, Jaime (1965). “Split-level Christianity.” Philippine Sociological Review, 13(2), pp. 119-121.
“4364 Martin de Rada.” AugNet.net. http://www.augnet.org/en/history/people/4364-martin-de-rada/
Ocampo, Ambeth (6 December 2023). “To See and Notice.” Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://opinion.inquirer.net/168776/to-see-and-notice
Yay or neigh? In this week’s episode of Extra Credit, join us for a short and sweet exploration of equine history in our corner of the world. (Listen to S6E2 before listening to this one.)
We interrupt our regularly scheduled programming to give you this audio recording, straight from the Philippine launch of Silk, Silver, Spices, Slaves: Lost Tales from the Philippine Colonial Period, which is the book version of this podcast!
This event was a long time coming, and I'm happy we finally got to make it happen this August 31. Much love to everyone who took the time out of their Saturday to pick up the book or hear me speak. Special thanks to Everything's Fine, the amazing independent bookstore that hosted the event; my publisher Shu Wen Chye of Faction Press, who flew all the way from Singapore to be here; and fellow history podcaster Ceej Tantengco-Malolos (host of What's AP?: Araling Panlipunan Rebooted) for moderating the launch.
*Audio has been edited and condensed for clarity.
One month after Pearl Harbor, the Philippine army is in tatters after the relentless Japanese assault. The 26th Cavalry Regiment—one of the few cavalry units left in the US army that still hadn’t traded in their horses for tanks or halftracks—had the thankless task of guarding the defensive lines against Imperial flank attacks. In the town of Morong, Lt. Edwin Price Ramsey and the rest of E Troop face off against an invading force… and charge into history in the final mounted cavalry charge in the annals of the American armed forces.
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Cover Art: "The Last Charge" © John Solie
References:
Ramsey, Edwin Price & Rivele, Stephen J. (1990, 2016). Lieutenant Ramsey’s War: From Horse Soldier to Guerilla Commander. University of Santo Tomas Publishing House.
“Cavalry Drill Regulations, Horse.” (13 March 1944) War Department Field Manual (FM2-5), United States Printing Office.
Bankoff, Greg (2004). “Horsing around: The life and times of the horse in the Philippines at the turn of the 20th century.” In Boomgaard, P. & Henley, D. (eds.), Smallholders and Stockbreeders Histories of Foodcrop and Livestock Farming in Southeast Asia, KITLV Press, p. 233–255.
Quirino, Carlos (1988). “The Spanish Colonial Army: 1878-98.” Philippine Studies, 36(3), pp. 381-386.
“The 4th U.S. Cavalry at Manila, Philippines.” [Photo] Strohmeyer & Wyman, publishers. US Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/2023634531/
Plante, Trevor K. (2000). “Researching Service in the US Army During the Philippine Insurrection.” Prologue, 32(2), National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2000/summer/philippine-insurrection.html
Olson, Col. John E. (2020-2021). “A Brief History of the Philippine Scouts.” Philippine Scouts Heritage Society, https://www.philippinescouts.org/the-scouts/history/a-brief-history
Quezon, Manuel L. (1946). The Good Fight. D. Appleton-Century Company, Incorporated.
Before they became dandies, they were students who chafed under a dress code! In this week’s episode of Extra Credit, we take a look at the suits and swag of the scholarly set. (Listen to S6E1 before listening to this one.)
Cravats. Top hats. Barongs. Striped pants. Wide, wide waistbands. Well-dressed men are on the prowl in Luneta, turning heads and inciting whispers. Let’s meet these fashionable fops, shall we?
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Audio from Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me from New Line Cinema.
References:
Coo, Stephanie (2019). Clothing the Colony. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Silvestre, Ma. Patricia Brillantes (2018). “The Manila Tertulia in the Spanish and American Periods: From Private to Public Sphere.” In Saysay Himig: A Sourcebook on Philippine Music History, 1880-1941 (Arwin Q. Tan, ed.), University of the Philippines Press.
Arias, John Manuel (25 June 2020). “Like the Salons It’s Named For, ‘Tertulia’ Is a Political Meeting Disguised as a Party.” Electric Lit. https://electricliterature.com/like-the-salons-its-named-for-tertulia-is-a-political-meeting-disguised-as-a-party/
Ayala Museum [@ayalamuseum] (9 December 2020). “This painting is called Un Indio de Manila bestido de gala after Damian Domingo…” X.com. https://x.com/ayalamuseum/status/1336545689757646849/photo/1
Uler, Gulsun (1 July 2022). “Tertulia: The Spanish Word for Social Meetings with Literary or Artistic Flavors.” Words of the World. https://wordsoftheworlds.substack.com/p/tertulia-a-spanish-word-for-a-social
Simpson, Mark (July 2002). “Meet the Metrosexual.” Salon.com.
Simpson, Mark (29 July 2022). “Meet the Metrosexual—Twenty Years On.” MarkSimpson.com. https://marksimpson.com/2022/07/29/meet-the-metrosexual-twenty-years-on/
Last weekend, the book version of this podcast, 'Silk, Silver, Spices, Slaves', was launched in a small event at Book Bar SG along Duxton Road in Singapore. Of course, I got into a funny little accident right before it happened. Listen to scenes from the Singapore book launch here! My publisher and I talk about how the book came into being, how The Colonial Dept. tries to teach history, and what my process is for writing episodes and essays.
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The book version of this podcast is called Silk, Silver, Spices, Slaves: Lost Tales from the Philippine Colonial Period, 1565-1946. Purchase here. (An ebook version is also available in Amazon.)
Special episodes take you behind the scenes at The Colonial Dept.! In this bonus bit, I walk you through the book version of this podcast, which is entitled Silk, Silver, Spices, Slaves: Lost Tales from the Philippine Colonial Period, 1565-1946. What's inside? How did I make it? How can you get it? Hopefully, I get to answer all your questions here.
P.S. Tap here to read Peter Gordon's review on the Asian Review of Books.
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Find out more about the book on Faction Press.
Special episodes take you behind the scenes at The Colonial Dept.! In this bonus bit, we talk a bit about my book Silk, Silver, Spices, Slaves (order here). I also announce our new remastered episode initiative—take a listen at the teaser inside!
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Find out more about the book on Faction Press.
Let’s take a look at the other side of the Galleon Trade. In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we track the exchange between the Philippines and Minnan—as well as the Chinese who made it happen. (Listen to S5E13 before listening to this one!)
From 1762 to 1764, the British invaded and occupied Manila. When they left and returned the capital to Spain, the Castilians turned their wrath on the Chinese community, calling them traitors, apostates, and collaborators. But what was the real score?
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Email us:thecolonialdept@gmail.com References:
Flannery, Kristie Patrice (2016). “Battlefield Diplomacy and Empire-building in the Early Modern Pacific World.” Itinerario, 40(3). p. 67–488.
Eng Sin Kueh, Joshua (2014). The Manila Chinese: Community, Trade, and Empire, c. 1570-1770 [doctoral dissertation]. Georgetown University.
Escoto, Salvador P. (1999). “Expulsion of the Chinese and Readmission to the Philippines: 1764-1779.” Philippine Studies, 47(1), p. 48-76.
Escoto, Salvador P. (2000). “A Supplement to the Chinese Expulsion from the Philippines, 1764-1779.” Philippine Studies, 48(2), p. 209-234.
Wickberg, Edward (1964). “The Chinese Mestizo in Philippine History.” The Journal of Southeast Asian History, 5(1), p. 62-100.
Ruiz-Stovel, Guillermo (2009). “Chinese Merchants, Silver Galleons, and Ethnic Violence in Spanish Manila, 1603-1686.” Mexico y la Cuenca del Pacifico, 12(36), p. 47-63.
McCarthy, Charles J. (1970). “Slaughter of Sangleys in 1639.” Philippine Studies, 18(3), p. 659-667.
Wilson, Andrew (2004). Ambition and Identity: Chinese Merchant Elites in Colonial Manila, 1880-1916. University of Hawaii Press.
“Journal of the Proceedings of His Majesty’s Forces On An Expedition Against Manila.” In Beatson, Robert (ed.),(1972) Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, From 1727 to 1783, Vol. 2, Greg Press.
Fish, Shirley (2003). When Britain Ruled the Philippines, 1762-1764: The Story of the 18th Century British Invasion of the Philippines During the Seven Years War. Authorhouse.
In California, sympathetic judges allow a Filipino man to marry a white woman—at least until a new state law arrives. In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we check out the Roldan v. Los Angeles County case. (Listen to S5E12 before listening to this one!)
In the early decades of the 20th century, scores of young Filipino men began migrating to the United States to work. In their spare time, they dressed in their best suits and nattiest shoes, then hit the clubs. But when these dance-hall romances blossomed into marriages with white women, the law stepped in to stop them. Central to the plaintiffs’ legal arguments was a dazzling trick question of pure pseudoscience: Was the Filipino a Mongolian… or a Malay?
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References:
Strandjord, Corinne (2009). “Filipino Resistance to Anti-Miscegenation Laws in Washington State.” Great Depression in Washington State.
https://depts.washington.edu/depress/filipino_anti_miscegenation.shtml
Volpp, Leti (1999-2000). “American Mestizo: Filipinos and Antimiscegenation Laws in California.” UC Davis Law Review, 33, 795-835.
Baldoz, Richard (2004). “Valorizing Racial Boundaries: Hegemony and Conflict in the Racialization of Filipino Migrant Labour in the United States.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27(6), 969-986.
Aguilar, Filomeno V. (2011). “Filibustero, Rizal, and the Manilamen of the Nineteenth Century.” Philippine Studies, 59(4), 429–469.
Johnson, Stefanie (2005). “Blocking Racial Intermarriage Laws in 1935 and 1937.” The Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project. https://depts.washington.edu/civilr/antimiscegenation.htm
Wilkerson, Isabel (2020). Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents. Random House
Desmond-Harris, Jenée and Caswell, Estelle (13 January 2015). “The myth of race, debunked in 3 minutes.” Vox. https://www.vox.com/2015/1/13/7536655/race-myth-debunked
“Filipino Contract Laborers in Hawaii.” 1926. Monthly Labor Review 24(4), 4-9.
After publishing Noli Me Tangere, Jose Rizal gets red-tagged… er, German-tagged by the Spanish authorities! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we check out the accusations against Rizal, and how he responded to them. (Listen to S5E11 before listening to this one!)
Sea snakes and scientists, popes and Pacific islands all star in this wide-ranging episode. As Germany and Spain threaten to go to war over a chain of islands, the Spaniards feared that the diplomatic ruckus kicked up by the Caroline Crisis would also swallow up their colony next door: the Philippines!
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P.S. My voiceover partner-in-crime, Anya, is on extended leave, so I’ll be voicing the entirety of this episode.
References:
Weston, Nathaniel Parker (2012). “Scientific Authority, Nationalism, and Colonial Entanglements between Germany, Spain, and the Philippines, 1850 to 1900” [doctoral dissertation]. University of Washington.
Weston, Nathaniel Parker (2021). Specters of Germany: Colonial Rivalry and Scholarship in the Philippine Reform Movement and Revolution. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Hanlon, David (1988). Upon a Stone Altar: A History of the Island of Pohnpei to 1890. University of Hawaii Press.
Hezel, Francis X. (1995). Strangers in Their Own Land: A Century of Colonial Rule in the Caroline and Marshall Islands. University of Hawaii Press.
“German Gunboats and Pacific Natives” (14 February 1887). The West Australian.
“Jose Rizal, suspected spy, deciphered” (19 September 2012). National Historical Commission of the Philippines.https://nhcp.gov.ph/jose-rizal-suspected-spy-deciphered/
During negotiations with the besieging British, an English officer loses his head to Philippine lancers! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we zero in on this unexpected episode during the 1762 Battle of Manila. (Listen to S5E10 before listening to this one!)
When the conquistadors arrive in the Philippines, the takers of gold come face to face with the takers of heads.
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References:
Tan, Narciso C. (2021). Púgot: Head Taking, Ritual Cannibalism, and Human Sacrifice in the Philippines. Vibal Foundation.
De Raedt, Jules (2010). “The Talanganay Myth Analyzed.” The Cordillera Review: Journal of Philippine Culture and Society, 2(1).
Zaragoza, Ramon Ma. (2004). “Capitan Juan de Salcedo.” Budhi, 8(3).
Riquel, Fernando. “Proclamation Regarding Treasure. Order to Make Declaration of the Gold Taken from the Burial-Places of the Indians.” In Blair, Emma Helen, and Robertson, James Alexander (eds.), The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 (Vol. 2), Arthur H. Clark Company.
During World War II, the Japanese-backed currency became a laughingstock in Manila! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we take a look at wartime currency. (Listen to S5E9 before listening to this one!)
Sisid rice. “Star” meat. Loads and loads of kamote. Inside Japanese-occupied Manila, residents of the capital city must do what they can to fend off starvation.
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References:
Doeppers, Daniel (2016). Feeding Manila in Peace and War, 1850-1945. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Jose, Ricardo T. (1998). The Japanese Occupation. In Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People. Asia Publishing Company Limited.
Fernandez, Doreen (1998). “Surviving Off the Land.” In Jose (1998), The Japanese Occupation. Asia Publishing Company Limited.
Parsons, Chick (1942). “Memorandum as the Conditions in the Philippines during Japanese Occupation. Memorandum of Mr. C. Parsons to the Department of State [declassified intelligence document].
PEMSEA (2007). “Manila Bay: Initial risk assessment.” PEMSEA Technical Information Report No. 2007/01112.
Stinner, William F.; Bacol-Montilla, Melinda (1981). “Population Deconcentration in Metropolitan Manila in the Twentieth Century.” The Journal of Developing Areas, 16(1), 3-16.
Reyes, Millie and Karla (6 December 2018). “The love story behind the Aristocrat — and the back story of their barbecue.” Philippine Star.
“Lido Cocina Tsina: A must-visit dining institution in Manila.” (25 January 2013). Philippine Star.
French, Paul (2018). City of Devils: The Two Men Who Ruled the Underworld of Old Shanghai. Picador.
Scott, James C. (2010). The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. Yale University Press.
Abducted from their homes, these slaves are plunged into their new life! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we discuss the lives of the slaves in Sulu. (Listen to S5E8 before listening to this one!)
The panicked cries of a watchman, the desperate tolling of church bells, the cloud of masts appearing on the horizon. In the coastal towns of colonial Philippines, these can only mean one thing: the slavers have arrived.
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References:
Warren, James Francis (2021). The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State (40th Anniversary Ed.) Ateneo de Manila Press.
Non, Domingo N. (March 1993). “Moro Piracy During the Spanish Period and Its Impact.” Southeast Asian Studies, 30(4).
The first pact signed between the US and the Sulu kingdom! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we discuss Charles Wilkes’ sitdown with the sultan. (Listen to S5E7 before listening to this one!)
The “scientifics” of the so-called Ex Ex summit Mt. Banahaw in 1842, as part of their quest to survey the Philippine archipelago! What does this American scientific expedition find in our islands?
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References
Wilkes, Charles (1845). Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition. During the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Lea and Blanchard.
Walsh, Jane (March 2004). “From the Ends of the Earth: The United States Exploring Expedition Collections.” Smithsonian Libraries. https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/usexex/learn/Walsh-01.htm
Philbrick, Nathaniel (January 2004). “The Scientific Legacy of the U.S. Exploring Expedition.” Smithsonian Libraries. https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/usexex/learn/Philbrick.htm
Gorospe, Vitaliano R. (1992). “Mount Banahaw: The Power Mountain From Ritualism to Spirituality.” Philippine Studies, 40(2), 204-218.
Somera, Rene D. (1986). “Pamumuwesto of Mount Banahaw.” Philippine Studies, 34(4), 436-451.
Grunes, Marissa (2021). “Ahab and Ishmael in Antarctica: How Charles Wilkes's White Continent Gave Rise to the White Whale.” Leviathan, 23(2), 3-33.
Frankopan, Peter (2023). The Earth Transformed: An Untold History of the World. Knopf.
The search is on for the legendary mines of the north! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we discuss the early Spanish expeditions to what is now Benguet. (Listen to S5E6 before listening to this one!)
Through extortion, occupation, and “tribute”, the Spanish conquistadors in the Philippines get to work looting and plundering that most precious of all metals: gold.
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References:
Sitoy, T. Valentino, Jr. (1985). A History of Christianity in the Philippines: The Initial Encounter, Vol. 1. New Day Publishers.
Newson, Linda A. (2011). Conquest & Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Capistrano-Baker, Florina H.; Guy, John; Miksic, John N. (eds.) (2012). Philippine Ancestral Gold. Ayala Foundation and NUS Press.
Estrella, Victor (29 November 2016). “Ancient Tagalog Goldworking Technology from Fray San Buenaventura’s Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala: Integrating Archaeological, Linguistic, and Ethnohistoric Data.” Hukay, 20, p. 47-78.
“Reply to Fray Rada’s Opinion,” (1574) in In Blair, Emma Helen, and Robertson, James Alexander (eds.), The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 (Vol. 3), Arthur H. Clark Company.
Habana, Olivia M. (2000). “Gold Mining in Benguet to 1898.” Philippine Studies, 48(4), p. 455-487.
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (undated). “Pre-colonial Gold and Pottery Collection.” Museo ng Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.
Ocampo, Ambeth (17 May 2012). “Living in a golden age.” Inquirer.net https://opinion.inquirer.net/28895/living-in-a-golden-age
“A Golden Discovery in the Philippines.” (11 September 2015). Asia Society. https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/golden-discovery-philippines
Clashes over cowboy country! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we discuss the conflict that raged over this Mindanao province during World War II. (Listen to S5E5 before listening to this one!)
The Bataan Death March is rightly remembered as one of the worst atrocities in the Philippine theater of World War II. But it wasn’t the only death march.
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References:
Frederick Marion Fullerton Collection (AFC/2001/001/15785), Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.
Edgerton, Ronald K. (2009). People of the Middle Ground: A Century of Conflict and Central Mindanao, 1880-1980s. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
“Interview with Benjamin Hagans” (undated). The Digital Collections of the National WWII Museum.
Richard P. Beck Collection (AFC/2001/001/54751), Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress.
Congressional Office of Iligan City (21 February 2021). “[LOOK]: "The Iligan Death March :What We Should Know about It” [interview with Roderico Y. Dumaug, Jr.]. Facebook Live.
Donesa, Robert John (2020). “The Mindanao Death March: Establishing a Historical Fact Through Online Research.” International Journal of Innovation, Creativity, and Change, 11(7).
“Richard P. Beck.” [Obituary] (2 December 2007). The Sumter Item.
Disabled American Veterans. “Surviving the Bataan Death March [interview with Lester Tenney].” YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPbAd1TUGJA
Witness the rise of the incubated duck egg! In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we present a short history of that signature Pinoy dish. (Listen to S5E4 before listening to this one!)
In the 1890s, a wealthy Filipino family sits down to eat a “full Filipino breakfast.” Let’s run down the history of everything on their menu, shall we?
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References:
Doeppers, Daniel (2016). Feeding Manila in Peace and War, 1850-1945. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Legarda, Benito J. (1999). After the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change, and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Sta. Maria, Felice Prudente (1991). Pigafetta’s Philippine Picnic: Culinary Encounters During the First Circumnavigation, 1519-1522. National Historical Commission of the Philippines.
Rafael, Vincente (2000). “Foreword.” In Cardenas, Karen Berthelsen (eds.) The Tayabas Chronicles: The Early Years (1886-1907), Anvil Publishing.
“What is ENSO?” National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.weather.gov/mhx/ensowhat
Need labor, lumber, and loads of rice? The Spanish in Manila looked to Pampanga. In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we check in on one of colonial Philippines’ most important provinces. (Listen to S5E3 before listening to this one!)
Kapampangan warriors! Japanese mercs! Spanish soldiers! Portuguese promises! Let’s set sail with the grand fleet of Governor-General Juan de Silva as they face down the Dutch.
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References:
Borschberg, Peter (2010). “Luso-Spanish Naval Intervention.” In The Singapore and Malaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century. National University of Singapore Press, 137-156.
Newson, Linda A. (2011). Conquest & Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Andaya, Leonard Y. (1993). The World of Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the Early Modern
Period. University of Hawaii Press.
Kadir, Hatib Abdul (2014). “History of the Moluccan’s Cloves as a Global Commodity.” Kawalu: Journal of Local Culture, 1(2).
Valpuesta Villa, Inigo (2022). “Una oportunidad perdida. La gran armada de Juan de Silva en Filipinas (1610-1616).” Obradoiro De Historia Moderna, 31. https://revistas.usc.gal/index.php/ohm/article/view/7771
Laarhoven, Ruurdje, and Wittermans, Elizabeth Pino (1985). “From Blockade to Trade: Early Dutch Relations with Manila, 1600-1750.” Philippine Studies, 33(4), 485-504.
Peterson, Andrew Christian (August 2014). Making the First Global Trade Route: The Southeast Asian Foundations of the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade, 1519-1650. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Hawaii at Manoa.]
What was life like for this Sulu royal after her rebellion? In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we check in with Princess Tarhata’s life and legacy. (Listen to S5E2 before listening to this one!)
From princess to flapper to schoolteacher to rebel, this is the extraordinary story of Tarhata Kiram.
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Charbonneau, Oliver (2021). Civilizational Imperatives: Americans, Moros, and the Colonial World. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Leetaru, Kaleev (2004-2011). “Woman’s Building/Bevier Hall/English Building.” UIHistories Project: A History of the University of Illinois. https://uihistories.library.illinois.edu/cgi-bin/cview?SITEID=1&ID=80
Vaugh, Miles W. (20 April 1927). “Former Illinois University Co-Ed Aspires to Become Moro Empress.” The Pittsburgh Press.
Associated Press (7 February 1927). “Moro Chief Abandons Favorite Wife Who Saved Him From His Armed Foes.” Youngstown Vindicator.
“That Wild Little Sulu Flapper We Couldn’t Tame.” (Author unknown, 27 February 1927) The Sunday Vindicator.
“Princess Takes Blame For Revolt.” (Author unknown, 7 February 1927). The Telegraph-Herald.
Angeles, Vivienne S.M. (1997). “Philippine Muslim Women: Tradition and Change.” In Islam, Gender, and Social Change (John L. Esposito, Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, eds.). Oxford University Press.
Society Editor (10 September 1920). Caption in “The Social Whirl.” The Afro-American.
“Student Life at Illinois: 1910-1919.” Student Life and Culture Archives, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. https://www.library.illinois.edu/slc/research-education/timeline/1910-1919/
Malcolm, G. A. (1957). American Colonial Careerist. Boston, MA: Christopher Publishing House.
Chua, Xiao (23 May 2013). “Tarhata Kiram: Astig na Prinsesang Muslim.” It’s Xiaotime! https://xiaochua.net/2013/05/23/xiao-time-23-may-2013-tarhata-kiram-astig-na-prinsesang-muslim/
Brainard, Cecilia (2 January 2015). “Philippines: Filipina Muslim Princess Tarhata Kiram.” Travels (and More) with Cecilia Brainard. https://cbrainard.blogspot.com/2015/01/princess-tarhata-kiram.html
Reformist… and politician. In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we look further at the legacy of the short-lived reign of Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre. (Listen to S5E1 before listening to this one!)
A tantalizing wind was blowing into the Philippines from Madrid. In its wake was Carlos Maria de la Torre, who seemed determined to shock the entrenched colonial establishment.Follow us on IG: @thecolonialdeptFollow us on TikTok: @the.colonial.dept.Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.comReferences:Simpson, Renate (1980). “Higher Education in the Philippines under the Spanish.” Journal of Asian History, 14(1), p. 1-46.Smith, Willard A. (July 1950). “The Background of the Spanish Revolution of 1868.” The American Historical Review, 55(4), p. 787-810.Escudier, Alicia Castellanos. “Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada.” Real Academia de la Historia. https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/54427/carlos-maria-de-la-torre-y-navacerradaAseniero, George (2013). “From Cádiz to La Liga: The Spanish Context of Rizal’s Political Thought.” Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives in Asia, 49(1), 1-42. “Spanish Constitutions, Brief Historical Overview” (undated). Constitucionalism español, Biblioteca Virtual del Patrimonio Bibliografico. https://bvpb.mcu.es/constituciones/en/micrositios/inicio.doThe Senate between 1834 and 1923” (2 January 2023). In Constitutional Periods, Senado de España website, https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/senadohistoria/periodosconstitucionales/index.html?lang=enCoo, Stephanie (2019). Clothing the Colony: Nineteenth-Century Philippine Sartorial Culture, 1820-1896. Ateneo de Manila University Press.Guerrero, Milagros C. and Schumacher, John N., S.J. (1998). Kasaysan: The Story of the Filipino People. Vol. 5: Reform and Revolution. Asia Publishing Company, Limited.De Viana, Augusto (2019). “Agoncillo and Zaide painted Governor de la Torre in a favorable light…” [Facebook comment left on Everyday History’s July 12, 2019 photo post). Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/EverydayHistoryPH/posts/july12-on-this-day-in-1869-at-a-feast-hosted-by-liberal-spanish-governor-general/2301798766760540/Ayala Museum (11 March 2021). “In celebration of #WomensHistoryMonth…” [Facebook photo caption]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/ayalamuseum/photos/a.156207354399852/4021961857824363/
In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we head to the frontlines of the information war gripping Manila in World War II. (Listen to S4E13 before listening to this one!)
Prime minister, general, and future convicted war criminal Hideki Tojo drops by the Philippines to see for himself if their colony is ready for independence. So how does his surprise visit go?
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References:
Dery, Luis C. (1984) “Japan’s New Order in the Philippines, 1942-1945: A Blueprint for Asia Under Japan.” Philippine Social Sciences Review 48(1-4), 291-361.
Eisner, Peter (2017). MacArthur's Spies: The Soldier, the Singer, and the Spymaster Who Defied the Japanese in World War II. Viking.
Jose, Ricardo T. (1998). The Japanese Occupation. In Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People. Asia Publishing Company Limited.
Doyo, Ma. Ceres P. (1998). “Anything But Comfort.” In Jose, Ricardo T., The Japanese Occupation (110-111), Asia Publishing Company Limited.
“Tojo tells Manila He’ll Crush Allies; Japanese Premier Boasts That 'Thorough Blow at Enemy's Armed Power' Is Near.” New York Times, 7 May 1943.
“January 29, 1943.” Diary of Francis Burton Harrison. In The Philippine Diary Project. https://philippinediaryproject.com/1943/01/29/january-29-1943/
In this week's episode of Extra Credit, let’s punch our ticket to the Manila Carnival as it takes local sports (and local athletes) to the next level. (Listen to S4E12 before listening to this one!)
Civilize? Christianize? As the Americans move into their new colony, they pack an unlikely weapon in their mission to take over the Philippines: sports!
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References:
Gems, Gerald R. (2016). Sport and the American Occupation of the Philippines: Bats, Balls, and Bayonets. Lexington Books.
Putz, Paul (31 January 2022). “Muscular Christianity and Moral Formation Through Sports.” Faith & Sports. Truett Seminary of Baylor University. https://blogs.baylor.edu/faithsports/2022/01/31/muscular-christianity-and-moral-formation-through-sports/
Report on the YWCA and the YMCA in the Philippine Islands, 1930 (1930). Sophia Smith Collection of Women’s History (File — Box: 4, Reel: 354, microdex: 8), Smith College Special Collections. https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/archival_objects/170680
Brosas, Arturo (4 January 2023). “What is Texas Gamefowl Chicken?” Agraryo.com https://agraryo.com/poultry/what-is-texas-gamefowl-chicken/
Kramer, Paul (2014). “Colonial Crossings: Prostitution, Disease, and the Boundaries of Empire During the Philippine-American War.” In Body and Nation: The Global Realm of US Body Politics in the Twentieth Century (Rosenberg, E. and Fitzpatrick S., eds), Duke University Press.
Bartholomew, Rafe (2010). Pacific Rims: Beermen Ballin’ in Flip-Flops and the Philippines’ Unlikely Love Affair with Basketball. New American Library.
Anderson, Warwick (2006). Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines. Ateneo de Manila Press.
In this week's episode of Extra Credit, take a seat at one of the Philippines' historic pieces of furniture. (Listen to S4E11 before listening to this one!)
Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich Romanov, uncle to the last tsar of Russia, makes an unexpected pitstop in a sprawling estate along the banks of the Pampanga River.
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References:
Kowner, Rotem (15 June 2022). “Time to Remember, Time to Forget: The Battle of Tsushima in Japanese Collective Memory since 1905.” The Asia-Pacific Journal 20(12, 3).
Pyvovarov, Serhii (1 April 2022). “118 years ago, Russia wanted to distract its people from internal problems, inciting a “small victorious war” with Japan. It ended in defeat and revolution, and the phrase became a meme.” Babel.
“Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich” [Caption to a Portrait]. Jewels of the Romanovs: Treasures of the Russian Imperial Court. Online exhibition. https://www.alexanderpalace.org/jewels/gda.html
Carlson, Peter (8 January 2018). “Encounter: Grand Duke Alexis Meets Buffalo Bill, Custer, Sherman, and Chief Spotted Tail.” Historynet. https://www.historynet.com/encounter-grand-duke-alexis-meets-buffalo-bill-custer-sherman-chief-spotted-tail/
Freeman, Dianne (26 July 2021). “The Imperial Russians Who Defied the Czar for Love.” Crime Reads. https://crimereads.com/the-imperial-russians-who-defied-the-czar-for-love/
Gonzalez, August Marcelino Reyes III and Gonzalez, Macario Diosdado Arnedo (19 August 2006). “Familia Arnedo de Sulipan, Apalit, Pampanga.” Remembrance of Things Awry. https://remembranceofthingsawry.wordpress.com/2006/08/19/361/
Tinio, Martin I. Jr. (9 June 2018). “A Table Like No Other.” The Spectacular Mid-Year Auction 2018. Leon Gallery.
Ocampo, Ambeth (3 October 2018). “Berezowsky, Rizal’s Russian Friend.” Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://opinion.inquirer.net/116506/berezowsky-rizals-russian-friend
Ocampo, Ambeth (30 June 2023). “History on the tongue.” Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://opinion.inquirer.net/164409/history-on-the-tongue
Gonzalez-Ventura, Barbara (2 July 2005). “Fiesta in Apalit and Sulipan.” Philippine Star. https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/modern-living/2005/07/02/284524/fiesta-apalit-and-sulipan
Audio of Anastasia © Twentieth Century Fox.
In this week's episode of Extra Credit, flip through Spanish-era periodicals to get their take on the "ideal Filipina woman." (Listen to S4E10 before listening to this one!)
It’s an intercontinental textile trade war, as Spain throws open its colony’s ports to the world, and imported cotton from Britain muscles its way into Philippine markets.
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References:
Coo, Stephanie (2019). Clothing the Colony: Nineteenth Century Philippine Sartorial Culture, 1820-1896. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Ladrido, R.C. (27 May 2022) “Piña: The queen of Philippine handwoven textiles.” Vera Files. https://verafiles.org/articles/pina-the-queen-of-philippine-handwoven-textiles
Lush, Emily. “Piña (Pineapple) Cloth, Philippines.” The Textile Atlas. https://www.thetextileatlas.com/craft-stories/pina-cloth-philippines
Henry F. Funtecha (December 1981). “Iloilo’s Weaving Industry During the 19th Century.” Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 9(4), 301-308. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29791740
Griffin, Emma (2014, 15 May). “Manchester in the 19th century.” British Library. https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/manchester-in-the-19th-century
“Manchester, Cotton, and Slavery.” (19 January 2023). The Science and Industry Museum. https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/manchester-cotton-and-slavery
Legarda, Benito (1999). After the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change, and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth Century Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Clips from Maria Clara at Ibarra and the Howie Severino Podcast are from GMA.
In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we take a brief look at why abaca became one of the Philippines' most valuable cash crops. (Listen to S4E9 before listening to this one!)
Native wood. Native workers. These are the foundations that made the prosperous Galleon Trade between Manila and Acapulco possible. But at what price?
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References:
Peterson, Andrew Christian (August 2014). Making the First Global Trade Route: The Southeast Asian Foundations of the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade, 1519-1650. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Hawaii at Manoa.]
Buhain, Jose M. (1994). “The Recovery of the San Diego.” Philippine Studies 42(4), p. 539-549.
In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we unearth the small but important role of Armenian trade in Philippine colonial history. (Listen to S4E8 before listening to this one!)
Beginning in the 1670s, the biggest, most rapacious company on earth set its sights on the great trading port of the Pacific.Follow us on IG: @thecolonialdeptEmail us: thecolonialdept@gmail.comReferences:Dalrymple, Alexander (4 March 2015). “The East India Company: The original corporate raiders.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raidersFish, Shirley (2003). When Britain Ruled the Philippines, 1762-1764: The Story of the 18th Century British Invasion of the Philippines During the Seven Years War. 1stBooks Library.Gallop, Annabel (5 June 2014). “Alexander Dalrymple’s Treaties with Sulu in Malay and Tausug.” British Library, Asian and African Studies. McIlhagga, Samuel (23 September 2019). “William Dalrymple on why Britain shouldn't be speaking nostalgically about empires amid Brexit.” The National. Quiason, Serafin (1966). English “Country Trade” with the Philippines: 1644-1765. University of the Philippines Press.Flannery, Kristie Patricia (14 December 2016). “Battlefield Diplomacy and Empire-building in the Indo-Pacific World during the Seven Years’ War.” Itinerario 40(3). Thomas, Megan C. (26 March 2019). “Securing Trade: The Military Labor of the British Occupation of Manila, 1762–1764.” International Review of Social History 64.Apple and Amazon financial news audio from CNBC International and Forbes.
In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we take a short peek at the daily routine for Bilibid prisoners during the American period. (Listen to S4E7 before listening to this one!)
Prisoners from the Philippines get sent to the slammer—serving their sentences inside the military prison of Alcatraz! But what crimes earned them time on The Rock?
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References:
Thompson, Erwin S. (2000). The Rock: A History of Alcatraz Island, 1847-1972. U.S. National Park Service.
Reed, John S. (1995) "External Discipline during Conterinsurgency: A Philippine War Case Study, 1900—1901." The Journal of American-East Asian Relations 4(1), 29-48.
Smiley, Will. (2012). “Lawfare in Luzon: The American Application of the Rules of War in the Philippines, 1898-1903." [Term Paper, Yale Law School]
Wills, Matthew (4 February 2020). “The Jim Crow Army in the Philippine-American War.” JStor Daily. daily.jstor.org/the-jim-crow-army-in-the-philippine-american-war
Hallock, Jennifer (17 January 2021). “Sergeant Major John W. Calloway: A Voice to Challenge Empire.” jenniferhallock.com jenniferhallock.com/2021/01/17/john-calloway-philippines
Audio of The Rock ©Buena Vista Pictures
In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we talk about that other notable exploit of Governor-General Narciso Claveria—one that he'd pulled off a year before his big decree of family names. (Listen to S4E6 before listening to this one!)
The governor-general of the Philippines just conquered an island in Mindanao. Now, he’s about to do the same to each and every name in the archipelago.
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Check out the Catalogo alfabetico de apellidos at issuu.com/filipinasheritagelibrary/docs/catalogo_alfabetico_de_apellidos
References:
Cojuangco, Tingting (1993). Kris of Valor: The Samal Balangingi’s Defiance and Diaspora. Manisan Research and Pub. Inc.
“Tarsila.” (2015). In V. Almario (Ed.), Sagisag Kultura (Vol 1). Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts. philippineculturaleducation.com.ph/tarsila/
Dizon, Mark (2015). “Spirit Beliefs, Murder, and Religious Change Among the Eighteenth Century Aeta and Ilongot in Eastern Central Luzon.” Philippine Studies 63(1), 3-38.
Lambrecht, Francis (1962). “The Religion of the Ifugao.” Philippine Sociological Review 10(1/2), 33-40.
Scheans, Daniel (1966). “Anak Ti Digos: Ilokano Name Changing and Ritual Kinship.” Philippine Sociological Review 14(2), 82-85.
Colin, Francisco (1663). Labor Evangelica. In Blair, Emma Helen, and Robertson, James Alexander (eds.), The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 (Vol. 40), Arthur H. Clark Company, 57.
Lijauco, Chit (16 February 2022). “Tracing the Origins of our Filipino Surnames.” Philippine Tatler. https://www.tatlerasia.com/lifestyle/others/tracing-the-origins-of-our-filipino-surnames
Ocampo, Ambeth (28 February 2020). “How Filipinos got their surnames.” Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://opinion.inquirer.net/127676/how-filipinos-got-their-surnames
Ocampo, Ambeth (15 February 2013). “A sense of order.” Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://opinion.inquirer.net/46885/a-sense-of-order
Mangubat, Benjamin (undated). …The Infinite Possibilities of a Broken Egg… Self-published.
In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we take a brief look at what everyday life was like for the Jewish refugees who fled Nazi persecution to take shelter in Manila! (Listen to S4E5 before listening to this one!)
With war looming against the Axis powers, the Nazi party tries to exert its influence on the small community of Germans and Jews who lived in the Philippines. How did we fight back against the antisemitism?
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References:
Weston, Nathaniel Parker (2021). Specters of Germany: Colonial Rivalry and Scholarship in the Philippine Reform Movement & Revolution. Ateneo de Manila Press.
Ephraim, Frank (2008). Escape to Manila: From Nazi Tyranny to Japanese Terror. University of Illinois Press.
Gopal, Lou (2014 January 28). “Manila Germans and the German Club.” Manila Nostalgia. http://www.lougopal.com/manila/?p=1869
Kotlowski, Dean J. (November 2009). “Breaching the Paper Walls: Paul V. McNutt and Jewish Refugees to the Philippines, 1938-1939.” Diplomatic History 33(5), 865-896.
Krebs, Gerhard (2015 January 1). “Racism Under Negotiation: The Japanese Race in the Nazi-German Perspective.” In Race and Racism in Modern East Asia, Brill.
Kowner, Rotem (2017). “When economics, strategy, and racial ideology meet: inter-Axis connections in the wartime Indian Ocean.” Journal of Global History 12, 228-250.
Audio from German newsreels from Pathe and British Movietone. Audio of Kristallnacht survivors from The Atlantic. Audio from the Nanjing Massacre survivor from the Shoah Foundation.
In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we, ahem, cycle through some historical facts about bicycles in World War II-era Philippines! (Listen to S4E4 before listening to this one!)
From Rizal in Dapitan to Japanese troops on a blitzkrieg, this is a short history of biking in the Philippines.
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References:
Severino, Howie (22 June 2020). “Rizal’s Wish for a Second-Hand Bicycle.” GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/specials/content/160/howie-severino-rizal-s-wish-for-a-second-hand-bicycle/
Herlihy, David (2010). The Lost Cyclist: The Epic Tale of an American Adventurer and His Mysterious Disappearance. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Gems, Gerald R. (2016). Sports and the American Occupation of the Philippines. Lexington Books.
Earle Stevens, Joseph (1899). Yesterdays in the Philippines. Charles Scribner & Sons.
Giron, Brian Paul (2020 October 4). “Finding bikes in our history.” Cycling Matters. https://www.cyclingmatters.ph/culture/finding-bikes-in-our-history/
Tewell, John. Pretty Filipina with her pride and joy, an American girl’s bicycle [Photo]. https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/52134258412/sizes/h/?fbclid=IwAR2iU54F7mfNFYEpj3Q8mNc840NVblElvS3hHudysR9q8qo9CwsgsqDglks
Fernandez, Yvette and Goy, Abi (2012). Big John: The Life Story of John Gokongwei Jr. Summit Books.
Ephraim, Frank (2008). Escape to Manila: From Nazi Tyranny to Japanese Terror. University of Illinois Press.
Barriga, Maria Cynthia B. (2015). “The Asia-Pacific War in the Davao Settler Zone, December 1941.” Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies 30(1): 56–90.
Danquah, Francis K. (2005). “Reports on Philippine Industrial Crops in World War II from Japan's English Language Press.” Agricultural History 79(1), 74-96
LCDR Headrick, Alan C (1994). Bicycle Blitzkrieg: The Malayan Campaign and the Fall of Singapore. (Paper submitted to the Operations Department.) Naval War College. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/RisingSun/BicycleBlitz/
Eisner, Peter (2017). MacArthur's Spies: The Soldier, the Singer, and the Spymaster Who Defied the Japanese in World War II. Viking.
Interview with John Gokongwei Jr. from CNBC International.
In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we crack open the book by historian Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, which was my main resource for the most recent episode. (Listen to S4E3 before listening to this one!)
Before Magellan crossed the Pacific, headed to the Philippines, and met his end at a Cebu beach, he was tasked with the impossible: sail to the end of their known world. What would he find there?
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Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com
Reference:
Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2022). Straits: Beyond the Myth of Magellan. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Columbus Day audio from Mel-O-Toons Animation.
In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we give more context about the oppression of the sakadas in Hawaii, which ultimately led to their big 1924 strike... and the Hanapēpē Massacre. (Listen to S4E2 before listening to this one!)
As Filipino immigrants call for better pay and better treatment in the sugar cane plantations, the histories of Hawaii and the Philippines are about to intersect in a bloody way.
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Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com
References:
Jung, Moon-Kie (2004). “Symbolic and Physical Violence: Legitimate State Coercion of Filipino Workers in Prewar Hawai'i.” American Studies 45(3), 107-137.
Hill, Tiffany (2009, December 30). “A Massacre Forgotten.” Honolulu. https://www.honolulumagazine.com/a-massacre-forgotten/
Alegado, Dean (2011, September 26). “Blood In The Fields: The Hanapepe Massacre And The 1924 Filipino Strike.” Positively Filipino. http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/2012/11/26/blood-in-the-fields-the-hanapepe-massacre-and-the-1942-filipino-strike
Sobeleski, Hank (2006, September 10). “Pablo Manapit and the Hanapepe Massacre.” The Garden Island. https://www.thegardenisland.com/2006/09/10/lifestyles/pablo-manlapit-and-the-hanapepe-massacre/
“Filipino Contract Laborers in Hawaii.” 1926. Monthly Labor Review 24(4), 4-9.
Van Dijk, Kees (2015). “The Failed Annexation of Hawaii.” In Pacific Strife, Amsterdam University Press.
Lilo & Stitch © Disney
In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we examine the role of religion and religious missionaries in the seventeenth-century Japanese threats to conquer Manila. (Listen to S4E1 before listening to this one!)
It’s the beginning of the Spanish reign, and Manila is prime real estate in the eyes of the sea-going empires, including Japan. In the Edo court, the Japanese plan the invasion of the Philippines—three hundred years early.
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Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com
References:
Ka Yin Chan, Caspar (2022). “Revisiting the Battle of Macau in 1622: A Polyphonic Narrative.” The Newsletter (Autumn 2022), International Institute for Asian Studies.
Turnbull, Stephen (2016). "Wars and Rumours of Wars: Japanese Plans to Invade the Philippines, 1593–1637.” Naval War College Review 69(4).
“The Fall of the Arima Clan and the Crackdown on Christianity.” In Light and Shadow: Christian History, Resurrected. https://christian-nagasaki.jp/en/
Barthell, W. “Matsukara Shigemasa.” In Sengokujidai.org.
In this week's episode of EXTRA CREDIT, we probe deeper on how this book survived beyond the lifetime of its reclusive writer to become an indelible part of our cultural legacy. (Listen to S3E13 before listening to this one!)
It was one of the most important scientific texts to emerge from the Spanish colonial period. But who was Father Manuel Blanco, and how did this priest-scientist amass his botanical knowledge?
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Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com
References:
“Manuel Maria Blanco Ramos,” in Real Academia dela Historia, Diccionario Biografico. https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/14559/manuel-maria-blanco-ramos
Zimmer, Carl (2008, 20 August). “Darwin, Linnaeus, and One Sleepy Guy.” National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/darwin-linnaeus-and-one-sleepy-guy
Santiago, Luciano P.R. (1993). “The painters of Flora de Filipinas (1877-1883).” Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 21(2), 87-112.
Mojares, Resil (2013). “The Book That Did Not Exist.” In Isabelo’s Archive (141-146), Anvil Publishing.
Stuart, Barry (1965). “The Birds and the Bees.” Recorded by Dean Martin.
In this week's episode of EXTRA CREDIT, I interview Jill Tan Radovan about her profile of Carmen Apigo, who reunited with her Japanese father decades after the end of the war. (Listen to S3E12 before listening to this one!)
For decades, the Filipino and Japanese communities lived side by side in Davao. Then, after the fateful attack on Pearl Harbor, neighbors became enemies. What happened then?
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Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com
References:
Radovan, Jill Tan (22 September 2022). "How a Teacher in Davao Finally Met Her Japanese Father Three Decades After WWII." Esquire Philippines. Retrieved from https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/half-japanese-teacher-davao-finally-meets-father-a2328-20220922-lfrm3
Abinales, Patricio N. (1997). “Davao-kuo: The Political Economy of a Japanese Settler Zone in Philippine Colonial Society.” The Journal of American-East Asian Relations, 6(1), 59-82.
Jose, Lydia Yu & Dacudao, Patricia Irene (2015). “Visible Japanese and Invisible Filipino: Narratives of the Development of Davao, 1900s to 1930s.” Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographical Viewpoints 63(1), 101-129.
Barriga, Maria Cynthia B. (2015). “The Asia-Pacific War in the Davao Settler Zone, December 1941.” Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, 30(1): 56–90.
Arguillas, C. (2017, January 12). “Encounters with Filipino-Japanese mestizos in Davao bring back memories and open windows to Japan’s Past." In Mindanews. Retrieved from https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2017/01/reprint-encounters-with-filipino-japanese-mestizos-in-davao-bring-back-memories-and-open-windows-to-japans-past/
Radovan, Jill Tan. Personal communication. 15 December 2022.
In this week's episode of EXTRA CREDIT, let's take a ride with some fast facts on the Philippines' first railway. (Listen to S3E11 before listening to this one!)
Put on your boldest, brassiest steampunk goggles as we delve deep into the stories of the Philippines’ first steamships, steam engines, and steam-powered trains.
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Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com
References:
Jose, Ricardo. (2018) “Tranvia: Ang mga Riles sa Kamaynilaan” [Documentary] TVUP. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DshXso7EkM
Doeppers. Daniel F. (2016) Feeding Manila in Peace and War, 1850-1945. Ateneo de Manila Press.
Legarda, Benito J. (1999). After the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines. Ateneo de Manila Press.
Elena, Alberto and Ordóñez, Javier (2000). “Science, Technology, and the Spanish Colonial Experience in the Nineteenth Century.” In Nature and Empire: Science and the Colonial Enterprise (70-82). The University of Chicago Press.
Cailloce, Laure (2020). “The Turbulent History of the Suez Canal.” CNRS News. https://news.cnrs.fr/articles/the-turbulent-history-of-the-suez-canal
Gamble, Adrian (2017). “Manila's Long-Lost 'Tranvias' Once the Envy of Asia.” Skyrise Cities. https://skyrisecities.com/news/2017/03/manilas-long-lost-tranvias-once-envy-asia
In this week's episode of EXTRA CREDIT, let's break the timeline a bit and find out more about the tumultous history of the film that served as last episode's framing device. (Listen to S3E10 before listening to this one!)
"No anito. No tikbalang. No duwende." Nearly three hundred years ago, on the eastern coast of Luzon, this is what a priest told his converts. But what happens when his mission collides with the old gods and the old ways?
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Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com
References:
Dizon, Mark (2011). “Social and Spiritual Kinship in EarlyEighteenth-Century Missions on the Caraballo Mountains.” Philippine Studies 59(3), 367–398.
Dizon, Mark (2015). “Spirit Beliefs, Murder, and Religious Change Among the Eighteenth Century Aeta and Ilongot in Eastern Central Luzon.” Philippine Studies 63(1), 3-38.
Mataragnon, Rita (1977). “A Conceptual and Psychological Analysis of Sumpong.” In Pe-Pua, Rogelia (Ed.), Handbuk ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino (339-347). The University of the Philippines Press.
Audio from Apocalypse Now © United Artists.
Audio of “Tanging Yaman” from Bukas Palad Ministry.
In this week's episode of EXTRA CREDIT, let's read up some more about the writings of Dr. Jean Mallat on colonial-era Manila. (Listen to S3E9 before listening to this one!)
Swimming. Smoking. Sunsets. It’s just another day for the conyo colonials, living the good life inside Manila.
Follow us on IG: @thecolonialdept
Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com
References:
Mallat, Jean (1846). The Philippines: History, Geography, Customs, Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce of the Spanish Colonies in Oceania (Pura Santillan-Castrence, Trans.) (2021). National Historical Commission of the Philippines.
Camagay, Ma. Luisa T. (1996). “Urban Development of Manila During the 19th Century.” In Enrique L. Victoriano (ed.), Historic Manila: Commemorative Lectures, 1993-1996 (33-42). Manila Historical Commission.
Doran, Christine (1993). “Spanish and Mestizo Women of Manila.” Philippine Studies 41I(3), 269-286.
Audio clip from The Fellowship of the Ring © 2001 New Line Cinema
In this week's episode of EXTRA CREDIT, let's smoke up a little knowledge on the narcotic that ruled the world during the 1800s. (Listen to S3E7-8 before listening to this one!)
Caught in between religion and revolution, opium turned from a politically dicey government cash crop into an evil and illegal narcotic. And the minds behind the anti-opium campaign in the Philippines would arguably set the tone for anti-drug wars around the globe.
Follow us on IG: @thecolonialdept
Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com
References:
Bamero, Alma (2006). “Opium: The Evolution of Policies, the Tolerance of the Vice, and the Proliferation of Contraband Trade in the Philippines,1843-1908.” Social Science Diliman 3(1-2), 49-83.
Taft, William Howard (1903, July 13). [Letter from William H. Taft to Elihu Root]. https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o41275
Wertz, Daniel P. (2013). “Idealism, Imperialism, and Internationalism: Opium Politics in the Colonial Philippines, 1898-1925.” Modern Asian Studies, 47(2), 467-499.
Ginsberg, Philip (1970). “The Chinese in the Philippine Revolution.” Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives 8(1). https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-08-01-1970/ginsburg-chinese-philippine-revolution.pdf
Zarco, Ricardo M. (1995). “A Short History of Narcotic Drug Addiction in the Philippines, 1521-1959.” Philippine Sociological Review 43(1/4), 1-15.
Clip of “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” from the United States Army Band’s YouTube page.
Opium: the plant of joy, the poppy of oblivion, God’s own medicine. It changed the course of history in the nineteenth century. So what was its effect in the Philippines?
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Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com
References:
Wertz, Daniel P. (2013). “Idealism, Imperialism, and Internationalism: Opium Politics in the Colonial Philippines, 1898-1925.” Modern Asian Studies, 47(2), 467-499.
Dikotter, Frank (23 October 2003). “Patient Zero: China and the Myth of the Opium Plague” (Lecture). https://frankdikotter.com/publications/the-myth-of-opium.pdf
Zarco, Ricardo M. (1995). “A Short History of Narcotic Drug Addiction in the Philippines, 1521-1959.” Philippine Sociological Review 43(1/4), 1-15.
Tosches, Nick (September 2000). “Confessions of an Opium Seeker.” Vanity Fair. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2000/09/opium-dens-200009
Gamella, Juan F., Martin, Elisa (1992). “Las Rentas de Anfion: El Monopolio Espanol del Opio en Filipinas (1844-1898) y su Rechazo por la Administracion Norteamericana.” Revisita de Indias 52(194), 61-106.
Permanyer-Ugartemendia, Ander (2014). “Opium after the Manila Galleon: The Spanish involvement in the opium economy in East Asia (1815-1830).” Investigaciones de Historia Economica 10(3), 155-164. https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-investigaciones-historia-economica-economic-328-articulo-opium-after-manila-galleon-the-S1698698914000605
“Opium Cultivation and Heroin Processing in Southeast Asia.” (1992) US Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Office of Intelligence. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/141189NCJRS.pdf
Audio clips from The Adventures of Tintin animated series by Ellipse Programme and Nelvana.
In this week's episode of EXTRA CREDIT, let's take a closer look at what student life was like during wartime. (Listen to S3E6 before listening to this one!)
In 1943, the Japanese selected 10 prisoners of war—veterans of the battles of Bataan and Corregidor, survivors of the Death March—for a "re-education" program in the heart of the empire. What could go wrong?
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Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com
References:
Villarin, Mariano (1990). We Remember Bataan and Corregidor: The Story of the American and Filipino Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor and their Captivity. Gateway Press.
Serizawa, Takamichi (2015). “Japanese Solidarity Discourse on the Philippines during the Second World War.” Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints 63(1), 71-100. Ateneo de Manila University. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24672308
Karlin, Jason G. (2014) “Narratives of heroism in Meiji Japan.” In Gardner, A., Mackie V., Wohr U. (eds.) Gender and State in Modern Japan (48-67). Routledge.
Kintanar, Thelma; Aquino, Clemen; Arinto, Patricia; Camagay, Ma. Luisa (2012). Kuwentong Bayan: Noong Panahon Ng Hapon—Everyday Life in a Time of War. University of the Philippines Press.
Audio snippets are taken from NHK, archival Japanese newsreels, and The Last Samurai from Warner Bros. Pictures.
In this week's episode of EXTRA CREDIT, let's take a closer look at America's fascinating fascination with Islamic Philippines. (Listen to S3E5 before listening to this one!)
“The Sultan of Sulu”, a smash hit Broadway play from the early 1900s, had it all: a musical monarch, multiple wives, plenty of laughs, and a sly, anti-imperialist message tucked into the libretto.
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Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com
References:
Mendoza, Victor Roman (2015). Metroimperial Intimacies: Fantasy, Racial-Sexual Governance, and the Philippines in U.S. Imperialism, 1899-1913. Duke University Press.
Charbonneau, Oliver (2021). Civilizational Imperatives: Americans, Moros, and the Colonial World. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Ade, George (1903). The Sultan of Sulu. R.H. Russell. https://archive.org/details/sultansulu00adegrich
“Wasit to Paradise” (30 November, 1936). Time https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,757014,00.html
Select audio snippets from the promotions and performance of the Canton Comic Opera Company, uploaded on the American Musical Productions YouTube channel.
In this week's episode of EXTRA CREDIT, sip a cup of joe as we give some extra info on one of the most important export crops of nineteenth century Philippines. (Listen to S3E4 before listening to this one!)
From sleepy village… to coffee boomtown! The enterprising people of Lipa brewed beans into cold, hard cash, building fortunes that lasted generations. But how did the coffee boom turn into a bust?
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Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com
References:
Castro, Bel S. (2003) Demythologising the History of Coffee in Lipa, Batangas in the 19th Century [Masteral Dissertation, University of Adelaide]. Academia.edu
Robles, Eliodoro G. (1969). The Philippines in the 18th Century. Malaya Books, Inc.
Hau, Caroline S. (2017). Elites and Ilustrados in Philippine Culture. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Legarda, Benito (1999). After the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change, and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth Century Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Francisco, Mariel and Arriola, Fe Maria (1987). The History of the Burgis. Fuego y Hielo, Inc.
Katigbak, Renz (2019). "Donde Florecieron los Cafetos... Un Paseo por Lipa." Herencia Lipeña. https://herencialipena.com/2019/07/02/where-the-coffee-plants-bloomed/
In this week's episode of EXTRA CREDIT, we get our feet wet with some more crocodile talk to give more info on the episode that just aired last week. (Listen to S3E3 before listening to this one!)
As British, American, and French merchant houses and enterprises pour into the Philippines to fill the void left by the Galleon Trade, a giant crocodile lurks inside one such plantation in the wetlands of Laguna de Bay.
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Email us: thecolonialdept@gmail.com
References:
Gironiere, Paul P. De La (1854). Twenty Years in the Philippines (trans.) Harper & Brothers, New York.
Legarda, Benito (1999). After the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change, and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth Century Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Powell, Alvin (July 2001). “Warm, fuzzy, weird, funny: The Museum(s) of Natural History spin some tall tales.” The Harvard Gazette https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2001/07/warm-fuzzy-weird-funny-the-museums-of-natural-history-spin-some-tall-tales/
Abdulmuti, Chelsy Mae (20 July 2021). “As humans close in on their habitat, crocodiles in the Philippines snap back.” Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2021/07/as-humans-close-in-on-their-habitat-crocodiles-in-the-philippines-snap-back/
Audio snippets from the Coretta Granberry vlog (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=064XsYc0418) and GMA 7 News (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rAONTRArGrI)
In this week's episode of EXTRA CREDIT, we serve up some tasty trivia on the Shanghai underworld that we weren't able to fit in the previous episode. (Listen to S3E2 before listening to this one!)
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EMAIL: thecolonialdept@gmail.com
In 1930s Shanghai, the sweet sound of slot machines and swinging bands soundtracked the bars and nightclubs of the city’s seedy underworld. Guess where they all came from.
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References:
French, Paul (2018). City of Devils: The Two Men Who Ruled the Underworld of Old Shanghai. Picador.
French, Paul (February 2018). “Gangs of Shanghai.” That’s Shanghai, 40-41.
Guingona, Phillip (2016). “The Sundry Acquaintances of Dr. Albino Z. Sycip: Exploring the Shanghai-Manila Connection, circa 1910-1940.” Journal of World History, 27(1), 27-52. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43901823
Yamomo, Mele (2015). “Brokering sonic modernities: Migrant Manila musicians in the Asia Pacific, 1881-1948.” Popular Entertainment Studies, 6(2), 22-37.
Crow, Carl and Kowalsky, V.V. (1935). “Illustrated Historical Map of Shanghai.” (Map) Norman B. Levinthal Map Center Collection at the Boston Public Library. https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:x633f974z
Cover photo by Malcolm Rosholt, courtesy of Mei-Fei Elrick and Tess Johnston, University of Bristol - Historical Photographs of China
In our new bonus episode series called "Extra Credit", we serve up bite-sized nuggets of PH history. Here are three tidbits based on last week's episode, "The Silent Service."
Silent predators stalk the seas of the Philippines! But as the Japanese naval invasion commences, what role did these stealthy subs play in the archipelago’s defense?
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References:
Parrish, Thomas (2004). Submarines: A History. Viking.
Sturma, Michael (2021). “Submarine Special Missions: One Day in the Philippines.” The Great Circle, 34(1), 54-64.
Sayre, Elizabeth E. (September 1942). “Submarine From Corregidor: The Escape.” The Atlantic.
Eisner. Peter (2017). MacArthur’s Spies: The Soldier, the Singer, and the Spymaster Who Defied the Japanese in World War II. Viking.
Heritage NSW. “The Japanese midget submarine program." heritage.nsw.gov.au
What is The Colonial Dept.? Find out what makes this Philippine history podcast tick in this trailer.
On the crater of Bud Dajo in Sulu, a brutal massacre of Moros sparks outrage… and a cover-up from colonial authorities eager to package its troops as heroes.
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References:
Charbonneau, Oliver (2021). Civilizational Imperatives: Americans, Moros, and the Colonial World. (Philippine Edition.) Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Sanford, Wayne (May 1982). “Battle of Bud Dajo: 6 March 1906.” Indiana Military History Journal, 7(2). Indiana Historical Society.
Hawkins, Michael (March 2011). “Managing a Massacre: Savagery, Civility, and Gender in Moro Province in the Wake of Bud Dajo.” Philippine Studies, 59(1), 83-105. Ateneo de Manila University.
Niedermeier, Silvan (April 2017). “Intimacy and Annihilation: Approaching the Enforcement of U.S. Colonial Rule in the Southern Philippines through a Private Photograph Collection.” InVisible Culture: An Electronic Journal for Visual Culture, 25.
In 2008, a long-lost map, dating back to the early 1600s, was discovered inside an Oxford library. On it was a depiction of the Philippines, Vietnam, Japan, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the great sea that lay in between them. What mysteries did this map hold?
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References:
Brook, Timothy (2013). Mr. Selden's Map of China: The Spice Trade, A Lost Chart, and the South China Sea. Profile Books Ltd.
Jacobs, J. Bruce (2014). China’s frail historical claims to the South China and East China Seas. American Enterprise Institute.
Tomacruz Sofia (20 Sept 2019). "Ever heard of the 1734 Murillo Velarde map and why it should be renamed?" Rappler.
When first contact was made between the Spanish and the Filipinos, feasts followed, before the fighting. What food and drink did these seafarers encounter in their first meetings?
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References:
Sta. Maria, Felice Prudente (2021). Pigafetta’s Philippine Picnic: Culinary Encounters During the First Circumnavigation, 1519-1522. The National Historical Commission of the Philippines.
Alcina, Francisco Ignacio (2005). History of the Bisayan People in the Philippine Islands (Volume III. Cantius J. Kobak and Lucio Gutierrez, trans.). University of Santo Tomas Publishing House. 434-453.
Chua, Xiao (28 May 2021). “Humabon: Quintessential Filipino ‘pulitiko’.” Manila Times.
Ocampo, Ambeth (12 May 2021). “Massacre in Cebu.” Philippine Daily Inquirer.
Gazing out at the sweeping highlands of northern Luzon, architect Daniel Burnham conjures up an ambitious, audacious vision: a summer capital for America’s new prize.
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References:
Hines, Thomas S. (1988). “No Little Plans: The Achievement of Daniel Burnham.” Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies, (13)2, 96-105.
Kirsch, Scott (2017). “Aesthetic Regime Change The Burnham Plans and US Landscape Imperialism in the Philippines.” Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints, 65(3), 315-356.
Yeoh, Seng-Guan (2011). "Beyond The Commerce Of Man: Street Vending, Sidewalks, And Public Space In A Mountain City In The Philippines.” Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development. 40(3/4), 285-317.
Wise, Edwin (2019). Manila, City of Islands. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Cimatu, Frank (20 September 2019). “Magalong prioritizes preservation of Baguio heirlooms.” Rappler.
Comanda, Zaldy (11 May 2021). “Magalong to pursue P480M Burnham Park development.” Manila Bulletin.
Santiago, Arline. “The Cordillera Indigenous Peoples’ Right to Land.” Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
Let’s take to the wild blue yonder with the Aguilas Aztecas, a squadron of volunteer fighter pilots from Mexico who helped liberate the Philippines from the Japanese.
References:
Lozano, Gustavo Vazquez (2021). 201st Squadron: The Aztec Eagles—The History of the Mexican Pilots Who Fought In World War II. Libros de Mexico.
Parker, Richard (27 May 2020). “When the Mexican Air Force Went To War Alongside America.” The New York Times Magazine.
Guevara, Lucy (2000). "Interview with Reynaldo Perez Gallardo." Voces Oral History Center, The University of Texas at Austin. voces.lib.utexas.edu/collections/stories/reynaldo-perez-gallardo
Albala, Paloma (2003). “Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines.” In Philippine Studies 51(1), 125
Charles, Ronald W. (1947). Troopships of World War II. The Army Transportation Association. history.army.mil/documents/WWII/wwii_Troopships.pdf
Hutton, Ted (12 November 2005). “Veteran pilots remember P-47.” Orlando Sun-Sentinel. orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2005-11-12-pilots12-story.html
Lasco, Gideon (25 January 2022). “How Filipino Sailors—and Coconuts—Helped Create Mexico’s National Drink.” sapiens.org/column/entanglements/tequila-origins-tuba
The conclusion of our conversation with Albert Samaha, author of the critically acclaimed Concepcion: An Immigrant Family's Fortunes. What did he learn about writing a book that spans five centuries of Philippine and American history?
Count a Maranao princess and an American spy among this author's ancestors. Albert Samaha, author of "Concepcion: An Immigrant Family's Fortunes", guests in this episode as he discusses his critically acclaimed book.
To combat an outbreak of bubonic plague in turn-of-the-century Manila, the American authorities assembled a crack force of ratcatchers and waged a war against rodents.
Over the course of the Galleon Trade, the Spanish bought silk from China for millions of silver pieces. But what if, some canny entrepreneurs thought, the Philippines made its own silk industry?
For centuries, the forbidding stone walls of Intramuros protected the forces occupying the archipelago. How were they built? How were they tested? And how did they eventually fall?
In 1872, the year of the execution of Gomburza, a king visits the Philippines… and falls head over heels in love with a lady from Bulacan.
From missionary reports to primetime sitcoms, the occupiers of the Philippines have obsessed about Filipinos, monkeys, and that strange question of whether the inhabitants of the archipelago possessed tails.
When we think of the Galleon Trade, we usually think of rich cargoes of silver, or spices, or silk. But it also carried human beings, in chains, from Manila, to be sold in Mexico. This was the Transpacific slave trade.
As The Colonial Dept moves onto a new season, we look back at our first thirteen episodes... and give a sneak peek of the stories that are coming next. The archives of the occupied Philippines are rich with untold stories, and we're here to bring them to light.
Magellan may have been the first European to sail to the Philippines, but it would be an aged friar, charts in hand, eye to the east, who would steer the Philippines into the colonial age.
In the aftermath of the British conquest of Manila, the East India Company had to answer an important question: How will they wring every penny they could out of their new prize?
To win the battle of hearts and minds in their newly conquered colony, both the Americans and Japanese use a terrifying new weapon: cinema.
From the coves of Spanish California, to the jade courts of the Qing Dynasty—and in the middle, the great port city of Manila. This is the story of the Philippine otter fur trade.
Even as a new war swept the fledgling republic, one final, furious ember of the Spanish Empire still burned in Baler. And try as Spain, the US, and the Philippines might, this stronghold would not surrender. Part 2/2
As the empire crumbled around them, a detachment of Spanish troops transforms the church of Baler into a fortress... one that would outlast the Spanish surrender. This is the story of the Siege of Baler. Part 1/2
From May to December 1754, all of Taal was ash, and tremor, and hell, as the deadly volcano's eruption changed the face of Southern Luzon forever.
Born in 1931, Frank Ephraim grew up under the shadow of Nazi tyranny. But after the horrors of Kristallnacht, his family decided to flee to the Philippines—a country that was opening its borders when many others were closing theirs.
Anxious? Depressed? Fatigued? Slowly losing your mind? In their new colony, American colonial officers began succumbing to a strange mental disorder that they could not explain.
The Japanese called it Z Sakusen: Operation Z, a last-ditch plan to turn the tide of the war. And then, in 1944, on the Cebu coast, a copy of the plans was lost.
The Americans bring professional sports to the archipelago, and in 1914—during Philippine baseball's golden age—a match is fought between an all-Filipino team and an all-Black team.
During the Taiping Rebellion in the 1860s, Filipino mercenaries formed an elite corps of troops that protected the port city.
Who were the three mandarins who visited Manila in 1603, and why did their arrival set off one of the bloodiest rebellions—and massacres—in Philippine history?